Probabilidade e Estatística

class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide

.title[
# Probabilidade e Estatística
]
.subtitle[
## Parte 1 - Análise Exploratória de Dados
]
.author[
### Hidelbrando Ferreira Rodrigues
]
.date[
### 2024-04-25
]

---

## Crie um Projeto em R

Criar um projeto em **R** é a **melhor prática** por várias razões:

1. **Organização**: Projetos permitem estruturar seus arquivos, facilitando a importação de dados, análises reprodutíveis e compartilhamento de trabalho.
2. **Reprodutibilidade**: Com projetos, você pode reproduzir suas análises exatamente como fez anteriormente, garantindo resultados consistentes.
3. **Colaboração**: Projetos simplificam o compartilhamento de código e dados com colegas, permitindo colaboração eficiente.

Portanto, sempre crie um novo projeto para cada análise no **R**! 📂📊

---

## Organização de Diretórios em Projetos R

1. **`R`**:
    - Nesta pasta, você pode armazenar seus **scripts R** (arquivos `.R` ou `.Rmd`). Esses scripts contêm o código que você escreve para realizar análises, criar gráficos e executar outras tarefas relacionadas ao seu projeto.

2. **`data-raw`**:
    - A pasta `data-raw` é usada para armazenar **dados brutos**. Aqui, você pode colocar arquivos de dados originais, antes de qualquer processamento ou limpeza. Isso ajuda a manter uma cópia dos dados brutos separada dos dados processados.

3. **`data`**:
    - A pasta `data` é onde você armazena os **dados processados**. Esses dados já passaram por etapas de limpeza, transformação ou agregação. Os arquivos aqui podem ser usados diretamente em suas análises.
 
---

## Organização de Diretórios em Projetos R

4. **`int`**:
    - - A pasta int também é usada para armazenar resultados intermediários. Aqui, você pode colocar arquivos gerados durante o processo de análise, como tabelas temporárias, gráficos intermediários ou outros resultados parciais. Esses arquivos podem ser úteis para depuração ou para acompanhar o fluxo de trabalho.

5. **`doc`**:
    - A pasta `doc` é onde você pode armazenar **documentação** relacionada ao seu projeto. Isso pode incluir arquivos Markdown, PDFs, notas explicativas ou qualquer outro material de referência.

Lembre-se de que a organização adequada dos diretórios facilita a manutenção, a colaboração e a reprodutibilidade do seu projeto. 😉

---
name: colors

## Colors

.left-column[
Text color

[Link Color](#3)

**Bold Color**

_Italic Color_

`Inline Code`
]

.right-column[
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, [consectetur adipiscing elit (link)](#3), 
sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. 
Erat nam at lectus urna.
Pellentesque elit ullamcorper **dignissim cras tincidunt (bold)** lobortis feugiat. 
_Eros donec ac odio tempor_ orci dapibus ultrices. 
Id porta nibh venenatis cras sed felis eget velit aliquet.
Aliquam id diam maecenas ultricies mi.
Enim sit amet 
`code_color("inline")`
venenatis urna cursus eget nunc scelerisque viverra.
]

---

# Big Topic or Inverse Slides `#`

## Slide Headings `##`

### Sub-slide Headings `###`

#### Bold Call-Out `####`

This is a normal paragraph text. Only use header levels 1-4.

##### Possible, but not recommended `#####`

###### Definitely don't use h6 `######`

---

# Left-Column Headings

.left-column[
## First

## Second

## Third
]

.right-column[
Dolor quis aptent mus a dictum ultricies egestas.

Amet egestas neque tempor fermentum proin massa!

Dolor elementum fermentum pharetra lectus arcu pulvinar.
]

---
class: inverse center middle

# Topic Changing Interstitial

```
class: inverse center middle
```

---
layout: true

## Blocks

---

### Blockquote

> This is a blockquote following a header.
>
> When something is important enough, you do it even if the odds are not in your favor.

---

### Code Blocks

#### R Code

```r
ggplot(gapminder) +
  aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp, size = pop, color = country) +
  geom_point() +
  facet_wrap(~year)
```

#### JavaScript

```js
var fun = function lang(l) {
  dateformat.i18n = require('./lang/' + l)
  return true;
}
```

---

### More R Code

```r
dplyr::starwars %>% dplyr::slice_sample(n = 4)
```

---

```r
cli::cli_alert_success("It worked!")
```

```
## ✔ It worked!
```

```r
message("Just a friendly message")
```

```
## Just a friendly message
```

```r
warning("This could be bad...")
```

```
## Warning: This could be bad...
```

```r
stop("I hope you're sitting down for this")
```

```
## Error in eval(expr, envir, enclos): I hope you're sitting down for this
```

---
layout: true

## Tables

---
exclude: false

```r
tibble::as_tibble(mtcars)
```

```
## # A tibble: 32 × 11
##      mpg   cyl  disp    hp  drat    wt  qsec    vs    am  gear  carb
##    <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
##  1  21       6  160    110  3.9   2.62  16.5     0     1     4     4
##  2  21       6  160    110  3.9   2.88  17.0     0     1     4     4
##  3  22.8     4  108     93  3.85  2.32  18.6     1     1     4     1
##  4  21.4     6  258    110  3.08  3.22  19.4     1     0     3     1
##  5  18.7     8  360    175  3.15  3.44  17.0     0     0     3     2
##  6  18.1     6  225    105  2.76  3.46  20.2     1     0     3     1
##  7  14.3     8  360    245  3.21  3.57  15.8     0     0     3     4
##  8  24.4     4  147.    62  3.69  3.19  20       1     0     4     2
##  9  22.8     4  141.    95  3.92  3.15  22.9     1     0     4     2
## 10  19.2     6  168.   123  3.92  3.44  18.3     1     0     4     4
## # ℹ 22 more rows
```

---

```r
knitr::kable(head(mtcars), format = 'html')
```

<table>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;">   </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> mpg </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> cyl </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> disp </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> hp </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> drat </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> wt </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> qsec </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> vs </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> am </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> gear </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> carb </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Mazda RX4 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 21.0 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 160 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 110 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.90 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.620 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 16.46 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Mazda RX4 Wag </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 21.0 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 160 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 110 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.90 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.875 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 17.02 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Datsun 710 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 22.8 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 108 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 93 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.85 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.320 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 18.61 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Hornet 4 Drive </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 21.4 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 258 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 110 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.08 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.215 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 19.44 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Hornet Sportabout </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 18.7 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 360 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 175 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.15 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.440 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 17.02 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Valiant </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 18.1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 225 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 105 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.76 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.460 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 20.22 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

---
exclude: false

```r
DT::datatable(head(mtcars), fillContainer = FALSE, options = list(pageLength = 4))
```

<div class="datatables html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-1c3d4d2caef44b558388" style="width:100%;height:auto;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-1c3d4d2caef44b558388">{"x":{"filter":"none","vertical":false,"fillContainer":false,"data":[["Mazda RX4","Mazda RX4 Wag","Datsun 710","Hornet 4 Drive","Hornet Sportabout","Valiant"],[21,21,22.8,21.4,18.7,18.1],[6,6,4,6,8,6],[160,160,108,258,360,225],[110,110,93,110,175,105],[3.9,3.9,3.85,3.08,3.15,2.76],[2.62,2.875,2.32,3.215,3.44,3.46],[16.46,17.02,18.61,19.44,17.02,20.22],[0,0,1,1,0,1],[1,1,1,0,0,0],[4,4,4,3,3,3],[4,4,1,1,2,1]],"container":"<table class=\"display\">\n  <thead>\n    <tr>\n      <th> <\/th>\n      <th>mpg<\/th>\n      <th>cyl<\/th>\n      <th>disp<\/th>\n      <th>hp<\/th>\n      <th>drat<\/th>\n      <th>wt<\/th>\n      <th>qsec<\/th>\n      <th>vs<\/th>\n      <th>am<\/th>\n      <th>gear<\/th>\n      <th>carb<\/th>\n    <\/tr>\n  <\/thead>\n<\/table>","options":{"pageLength":4,"columnDefs":[{"className":"dt-right","targets":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},{"orderable":false,"targets":0},{"name":" ","targets":0},{"name":"mpg","targets":1},{"name":"cyl","targets":2},{"name":"disp","targets":3},{"name":"hp","targets":4},{"name":"drat","targets":5},{"name":"wt","targets":6},{"name":"qsec","targets":7},{"name":"vs","targets":8},{"name":"am","targets":9},{"name":"gear","targets":10},{"name":"carb","targets":11}],"order":[],"autoWidth":false,"orderClasses":false,"lengthMenu":[4,10,25,50,100]}},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>

---
layout: true

## Lists

---

.pull-left[
#### Here is an unordered list:

*   Item foo
*   Item bar
*   Item baz
*   Item zip
]

.pull-right[

#### And an ordered list:

1.  Item one
1.  Item two
1.  Item three
1.  Item four
]

---

### And a nested list:

- level 1 item
  - level 2 item
  - level 2 item
    - level 3 item
    - level 3 item
- level 1 item
  - level 2 item
  - level 2 item
  - level 2 item
- level 1 item
  - level 2 item
  - level 2 item
- level 1 item

---

### Nesting an ol in ul in an ol

- level 1 item (ul)
  1. level 2 item (ol)
  1. level 2 item (ol)
    - level 3 item (ul)
    - level 3 item (ul)
- level 1 item (ul)
  1. level 2 item (ol)
  1. level 2 item (ol)
    - level 3 item (ul)
    - level 3 item (ul)
  1. level 4 item (ol)
  1. level 4 item (ol)
    - level 3 item (ul)
    - level 3 item (ul)
- level 1 item (ul)

---
layout: true

## Plots

---

```r
library(ggplot2)
(g <- ggplot(mpg) + aes(hwy, cty, color = class) + geom_point())
```

![](aed01_files/figure-html/plot-example-1.png)

---

```r
g + xaringanthemer::theme_xaringan(text_font_size = 16, title_font_size = 18) +
  ggtitle("A Plot About Cars")
```

.footnote[Requires `{showtext}`]

---
layout: false

## Square image

.footnote[GitHub Octocat]

---

### Wide image

![A wide image with a diagram of branching in git.](https://docs.github.com/assets/images/help/repository/branching.png)

.footnote[Wide images scale to 100% slide width]

---

## Two images

.pull-left[
![A GitHub Octocat, style "mother hubber"](https://octodex.github.com/images/motherhubbertocat.png)
]

.pull-right[
![A GitHub Octocat, style "dinotcat"](https://octodex.github.com/images/dinotocat.png)
]

---

### Definition lists can be used with HTML syntax.

<dl>
<dt>Name</dt>
<dd>Godzilla</dd>
<dt>Born</dt>
<dd>1952</dd>
<dt>Birthplace</dt>
<dd>Japan</dd>
<dt>Color</dt>
<dd>Green</dd>
</dl>

---
class: center, middle

# Thanks!

Slides created via the R packages:

[**xaringan**](https://github.com/yihui/xaringan)<br>
[gadenbuie/xaringanthemer](https://github.com/gadenbuie/xaringanthemer)

The chakra comes from [remark.js](https://remarkjs.com), [**knitr**](http://yihui.name/knitr), and [R Markdown](https://rmarkdown.rstudio.com).