Inoculation against misinformation
Wide Data Analysis
Goal
The objective of this memo is to present some analysis to determine whether controlling for pre-survey outcomes increases precision of treatment effects (TE) estimates of the IAM experiment (see Wiki; paper).
Takeaways
Main takeaways:
- Effects of the Emotions course (vs. Facts Baseline) on Sharing discernment is robust across all specifications. Estimates are more precise when including Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates at pre-treatment
- There does not seem to be effects of the Emotions course (vs. Facts Baseline) on Accuracy Discernment.
Other takeaways:
Adding demographics as controls improves the precision of estimates on the Primary Misinformation Sharing rate.
There are gains in precision when adding pre-treatment outcomes as controls for all outcome variables.
Experimental Design
The goal of this experiment is to study the effect of different text message courses on misinformation sharing and discernment. The figure below diagrams the experimental design. We recruited participants through Facebook ads to complete a five-day text message course, plus a pre- and post-survey, for a mobile airtime payment. Participants who clicked an ad were directed to the pre-survey on Qualtrics, where they were first randomized on whether they would see an accuracy nudge in the pre- and post-survey. Conditional on completing the pre-survey, participants were randomized into one of the text message course interventions and enrolled in the course. Participants in all course interventions, except the No-course baseline, received one text message a day for five days starting on the day they completed the pre-survey. Participants in the No-course baseline received the Combo course after the post-survey to ensure we fulfilled our recruitment promise of a text message course. On the last day of the course, participants received a link to complete the post-survey on Qualtrics. Participants who completed the post-survey were paid KSH 500 (about $4 in U.S. dollars) in mobile airtime. Seven to eleven weeks later, participants who completed the post-survey were randomized on whether they would see a prime in the text message recruiting them to a follow-up survey. Participants who completed the follow-up survey were paid KSH 350 (about $3 in U.S. dollars).
knitr::include_graphics("figures/Experimental Design.png")
Experimental Design
The pre- and post-surveys each contained 10 posts:
- 3 non-misinfo posts
- 6 misinfo posts (2 emotions, 2 reasoning, 2 combo)
- 1 attention check post
These posts were created by taking 15 facts/domains, then creating a non-misinfo version and 3 misinfo versions (emotions, reasoning, combo), for a total of 60 posts (plus 2 attention check posts). Participants saw each of the 15 facts at least once.
Whichever 3 facts/domains participants saw in the form of non-misinfo in the pre-survey, they saw in the form of misinfo in the post-survey, so these 3 facts/domains were repeated. Which facts/domains were repeated vary by participant.
For each posts, participants were asked 2 questions:
- Would you share this post? (yes/no)
- To the best of your knowledge, how accurate is the claim in the above post? (4-point Likert scale)
Data
In this script, we use one datasets.
intermediate_data_wide.csv: all data at the user level.
Includes treatment conditions, covariates, and individual-aggregated
outcomes. Sample of 8,684 participants who completed the pre- and
post-survey.
For more information about how these datasets are generated and a data dictionary, see memo.
Samples
This script primarily uses the sample of 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey.
For analyses involving the outcome referred to as the “Primary Misinfo Sharing Rate,” we drop participants who did not share any non-misinfo posts in the pre-survey, leaving a sample of 7,688 participants who completed the post-survey and intended to share at least 1 non-misinfo post in the pre-survey.
Outcomes and Covariates
All Outcomes
| Research Question: Do the treatment interventions… | Outcome Measures | Estimands | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sharing Outcomes | |||
| change misinfo sharing? | primary misinfo sharing rate | See equation below. | Defined only in post. |
| count of misinfo posts shared \(Y^M\) | \(\frac{E[Y^{M, post}(1)]}{6} - \frac{E[Y^{M, post}(0)]}{6}\), \((\frac{E[Y^{M, post}(1)]}{6} - \frac{E[Y^{M, pre}(1)]}{6}) - (\frac{E[Y^{M, post}(0)]}{6} - \frac{E[Y^{M, pre}(0)]}{6})\) | post and post-pre misinfo sharing rate | |
| change non-misinfo sharing? | count of non-misinfo posts shared \(Y^N\) | \(\frac{E[Y^{N, post}(1)]}{3} - \frac{E[Y^{N, post}(0)]}{3}\), \((\frac{E[Y^{N, post}(1)]}{6} - \frac{E[Y^{N, pre}(1)]}{6}) - (\frac{E[Y^{N, post}(0)]}{6} - \frac{E[Y^{N, pre}(0)]}{6})\) | post and post-pre non-misinfo sharing rate |
| change sharing discernment? | count of misinfo posts shared \(Y^M\), count of non-misinfo posts shared \(Y^N\) | \((\frac{E[Y^{N, post}(1)]}{3} - \frac{E[Y^{M, post}(1)]}{6} ) - (\frac{E[Y^{N, post}(0)]}{3} - \frac{E[Y^{M, post}(0)]}{6})\) | post sharing discernment |
| Accuracy Outcomes | |||
| change accuracy scoring of misinfo posts? | total score on misinfo posts \(A^{M_1}\) | \(\frac{E[A^{M_1, post}(1)]}{6} - \frac{E[A^{M_1, post}(0)]}{6}\), \((\frac{E[A^{M_1, post}(1)]}{6} - \frac{E[A^{M_1, pre}(1)]}{6}) - (\frac{E[A^{M_1, post}(0)]}{6} - \frac{E[A^{M_1, pre}(0)]}{6})\) | post and post-pre misinfo accuracy score |
| count of misinfo posts with accuracy score > 0 \(A^{M_2}\) | \(\frac{E[A^{M_2, post}(1)]}{6} - \frac{E[A^{M_2, post}(0)]}{6}\), \((\frac{E[A^{M_2, post}(1)]}{6} - \frac{E[A^{M_2, pre}(1)]}{6}) - (\frac{E[A^{M_2, post}(0)]}{6} - \frac{E[A^{M_2, pre}(0)]}{6})\) | post and post-pre misinfo binarized accuracy score | |
| change accuracy scoring of non-misinfo posts? | total score on non-misinfo posts \(A^{N_1}\) | \(\frac{E[A^{N_1, post}(1)]}{3} - \frac{E[A^{N_1, post}(0)]}{3}\), \((\frac{E[A^{N_1, post}(1)]}{6} - \frac{E[A^{N_1, pre}(1)]}{6}) - (\frac{E[A^{N_1, post}(0)]}{6} - \frac{E[A^{N_1, pre}(0)]}{6})\) | post and post-pre non-misinfo accuracy score |
| count of non-misinfo posts with accuracy score > 0 \(A^{N_2}\) | \(\frac{E[A^{N_2, post}(1)]}{3} - \frac{E[A^{N_2, post}(0)]}{3}\), \((\frac{E[A^{N_2, post}(1)]}{6} - \frac{E[A^{N_2, pre}(1)]}{6}) - (\frac{E[A^{N_2, post}(0)]}{6} - \frac{E[A^{N_2, pre}(0)]}{6})\) | post and post-pre non-misinfo binarized accuracy score | |
| change accuracy discernment? | total score on misinfo posts \(A^M\), total score on non-misinfo posts \(A^N\) | \((\frac{E[A^{N, post}(1)]}{3} - \frac{E[A^{M, post}(1)]}{6} ) - (\frac{E[A^{N, post}(0)]}{3} - \frac{E[A^{M, post}(0)]}{6})\) | post accuracy discernment |
\[\textit{Misinfo Sharing rate}_i = \frac{\sum^3_{j=1}[S^{M,post}_i(j)|S^{N,pre}_i(j) = 1]}{\sum^{3}_{j=1}S^{N,pre}_i(j)}\]
All Covariates
Demographics
covariates_binary_fancy = c("Man",
"High school or less",
"Some college",
"Bachelor\'s degree",
"Graduate degree",
"Married",
"Unemployed",
"Employed",
"Student",
"Mostly urban","Suburban","Mostly rural",
"Christian",
"Attends religious services",
"Uses social media",
"Social media share 0-20%","Social media share 20-40%",
"Social media share 40-60%","Social media share 60-80%",
"Social media share 80-100%","Passed att. check Pre")
covariates_continuous_fancy = c("Age","Hours per day spent in social media")
covariates_all_fancy = c("Age",covariates_binary_fancy[!endsWith(covariates_binary_fancy,"%")],"Hours per day spent in social media",covariates_binary_fancy[endsWith(covariates_binary_fancy,"%")])
#,"Any post sharing rate at pre-treatment","Misinformation sharing rate at pre-treatment","Non-Misinformation sharing rate at pre-treatment")
covariates_description = matrix(NA,23,2)
covariates_description[,1] = covariates_all_fancy
covariates_description[,1][19:23] = c("Social media share 0-20%","Social media share 20-40%","Social media share 40-60%","Social media share 60-80%","Social media share 80-100%")
covariates_description[,2] = c("Integer denoting age of participants",
"Complement to 'woman' and 'other'",
"including 'Less than a high school diploma' and 'High school degree or equivalent' (reference)","including 'Some college, no degree' and 'Associate degree'","Bachelor’s degree","including 'Master’s degree' and 'Doctorate or professional degree'",
"Complement to 'Single,' 'Widowed,' 'Divorced,' and 'Separated'",
"including 'Employed full time,' 'Employed part time,' and 'Self-employed'","including 'Unemployed and currently looking for work,' 'Unemployed not currently looking for work,' 'Retired,' 'Homemaker,' and 'Unable to work'","Student (reference)",
"Live in mostly urban area","Live in suburban area","Live in mostly rural area (reference)",
"Complement to 'None,' 'Hinduism,' 'Muslim,' 'Traditionalist,' and 'Other'","Frequency of attending religious services including 'Less than once a month,' 'One to three times per month,' 'Once a week,' 'More than once a week but less than daily,' and 'Daily'; Complement to 'Never' (reference)","1 if 'Yes' and 0 if 'No' (reference)",
"1 if the user passed the attention check and 0 otherwise",
"Integer denoting how many hours are spent on average each day on social media",
"Proportion of the content the participant sees on social media that they choose to share is between 0 and 20% (reference)","Proportion of the content the participant sees on social media that they choose to share is between 20 and 40%","Proportion of the content the participant sees on social media that they choose to share is between 40 and 60%","Proportion of the content the participant sees on social media that they choose to share is between 60 and 80%","Proportion of the content the participant sees on social media that they choose to share is between 80 and 100%")
#,"Proportion of all posts shared at the pre-treatment survey","Proportion of misinfo posts shared at the pre-treatment survey","Proportion of non-misinfo posts shared at the pre-treatment survey")
knitr::kable(covariates_description, col.names = c("Covariate", "Description"),
caption = "Demographics Definitions")| Covariate | Description |
|---|---|
| Age | Integer denoting age of participants |
| Man | Complement to ‘woman’ and ‘other’ |
| High school or less | including ‘Less than a high school diploma’ and ‘High school degree or equivalent’ (reference) |
| Some college | including ‘Some college, no degree’ and ‘Associate degree’ |
| Bachelor’s degree | Bachelor’s degree |
| Graduate degree | including ‘Master’s degree’ and ‘Doctorate or professional degree’ |
| Married | Complement to ‘Single,’ ‘Widowed,’ ‘Divorced,’ and ‘Separated’ |
| Unemployed | including ‘Employed full time,’ ‘Employed part time,’ and ‘Self-employed’ |
| Employed | including ‘Unemployed and currently looking for work,’ ‘Unemployed not currently looking for work,’ ‘Retired,’ ‘Homemaker,’ and ‘Unable to work’ |
| Student | Student (reference) |
| Mostly urban | Live in mostly urban area |
| Suburban | Live in suburban area |
| Mostly rural | Live in mostly rural area (reference) |
| Christian | Complement to ‘None,’ ‘Hinduism,’ ‘Muslim,’ ‘Traditionalist,’ and ‘Other’ |
| Attends religious services | Frequency of attending religious services including ‘Less than once a month,’ ‘One to three times per month,’ ‘Once a week,’ ‘More than once a week but less than daily,’ and ‘Daily’; Complement to ‘Never’ (reference) |
| Uses social media | 1 if ‘Yes’ and 0 if ‘No’ (reference) |
| Passed att. check Pre | 1 if the user passed the attention check and 0 otherwise |
| Hours per day spent in social media | Integer denoting how many hours are spent on average each day on social media |
| Social media share 0-20% | Proportion of the content the participant sees on social media that they choose to share is between 0 and 20% (reference) |
| Social media share 20-40% | Proportion of the content the participant sees on social media that they choose to share is between 20 and 40% |
| Social media share 40-60% | Proportion of the content the participant sees on social media that they choose to share is between 40 and 60% |
| Social media share 60-80% | Proportion of the content the participant sees on social media that they choose to share is between 60 and 80% |
| Social media share 80-100% | Proportion of the content the participant sees on social media that they choose to share is between 80 and 100% |
Pre-treatment variables
| Description | Variable Construction |
|---|---|
| Pre misinfo sharing rate | \(\frac{E[Y^{M, pre}]}{6}\) |
| Pre non-misinfo sharing rate | \(\frac{E[Y^{N, pre}]}{3}\) |
| Pre sharing discernment | \(\frac{E[Y^{N, pre}(1)]}{3} - \frac{E[Y^{M, pre}(1)]}{6}\) |
| Pre misinfo accuracy score | \(\frac{E[A^{M, pre}]}{6}\) |
| Pre non-misinfo accuracy score | \(\frac{E[A^{N, pre}]}{3}\) |
| Pre accuracy discernment | \(\frac{E[A^{N, pre}(1)]}{3} - \frac{E[A^{M, pre}(1)]}{6}\) |
| Pre attention check passing | \(\mathbb{I}[\text{passed attention check}]\) |
Setup
Load data
rm(list = ls())
wide <- read.csv("../main_analysis/intermediate_outcomes/intermediate_data_wide.csv")Standard errors
robust_se <- function(model) {
sqrt(diag(vcovHC(model, type = "HC1")))
}
cluster_se <- function(model, cluster_var) {
cluster_var <- as.factor(cluster_var)
vcov_cluster <- vcovHC(model, type = "HC1", cluster = cluster_var)
se_cluster <- sqrt(diag(vcov_cluster))
return(se_cluster)
}
se_cont <- function(x, na.rm=FALSE) {
if (na.rm) x <- na.omit(x)
sqrt(var(x)/length(x))
}Remove intercept
remove_intercept <- function(model) {
coef <- coef(model)
se <- sqrt(diag(vcov(model)))
names(coef) <- names(se) <- setdiff(names(coef), "(Intercept)")
texreg::createTexreg(coef = coef, se = se, gof = numeric(), gof.names = NULL, gof.decimal = NULL)
}t-stat extraction function
extract_tstats <- function(model_list) {
tstats_list <- lapply(model_list, function(model) {
summary_model <- summary(model)
tstats <- summary_model$coefficients[, "t value"]
return(tstats)
})
return(tstats_list)
}Multicolumn header function
create_multicolumn_headers <- function(headers,ncols) {
modified_headers <- c("<td colspan='1' style='text-align:center;'></td>") # first column, which is not multicolumn
# Loop through each header and modify it for multicolumn
for (header in headers) {
modified_header <- sprintf(paste0("<td colspan='",ncols,"' style='text-align:center;'>%s</td>"), header)
modified_headers <- c(modified_headers, modified_header)
}
# Add an empty header for the last column if needed
if (length(headers) * 2 + 1 < length(modified_headers)) {
modified_headers <- c(modified_headers, "<td colspan='1' style='text-align:center;'></td>")
}
modified_headers <- paste0("<tr>",paste(modified_headers, collapse = ""),"</tr>")
return(modified_headers)
}
create_multicolumn_headers <- function(headers, ncols) {
modified_headers <- c() # Initialize an empty vector to store headers
# Loop through each header and modify it for multicolumn
for (header in headers) {
modified_header <- sprintf("<td colspan='%d' style='text-align:center;'>%s</td>", ncols, header)
modified_headers <- c(modified_headers, modified_header)
}
return(modified_headers)
}Define set of covariates
# Define covariates
# sharing at pre
wide$share_pre_cov <- wide$share_pre
wide$misinfo_pre_cov <- wide$misinfo_pre
wide$base_rate_pre_cov <- wide$base_rate_pre
# covariates
covariates <- c("age","gender_Man", "education_High_school_or_less",
"education_Some_college","education_Bachelor_degree","education_Graduate_degree",
"marital_Married_or_in_a_domestic_partnership",
"employment_Unemployed","employment_Employed","employment_Student",
"location_Mostly_urban","location_Suburban","location_Mostly_rural",
"religion_Christian","religiosity_Attends",
"social_media_bin_Yes","social_media_hours",
"social_media_share_80_100",
"social_media_share_60_80",
"social_media_share_40_60",
"social_media_share_20_40",
"social_media_share_0_20")
covariates_sharing <- c("misinfo_pre","base_rate_pre")
covariates_accuracy <- c("misinfo_total_acc_score_pre","base_total_acc_score_pre")
# demean
wide <- wide %>%
mutate(across(.cols = all_of(covariates),
.fns = ~ scale(., center = TRUE, scale = TRUE),
.names = "{.col}_cov"))
wide <- wide %>%
mutate(across(.cols = all_of(covariates_sharing),
.fns = ~ scale(., center = TRUE, scale = TRUE),
.names = "{.col}_cov"))
wide <- wide %>%
mutate(across(.cols = all_of(covariates_accuracy),
.fns = ~ scale(., center = TRUE, scale = TRUE),
.names = "{.col}_cov"))
# list of covariates
covariates_demeaned <- c("age_cov","gender_Man_cov",
#"education_High_school_or_less",
"education_Some_college_cov",
"education_Bachelor_degree_cov","education_Graduate_degree_cov",
"marital_Married_or_in_a_domestic_partnership_cov",
"employment_Unemployed_cov","employment_Employed_cov",
#"employment_Student",
"location_Mostly_urban_cov","location_Suburban_cov",
#"location_Mostly_rural",
"religion_Christian_cov","religiosity_Attends_cov",
"social_media_bin_Yes_cov","social_media_hours_cov",
"social_media_share_80_100_cov","social_media_share_60_80_cov",
"social_media_share_40_60_cov","social_media_share_20_40_cov")
#"social_media_share_0_20"
sharing_demeaned <- c("misinfo_pre_cov","base_rate_pre_cov")
accuracy_demeaned <- c("misinfo_total_acc_score_pre_cov","base_total_acc_score_pre_cov")
# demographics
covariates_demeaned_treatment <- paste0(covariates_demeaned,'*treatment',collapse = "+")
# pre non-misinfo and pre-misinfo sharing
sharing_demeaned_treatment <- paste0(sharing_demeaned,'*treatment',collapse = "+")
# pre non-misinfo and pre-misinfo accuracy
accuracy_demeaned_treatment <- paste0(accuracy_demeaned,'*treatment',collapse = "+")
# pre non-misinfo and pre-misinfo accuracy and sharing
sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment <- paste0(c(sharing_demeaned,accuracy_demeaned),'*treatment',collapse = "+")
# all
all_covariates_demeaned_treatment <- paste0(c(covariates_demeaned,sharing_demeaned,accuracy_demeaned),'*treatment',collapse = "+")# variable labels
variable_mapping <- c(
"No_course_Baseline" = "No-course Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline" = "No-course Baseline",
"Facts_Baseline" = "Facts Baseline",
"treatmentFacts Baseline" = "Facts Baseline",
"Reasoning" = "Reasoning",
"treatmentReasoning" = "Reasoning",
"Emotions" = "Emotions",
"treatmentEmotions" = "Emotions",
"Combo" = "Combo",
"treatmentCombo" = "Combo",
"share_pre_cov" = "Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"misinfo_pre_cov" = "Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"base_rate_pre_cov" = "Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"disc_pre_cov" = "Sharing Discernment Score at Pre-treatment",
"disc_score_pre_eq_pre_cov" = "Sharing Discernment Score, eq. weight at Pre-treatment",
"acc_disc_pre_cov" = "Accuracy Discernment Score at Pre-treatment",
"acc_disc_pre_eq_pre_cov" = "Accuracy Discernment Score at Pre-treatment",
"misinfo_total_acc_score_pre_cov" = "Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment",
"base_total_acc_score_pre_cov" = "Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:share_pre_cov" = "Facts Baseline x Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:share_pre_cov" = "No-course Baseline x Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentReasoning:share_pre_cov" = "Reasoning x Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentEmotions:share_pre_cov" = "Emotions x Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentCombo:share_pre_cov" = "Combo x Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"Facts_Baseline:share_pre_cov" = "Facts Baseline x Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"No_course_Baseline:share_pre_cov" = "No-course Baseline x Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"Reasoning:share_pre_cov" = "Reasoning x Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"Emotions:share_pre_cov" = "Emotions x Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"Combo:share_pre_cov" = "Combo x Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:misinfo_pre_cov" = "Facts Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:misinfo_pre_cov" = "No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentReasoning:misinfo_pre_cov" = "Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentEmotions:misinfo_pre_cov" = "Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentCombo:misinfo_pre_cov" = "Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"Facts_Baseline:misinfo_pre_cov" = "Facts Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"No_course_Baseline:misinfo_pre_cov" = "No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"Reasoning:misinfo_pre_cov" = "Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"Emotions:misinfo_pre_cov" = "Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"Combo:misinfo_pre_cov" = "Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:base_rate_pre_cov" = "Facts Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:base_rate_pre_cov" = "No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentReasoning:base_rate_pre_cov" = "Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentEmotions:base_rate_pre_cov" = "Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentCombo:base_rate_pre_cov" = "Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"Facts_Baseline:base_rate_pre_cov" = "Facts Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"No_course_Baseline:base_rate_pre_cov" = "No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"Reasoning:base_rate_pre_cov" = "Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"Emotions:base_rate_pre_cov" = "Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"Combo:base_rate_pre_cov" = "Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:disc_pre_cov" = "Facts Baseline x Sharing Discernment Score at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:disc_pre_cov" = "No-course Baseline x Sharing Discernment Score at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentReasoning:disc_pre_cov" = "Reasoning x Sharing Discernment Score at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentEmotions:disc_pre_cov" = "Emotions x Sharing Discernment Score at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentCombo:disc_pre_cov" = "Combo x Sharing Discernment Score at Pre-treatment",
"Facts_Baseline:disc_pre_cov" = "Facts Baseline x Sharing Discernment Score at Pre-treatment",
"No_course_Baseline:disc_pre_cov" = "No-course Baseline x Sharing Discernment Score at Pre-treatment",
"Reasoning:disc_pre_cov" = "Reasoning x Sharing Discernment Score at Pre-treatment",
"Emotions:disc_pre_cov" = "Emotions x Sharing Discernment Score at Pre-treatment",
"Combo:disc_pre_cov" = "Combo x Sharing Discernment Score at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:disc_score_pre_eq_pre_covariate" = "Facts Baseline x Sharing Discernment Score, Equal Weight at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:disc_score_pre_eq_pre_covariate" = "No-course Baseline x Sharing Discernment Score, Equal Weight at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentReasoning:disc_score_pre_eq_pre_covariate" = "Reasoning x Sharing Discernment Score, Equal Weight at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentEmotions:disc_score_pre_eq_pre_covariate" = "Emotions x Sharing Discernment Score, Equal Weight at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentCombo:disc_score_pre_eq_pre_covariate" = "Combo x Sharing Discernment Score, Equal Weight at Pre-treatment",
"Facts_Baseline:disc_score_pre_eq_pre_covariate" = "Facts Baseline x Sharing Discernment Score, Equal Weight at Pre-treatment",
"No_course_Baseline:disc_score_pre_eq_pre_covariate" = "No-course Baseline x Sharing Discernment Score, Equal Weight at Pre-treatment",
"Reasoning:disc_score_pre_eq_pre_covariate" = "Reasoning x Sharing Discernment Score, Equal Weight at Pre-treatment",
"Emotions:disc_score_pre_eq_pre_covariate" = "Emotions x Sharing Discernment Score, Equal Weight at Pre-treatment",
"Combo:disc_score_pre_eq_pre_covariate" = "Combo x Sharing Discernment Score, Equal Weight at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:acc_disc_pre_cov" = "Facts Baseline x Accuracy Discernment Score at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:acc_disc_pre_cov" = "No-course Baseline x Accuracy Discernment Score at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentReasoning:acc_disc_pre_cov" = "Reasoning x Accuracy Discernment Score at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentEmotions:acc_disc_pre_cov" = "Emotions x Accuracy Discernment Score at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentCombo:acc_disc_pre_cov" = "Combo x Accuracy Discernment Score at Pre-treatment",
"Facts_Baseline:acc_disc_pre_cov" = "Facts Baseline x Accuracy Discernment Score at Pre-treatment",
"No_course_Baseline:acc_disc_pre_cov" = "No-course Baseline x Accuracy Discernment Score at Pre-treatment",
"Reasoning:acc_disc_pre_cov" = "Reasoning x Accuracy Discernment Score at Pre-treatment",
"Emotions:acc_disc_pre_cov" = "Emotions x Accuracy Discernment Score at Pre-treatment",
"Combo:acc_disc_pre_cov" = "Combo x Accuracy Discernment Score at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:acc_disc_pre_eq_pre_covariate" = "Facts Baseline x Accuracy Discernment Score, Equal Weight at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:acc_disc_pre_eq_pre_covariate" = "No-course Baseline x Accuracy Discernment Score, Equal Weight at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentReasoning:acc_disc_pre_eq_pre_covariate" = "Reasoning x Accuracy Discernment Score, Equal Weight at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentEmotions:acc_disc_pre_eq_pre_covariate" = "Emotions x Accuracy Discernment Score, Equal Weight at Pre-treatment",
"treatmentCombo:acc_disc_pre_eq_pre_covariate" = "Combo x Accuracy Discernment Score, Equal Weight at Pre-treatment",
"Facts_Baseline:acc_disc_pre_eq_pre_covariate" = "Facts Baseline x Accuracy Discernment Score, Equal Weight at Pre-treatment",
"No_course_Baseline:acc_disc_pre_eq_pre_covariate" = "No-course Baseline x Accuracy Discernment Score, Equal Weight at Pre-treatment",
"Reasoning:acc_disc_pre_eq_pre_covariate" = "Reasoning x Accuracy Discernment Score, Equal Weight at Pre-treatment",
"Emotions:acc_disc_pre_eq_pre_covariate" = "Emotions x Accuracy Discernment Score, Equal Weight at Pre-treatment",
"Combo:acc_disc_pre_eq_pre_covariate" = "Combo x Accuracy Discernment Score, Equal Weight at Pre-treatment",
"age_cov" = "Age",
"gender_Man_cov" = "Gender: Man",
"education_Some_college_cov" = "Some College",
"education_Bachelor_degree_cov" = "Bachelor Degree",
"education_Graduate_degree_cov" = "Graduate Degree",
"marital_Married_or_in_a_domestic_partnership_cov" = "Married/Domestic Partnership",
"employment_Unemployed_cov" = "Unemployed",
"employment_Employed_cov" = "Employed",
"location_Mostly_urban_cov" = "Mostly Urban",
"location_Suburban_cov" = "Suburban",
"religion_Christian_cov" = "Religion: Christian",
"religiosity_Attends_cov" = "Religiosity: Attends",
"social_media_bin_Yes_cov" = "Social Media: Yes",
"social_media_hours_cov" = "Social Media Hours",
"social_media_share_80_100_cov" = "Social Media Share: 80-100%",
"social_media_share_60_80_cov" = "Social Media Share: 60-80%",
"social_media_share_40_60_cov" = "Social Media Share: 40-60%",
"social_media_share_20_40_cov" = "Social Media Share: 20-40%",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:share_pre_cov" = "Sharing rate at pre-treatment x Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:share_pre_cov" = "Sharing rate-treatment at pre x No-course Baseline",
"treatmentReasoning:share_pre_cov" = "Sharing rate at pre-treatment x Reasoning",
"treatmentEmotions:share_pre_cov" = "Sharing rate at pre-treatment x Emotions",
"treatmentCombo:share_pre_cov" = "Sharing rate at pre-treatment x Combo",
"Facts_Baseline:share_pre_cov" = "Sharing rate at pre-treatment x Facts Baseline",
"No_course_Baseline:share_pre_cov" = "Sharing rate at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline",
"Reasoning:share_pre_cov" = "Sharing rate at pre-treatment x Reasoning",
"Emotions:share_pre_cov" = "Sharing rate at pre-treatment x Emotions",
"Combo:share_pre_cov" = "Sharing rate at pre-treatment x Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:misinfo_pre_cov" = "Misinfo Sharing rate at pre-treatment x Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:misinfo_pre_cov" = "Misinfo Sharing rate at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline",
"treatmentReasoning:misinfo_pre_cov" = "Misinfo Sharing rate at pre-treatment x Reasoning",
"treatmentEmotions:misinfo_pre_cov" = "Misinfo Sharing rate at pre-treatment x Emotions",
"treatmentCombo:misinfo_pre_cov" = "Misinfo Sharing rate at pre-treatment x Combo",
"Facts_Baseline:misinfo_pre_cov" = "Misinfo Sharing rate at pre-treatment x Facts Baseline",
"No_course_Baseline:misinfo_pre_cov" = "Misinfo Sharing rate at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline",
"Reasoning:misinfo_pre_cov" = "Misinfo Sharing rate at pre-treatment x Reasoning",
"Emotions:misinfo_pre_cov" = "Misinfo Sharing rate at pre-treatment x Emotions",
"Combo:misinfo_pre_cov" = "Misinfo Sharing rate at pre-treatment x Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:base_rate_pre_cov" = "Non-Misinfo Sharing rate at pre-treatment x Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:base_rate_pre_cov" = "Non-Misinfo Sharing rate at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline",
"treatmentReasoning:base_rate_pre_cov" = "Non-Misinfo Sharing rate at pre-treatment x Reasoning",
"treatmentEmotions:base_rate_pre_cov" = "Non-Misinfo Sharing rate at pre-treatment x Emotions",
"treatmentCombo:base_rate_pre_cov" = "Non-Misinfo Sharing rate at pre-treatment x Combo",
"Facts_Baseline:base_rate_pre_cov" = "Non-Misinfo Sharing rate at pre-treatment x Facts Baseline",
"No_course_Baseline:base_rate_pre_cov" = "Non-Misinfo Sharing rate at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline",
"Reasoning:base_rate_pre_cov" = "Non-Misinfo Sharing rate at pre-treatment x Reasoning",
"Emotions:base_rate_pre_cov" = "Non-Misinfo Sharing rate at pre-treatment x Emotions",
"Combo:base_rate_pre_cov" = "Non-Misinfo Sharing rate at pre-treatment x Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:disc_pre_cov" = "Sharing Discernment Score at pre-treatment x Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:disc_pre_cov" = "Sharing Discernment Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline",
"treatmentReasoning:disc_pre_cov" = "Sharing Discernment Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning",
"treatmentEmotions:disc_pre_cov" = "Sharing Discernment Score at pre-treatment x Emotions",
"treatmentCombo:disc_pre_cov" = "Sharing Discernment Score at pre-treatment x Combo",
"Facts_Baseline:disc_pre_cov" = "Sharing Discernment Score at pre-treatment x Facts Baseline",
"No_course_Baseline:disc_pre_cov" = "Sharing Discernment Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline",
"Reasoning:disc_pre_cov" = "Sharing Discernment Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning",
"Emotions:disc_pre_cov" = "Sharing Discernment Score at pre-treatment x Emotions",
"Combo:disc_pre_cov" = "Sharing Discernment Score at pre-treatment x Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:disc_score_pre_eq_pre_cov" = "Sharing Discernment Score, Equal Weight at pre-treatment x Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:disc_score_pre_eq_pre_cov" = "Sharing Discernment Score, Equal Weight at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline",
"treatmentReasoning:disc_score_pre_eq_pre_cov" = "Sharing Discernment Score, Equal Weight at pre-treatment x Reasoning",
"treatmentEmotions:disc_score_pre_eq_pre_cov" = "Sharing Discernment Score, Equal Weight at pre-treatment x Emotions",
"treatmentCombo:disc_score_pre_eq_pre_cov" = "Sharing Discernment Score, Equal Weight at pre-treatment x Combo",
"Facts_Baseline:disc_score_pre_eq_pre_cov" = "Sharing Discernment Score, Equal Weight at pre-treatment x Facts Baseline",
"No_course_Baseline:disc_score_pre_eq_pre_cov" = "Sharing Discernment Score, Equal Weight at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline",
"Reasoning:disc_score_pre_eq_pre_cov" = "Sharing Discernment Score, Equal Weight at pre-treatment x Reasoning",
"Emotions:disc_score_pre_eq_pre_cov" = "Sharing Discernment Score, Equal Weight at pre-treatment x Emotions",
"Combo:disc_score_pre_eq_pre_cov" = "Sharing Discernment Score, Equal Weight at pre-treatment x Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:acc_disc_pre_cov" = "Accuracy Discernment Score at pre-treatment x Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:acc_disc_pre_cov" = "Accuracy Discernment Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline",
"treatmentReasoning:acc_disc_pre_cov" = "Accuracy Discernment Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning",
"treatmentEmotions:acc_disc_pre_cov" = "Accuracy Discernment Score at pre-treatment x Emotions",
"treatmentCombo:acc_disc_pre_cov" = "Accuracy Discernment Score at pre-treatment x Combo",
"Facts_Baseline:acc_disc_pre_cov" = "Accuracy Discernment Score at pre-treatment x Facts Baseline",
"No_course_Baseline:acc_disc_pre_cov" = "Accuracy Discernment Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline",
"Reasoning:acc_disc_pre_cov" = "Accuracy Discernment Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning",
"Emotions:acc_disc_pre_cov" = "Accuracy Discernment Score at pre-treatment x Emotions",
"Combo:acc_disc_pre_cov" = "Accuracy Discernment Score at pre-treatment x Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:acc_disc_pre_eq_pre_cov" = "Accuracy Discernment Score, Equal Weight at pre-treatment x Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:acc_disc_pre_eq_pre_cov" = "Accuracy Discernment Score, Equal Weight at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline",
"treatmentReasoning:acc_disc_pre_eq_pre_cov" = "Accuracy Discernment Score, Equal Weight at pre-treatment x Reasoning",
"treatmentEmotions:acc_disc_pre_eq_pre_cov" = "Accuracy Discernment Score, Equal Weight at pre-treatment x Emotions",
"treatmentCombo:acc_disc_pre_eq_pre_cov" = "Accuracy Discernment Score, Equal Weight at pre-treatment x Combo",
"Facts_Baseline:acc_disc_pre_eq_pre_cov" = "Accuracy Discernment Score, Equal Weight at pre-treatment x Facts Baseline",
"No_course_Baseline:acc_disc_pre_eq_pre_cov" = "Accuracy Discernment Score, Equal Weight at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline",
"Reasoning:acc_disc_pre_eq_pre_cov" = "Accuracy Discernment Score, Equal Weight at pre-treatment x Reasoning",
"Emotions:acc_disc_pre_eq_pre_cov" = "Accuracy Discernment Score, Equal Weight at pre-treatment x Emotions",
"Combo:acc_disc_pre_eq_pre_cov" = "Accuracy Discernment Score, Equal Weight at pre-treatment x Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:misinfo_total_acc_score_pre_cov" = "Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:misinfo_total_acc_score_pre_cov" = "Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline",
"treatmentReasoning:misinfo_total_acc_score_pre_cov" = "Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning",
"treatmentEmotions:misinfo_total_acc_score_pre_cov" = "Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions",
"treatmentCombo:misinfo_total_acc_score_pre_cov" = "Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo",
"Facts_Baseline:misinfo_total_acc_score_pre_cov" = "Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Facts Baseline",
"No_course_Baseline:misinfo_total_acc_score_pre_cov" = "Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline",
"Reasoning:misinfo_total_acc_score_pre_cov" = "Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning",
"Emotions:misinfo_total_acc_score_pre_cov" = "Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions",
"Combo:misinfo_total_acc_score_pre_cov" = "Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:base_total_acc_score_pre_cov" = "Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:base_total_acc_score_pre_cov" = "Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline",
"treatmentReasoning:base_total_acc_score_pre_cov" = "Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning",
"treatmentEmotions:base_total_acc_score_pre_cov" = "Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions",
"treatmentCombo:base_total_acc_score_pre_cov" = "Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo",
"Facts_Baseline:base_total_acc_score_pre_cov" = "Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Facts Baseline",
"No_course_Baseline:base_total_acc_score_pre_cov" = "Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline",
"Reasoning:base_total_acc_score_pre_cov" = "Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning",
"Emotions:base_total_acc_score_pre_cov" = "Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions",
"Combo:base_total_acc_score_pre_cov" = "Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:age_cov" = "Age x Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:age_cov" = "Age x No-course Baseline",
"treatmentReasoning:age_cov" = "Age x Reasoning",
"treatmentEmotions:age_cov" = "Age x Emotions",
"treatmentCombo:age_cov" = "Age x Combo",
"Facts_Baseline:age_cov" = "Age x Facts Baseline",
"No_course_Baseline:age_cov" = "Age x No-course Baseline",
"Reasoning:age_cov" = "Age x Reasoning",
"Emotions:age_cov" = "Age x Emotions",
"Combo:age_cov" = "Age x Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:gender_Man_cov" = "Gender: Man x Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:gender_Man_cov" = "Gender: Man x No-course Baseline",
"treatmentReasoning:gender_Man_cov" = "Gender: Man x Reasoning",
"treatmentEmotions:gender_Man_cov" = "Gender: Man x Emotions",
"treatmentCombo:gender_Man_cov" = "Gender: Man x Combo",
"Facts_Baseline:gender_Man_cov" = "Gender: Man x Facts Baseline",
"No_course_Baseline:gender_Man_cov" = "Gender: Man x No-course Baseline",
"Reasoning:gender_Man_cov" = "Gender: Man x Reasoning",
"Emotions:gender_Man_cov" = "Gender: Man x Emotions",
"Combo:gender_Man_cov" = "Gender: Man x Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:education_Some_college_cov" = "Some College x Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:education_Some_college_cov" = "Some College x No-course Baseline",
"treatmentReasoning:education_Some_college_cov" = "Some College x Reasoning",
"treatmentEmotions:education_Some_college_cov" = "Some College x Emotions",
"treatmentCombo:education_Some_college_cov" = "Some College x Combo",
"Facts_Baseline:education_Some_college_cov" = "Some College x Facts Baseline",
"No_course_Baseline:education_Some_college_cov" = "Some College x No-course Baseline",
"Reasoning:education_Some_college_cov" = "Some College x Reasoning",
"Emotions:education_Some_college_cov" = "Some College x Emotions",
"Combo:education_Some_college_cov" = "Some College x Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:education_Bachelor_degree_cov" = "Bachelor Degree x Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:education_Bachelor_degree_cov" = "Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline",
"treatmentReasoning:education_Bachelor_degree_cov" = "Bachelor Degree x Reasoning",
"treatmentEmotions:education_Bachelor_degree_cov" = "Bachelor Degree x Emotions",
"treatmentCombo:education_Bachelor_degree_cov" = "Bachelor Degree x Combo",
"Facts_Baseline:education_Bachelor_degree_cov" = "Bachelor Degree x Facts Baseline",
"No_course_Baseline:education_Bachelor_degree_cov" = "Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline",
"Reasoning:education_Bachelor_degree_cov" = "Bachelor Degree x Reasoning",
"Emotions:education_Bachelor_degree_cov" = "Bachelor Degree x Emotions",
"Combo:education_Bachelor_degree_cov" = "Bachelor Degree x Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:education_Graduate_degree_cov" = "Graduate Degree x Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:education_Graduate_degree_cov" = "Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline",
"treatmentReasoning:education_Graduate_degree_cov" = "Graduate Degree x Reasoning",
"treatmentEmotions:education_Graduate_degree_cov" = "Graduate Degree x Emotions",
"treatmentCombo:education_Graduate_degree_cov" = "Graduate Degree x Combo",
"Facts_Baseline:education_Graduate_degree_cov" = "Graduate Degree x Facts Baseline",
"No_course_Baseline:education_Graduate_degree_cov" = "Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline",
"Reasoning:education_Graduate_degree_cov" = "Graduate Degree x Reasoning",
"Emotions:education_Graduate_degree_cov" = "Graduate Degree x Emotions",
"Combo:education_Graduate_degree_cov" = "Graduate Degree x Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:marital_Married_or_in_a_domestic_partnership_cov" = "Married/Domestic Partnership x Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:marital_Married_or_in_a_domestic_partnership_cov" = "Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline",
"treatmentReasoning:marital_Married_or_in_a_domestic_partnership_cov" = "Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning",
"treatmentEmotions:marital_Married_or_in_a_domestic_partnership_cov" = "Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions",
"treatmentCombo:marital_Married_or_in_a_domestic_partnership_cov" = "Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo",
"Facts_Baseline:marital_Married_or_in_a_domestic_partnership_cov" = "Married/Domestic Partnership x Facts Baseline",
"No_course_Baseline:marital_Married_or_in_a_domestic_partnership_cov" = "Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline",
"Reasoning:marital_Married_or_in_a_domestic_partnership_cov" = "Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning",
"Emotions:marital_Married_or_in_a_domestic_partnership_cov" = "Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions",
"Combo:marital_Married_or_in_a_domestic_partnership_cov" = "Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:employment_Unemployed_cov" = "Unemployed x Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:employment_Unemployed_cov" = "Unemployed x No-course Baseline",
"treatmentReasoning:employment_Unemployed_cov" = "Unemployed x Reasoning",
"treatmentEmotions:employment_Unemployed_cov" = "Unemployed x Emotions",
"treatmentCombo:employment_Unemployed_cov" = "Unemployed x Combo",
"Facts_Baseline:employment_Unemployed_cov" = "Unemployed x Facts Baseline",
"No_course_Baseline:employment_Unemployed_cov" = "Unemployed x No-course Baseline",
"Reasoning:employment_Unemployed_cov" = "Unemployed x Reasoning",
"Emotions:employment_Unemployed_cov" = "Unemployed x Emotions",
"Combo:employment_Unemployed_cov" = "Unemployed x Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:employment_Employed_cov" = "Employed x Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:employment_Employed_cov" = "Employed x No-course Baseline",
"treatmentReasoning:employment_Employed_cov" = "Employed x Reasoning",
"treatmentEmotions:employment_Employed_cov" = "Employed x Emotions",
"treatmentCombo:employment_Employed_cov" = "Employed x Combo",
"Facts_Baseline:employment_Employed_cov" = "Employed x Facts Baseline",
"No_course_Baseline:employment_Employed_cov" = "Employed x No-course Baseline",
"Reasoning:employment_Employed_cov" = "Employed x Reasoning",
"Emotions:employment_Employed_cov" = "Employed x Emotions",
"Combo:employment_Employed_cov" = "Employed x Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:location_Mostly_urban_cov" = "Mostly Urban x Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:location_Mostly_urban_cov" = "Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline",
"treatmentReasoning:location_Mostly_urban_cov" = "Mostly Urban x Reasoning",
"treatmentEmotions:location_Mostly_urban_cov" = "Mostly Urban x Emotions",
"treatmentCombo:location_Mostly_urban_cov" = "Mostly Urban x Combo",
"Facts_Baseline:location_Mostly_urban_cov" = "Mostly Urban x Facts Baseline",
"No_course_Baseline:location_Mostly_urban_cov" = "Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline",
"Reasoning:location_Mostly_urban_cov" = "Mostly Urban x Reasoning",
"Emotions:location_Mostly_urban_cov" = "Mostly Urban x Emotions",
"Combo:location_Mostly_urban_cov" = "Mostly Urban x Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:location_Suburban_cov" = "Suburban x Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:location_Suburban_cov" = "Suburban x No-course Baseline",
"treatmentReasoning:location_Suburban_cov" = "Suburban x Reasoning",
"treatmentEmotions:location_Suburban_cov" = "Suburban x Emotions",
"treatmentCombo:location_Suburban_cov" = "Suburban x Combo",
"Facts_Baseline:location_Suburban_cov" = "Suburban x Facts Baseline",
"No_course_Baseline:location_Suburban_cov" = "Suburban x No-course Baseline",
"Reasoning:location_Suburban_cov" = "Suburban x Reasoning",
"Emotions:location_Suburban_cov" = "Suburban x Emotions",
"Combo:location_Suburban_cov" = "Suburban x Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:religion_Christian_cov" = "Religion: Christian x Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:religion_Christian_cov" = "Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline",
"treatmentReasoning:religion_Christian_cov" = "Religion: Christian x Reasoning",
"treatmentEmotions:religion_Christian_cov" = "Religion: Christian x Emotions",
"treatmentCombo:religion_Christian_cov" = "Religion: Christian x Combo",
"Facts_Baseline:religion_Christian_cov" = "Religion: Christian x Facts Baseline",
"No_course_Baseline:religion_Christian_cov" = "Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline",
"Reasoning:religion_Christian_cov" = "Religion: Christian x Reasoning",
"Emotions:religion_Christian_cov" = "Religion: Christian x Emotions",
"Combo:religion_Christian_cov" = "Religion: Christian x Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:religiosity_Attends_cov" = "Religiosity: Attends x Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:religiosity_Attends_cov" = "Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline",
"treatmentReasoning:religiosity_Attends_cov" = "Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning",
"treatmentEmotions:religiosity_Attends_cov" = "Religiosity: Attends x Emotions",
"treatmentCombo:religiosity_Attends_cov" = "Religiosity: Attends x Combo",
"Facts_Baseline:religiosity_Attends_cov" = "Religiosity: Attends x Facts Baseline",
"No_course_Baseline:religiosity_Attends_cov" = "Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline",
"Reasoning:religiosity_Attends_cov" = "Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning",
"Emotions:religiosity_Attends_cov" = "Religiosity: Attends x Emotions",
"Combo:religiosity_Attends_cov" = "Religiosity: Attends x Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:social_media_bin_Yes_cov" = "Social Media: Yes x Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:social_media_bin_Yes_cov" = "Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline",
"treatmentReasoning:social_media_bin_Yes_cov" = "Social Media: Yes x Reasoning",
"treatmentEmotions:social_media_bin_Yes_cov" = "Social Media: Yes x Emotions",
"treatmentCombo:social_media_bin_Yes_cov" = "Social Media: Yes x Combo",
"Facts_Baseline:social_media_bin_Yes_cov" = "Social Media: Yes x Facts Baseline",
"No_course_Baseline:social_media_bin_Yes_cov" = "Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline",
"Reasoning:social_media_bin_Yes_cov" = "Social Media: Yes x Reasoning",
"Emotions:social_media_bin_Yes_cov" = "Social Media: Yes x Emotions",
"Combo:social_media_bin_Yes_cov" = "Social Media: Yes x Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:social_media_hours_cov" = "Social Media Hours x Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:social_media_hours_cov" = "Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline",
"treatmentReasoning:social_media_hours_cov" = "Social Media Hours x Reasoning",
"treatmentEmotions:social_media_hours_cov" = "Social Media Hours x Emotions",
"treatmentCombo:social_media_hours_cov" = "Social Media Hours x Combo",
"Facts_Baseline:social_media_hours_cov" = "Social Media Hours x Facts Baseline",
"No_course_Baseline:social_media_hours_cov" = "Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline",
"Reasoning:social_media_hours_cov" = "Social Media Hours x Reasoning",
"Emotions:social_media_hours_cov" = "Social Media Hours x Emotions",
"Combo:social_media_hours_cov" = "Social Media Hours x Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:social_media_share_80_100_cov" = "Social Media Share: 80-100% x Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:social_media_share_80_100_cov" = "Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline",
"treatmentReasoning:social_media_share_80_100_cov" = "Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning",
"treatmentEmotions:social_media_share_80_100_cov" = "Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions",
"treatmentCombo:social_media_share_80_100_cov" = "Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo",
"Facts_Baseline:social_media_share_80_100_cov" = "Social Media Share: 80-100% x Facts Baseline",
"No_course_Baseline:social_media_share_80_100_cov" = "Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline",
"Reasoning:social_media_share_80_100_cov" = "Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning",
"Emotions:social_media_share_80_100_cov" = "Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions",
"Combo:social_media_share_80_100_cov" = "Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:social_media_share_60_80_cov" = "Social Media Share: 60-80% x Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:social_media_share_60_80_cov" = "Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline",
"treatmentReasoning:social_media_share_60_80_cov" = "Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning",
"treatmentEmotions:social_media_share_60_80_cov" = "Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions",
"treatmentCombo:social_media_share_60_80_cov" = "Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo",
"Facts_Baseline:social_media_share_60_80_cov" = "Social Media Share: 60-80% x Facts Baseline",
"No_course_Baseline:social_media_share_60_80_cov" = "Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline",
"Reasoning:social_media_share_60_80_cov" = "Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning",
"Emotions:social_media_share_60_80_cov" = "Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions",
"Combo:social_media_share_60_80_cov" = "Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:social_media_share_40_60_cov" = "Social Media Share: 40-60% x Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:social_media_share_40_60_cov" = "Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline",
"treatmentReasoning:social_media_share_40_60_cov" = "Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning",
"treatmentEmotions:social_media_share_40_60_cov" = "Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions",
"treatmentCombo:social_media_share_40_60_cov" = "Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo",
"Facts_Baseline:social_media_share_40_60_cov" = "Social Media Share: 40-60% x Facts Baseline",
"No_course_Baseline:social_media_share_40_60_cov" = "Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline",
"Reasoning:social_media_share_40_60_cov" = "Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning",
"Emotions:social_media_share_40_60_cov" = "Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions",
"Combo:social_media_share_40_60_cov" = "Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline:social_media_share_20_40_cov" = "Social Media Share: 20-40% x Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline:social_media_share_20_40_cov" = "Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline",
"treatmentReasoning:social_media_share_20_40_cov" = "Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning",
"treatmentEmotions:social_media_share_20_40_cov" = "Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions",
"treatmentCombo:social_media_share_20_40_cov" = "Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo",
"Facts_Baseline:social_media_share_20_40_cov" = "Social Media Share: 20-40% x Facts Baseline",
"No_course_Baseline:social_media_share_20_40_cov" = "Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline",
"Reasoning:social_media_share_20_40_cov" = "Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning",
"Emotions:social_media_share_20_40_cov" = "Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions",
"Combo:social_media_share_20_40_cov" = "Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo"
)# function to subset model for short tables
subset_model <- function(model, coeffs) {
new_model <- model
new_model$coefficients <- na.omit(model$coefficients[names(model$coefficients) %in% coeffs])
if (length(new_model$coefficients) == 0) {
new_model$coefficients <- na.omit(model$coefficients[names(model$coefficients[,1]) %in% coeffs])
}
# Std. errors
if (length(new_model$se) > 0) {
new_model$se <- model$se[names(model$coefficients) %in% coeffs]
if (length(new_model$se) == 0) {
new_model$se <- na.omit(model$se[names(model$coefficients[,1]) %in% coeffs])
}
}
return(new_model)
}Analysis
For all estimations, we provide a short and a long table. The short table shows the treatment coefficients only. The long table also shows all covariates and its interactions. To access the latter, click on the button.
OLS analysis
Cross-section linear regression.
Baseline estimation
\(y_{it+1}= \beta_1\mathbb{I}[T_i] + u_{it+1},\)
where \(y_i\) = {\(\textit{Primary Misinfo Sharing rate}_{it+1}\),
\(\textit{Post Misinfo Sharing rate}_{it+1}\),
\(\textit{Post Non-Misinfo Sharing rate}_{it+1}\),
\(\textit{Post Sharing discernment}_{it+1}\),
\(\textit{Post Misinfo Accuracy score}_{it+1}\),
\(\textit{Post Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}_{it+1}\),
\(\textit{Post Non-Misinfo Accuracy score}_{it+1}\),
\(\textit{Post Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}_{it+1}\),
\(\textit{Post Accuracy discernment}_{it+1}\)},
\(T_i\) is a vector of binary indicators for No-course Baseline, Facts Baseline, Emotions, Reasoning, or Combo treatment conditions.
\(u_{it+1}\) are robust standard errors.
Controlling for covariates (demographics and outcomes at pre-treatment)
\(y_{it+1}= \beta_1\mathbb{I}[T_i] + \beta_2\textit{Pre-sharing}_{it-1} + \beta_3\textit{Pre-sharing}_{it-1}\times\mathbb{I}[T_i] + u_{it+1},\)
where \(\textit{Pre-sharing}_{it-1}\) either:
Demographics:
- Only set of de-meaned demographics \({X}_i\) are included.
Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates:
- \(\textit{De-meaned Misinfo Sharing rate}_{it-1} + \textit{De-meaned Non-Misinfo Sharing rate}_{it-1}\)
Misinfo and Non-misinfo Accuracy scores:
- \(\textit{De-meanded Misinfo Accuracy Score}_{it-1} + \textit{De-meanded Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score}_{it-1}\)
Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores:
- \(\textit{De-meaned Misinfo Sharing rate}_{it-1} + \textit{De-meaned Non-Misinfo Sharing rate}_{it-1}\)\(+\) \(\textit{De-meanded Misinfo Accuracy Score}_{it-1} + \textit{De-meanded Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score}_{it-1}\)
Demographics, as well as Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores:
- \({X}_i + \textit{De-meaned Misinfo Sharing rate}_{it-1} + \textit{De-meaned Non-Misinfo Sharing rate}_{it-1}\)\(+\) \(\textit{De-meanded Misinfo Accuracy Score}_{it-1} + \textit{De-meanded Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score}_{it-1}\).
\(T_i\) is a vector of binary indicators for No-course Baseline, Facts Baseline, Emotions, Reasoning, or Combo treatment conditions.
\(u_{it+1}\) are robust standard errors.
Means by treatment group.
Treatment group means.
headers <- c("Primary Misinfo Sharing Rate",
"Misinfo Sharing Rate",
"Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate",
"Sharing Discernment Score",
"Misinfo Accuracy score",
"Misinfo binarized Accuracy score",
"Non-Misinfo Accuracy score",
"Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score",
"Accuracy Discernment Score")
# List of models without covariates and their corresponding models with covariates
models_wide <- list(m1_wide, m2_wide, m3_wide, m4_wide, m5_wide, m6_wide, m7_wide, m8_wide, m9_wide)
models_demographics <- list(m1b_wide, m2b_wide, m3b_wide, m4b_wide, m5b_wide, m6b_wide, m7b_wide, m8b_wide, m9b_wide)
models_sharing <- list(m1c_wide, m2c_wide, m3c_wide, m4c_wide, m5c_wide, m6c_wide, m7c_wide, m8c_wide, m9c_wide)
models_accuracy <- list(m1d_wide, m2d_wide, m3d_wide, m4d_wide, m5d_wide, m6d_wide, m7d_wide, m8d_wide, m9d_wide)
models_sharing_accuracy <- list(m1e_wide, m2e_wide, m3e_wide, m4e_wide, m5e_wide, m6e_wide, m7e_wide, m8e_wide, m9e_wide)
models_all_covariates <- list(m1f_wide, m2f_wide, m3f_wide, m4f_wide, m5f_wide, m6f_wide, m7f_wide, m8f_wide, m9f_wide)
# Loop through the headers to create tables for each dependent variable
for (m in 1:length(headers)) {
# Extracting models for the current header
model_list <- list(
models_wide[[m]],
models_demographics[[m]],
models_sharing[[m]],
models_accuracy[[m]],
models_sharing_accuracy[[m]],
models_all_covariates[[m]]
)
# Generate custom column labels
multicolumn_headers <- create_multicolumn_headers(headers[m], 6)
# variable labels
names <- unique(c(names(models_wide[[m]]$coefficients)))
names1 <- unique(c(names(models_demographics[[m]]$coefficients)))
names2 <- unique(c(names(models_sharing[[m]]$coefficients)))
names3 <- unique(c(names(models_accuracy[[m]]$coefficients)))
names <- unique(c(names, names1, names2, names3))
variable_labels_wide <- variable_mapping[names]
# keep
keep <- list("treatmentEmotions" = "Emotions",
"treatmentReasoning" = "Reasoning",
"treatmentCombo" = "Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline" = "Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline" = "No-course Baseline")
# Short table
# Generate the HTML table
html_table <- texreg::htmlreg(model_list,
single.row = FALSE,
caption = paste0("Linear Regression (OLS)"),
caption.above = TRUE,
custom.note = "",
custom.model.names = c("No covariates <br> (1)",
"Demographics <br> (2)",
"Sharing rates <br> (3)",
"Accuracy scores <br> (4)",
"Sharing rates and <br> Accuracy scores <br> (5)",
"All covariates <br> (6)"),
custom.coef.names = variable_labels_wide,
custom.coef.map = keep,
custom.gof.rows = list("Demographics" = c("","✓","","","","✓"),
"Misinfo and Non-Misinfo<br>Sharing rates" = c("","","✓","","✓","✓"),
"Misinfo and Non-Misinfo<br>Accuracy scores" = c("","","","✓","✓","✓")),
digits = 4,
include.ci = FALSE,
stars = c(0.20, 0.10, 0.02))
if (m == 1) {
cat("\n<br><br><br>\nSharing rates increase standard errors on primary misinfo outcome (Primary Misinfo Sharing Rate). This is likely the case because much of that information is already contained in the primary misinfo outcome, so the covariates are just adding noise.\n<br><br>\n")
}
cat(paste0("$$\\textit{",headers[m],"}$$"))
# Print HTML table
cat('<br>Short table (treatment coefficients only)<br>')
cat(html_table)
if (m != 1) {
cat('*Note*: \\*p<0.10; \\*\\*p<0.05; \\*\\*\\*p<0.01 one-sided tests.\nRobust standard errors in parentheses. Sample includes the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey. Covariates are de-meaned and interacted with a treatment condition indicator. The list of 18 demographic covariates includes age, gender, education, marital status, geographic location, employment, religiosity, and social media use (frequency of use; self-reported proportion of posts user typically shares). Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores are measured at the pre-treatment survey.<br>\n')
} else {
cat('*Note*: \\*p<0.10; \\*\\*p<0.05; \\*\\*\\*p<0.01 one-sided tests.\nRobust standard errors in parentheses. Sample includes the 7,688 participants who completed the post-survey and shared at least one non-misinformation post in the pre-survey. Covariates are de-meaned and interacted with a treatment condition indicator. The list of 18 demographic covariates includes age, gender, education, marital status, geographic location, employment, religiosity, and social media use (frequency of use; self-reported proportion of posts user typically shares). Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores are measured at the pre-treatment survey.<br>\n')
}
cat('<br><br>\n')
# Full table (all independent variables)
# Drop intercept
drop = "(Intercept)"
cat('<details>')
cat('<summary>Click to view the full table</summary>')
# Generate HTML table
html_table <- texreg::htmlreg(model_list,
single.row = FALSE,
caption = paste0("Linear Regression (OLS)"),
caption.above = TRUE,
custom.note = "",
custom.model.names = c("No covariates <br> (1)",
"Demographics <br> (2)",
"Sharing rates <br> (3)",
"Accuracy scores <br> (4)",
"Sharing rates and <br> Accuracy scores <br> (5)",
"All covariates <br> (6)"),
custom.coef.names = variable_labels_wide,
omit.coef = drop,
custom.gof.rows = list("Demographics" = c("","✓","","","","✓"),
"Misinfo and Non-Misinfo<br>Sharing rates" = c("","","✓","","✓","✓"),
"Misinfo and Non-Misinfo<br>Accuracy scores" = c("","","","✓","✓","✓")),
digits = 4,
include.ci = FALSE,
stars = c(0.20, 0.10, 0.02))
if (m == 1) {
cat("\n<br><br><br>\nSharing rates increase standard errors on primary misinfo outcome (Primary Misinfo Sharing Rate). This is likely the case because much of that information is already contained in the primary misinfo outcome, so the covariates are just adding noise.\n<br><br>\n")
}
cat(paste0("$$\\textit{",headers[m],"}$$"))
# Print HTML table
cat('<br>Full table (covariates and interactions)<br>')
cat(html_table)
if (m != 1) {
cat('*Note*: \\*p<0.10; \\*\\*p<0.05; \\*\\*\\*p<0.01 one-sided tests.\nRobust standard errors in parentheses. Sample includes the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey. Covariates are de-meaned and interacted with a treatment condition indicator. The list of 18 demographic covariates includes age, gender, education, marital status, geographic location, employment, religiosity, and social media use (frequency of use; self-reported proportion of posts user typically shares). Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores are measured at the pre-treatment survey.<br>\n')
} else {
cat('*Note*: \\*p<0.10; \\*\\*p<0.05; \\*\\*\\*p<0.01 one-sided tests.\nRobust standard errors in parentheses. Sample includes the 7,688 participants who completed the post-survey and shared at least one non-misinformation post in the pre-survey. Covariates are de-meaned and interacted with a treatment condition indicator. The list of 18 demographic covariates includes age, gender, education, marital status, geographic location, employment, religiosity, and social media use (frequency of use; self-reported proportion of posts user typically shares). Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores are measured at the pre-treatment survey.<br>\n')
}
cat('<br><br>\n')
cat('</details>')
cat('<br><br>\n')
}Sharing rates increase standard errors on primary misinfo outcome (Primary Misinfo Sharing Rate). This is likely the case because much of that information is already contained in the primary misinfo outcome, so the covariates are just adding noise.
\[\textit{Primary Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | 0.4301*** | 0.4270*** | 0.4022*** | 0.4202*** | 0.4038*** | 0.4048*** |
| (0.0098) | (0.0096) | (0.0106) | (0.0098) | (0.0105) | (0.0106) | |
| Reasoning | 0.4963*** | 0.4889*** | 0.4711*** | 0.4883*** | 0.4723*** | 0.4704*** |
| (0.0103) | (0.0103) | (0.0117) | (0.0105) | (0.0116) | (0.0117) | |
| Combo | 0.4539*** | 0.4487*** | 0.4180*** | 0.4417*** | 0.4192*** | 0.4186*** |
| (0.0105) | (0.0103) | (0.0111) | (0.0104) | (0.0112) | (0.0112) | |
| Facts Baseline | 0.5633*** | 0.5630*** | 0.5279*** | 0.5467*** | 0.5298*** | 0.5319*** |
| (0.0103) | (0.0102) | (0.0110) | (0.0101) | (0.0109) | (0.0109) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.6393*** | 0.6338*** | 0.5926*** | 0.6215*** | 0.5928*** | 0.5919*** |
| (0.0100) | (0.0100) | (0.0115) | (0.0102) | (0.0114) | (0.0114) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.6293 | 0.6468 | 0.6707 | 0.6561 | 0.6740 | 0.6816 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.6290 | 0.6424 | 0.6700 | 0.6554 | 0.6730 | 0.6768 |
| Num. obs. | 7688 | 7688 | 7688 | 7688 | 7688 | 7688 |
| RMSE | 0.3995 | 0.3923 | 0.3768 | 0.3851 | 0.3751 | 0.3730 |
Click to view the full table
Sharing rates increase standard errors on primary misinfo outcome (Primary Misinfo Sharing Rate). This is likely the case because much of that information is already contained in the primary misinfo outcome, so the covariates are just adding noise.
\[\textit{Primary Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]
Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Facts Baseline | 0.5633*** | 0.5630*** | 0.5279*** | 0.5467*** | 0.5298*** | 0.5319*** |
| (0.0103) | (0.0102) | (0.0110) | (0.0101) | (0.0109) | (0.0109) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.6393*** | 0.6338*** | 0.5926*** | 0.6215*** | 0.5928*** | 0.5919*** |
| (0.0100) | (0.0100) | (0.0115) | (0.0102) | (0.0114) | (0.0114) | |
| Reasoning | 0.4963*** | 0.4889*** | 0.4711*** | 0.4883*** | 0.4723*** | 0.4704*** |
| (0.0103) | (0.0103) | (0.0117) | (0.0105) | (0.0116) | (0.0117) | |
| Emotions | 0.4301*** | 0.4270*** | 0.4022*** | 0.4202*** | 0.4038*** | 0.4048*** |
| (0.0098) | (0.0096) | (0.0106) | (0.0098) | (0.0105) | (0.0106) | |
| Combo | 0.4539*** | 0.4487*** | 0.4180*** | 0.4417*** | 0.4192*** | 0.4186*** |
| (0.0105) | (0.0103) | (0.0111) | (0.0104) | (0.0112) | (0.0112) | |
| Age | -0.0102 | -0.0075 | ||||
| (0.0119) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Gender: Man | 0.0148* | 0.0091 | ||||
| (0.0104) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0062 | 0.0005 | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0091 | 0.0047 | ||||
| (0.0128) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0353*** | -0.0351*** | ||||
| (0.0116) | (0.0089) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | -0.0049 | -0.0038 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0075 | -0.0052 | ||||
| (0.0133) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0121 | -0.0129 | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0135) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0219** | -0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0121) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0293*** | -0.0211** | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | 0.0198** | 0.0134 | ||||
| (0.0111) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | -0.0052 | -0.0077 | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | -0.0131 | -0.0078 | ||||
| (0.0105) | (0.0100) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0127 | 0.0113 | ||||
| (0.0114) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0555*** | 0.0131 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.0693*** | 0.0162 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0138) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.0762*** | 0.0351*** | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0146) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0377*** | 0.0236** | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | 0.0051 | 0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0151) | (0.0147) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | 0.0060 | 0.0027 | ||||
| (0.0174) | (0.0177) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0206 | -0.0191 | ||||
| (0.0182) | (0.0178) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0037 | -0.0044 | ||||
| (0.0174) | (0.0168) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0212* | -0.0175* | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | -0.0291** | -0.0262** | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0139) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0193* | 0.0226** | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | -0.0152 | -0.0089 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0140) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | -0.0068 | -0.0134 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0162) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | -0.0217 | -0.0197 | ||||
| (0.0179) | (0.0169) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | -0.0003 | -0.0028 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0166) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | -0.0308** | -0.0341** | ||||
| (0.0181) | (0.0172) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0029 | -0.0098 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0163) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | -0.0167 | -0.0239* | ||||
| (0.0178) | (0.0169) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0077 | -0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0166) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0263* | -0.0272* | ||||
| (0.0182) | (0.0172) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0176 | 0.0148 | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0286** | 0.0243* | ||||
| (0.0173) | (0.0159) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0308** | 0.0304** | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0346** | 0.0327*** | ||||
| (0.0153) | (0.0126) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0052 | -0.0015 | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0154) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | 0.0038 | 0.0026 | ||||
| (0.0169) | (0.0162) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | 0.0001 | -0.0047 | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0156) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0027 | -0.0045 | ||||
| (0.0170) | (0.0162) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | -0.0167 | -0.0075 | ||||
| (0.0182) | (0.0169) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | -0.0006 | -0.0007 | ||||
| (0.0187) | (0.0174) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | -0.0051 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0183) | (0.0171) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | -0.0182 | -0.0154 | ||||
| (0.0189) | (0.0177) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | -0.0062 | 0.0047 | ||||
| (0.0200) | (0.0188) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | -0.0129 | -0.0053 | ||||
| (0.0206) | (0.0193) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.0000 | 0.0093 | ||||
| (0.0200) | (0.0189) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | -0.0064 | -0.0040 | ||||
| (0.0206) | (0.0194) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0157 | 0.0076 | ||||
| (0.0164) | (0.0154) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | 0.0063 | -0.0027 | ||||
| (0.0173) | (0.0164) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.0157 | 0.0059 | ||||
| (0.0168) | (0.0159) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0208 | 0.0151 | ||||
| (0.0171) | (0.0163) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0.0061 | 0.0069 | ||||
| (0.0165) | (0.0155) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | 0.0068 | 0.0014 | ||||
| (0.0167) | (0.0158) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | 0.0096 | 0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0164) | (0.0156) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0213 | 0.0209* | ||||
| (0.0169) | (0.0160) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0367*** | -0.0314** | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0141) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | -0.0111 | -0.0032 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0153) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | -0.0221* | -0.0125 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0146) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | -0.0118 | -0.0064 | ||||
| (0.0156) | (0.0151) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | 0.0023 | 0.0036 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0111 | -0.0084 | ||||
| (0.0151) | (0.0144) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0054 | -0.0045 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0142) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | 0.0029 | 0.0116 | ||||
| (0.0159) | (0.0146) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0047 | 0.0084 | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0155) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0109 | 0.0083 | ||||
| (0.0153) | (0.0147) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | -0.0036 | -0.0004 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0152) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0.0149 | 0.0180 | ||||
| (0.0180) | (0.0169) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0149 | -0.0134 | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0140) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | -0.0065 | -0.0075 | ||||
| (0.0158) | (0.0149) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0103 | -0.0108 | ||||
| (0.0156) | (0.0146) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.0219* | -0.0193* | ||||
| (0.0158) | (0.0148) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | 0.0081 | 0.0173 | ||||
| (0.0168) | (0.0160) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0.0123 | 0.0264* | ||||
| (0.0177) | (0.0170) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | 0.0069 | 0.0241* | ||||
| (0.0173) | (0.0166) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | 0.0127 | 0.0208 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0165) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | 0.0033 | 0.0091 | ||||
| (0.0206) | (0.0199) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | 0.0082 | 0.0288* | ||||
| (0.0207) | (0.0202) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | 0.0186 | 0.0400** | ||||
| (0.0196) | (0.0191) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | 0.0112 | 0.0236 | ||||
| (0.0203) | (0.0198) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.0291* | -0.0278* | ||||
| (0.0213) | (0.0205) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0086 | 0.0049 | ||||
| (0.0215) | (0.0212) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0236 | -0.0087 | ||||
| (0.0200) | (0.0197) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0037 | 0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0210) | (0.0206) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0189 | -0.0206 | ||||
| (0.0202) | (0.0192) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.0112 | -0.0069 | ||||
| (0.0201) | (0.0196) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0049 | -0.0020 | ||||
| (0.0190) | (0.0185) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0008 | -0.0034 | ||||
| (0.0198) | (0.0193) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.1361*** | 0.1083*** | 0.1070*** | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0153) | (0.0155) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0681*** | 0.0396** | 0.0326** | |||
| (0.0163) | (0.0184) | (0.0184) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0173 | -0.0063 | -0.0136 | |||
| (0.0164) | (0.0212) | (0.0217) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0098 | 0.0290* | 0.0200 | |||
| (0.0165) | (0.0214) | (0.0217) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0416*** | -0.0252 | -0.0386** | |||
| (0.0162) | (0.0214) | (0.0217) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0178 | -0.0041 | -0.0088 | |||
| (0.0169) | (0.0216) | (0.0220) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0083 | 0.0221 | 0.0300 | |||
| (0.0233) | (0.0259) | (0.0259) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0454** | -0.0452** | -0.0405* | |||
| (0.0233) | (0.0265) | (0.0266) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0155 | -0.0084 | 0.0006 | |||
| (0.0225) | (0.0256) | (0.0255) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0099 | 0.0021 | 0.0062 | |||
| (0.0232) | (0.0261) | (0.0263) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.1107*** | 0.0375*** | 0.0347*** | |||
| (0.0108) | (0.0139) | (0.0140) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0595*** | 0.0452*** | 0.0483*** | |||
| (0.0123) | (0.0135) | (0.0135) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | -0.0210* | -0.0127 | -0.0119 | |||
| (0.0152) | (0.0193) | (0.0195) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0393*** | -0.0517*** | -0.0527*** | |||
| (0.0157) | (0.0200) | (0.0200) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0406*** | -0.0237 | -0.0230 | |||
| (0.0150) | (0.0198) | (0.0199) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0263** | -0.0179 | -0.0184 | |||
| (0.0156) | (0.0197) | (0.0198) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | -0.0143 | -0.0156 | -0.0204 | |||
| (0.0173) | (0.0187) | (0.0187) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0290* | -0.0011 | -0.0062 | |||
| (0.0176) | (0.0193) | (0.0194) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0131 | -0.0061 | -0.0125 | |||
| (0.0172) | (0.0193) | (0.0192) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0156 | -0.0163 | -0.0229 | |||
| (0.0176) | (0.0191) | (0.0192) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.6293 | 0.6468 | 0.6707 | 0.6561 | 0.6740 | 0.6816 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.6290 | 0.6424 | 0.6700 | 0.6554 | 0.6730 | 0.6768 |
| Num. obs. | 7688 | 7688 | 7688 | 7688 | 7688 | 7688 |
| RMSE | 0.3995 | 0.3923 | 0.3768 | 0.3851 | 0.3751 | 0.3730 |
\[\textit{Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | 0.3530*** | 0.3538*** | 0.3553*** | 0.3547*** | 0.3555*** | 0.3560*** |
| (0.0074) | (0.0071) | (0.0066) | (0.0070) | (0.0066) | (0.0065) | |
| Reasoning | 0.4040*** | 0.4006*** | 0.4046*** | 0.4066*** | 0.4051*** | 0.4025*** |
| (0.0082) | (0.0078) | (0.0069) | (0.0076) | (0.0069) | (0.0068) | |
| Combo | 0.3715*** | 0.3703*** | 0.3726*** | 0.3730*** | 0.3727*** | 0.3721*** |
| (0.0081) | (0.0078) | (0.0069) | (0.0075) | (0.0069) | (0.0069) | |
| Facts Baseline | 0.4650*** | 0.4700*** | 0.4707*** | 0.4673*** | 0.4706*** | 0.4724*** |
| (0.0083) | (0.0080) | (0.0067) | (0.0074) | (0.0066) | (0.0066) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.5461*** | 0.5447*** | 0.5347*** | 0.5362*** | 0.5333*** | 0.5323*** |
| (0.0083) | (0.0080) | (0.0065) | (0.0075) | (0.0065) | (0.0065) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.6241 | 0.6591 | 0.7381 | 0.6842 | 0.7406 | 0.7496 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.6239 | 0.6553 | 0.7376 | 0.6836 | 0.7399 | 0.7462 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3350 | 0.3207 | 0.2798 | 0.3073 | 0.2786 | 0.2752 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Facts Baseline | 0.4650*** | 0.4700*** | 0.4707*** | 0.4673*** | 0.4706*** | 0.4724*** |
| (0.0083) | (0.0080) | (0.0067) | (0.0074) | (0.0066) | (0.0066) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.5461*** | 0.5447*** | 0.5347*** | 0.5362*** | 0.5333*** | 0.5323*** |
| (0.0083) | (0.0080) | (0.0065) | (0.0075) | (0.0065) | (0.0065) | |
| Reasoning | 0.4040*** | 0.4006*** | 0.4046*** | 0.4066*** | 0.4051*** | 0.4025*** |
| (0.0082) | (0.0078) | (0.0069) | (0.0076) | (0.0069) | (0.0068) | |
| Emotions | 0.3530*** | 0.3538*** | 0.3553*** | 0.3547*** | 0.3555*** | 0.3560*** |
| (0.0074) | (0.0071) | (0.0066) | (0.0070) | (0.0066) | (0.0065) | |
| Combo | 0.3715*** | 0.3703*** | 0.3726*** | 0.3730*** | 0.3727*** | 0.3721*** |
| (0.0081) | (0.0078) | (0.0069) | (0.0075) | (0.0069) | (0.0069) | |
| Age | -0.0117 | -0.0127* | ||||
| (0.0104) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Gender: Man | 0.0141** | 0.0060 | ||||
| (0.0081) | (0.0068) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0098 | -0.0046 | ||||
| (0.0101) | (0.0083) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0125 | 0.0017 | ||||
| (0.0101) | (0.0081) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0187** | -0.0162** | ||||
| (0.0096) | (0.0075) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | -0.0059 | -0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0091) | (0.0079) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0154* | -0.0070 | ||||
| (0.0104) | (0.0084) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0129 | -0.0134* | ||||
| (0.0114) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0340*** | -0.0146** | ||||
| (0.0095) | (0.0078) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0263*** | -0.0149** | ||||
| (0.0093) | (0.0076) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | 0.0111* | 0.0069 | ||||
| (0.0083) | (0.0075) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0055 | -0.0008 | ||||
| (0.0079) | (0.0060) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | -0.0238*** | -0.0118* | ||||
| (0.0087) | (0.0076) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0123* | 0.0099* | ||||
| (0.0087) | (0.0070) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0790*** | 0.0191*** | ||||
| (0.0103) | (0.0082) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.1145*** | 0.0347*** | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.0959*** | 0.0261*** | ||||
| (0.0107) | (0.0093) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0464*** | 0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0096) | (0.0084) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0018 | 0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | -0.0081 | -0.0046 | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0126) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0121 | -0.0067 | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Age x Combo | 0.0008 | -0.0004 | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0141) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0222** | -0.0109 | ||||
| (0.0115) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | -0.0126 | -0.0149* | ||||
| (0.0113) | (0.0097) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0095 | 0.0156* | ||||
| (0.0108) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0032 | 0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | 0.0011 | -0.0037 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | -0.0090 | -0.0045 | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | 0.0010 | 0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | -0.0057 | -0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0049 | -0.0102 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | -0.0125 | -0.0171* | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0044 | -0.0051 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0138 | -0.0174* | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0113 | 0.0043 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0097) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0094 | -0.0002 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0200* | 0.0190** | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0252** | 0.0203** | ||||
| (0.0128) | (0.0101) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0115 | 0.0062 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | 0.0089 | 0.0086 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | 0.0003 | -0.0057 | ||||
| (0.0120) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0090 | -0.0065 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.0055 | 0.0052 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.0129 | 0.0086 | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | -0.0025 | -0.0021 | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | -0.0007 | -0.0017 | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | -0.0023 | 0.0015 | ||||
| (0.0160) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | -0.0027 | 0.0023 | ||||
| (0.0163) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | -0.0138 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0151) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0017 | 0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0159) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0312*** | 0.0172* | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | 0.0094 | 0.0011 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.0339*** | 0.0168* | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0278** | 0.0172* | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0.0102 | 0.0109 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | 0.0027 | -0.0046 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | 0.0101 | -0.0014 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0238** | 0.0206** | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0194** | -0.0154* | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | -0.0014 | 0.0056 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | -0.0112 | -0.0073 | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0100) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | -0.0096 | -0.0099 | ||||
| (0.0114) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.0111 | -0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0082) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0057 | -0.0022 | ||||
| (0.0108) | (0.0085) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0198** | -0.0101 | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0101 | -0.0031 | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0097) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0184* | 0.0118 | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0177* | 0.0129 | ||||
| (0.0120) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0.0174* | 0.0161* | ||||
| (0.0120) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0.0071 | 0.0051 | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0213** | -0.0166** | ||||
| (0.0116) | (0.0093) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.0046 | 0.0021 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0103) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0091 | -0.0022 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.0311*** | -0.0235*** | ||||
| (0.0119) | (0.0099) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | 0.0019 | 0.0101 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0.0053 | 0.0158* | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0078 | 0.0143 | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.0032 | 0.0145 | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.0052 | -0.0031 | ||||
| (0.0153) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0153 | 0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0154 | 0.0128 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | -0.0197* | 0.0008 | ||||
| (0.0148) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.0097 | -0.0054 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0145 | -0.0017 | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0249** | 0.0024 | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0243** | -0.0004 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0068 | 0.0028 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.0071 | -0.0003 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0048 | 0.0124 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0112) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0130 | -0.0010 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.1507*** | 0.1325*** | 0.1269*** | |||
| (0.0085) | (0.0112) | (0.0114) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0835*** | 0.0679*** | 0.0648*** | |||
| (0.0086) | (0.0103) | (0.0104) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0010 | 0.0025 | -0.0004 | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0156) | (0.0160) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0128 | -0.0006 | -0.0029 | |||
| (0.0121) | (0.0162) | (0.0163) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0431*** | -0.0395*** | -0.0460*** | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0159) | (0.0160) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0263** | -0.0208* | -0.0220* | |||
| (0.0123) | (0.0160) | (0.0162) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0030 | 0.0025 | 0.0057 | |||
| (0.0120) | (0.0141) | (0.0142) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0245** | -0.0172 | -0.0157 | |||
| (0.0118) | (0.0150) | (0.0151) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0315*** | -0.0191* | -0.0139 | |||
| (0.0115) | (0.0141) | (0.0140) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0173* | -0.0107 | -0.0088 | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0141) | (0.0142) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.1163*** | 0.0258*** | 0.0193** | |||
| (0.0083) | (0.0099) | (0.0099) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0735*** | 0.0283*** | 0.0285*** | |||
| (0.0086) | (0.0093) | (0.0093) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | -0.0090 | -0.0031 | 0.0025 | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0141) | (0.0141) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0226** | -0.0152 | -0.0134 | |||
| (0.0120) | (0.0149) | (0.0147) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0344*** | -0.0056 | -0.0030 | |||
| (0.0114) | (0.0144) | (0.0143) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0296*** | -0.0075 | -0.0039 | |||
| (0.0119) | (0.0141) | (0.0140) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | -0.0113 | -0.0020 | -0.0033 | |||
| (0.0123) | (0.0127) | (0.0128) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0318*** | -0.0140 | -0.0164 | |||
| (0.0118) | (0.0136) | (0.0136) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0336*** | -0.0179* | -0.0217* | |||
| (0.0119) | (0.0133) | (0.0132) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0152 | -0.0096 | -0.0116 | |||
| (0.0121) | (0.0132) | (0.0132) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.6241 | 0.6591 | 0.7381 | 0.6842 | 0.7406 | 0.7496 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.6239 | 0.6553 | 0.7376 | 0.6836 | 0.7399 | 0.7462 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3350 | 0.3207 | 0.2798 | 0.3073 | 0.2786 | 0.2752 |
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | 0.5192*** | 0.5196*** | 0.5214*** | 0.5208*** | 0.5215*** | 0.5217*** |
| (0.0087) | (0.0086) | (0.0081) | (0.0084) | (0.0081) | (0.0081) | |
| Reasoning | 0.5503*** | 0.5477*** | 0.5497*** | 0.5526*** | 0.5496*** | 0.5478*** |
| (0.0091) | (0.0089) | (0.0080) | (0.0087) | (0.0080) | (0.0080) | |
| Combo | 0.5222*** | 0.5219*** | 0.5236*** | 0.5235*** | 0.5236*** | 0.5237*** |
| (0.0091) | (0.0089) | (0.0081) | (0.0087) | (0.0081) | (0.0080) | |
| Facts Baseline | 0.6071*** | 0.6117*** | 0.6126*** | 0.6091*** | 0.6126*** | 0.6145*** |
| (0.0090) | (0.0086) | (0.0077) | (0.0084) | (0.0077) | (0.0076) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.6798*** | 0.6800*** | 0.6691*** | 0.6710*** | 0.6682*** | 0.6687*** |
| (0.0088) | (0.0085) | (0.0074) | (0.0084) | (0.0074) | (0.0075) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.7059 | 0.7248 | 0.7731 | 0.7346 | 0.7736 | 0.7788 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.7058 | 0.7217 | 0.7727 | 0.7342 | 0.7729 | 0.7758 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3726 | 0.3624 | 0.3275 | 0.3542 | 0.3274 | 0.3253 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Facts Baseline | 0.6071*** | 0.6117*** | 0.6126*** | 0.6091*** | 0.6126*** | 0.6145*** |
| (0.0090) | (0.0086) | (0.0077) | (0.0084) | (0.0077) | (0.0076) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.6798*** | 0.6800*** | 0.6691*** | 0.6710*** | 0.6682*** | 0.6687*** |
| (0.0088) | (0.0085) | (0.0074) | (0.0084) | (0.0074) | (0.0075) | |
| Reasoning | 0.5503*** | 0.5477*** | 0.5497*** | 0.5526*** | 0.5496*** | 0.5478*** |
| (0.0091) | (0.0089) | (0.0080) | (0.0087) | (0.0080) | (0.0080) | |
| Emotions | 0.5192*** | 0.5196*** | 0.5214*** | 0.5208*** | 0.5215*** | 0.5217*** |
| (0.0087) | (0.0086) | (0.0081) | (0.0084) | (0.0081) | (0.0081) | |
| Combo | 0.5222*** | 0.5219*** | 0.5236*** | 0.5235*** | 0.5236*** | 0.5237*** |
| (0.0091) | (0.0089) | (0.0081) | (0.0087) | (0.0081) | (0.0080) | |
| Age | -0.0019 | -0.0044 | ||||
| (0.0084) | (0.0087) | |||||
| Gender: Man | 0.0176** | 0.0086 | ||||
| (0.0088) | (0.0079) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0059 | -0.0022 | ||||
| (0.0108) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0013 | 0.0112 | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0205** | -0.0173* | ||||
| (0.0122) | (0.0112) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | 0.0047 | 0.0017 | ||||
| (0.0098) | (0.0088) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0249** | -0.0163** | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0096) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0333*** | -0.0316*** | ||||
| (0.0122) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0206** | -0.0042 | ||||
| (0.0105) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0106 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0102) | (0.0091) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | 0.0099 | 0.0068 | ||||
| (0.0094) | (0.0087) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0136* | 0.0065 | ||||
| (0.0093) | (0.0083) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | -0.0228*** | -0.0122* | ||||
| (0.0070) | (0.0079) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0129* | 0.0106* | ||||
| (0.0091) | (0.0081) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0863*** | 0.0350*** | ||||
| (0.0103) | (0.0089) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.1045*** | 0.0343*** | ||||
| (0.0120) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.0991*** | 0.0366*** | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0547*** | 0.0208** | ||||
| (0.0116) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0114 | -0.0076 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | -0.0105 | -0.0061 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0158 | -0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0085 | -0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0125) | (0.0127) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0357*** | -0.0236** | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | -0.0100 | -0.0123 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | -0.0024 | 0.0049 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | -0.0068 | -0.0012 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0112) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | 0.0023 | -0.0010 | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0126) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | -0.0073 | -0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0153) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | -0.0020 | -0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0152) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | 0.0043 | 0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0048 | -0.0088 | ||||
| (0.0151) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | -0.0070 | -0.0102 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0052 | -0.0041 | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0138) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0156 | -0.0183* | ||||
| (0.0157) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0211* | 0.0133 | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0228* | 0.0125 | ||||
| (0.0167) | (0.0168) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0213* | 0.0193* | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0140) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0196* | 0.0147 | ||||
| (0.0148) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0069 | 0.0033 | ||||
| (0.0137) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | -0.0120 | -0.0110 | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.0178* | -0.0228** | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0169 | -0.0137 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.0138 | 0.0115 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0135) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.0202 | 0.0160 | ||||
| (0.0159) | (0.0140) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | 0.0015 | 0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0156) | (0.0142) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.0156 | 0.0142 | ||||
| (0.0158) | (0.0140) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.0066 | 0.0073 | ||||
| (0.0171) | (0.0148) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.0213 | 0.0232* | ||||
| (0.0177) | (0.0155) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.0109 | 0.0214* | ||||
| (0.0170) | (0.0157) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0103 | 0.0110 | ||||
| (0.0172) | (0.0154) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0300** | 0.0176* | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0034 | -0.0080 | ||||
| (0.0152) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.0277** | 0.0127 | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0330** | 0.0253** | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0.0066 | 0.0075 | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0039 | -0.0093 | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | 0.0056 | -0.0049 | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0149 | 0.0133 | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0152 | -0.0130 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | -0.0035 | 0.0032 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | -0.0071 | -0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | -0.0020 | -0.0046 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.0107 | -0.0021 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0168* | -0.0140 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0305*** | -0.0203** | ||||
| (0.0125) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0235** | -0.0153 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0197** | 0.0131* | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0240** | 0.0207** | ||||
| (0.0115) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0.0217** | 0.0213* | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0142) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0.0161 | 0.0154 | ||||
| (0.0137) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0147 | -0.0097 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | -0.0041 | -0.0062 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0147 | -0.0073 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.0209* | -0.0129 | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0168 | -0.0143 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.0183 | -0.0173* | ||||
| (0.0151) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0335** | -0.0180* | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.0316** | -0.0224** | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.0081 | -0.0114 | ||||
| (0.0171) | (0.0155) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0133 | -0.0055 | ||||
| (0.0174) | (0.0159) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0142 | 0.0073 | ||||
| (0.0166) | (0.0157) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | -0.0054 | 0.0048 | ||||
| (0.0169) | (0.0158) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.0059 | -0.0060 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0155) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0262* | -0.0243* | ||||
| (0.0178) | (0.0163) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0370** | -0.0152 | ||||
| (0.0169) | (0.0156) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0345** | -0.0183 | ||||
| (0.0176) | (0.0160) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0223* | -0.0146 | ||||
| (0.0167) | (0.0146) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.0210 | -0.0204* | ||||
| (0.0166) | (0.0149) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0142 | 0.0005 | ||||
| (0.0161) | (0.0147) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0284** | -0.0200* | ||||
| (0.0165) | (0.0149) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.1185*** | 0.1185*** | 0.1125*** | |||
| (0.0099) | (0.0124) | (0.0124) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.1009*** | 0.0949*** | 0.0902*** | |||
| (0.0104) | (0.0122) | (0.0123) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0185* | 0.0056 | 0.0014 | |||
| (0.0137) | (0.0174) | (0.0177) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0030 | -0.0145 | -0.0138 | |||
| (0.0144) | (0.0182) | (0.0183) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0415*** | -0.0529*** | -0.0548*** | |||
| (0.0141) | (0.0186) | (0.0186) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0055 | -0.0060 | -0.0056 | |||
| (0.0145) | (0.0179) | (0.0180) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0176 | -0.0128 | -0.0081 | |||
| (0.0144) | (0.0166) | (0.0168) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0178 | -0.0031 | 0.0012 | |||
| (0.0146) | (0.0175) | (0.0177) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0232* | -0.0228* | -0.0168 | |||
| (0.0143) | (0.0171) | (0.0172) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0189* | -0.0177 | -0.0136 | |||
| (0.0144) | (0.0169) | (0.0169) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0848*** | -0.0005 | -0.0059 | |||
| (0.0095) | (0.0110) | (0.0110) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0691*** | 0.0106 | 0.0110 | |||
| (0.0100) | (0.0109) | (0.0108) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0140 | 0.0202* | 0.0275** | |||
| (0.0131) | (0.0154) | (0.0154) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0015 | 0.0172 | 0.0200 | |||
| (0.0136) | (0.0162) | (0.0162) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0235** | 0.0160 | 0.0187 | |||
| (0.0134) | (0.0169) | (0.0168) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0139 | 0.0010 | 0.0046 | |||
| (0.0136) | (0.0158) | (0.0156) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | -0.0209* | -0.0031 | -0.0044 | |||
| (0.0140) | (0.0145) | (0.0145) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0338*** | -0.0231* | -0.0260** | |||
| (0.0139) | (0.0155) | (0.0155) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0144 | 0.0035 | 0.0007 | |||
| (0.0139) | (0.0157) | (0.0157) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0102 | -0.0018 | -0.0038 | |||
| (0.0140) | (0.0152) | (0.0153) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.7059 | 0.7248 | 0.7731 | 0.7346 | 0.7736 | 0.7788 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.7058 | 0.7217 | 0.7727 | 0.7342 | 0.7729 | 0.7758 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3726 | 0.3624 | 0.3275 | 0.3542 | 0.3274 | 0.3253 |
\[\textit{Sharing Discernment Score}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | 0.1662*** | 0.1658*** | 0.1660*** | 0.1661*** | 0.1660*** | 0.1657*** |
| (0.0071) | (0.0071) | (0.0071) | (0.0071) | (0.0071) | (0.0071) | |
| Reasoning | 0.1463*** | 0.1471*** | 0.1451*** | 0.1460*** | 0.1445*** | 0.1453*** |
| (0.0075) | (0.0076) | (0.0075) | (0.0075) | (0.0075) | (0.0075) | |
| Combo | 0.1508*** | 0.1515*** | 0.1511*** | 0.1505*** | 0.1508*** | 0.1516*** |
| (0.0073) | (0.0073) | (0.0073) | (0.0073) | (0.0073) | (0.0073) | |
| Facts Baseline | 0.1421*** | 0.1417*** | 0.1419*** | 0.1418*** | 0.1420*** | 0.1421*** |
| (0.0070) | (0.0070) | (0.0070) | (0.0070) | (0.0070) | (0.0070) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.1337*** | 0.1353*** | 0.1343*** | 0.1349*** | 0.1350*** | 0.1364*** |
| (0.0072) | (0.0073) | (0.0073) | (0.0073) | (0.0073) | (0.0074) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.1955 | 0.2048 | 0.1991 | 0.1995 | 0.2026 | 0.2111 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.1950 | 0.1960 | 0.1978 | 0.1981 | 0.2003 | 0.2005 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3015 | 0.3013 | 0.3010 | 0.3009 | 0.3005 | 0.3005 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Sharing Discernment Score}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Facts Baseline | 0.1421*** | 0.1417*** | 0.1419*** | 0.1418*** | 0.1420*** | 0.1421*** |
| (0.0070) | (0.0070) | (0.0070) | (0.0070) | (0.0070) | (0.0070) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.1337*** | 0.1353*** | 0.1343*** | 0.1349*** | 0.1350*** | 0.1364*** |
| (0.0072) | (0.0073) | (0.0073) | (0.0073) | (0.0073) | (0.0074) | |
| Reasoning | 0.1463*** | 0.1471*** | 0.1451*** | 0.1460*** | 0.1445*** | 0.1453*** |
| (0.0075) | (0.0076) | (0.0075) | (0.0075) | (0.0075) | (0.0075) | |
| Emotions | 0.1662*** | 0.1658*** | 0.1660*** | 0.1661*** | 0.1660*** | 0.1657*** |
| (0.0071) | (0.0071) | (0.0071) | (0.0071) | (0.0071) | (0.0071) | |
| Combo | 0.1508*** | 0.1515*** | 0.1511*** | 0.1505*** | 0.1508*** | 0.1516*** |
| (0.0073) | (0.0073) | (0.0073) | (0.0073) | (0.0073) | (0.0073) | |
| Age | 0.0098 | 0.0083 | ||||
| (0.0100) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Gender: Man | 0.0035 | 0.0026 | ||||
| (0.0072) | (0.0072) | |||||
| Some College | 0.0039 | 0.0024 | ||||
| (0.0085) | (0.0085) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | 0.0112 | 0.0096 | ||||
| (0.0089) | (0.0089) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0018 | -0.0012 | ||||
| (0.0088) | (0.0088) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | 0.0105* | 0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0082) | (0.0082) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0095 | -0.0093 | ||||
| (0.0092) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0204** | -0.0183** | ||||
| (0.0101) | (0.0101) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | 0.0134* | 0.0104 | ||||
| (0.0087) | (0.0088) | |||||
| Suburban | 0.0157** | 0.0140** | ||||
| (0.0080) | (0.0080) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | -0.0013 | -0.0002 | ||||
| (0.0070) | (0.0070) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0082 | 0.0073 | ||||
| (0.0076) | (0.0075) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | 0.0009 | -0.0004 | ||||
| (0.0070) | (0.0068) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0006 | 0.0007 | ||||
| (0.0078) | (0.0077) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0073 | 0.0159** | ||||
| (0.0076) | (0.0079) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | -0.0100 | -0.0004 | ||||
| (0.0093) | (0.0100) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.0032 | 0.0105 | ||||
| (0.0096) | (0.0100) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0084 | 0.0116 | ||||
| (0.0093) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0096 | -0.0084 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | -0.0024 | -0.0015 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0038 | -0.0025 | ||||
| (0.0128) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0093 | -0.0088 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0135* | -0.0127 | ||||
| (0.0105) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | 0.0026 | 0.0026 | ||||
| (0.0104) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | -0.0119 | -0.0107 | ||||
| (0.0102) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | -0.0100 | -0.0104 | ||||
| (0.0102) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | 0.0012 | 0.0027 | ||||
| (0.0121) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | 0.0017 | 0.0032 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | -0.0030 | -0.0022 | ||||
| (0.0122) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | 0.0100 | 0.0106 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0002 | 0.0015 | ||||
| (0.0125) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0.0056 | 0.0069 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0126) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0008 | 0.0010 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0018 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0128) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0098 | 0.0090 | ||||
| (0.0121) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0135 | 0.0127 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0014 | 0.0003 | ||||
| (0.0108) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | -0.0056 | -0.0055 | ||||
| (0.0102) | (0.0101) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | -0.0047 | -0.0028 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | -0.0209** | -0.0197* | ||||
| (0.0122) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.0182* | -0.0171* | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0079 | -0.0072 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.0083 | 0.0063 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.0073 | 0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0133) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | 0.0041 | 0.0034 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.0162 | 0.0158 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.0089 | 0.0058 | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0143) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.0241* | 0.0209* | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0146) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.0247** | 0.0222* | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0143) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0085 | 0.0060 | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0142) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | -0.0013 | 0.0005 | ||||
| (0.0122) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0128 | -0.0091 | ||||
| (0.0125) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | -0.0063 | -0.0041 | ||||
| (0.0122) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0052 | 0.0082 | ||||
| (0.0122) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | -0.0036 | -0.0034 | ||||
| (0.0115) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0067 | -0.0048 | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0045 | -0.0035 | ||||
| (0.0115) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | -0.0089 | -0.0073 | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | 0.0042 | 0.0024 | ||||
| (0.0098) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | -0.0021 | -0.0023 | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0.0041 | 0.0023 | ||||
| (0.0107) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | 0.0076 | 0.0053 | ||||
| (0.0104) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | 0.0005 | 0.0018 | ||||
| (0.0102) | (0.0101) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0111 | -0.0118 | ||||
| (0.0108) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0108 | -0.0103 | ||||
| (0.0107) | (0.0106) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0134 | -0.0123 | ||||
| (0.0111) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0012 | 0.0014 | ||||
| (0.0083) | (0.0081) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0063 | 0.0078 | ||||
| (0.0109) | (0.0106) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0.0043 | 0.0052 | ||||
| (0.0099) | (0.0096) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0.0090 | 0.0103 | ||||
| (0.0107) | (0.0106) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | 0.0066 | 0.0070 | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | -0.0087 | -0.0084 | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0057 | -0.0051 | ||||
| (0.0107) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | 0.0102 | 0.0105 | ||||
| (0.0105) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0187** | -0.0244** | ||||
| (0.0111) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.0236** | -0.0330*** | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0257** | -0.0323*** | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.0285*** | -0.0369*** | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.0029 | -0.0083 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0145) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | 0.0020 | -0.0093 | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0147) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | 0.0011 | -0.0055 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0143) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | 0.0143 | 0.0040 | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0145) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | 0.0038 | -0.0006 | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0145) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0117 | -0.0225* | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0152) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0121 | -0.0177 | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0143) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0103 | -0.0179 | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0145) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0155 | -0.0174 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.0139 | -0.0201* | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0139) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0093 | -0.0119 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0155 | -0.0190* | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0322*** | -0.0141 | -0.0145 | |||
| (0.0091) | (0.0112) | (0.0115) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0174** | 0.0270*** | 0.0253** | |||
| (0.0093) | (0.0109) | (0.0110) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0195* | 0.0031 | 0.0019 | |||
| (0.0130) | (0.0158) | (0.0163) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0098 | -0.0139 | -0.0109 | |||
| (0.0133) | (0.0162) | (0.0164) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0016 | -0.0134 | -0.0088 | |||
| (0.0128) | (0.0163) | (0.0166) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0208* | 0.0148 | 0.0164 | |||
| (0.0132) | (0.0162) | (0.0166) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0146 | -0.0153 | -0.0138 | |||
| (0.0135) | (0.0154) | (0.0155) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0067 | 0.0142 | 0.0170 | |||
| (0.0135) | (0.0162) | (0.0164) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0082 | -0.0037 | -0.0029 | |||
| (0.0130) | (0.0154) | (0.0155) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0016 | -0.0069 | -0.0049 | |||
| (0.0132) | (0.0157) | (0.0159) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -0.0315*** | -0.0263*** | -0.0252*** | |||
| (0.0080) | (0.0100) | (0.0101) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -0.0044 | -0.0178** | -0.0175** | |||
| (0.0083) | (0.0098) | (0.0098) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0231** | 0.0233** | 0.0249** | |||
| (0.0114) | (0.0140) | (0.0140) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0241** | 0.0324** | 0.0334*** | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0142) | (0.0143) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | 0.0109 | 0.0216* | 0.0217* | |||
| (0.0113) | (0.0144) | (0.0145) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | 0.0157* | 0.0085 | 0.0085 | |||
| (0.0113) | (0.0140) | (0.0141) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | -0.0096 | -0.0011 | -0.0011 | |||
| (0.0119) | (0.0137) | (0.0137) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0020 | -0.0091 | -0.0096 | |||
| (0.0119) | (0.0142) | (0.0143) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | 0.0192* | 0.0213* | 0.0224* | |||
| (0.0119) | (0.0141) | (0.0141) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | 0.0050 | 0.0077 | 0.0078 | |||
| (0.0116) | (0.0139) | (0.0139) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.1955 | 0.2048 | 0.1991 | 0.1995 | 0.2026 | 0.2111 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.1950 | 0.1960 | 0.1978 | 0.1981 | 0.2003 | 0.2005 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3015 | 0.3013 | 0.3010 | 0.3009 | 0.3005 | 0.3005 |
\[\textit{Misinfo Accuracy score}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.4708*** | -0.4680*** | -0.4639*** | -0.4618*** | -0.4610*** | -0.4593*** |
| (0.0305) | (0.0297) | (0.0288) | (0.0274) | (0.0274) | (0.0271) | |
| Reasoning | -0.3870*** | -0.4003*** | -0.3864*** | -0.3735*** | -0.3757*** | -0.3856*** |
| (0.0323) | (0.0312) | (0.0304) | (0.0283) | (0.0283) | (0.0280) | |
| Combo | -0.4494*** | -0.4527*** | -0.4474*** | -0.4418*** | -0.4427*** | -0.4435*** |
| (0.0320) | (0.0313) | (0.0302) | (0.0282) | (0.0282) | (0.0281) | |
| Facts Baseline | -0.2006*** | -0.1772*** | -0.1854*** | -0.1906*** | -0.1875*** | -0.1747*** |
| (0.0332) | (0.0323) | (0.0305) | (0.0287) | (0.0286) | (0.0285) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.1871*** | 0.1750*** | 0.1592*** | 0.1366*** | 0.1348*** | 0.1277*** |
| (0.0329) | (0.0319) | (0.0304) | (0.0274) | (0.0272) | (0.0269) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0681 | 0.1331 | 0.1918 | 0.2968 | 0.3032 | 0.3252 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0676 | 0.1235 | 0.1904 | 0.2956 | 0.3012 | 0.3161 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.3410 | 1.3001 | 1.2495 | 1.1655 | 1.1609 | 1.1484 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Misinfo Accuracy score}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Facts Baseline | -0.2006*** | -0.1772*** | -0.1854*** | -0.1906*** | -0.1875*** | -0.1747*** |
| (0.0332) | (0.0323) | (0.0305) | (0.0287) | (0.0286) | (0.0285) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.1871*** | 0.1750*** | 0.1592*** | 0.1366*** | 0.1348*** | 0.1277*** |
| (0.0329) | (0.0319) | (0.0304) | (0.0274) | (0.0272) | (0.0269) | |
| Reasoning | -0.3870*** | -0.4003*** | -0.3864*** | -0.3735*** | -0.3757*** | -0.3856*** |
| (0.0323) | (0.0312) | (0.0304) | (0.0283) | (0.0283) | (0.0280) | |
| Emotions | -0.4708*** | -0.4680*** | -0.4639*** | -0.4618*** | -0.4610*** | -0.4593*** |
| (0.0305) | (0.0297) | (0.0288) | (0.0274) | (0.0274) | (0.0271) | |
| Combo | -0.4494*** | -0.4527*** | -0.4474*** | -0.4418*** | -0.4427*** | -0.4435*** |
| (0.0320) | (0.0313) | (0.0302) | (0.0282) | (0.0282) | (0.0281) | |
| Age | -0.0746** | -0.0577* | ||||
| (0.0377) | (0.0385) | |||||
| Gender: Man | -0.0288 | -0.0347 | ||||
| (0.0327) | (0.0294) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0864** | -0.0624** | ||||
| (0.0403) | (0.0359) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0941*** | -0.0657** | ||||
| (0.0403) | (0.0358) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0618* | -0.0597* | ||||
| (0.0452) | (0.0402) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | -0.0589* | -0.0479* | ||||
| (0.0372) | (0.0339) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0709** | -0.0551* | ||||
| (0.0413) | (0.0362) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0700* | -0.0921** | ||||
| (0.0477) | (0.0423) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0706** | -0.0137 | ||||
| (0.0386) | (0.0342) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0456 | -0.0081 | ||||
| (0.0384) | (0.0341) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | 0.0084 | -0.0006 | ||||
| (0.0337) | (0.0310) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0045 | 0.0027 | ||||
| (0.0329) | (0.0308) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | -0.0573** | -0.0199 | ||||
| (0.0308) | (0.0300) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0524* | 0.0407* | ||||
| (0.0332) | (0.0302) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.2940*** | 0.1056*** | ||||
| (0.0450) | (0.0395) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.3555*** | 0.1252*** | ||||
| (0.0435) | (0.0405) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.2786*** | 0.0829** | ||||
| (0.0446) | (0.0407) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.1369*** | 0.0406 | ||||
| (0.0403) | (0.0364) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0052 | -0.0130 | ||||
| (0.0609) | (0.0521) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | 0.0004 | -0.0019 | ||||
| (0.0573) | (0.0535) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0711* | -0.0439 | ||||
| (0.0497) | (0.0497) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0001 | -0.0087 | ||||
| (0.0589) | (0.0589) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0154 | 0.0031 | ||||
| (0.0460) | (0.0398) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | 0.0224 | -0.0012 | ||||
| (0.0453) | (0.0407) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0661* | 0.0735** | ||||
| (0.0444) | (0.0403) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0030 | 0.0259 | ||||
| (0.0454) | (0.0405) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | 0.0306 | 0.0060 | ||||
| (0.0565) | (0.0481) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | 0.0541 | 0.0511 | ||||
| (0.0564) | (0.0501) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | 0.0867* | 0.0728* | ||||
| (0.0548) | (0.0489) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | 0.0172 | 0.0225 | ||||
| (0.0563) | (0.0502) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0320 | 0.0034 | ||||
| (0.0565) | (0.0488) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0.0197 | 0.0104 | ||||
| (0.0553) | (0.0495) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0542 | 0.0402 | ||||
| (0.0545) | (0.0486) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0232 | -0.0035 | ||||
| (0.0560) | (0.0500) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0166 | -0.0154 | ||||
| (0.0539) | (0.0478) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0263 | -0.0005 | ||||
| (0.0611) | (0.0564) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0573 | 0.0610 | ||||
| (0.0566) | (0.0507) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0985* | 0.0792* | ||||
| (0.0624) | (0.0535) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0515 | 0.0278 | ||||
| (0.0536) | (0.0467) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | 0.0471 | 0.0325 | ||||
| (0.0521) | (0.0471) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | 0.0257 | -0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0500) | (0.0460) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0077 | -0.0023 | ||||
| (0.0529) | (0.0479) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | -0.0166 | 0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0582) | (0.0496) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.0174 | 0.0173 | ||||
| (0.0577) | (0.0506) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | -0.0113 | -0.0001 | ||||
| (0.0560) | (0.0500) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | -0.0120 | 0.0128 | ||||
| (0.0585) | (0.0517) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.0265 | 0.0550 | ||||
| (0.0659) | (0.0569) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | -0.0389 | 0.0261 | ||||
| (0.0667) | (0.0586) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | -0.0030 | 0.0494 | ||||
| (0.0639) | (0.0577) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0143 | 0.0586 | ||||
| (0.0655) | (0.0582) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | -0.0062 | -0.0082 | ||||
| (0.0540) | (0.0462) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0509 | -0.0698* | ||||
| (0.0543) | (0.0481) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.0545 | 0.0071 | ||||
| (0.0535) | (0.0479) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0456 | 0.0146 | ||||
| (0.0536) | (0.0482) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | -0.0626 | -0.0334 | ||||
| (0.0534) | (0.0463) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0788* | -0.0933** | ||||
| (0.0527) | (0.0471) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0682* | -0.0829** | ||||
| (0.0515) | (0.0462) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0093 | -0.0089 | ||||
| (0.0525) | (0.0470) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0470 | -0.0184 | ||||
| (0.0443) | (0.0396) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.0150 | 0.0248 | ||||
| (0.0486) | (0.0440) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | -0.0328 | -0.0062 | ||||
| (0.0452) | (0.0413) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | -0.0283 | -0.0150 | ||||
| (0.0458) | (0.0420) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.0628* | -0.0638* | ||||
| (0.0462) | (0.0408) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0141 | -0.0090 | ||||
| (0.0448) | (0.0423) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0217 | -0.0144 | ||||
| (0.0459) | (0.0427) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0199 | -0.0219 | ||||
| (0.0495) | (0.0425) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0363 | 0.0306 | ||||
| (0.0456) | (0.0412) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0396 | 0.0283 | ||||
| (0.0420) | (0.0421) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | -0.0257 | -0.0165 | ||||
| (0.0507) | (0.0483) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | -0.0251 | -0.0481 | ||||
| (0.0665) | (0.0507) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0846** | -0.0832** | ||||
| (0.0466) | (0.0414) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.0377 | 0.0164 | ||||
| (0.0472) | (0.0433) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0582 | -0.0395 | ||||
| (0.0473) | (0.0446) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.0939** | -0.0698** | ||||
| (0.0475) | (0.0417) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0462 | -0.0003 | ||||
| (0.0605) | (0.0535) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.0142 | 0.0299 | ||||
| (0.0615) | (0.0547) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0980* | -0.0443 | ||||
| (0.0618) | (0.0545) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.0683 | 0.0016 | ||||
| (0.0603) | (0.0536) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.0793 | -0.0364 | ||||
| (0.0625) | (0.0555) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0315 | 0.0328 | ||||
| (0.0605) | (0.0558) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0970** | -0.0410 | ||||
| (0.0586) | (0.0546) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | -0.0732 | 0.0054 | ||||
| (0.0611) | (0.0571) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.1401** | -0.0880* | ||||
| (0.0631) | (0.0546) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0018 | 0.0489 | ||||
| (0.0620) | (0.0558) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0852* | -0.0279 | ||||
| (0.0589) | (0.0538) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0830* | -0.0036 | ||||
| (0.0612) | (0.0566) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0543 | -0.0371 | ||||
| (0.0586) | (0.0500) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | 0.0298 | 0.0474 | ||||
| (0.0560) | (0.0502) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0404 | -0.0143 | ||||
| (0.0545) | (0.0488) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0466 | -0.0029 | ||||
| (0.0560) | (0.0514) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.3954*** | 0.1025** | 0.0820** | |||
| (0.0383) | (0.0465) | (0.0462) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.2259*** | 0.0831** | 0.0744** | |||
| (0.0380) | (0.0428) | (0.0430) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0309 | -0.0441 | -0.0472 | |||
| (0.0530) | (0.0646) | (0.0654) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0474 | -0.0168 | -0.0219 | |||
| (0.0543) | (0.0656) | (0.0650) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0720* | -0.0586 | -0.0568 | |||
| (0.0522) | (0.0636) | (0.0638) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0398 | -0.0107 | -0.0158 | |||
| (0.0539) | (0.0647) | (0.0657) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0187 | 0.0225 | 0.0379 | |||
| (0.0530) | (0.0589) | (0.0588) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0509 | -0.0174 | -0.0245 | |||
| (0.0535) | (0.0608) | (0.0609) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0669* | 0.0250 | 0.0401 | |||
| (0.0511) | (0.0586) | (0.0587) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0957** | -0.0779* | -0.0695 | |||
| (0.0524) | (0.0590) | (0.0591) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.4984*** | 0.4245*** | 0.3921*** | |||
| (0.0357) | (0.0461) | (0.0465) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.3177*** | 0.2665*** | 0.2700*** | |||
| (0.0358) | (0.0429) | (0.0428) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0134 | 0.0446 | 0.0662 | |||
| (0.0484) | (0.0634) | (0.0635) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0135 | 0.0038 | 0.0176 | |||
| (0.0500) | (0.0645) | (0.0641) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0748* | -0.0353 | -0.0256 | |||
| (0.0489) | (0.0632) | (0.0640) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0584 | -0.0375 | -0.0219 | |||
| (0.0492) | (0.0628) | (0.0633) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0575 | 0.0592 | 0.0477 | |||
| (0.0485) | (0.0579) | (0.0573) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0668* | -0.0500 | -0.0614 | |||
| (0.0480) | (0.0585) | (0.0581) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0792* | -0.0870* | -0.0992** | |||
| (0.0483) | (0.0581) | (0.0580) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0291 | 0.0117 | 0.0034 | |||
| (0.0476) | (0.0574) | (0.0574) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0681 | 0.1331 | 0.1918 | 0.2968 | 0.3032 | 0.3252 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0676 | 0.1235 | 0.1904 | 0.2956 | 0.3012 | 0.3161 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.3410 | 1.3001 | 1.2495 | 1.1655 | 1.1609 | 1.1484 |
\[\textit{Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | 0.4015*** | 0.4020*** | 0.4031*** | 0.4035*** | 0.4037*** | 0.4041*** |
| (0.0069) | (0.0068) | (0.0065) | (0.0063) | (0.0062) | (0.0062) | |
| Reasoning | 0.4270*** | 0.4241*** | 0.4269*** | 0.4298*** | 0.4291*** | 0.4269*** |
| (0.0073) | (0.0071) | (0.0069) | (0.0065) | (0.0065) | (0.0064) | |
| Combo | 0.4150*** | 0.4144*** | 0.4157*** | 0.4166*** | 0.4166*** | 0.4165*** |
| (0.0073) | (0.0072) | (0.0068) | (0.0065) | (0.0065) | (0.0065) | |
| Facts Baseline | 0.4651*** | 0.4695*** | 0.4686*** | 0.4672*** | 0.4682*** | 0.4704*** |
| (0.0073) | (0.0071) | (0.0066) | (0.0065) | (0.0064) | (0.0064) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.5509*** | 0.5492*** | 0.5451*** | 0.5407*** | 0.5403*** | 0.5396*** |
| (0.0072) | (0.0071) | (0.0067) | (0.0062) | (0.0061) | (0.0061) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.6955 | 0.7143 | 0.7373 | 0.7609 | 0.7650 | 0.7712 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.6953 | 0.7112 | 0.7368 | 0.7605 | 0.7643 | 0.7682 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3001 | 0.2922 | 0.2789 | 0.2661 | 0.2639 | 0.2618 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Facts Baseline | 0.4651*** | 0.4695*** | 0.4686*** | 0.4672*** | 0.4682*** | 0.4704*** |
| (0.0073) | (0.0071) | (0.0066) | (0.0065) | (0.0064) | (0.0064) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.5509*** | 0.5492*** | 0.5451*** | 0.5407*** | 0.5403*** | 0.5396*** |
| (0.0072) | (0.0071) | (0.0067) | (0.0062) | (0.0061) | (0.0061) | |
| Reasoning | 0.4270*** | 0.4241*** | 0.4269*** | 0.4298*** | 0.4291*** | 0.4269*** |
| (0.0073) | (0.0071) | (0.0069) | (0.0065) | (0.0065) | (0.0064) | |
| Emotions | 0.4015*** | 0.4020*** | 0.4031*** | 0.4035*** | 0.4037*** | 0.4041*** |
| (0.0069) | (0.0068) | (0.0065) | (0.0063) | (0.0062) | (0.0062) | |
| Combo | 0.4150*** | 0.4144*** | 0.4157*** | 0.4166*** | 0.4166*** | 0.4165*** |
| (0.0073) | (0.0072) | (0.0068) | (0.0065) | (0.0065) | (0.0065) | |
| Age | -0.0130** | -0.0105* | ||||
| (0.0079) | (0.0080) | |||||
| Gender: Man | -0.0044 | -0.0069 | ||||
| (0.0071) | (0.0065) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0154** | -0.0108* | ||||
| (0.0088) | (0.0080) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0149** | -0.0085 | ||||
| (0.0090) | (0.0081) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0217*** | -0.0208*** | ||||
| (0.0084) | (0.0074) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | -0.0079 | -0.0065 | ||||
| (0.0080) | (0.0074) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0154** | -0.0114* | ||||
| (0.0092) | (0.0082) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0123 | -0.0160** | ||||
| (0.0103) | (0.0093) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0203*** | -0.0081 | ||||
| (0.0085) | (0.0076) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0119* | -0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0084) | (0.0076) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | 0.0007 | -0.0010 | ||||
| (0.0077) | (0.0071) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0002 | -0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0070) | (0.0065) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | -0.0119** | -0.0038 | ||||
| (0.0065) | (0.0065) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0152** | 0.0127** | ||||
| (0.0073) | (0.0066) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0561*** | 0.0157** | ||||
| (0.0094) | (0.0084) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.0754*** | 0.0248*** | ||||
| (0.0093) | (0.0089) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.0628*** | 0.0192** | ||||
| (0.0096) | (0.0090) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0339*** | 0.0120* | ||||
| (0.0087) | (0.0081) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0068 | -0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | -0.0055 | -0.0048 | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0142* | -0.0075 | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0001 | -0.0014 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0022 | 0.0030 | ||||
| (0.0101) | (0.0090) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | 0.0069 | 0.0027 | ||||
| (0.0101) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0159* | 0.0182** | ||||
| (0.0099) | (0.0090) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0056 | 0.0110 | ||||
| (0.0101) | (0.0091) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | 0.0104 | 0.0055 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | 0.0085 | 0.0086 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | 0.0118 | 0.0096 | ||||
| (0.0122) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | -0.0007 | 0.0007 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0100 | 0.0033 | ||||
| (0.0125) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0.0020 | -0.0002 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0061 | 0.0029 | ||||
| (0.0122) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0118 | -0.0076 | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0041 | 0.0037 | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0152 | 0.0089 | ||||
| (0.0120) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0134 | 0.0139* | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0097) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0300*** | 0.0257*** | ||||
| (0.0120) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0129 | 0.0088 | ||||
| (0.0116) | (0.0103) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | 0.0071 | 0.0048 | ||||
| (0.0116) | (0.0106) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | 0.0034 | -0.0030 | ||||
| (0.0111) | (0.0103) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0068 | -0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0106) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | -0.0012 | 0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0112) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.0112 | 0.0106 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | -0.0033 | -0.0008 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.0013 | 0.0064 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.0041 | 0.0083 | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | -0.0108 | 0.0016 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | -0.0073 | 0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0051 | 0.0135 | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0066 | 0.0053 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0103) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0046 | -0.0083 | ||||
| (0.0120) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.0193* | 0.0093 | ||||
| (0.0119) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0090 | 0.0029 | ||||
| (0.0119) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | -0.0040 | 0.0018 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0187* | -0.0217** | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0106) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0114 | -0.0146* | ||||
| (0.0114) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0061 | 0.0027 | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0053 | -0.0002 | ||||
| (0.0100) | (0.0090) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.0041 | 0.0062 | ||||
| (0.0111) | (0.0100) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | -0.0049 | 0.0005 | ||||
| (0.0102) | (0.0093) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | -0.0052 | -0.0034 | ||||
| (0.0107) | (0.0099) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.0144* | -0.0132* | ||||
| (0.0096) | (0.0087) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0005 | 0.0014 | ||||
| (0.0097) | (0.0091) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0054 | -0.0024 | ||||
| (0.0100) | (0.0093) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0084 | -0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0105) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0068 | 0.0045 | ||||
| (0.0101) | (0.0093) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0086 | 0.0062 | ||||
| (0.0084) | (0.0087) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | -0.0068 | -0.0045 | ||||
| (0.0103) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | -0.0047 | -0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0231** | -0.0223*** | ||||
| (0.0100) | (0.0090) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.0077 | 0.0032 | ||||
| (0.0107) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0138* | -0.0096 | ||||
| (0.0103) | (0.0096) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.0287*** | -0.0230*** | ||||
| (0.0107) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0109 | -0.0006 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0.0042 | 0.0125 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0175* | -0.0085 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.0067 | 0.0059 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.0167 | -0.0061 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0036 | 0.0096 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0126) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0170* | -0.0072 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | -0.0137 | 0.0004 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.0349*** | -0.0227** | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0016 | 0.0088 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0127) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0179* | -0.0070 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0193* | -0.0037 | ||||
| (0.0137) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0191* | -0.0143 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | 0.0028 | 0.0064 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0119 | -0.0064 | ||||
| (0.0121) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0147 | -0.0057 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0813*** | 0.0327*** | 0.0294*** | |||
| (0.0084) | (0.0105) | (0.0106) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0595*** | 0.0312*** | 0.0287*** | |||
| (0.0083) | (0.0097) | (0.0098) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0128 | -0.0257** | -0.0272** | |||
| (0.0116) | (0.0146) | (0.0148) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0074 | -0.0118 | -0.0137 | |||
| (0.0120) | (0.0150) | (0.0150) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0048 | -0.0096 | -0.0106 | |||
| (0.0114) | (0.0144) | (0.0146) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0039 | -0.0058 | -0.0074 | |||
| (0.0120) | (0.0148) | (0.0150) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0038 | 0.0063 | 0.0103 | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0132) | (0.0132) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0149 | -0.0093 | -0.0102 | |||
| (0.0119) | (0.0139) | (0.0139) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0229** | -0.0087 | -0.0046 | |||
| (0.0112) | (0.0134) | (0.0135) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0192* | -0.0176* | -0.0155 | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0135) | (0.0136) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0942*** | 0.0701*** | 0.0643*** | |||
| (0.0074) | (0.0097) | (0.0099) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0712*** | 0.0524*** | 0.0531*** | |||
| (0.0075) | (0.0091) | (0.0091) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0070 | 0.0240** | 0.0286** | |||
| (0.0100) | (0.0134) | (0.0135) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0066 | 0.0165 | 0.0182* | |||
| (0.0105) | (0.0140) | (0.0140) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0043 | 0.0039 | 0.0058 | |||
| (0.0103) | (0.0136) | (0.0138) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0039 | 0.0038 | 0.0068 | |||
| (0.0104) | (0.0134) | (0.0136) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0069 | 0.0085 | 0.0062 | |||
| (0.0104) | (0.0124) | (0.0123) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0149* | -0.0075 | -0.0105 | |||
| (0.0102) | (0.0127) | (0.0126) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0157* | -0.0097 | -0.0124 | |||
| (0.0103) | (0.0126) | (0.0126) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0034 | 0.0060 | 0.0042 | |||
| (0.0102) | (0.0124) | (0.0125) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.6955 | 0.7143 | 0.7373 | 0.7609 | 0.7650 | 0.7712 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.6953 | 0.7112 | 0.7368 | 0.7605 | 0.7643 | 0.7682 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3001 | 0.2922 | 0.2789 | 0.2661 | 0.2639 | 0.2618 |
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo Accuracy score}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | 0.3101*** | 0.3117*** | 0.3147*** | 0.3173*** | 0.3174*** | 0.3185*** |
| (0.0338) | (0.0334) | (0.0331) | (0.0320) | (0.0320) | (0.0318) | |
| Reasoning | 0.3179*** | 0.3073*** | 0.3173*** | 0.3298*** | 0.3266*** | 0.3195*** |
| (0.0358) | (0.0355) | (0.0344) | (0.0329) | (0.0329) | (0.0330) | |
| Combo | 0.2755*** | 0.2742*** | 0.2786*** | 0.2811*** | 0.2821*** | 0.2829*** |
| (0.0346) | (0.0344) | (0.0334) | (0.0326) | (0.0325) | (0.0325) | |
| Facts Baseline | 0.5337*** | 0.5561*** | 0.5461*** | 0.5420*** | 0.5447*** | 0.5586*** |
| (0.0355) | (0.0348) | (0.0338) | (0.0330) | (0.0329) | (0.0326) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.8460*** | 0.8378*** | 0.8218*** | 0.8047*** | 0.8025*** | 0.7978*** |
| (0.0340) | (0.0337) | (0.0325) | (0.0308) | (0.0308) | (0.0310) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.1057 | 0.1435 | 0.1738 | 0.2303 | 0.2346 | 0.2518 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.1052 | 0.1340 | 0.1723 | 0.2289 | 0.2324 | 0.2418 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.4494 | 1.4258 | 1.3940 | 1.3454 | 1.3424 | 1.3342 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo Accuracy score}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Facts Baseline | 0.5337*** | 0.5561*** | 0.5461*** | 0.5420*** | 0.5447*** | 0.5586*** |
| (0.0355) | (0.0348) | (0.0338) | (0.0330) | (0.0329) | (0.0326) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.8460*** | 0.8378*** | 0.8218*** | 0.8047*** | 0.8025*** | 0.7978*** |
| (0.0340) | (0.0337) | (0.0325) | (0.0308) | (0.0308) | (0.0310) | |
| Reasoning | 0.3179*** | 0.3073*** | 0.3173*** | 0.3298*** | 0.3266*** | 0.3195*** |
| (0.0358) | (0.0355) | (0.0344) | (0.0329) | (0.0329) | (0.0330) | |
| Emotions | 0.3101*** | 0.3117*** | 0.3147*** | 0.3173*** | 0.3174*** | 0.3185*** |
| (0.0338) | (0.0334) | (0.0331) | (0.0320) | (0.0320) | (0.0318) | |
| Combo | 0.2755*** | 0.2742*** | 0.2786*** | 0.2811*** | 0.2821*** | 0.2829*** |
| (0.0346) | (0.0344) | (0.0334) | (0.0326) | (0.0325) | (0.0325) | |
| Age | -0.0339 | -0.0213 | ||||
| (0.0400) | (0.0389) | |||||
| Gender: Man | -0.0250 | -0.0302 | ||||
| (0.0353) | (0.0336) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0445 | -0.0265 | ||||
| (0.0439) | (0.0414) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0153 | 0.0042 | ||||
| (0.0444) | (0.0418) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0010 | 0.0008 | ||||
| (0.0484) | (0.0479) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | 0.0138 | 0.0223 | ||||
| (0.0401) | (0.0381) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.1552*** | -0.1437*** | ||||
| (0.0443) | (0.0410) | |||||
| Employed | -0.2127*** | -0.2308*** | ||||
| (0.0499) | (0.0463) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0085 | 0.0350 | ||||
| (0.0422) | (0.0394) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0383 | -0.0090 | ||||
| (0.0414) | (0.0389) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | -0.0316 | -0.0367 | ||||
| (0.0377) | (0.0356) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0718** | 0.0693** | ||||
| (0.0365) | (0.0360) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | -0.0454* | -0.0163 | ||||
| (0.0290) | (0.0337) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0198 | 0.0103 | ||||
| (0.0365) | (0.0346) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.3009*** | 0.1547*** | ||||
| (0.0459) | (0.0436) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.2997*** | 0.1202*** | ||||
| (0.0492) | (0.0472) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.2601*** | 0.1074** | ||||
| (0.0501) | (0.0475) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.1766*** | 0.1011** | ||||
| (0.0472) | (0.0446) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0355 | -0.0413 | ||||
| (0.0632) | (0.0597) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | -0.0034 | -0.0028 | ||||
| (0.0625) | (0.0561) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.1146** | -0.0893* | ||||
| (0.0586) | (0.0615) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0241 | -0.0332 | ||||
| (0.0542) | (0.0538) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0172 | -0.0019 | ||||
| (0.0485) | (0.0453) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | 0.0458 | 0.0228 | ||||
| (0.0501) | (0.0472) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0744* | 0.0811** | ||||
| (0.0486) | (0.0464) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0132 | 0.0282 | ||||
| (0.0497) | (0.0470) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | 0.0162 | -0.0008 | ||||
| (0.0601) | (0.0549) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | 0.0141 | 0.0157 | ||||
| (0.0618) | (0.0578) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | 0.0434 | 0.0280 | ||||
| (0.0608) | (0.0577) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | 0.0173 | 0.0204 | ||||
| (0.0612) | (0.0578) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0218 | 0.0028 | ||||
| (0.0605) | (0.0559) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0.0099 | 0.0079 | ||||
| (0.0619) | (0.0581) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0820* | 0.0669 | ||||
| (0.0609) | (0.0574) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0463 | -0.0285 | ||||
| (0.0619) | (0.0584) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0390 | -0.0391 | ||||
| (0.0586) | (0.0553) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | -0.0065 | -0.0311 | ||||
| (0.0702) | (0.0682) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | -0.0114 | -0.0096 | ||||
| (0.0614) | (0.0610) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0037 | -0.0104 | ||||
| (0.0628) | (0.0600) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0325 | 0.0120 | ||||
| (0.0566) | (0.0528) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | -0.0682 | -0.0802* | ||||
| (0.0577) | (0.0544) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.0667 | -0.0911** | ||||
| (0.0554) | (0.0533) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0873* | -0.0843* | ||||
| (0.0576) | (0.0545) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.0761 | 0.0983** | ||||
| (0.0623) | (0.0569) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.1292** | 0.1324** | ||||
| (0.0644) | (0.0593) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | 0.0605 | 0.0681 | ||||
| (0.0614) | (0.0578) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.1089** | 0.1321** | ||||
| (0.0621) | (0.0579) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.1135* | 0.1406** | ||||
| (0.0690) | (0.0634) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.1478** | 0.2044*** | ||||
| (0.0712) | (0.0656) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.1480** | 0.1848*** | ||||
| (0.0689) | (0.0660) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.1123* | 0.1483** | ||||
| (0.0685) | (0.0641) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | -0.0147 | -0.0138 | ||||
| (0.0565) | (0.0520) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.1036** | -0.1113** | ||||
| (0.0609) | (0.0568) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | -0.0072 | -0.0451 | ||||
| (0.0583) | (0.0550) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0518 | 0.0305 | ||||
| (0.0588) | (0.0557) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | -0.0132 | 0.0109 | ||||
| (0.0569) | (0.0526) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0732 | -0.0811* | ||||
| (0.0576) | (0.0541) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0852* | -0.0916** | ||||
| (0.0569) | (0.0539) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0556 | 0.0419 | ||||
| (0.0570) | (0.0539) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0079 | 0.0144 | ||||
| (0.0492) | (0.0470) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.0671 | 0.0736* | ||||
| (0.0536) | (0.0503) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0.0118 | 0.0338 | ||||
| (0.0512) | (0.0497) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | 0.0632 | 0.0677* | ||||
| (0.0495) | (0.0467) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.1131** | -0.1129*** | ||||
| (0.0497) | (0.0458) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0676* | -0.0634* | ||||
| (0.0508) | (0.0491) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0981** | -0.0937** | ||||
| (0.0493) | (0.0485) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0637 | -0.0636* | ||||
| (0.0514) | (0.0477) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0202 | 0.0189 | ||||
| (0.0466) | (0.0464) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0438 | 0.0389 | ||||
| (0.0397) | (0.0472) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0.0167 | 0.0223 | ||||
| (0.0412) | (0.0467) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0.0497 | 0.0321 | ||||
| (0.0645) | (0.0558) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0064 | -0.0049 | ||||
| (0.0500) | (0.0470) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.0401 | 0.0196 | ||||
| (0.0525) | (0.0496) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0292 | -0.0159 | ||||
| (0.0535) | (0.0521) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.0397 | -0.0183 | ||||
| (0.0498) | (0.0468) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.1224** | -0.0985** | ||||
| (0.0614) | (0.0589) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.1266** | -0.1152** | ||||
| (0.0667) | (0.0630) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.1804*** | -0.1302** | ||||
| (0.0645) | (0.0615) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.1980*** | -0.1504*** | ||||
| (0.0637) | (0.0609) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.1083* | -0.0910* | ||||
| (0.0682) | (0.0651) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0396 | -0.0161 | ||||
| (0.0705) | (0.0665) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.1148** | -0.0564 | ||||
| (0.0670) | (0.0650) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | -0.0606 | -0.0109 | ||||
| (0.0668) | (0.0659) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.0939* | -0.0652 | ||||
| (0.0681) | (0.0649) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0480 | -0.0333 | ||||
| (0.0725) | (0.0674) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.1681*** | -0.1126** | ||||
| (0.0681) | (0.0643) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.1652*** | -0.1105** | ||||
| (0.0687) | (0.0669) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0909* | -0.0811* | ||||
| (0.0640) | (0.0593) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.0505 | -0.0508 | ||||
| (0.0663) | (0.0616) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.1068** | -0.0833* | ||||
| (0.0645) | (0.0609) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.1405** | -0.1097** | ||||
| (0.0645) | (0.0620) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.2925*** | 0.0848** | 0.0641* | |||
| (0.0420) | (0.0498) | (0.0497) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.2075*** | 0.0781* | 0.0625* | |||
| (0.0427) | (0.0483) | (0.0485) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0507 | 0.0194 | 0.0228 | |||
| (0.0585) | (0.0720) | (0.0736) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0036 | -0.0326 | -0.0207 | |||
| (0.0615) | (0.0737) | (0.0735) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.1291** | -0.1422** | -0.1317** | |||
| (0.0582) | (0.0719) | (0.0720) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0525 | -0.0356 | -0.0211 | |||
| (0.0598) | (0.0722) | (0.0728) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0769* | -0.0310 | -0.0109 | |||
| (0.0597) | (0.0671) | (0.0673) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0264 | 0.0124 | 0.0164 | |||
| (0.0619) | (0.0704) | (0.0706) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0302 | 0.0070 | 0.0329 | |||
| (0.0586) | (0.0674) | (0.0676) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0274 | 0.0206 | 0.0328 | |||
| (0.0599) | (0.0677) | (0.0679) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.3614*** | 0.2991*** | 0.2789*** | |||
| (0.0400) | (0.0492) | (0.0492) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.2856*** | 0.2382*** | 0.2415*** | |||
| (0.0397) | (0.0462) | (0.0462) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0697* | 0.0674 | 0.0861 | |||
| (0.0542) | (0.0694) | (0.0697) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0622 | 0.0862 | 0.0990* | |||
| (0.0560) | (0.0695) | (0.0695) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0886* | 0.0047 | 0.0078 | |||
| (0.0556) | (0.0708) | (0.0711) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0450 | -0.0185 | -0.0092 | |||
| (0.0559) | (0.0695) | (0.0696) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0014 | 0.0243 | 0.0168 | |||
| (0.0538) | (0.0623) | (0.0623) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0568 | -0.0559 | -0.0682 | |||
| (0.0555) | (0.0655) | (0.0655) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0017 | 0.0028 | -0.0134 | |||
| (0.0556) | (0.0652) | (0.0650) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0442 | -0.0533 | -0.0601 | |||
| (0.0557) | (0.0648) | (0.0650) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.1057 | 0.1435 | 0.1738 | 0.2303 | 0.2346 | 0.2518 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.1052 | 0.1340 | 0.1723 | 0.2289 | 0.2324 | 0.2418 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.4494 | 1.4258 | 1.3940 | 1.3454 | 1.3424 | 1.3342 |
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | 0.5752*** | 0.5757*** | 0.5763*** | 0.5767*** | 0.5768*** | 0.5773*** |
| (0.0081) | (0.0080) | (0.0080) | (0.0078) | (0.0078) | (0.0077) | |
| Reasoning | 0.5803*** | 0.5780*** | 0.5797*** | 0.5828*** | 0.5814*** | 0.5800*** |
| (0.0085) | (0.0085) | (0.0082) | (0.0080) | (0.0079) | (0.0080) | |
| Combo | 0.5762*** | 0.5761*** | 0.5770*** | 0.5775*** | 0.5778*** | 0.5782*** |
| (0.0082) | (0.0082) | (0.0079) | (0.0078) | (0.0078) | (0.0078) | |
| Facts Baseline | 0.6298*** | 0.6342*** | 0.6327*** | 0.6315*** | 0.6325*** | 0.6350*** |
| (0.0082) | (0.0080) | (0.0078) | (0.0077) | (0.0077) | (0.0076) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.6953*** | 0.6939*** | 0.6901*** | 0.6868*** | 0.6863*** | 0.6856*** |
| (0.0079) | (0.0079) | (0.0076) | (0.0074) | (0.0074) | (0.0074) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.7618 | 0.7704 | 0.7798 | 0.7883 | 0.7906 | 0.7947 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.7617 | 0.7679 | 0.7795 | 0.7879 | 0.7900 | 0.7919 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3422 | 0.3378 | 0.3292 | 0.3229 | 0.3213 | 0.3198 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Facts Baseline | 0.6298*** | 0.6342*** | 0.6327*** | 0.6315*** | 0.6325*** | 0.6350*** |
| (0.0082) | (0.0080) | (0.0078) | (0.0077) | (0.0077) | (0.0076) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.6953*** | 0.6939*** | 0.6901*** | 0.6868*** | 0.6863*** | 0.6856*** |
| (0.0079) | (0.0079) | (0.0076) | (0.0074) | (0.0074) | (0.0074) | |
| Reasoning | 0.5803*** | 0.5780*** | 0.5797*** | 0.5828*** | 0.5814*** | 0.5800*** |
| (0.0085) | (0.0085) | (0.0082) | (0.0080) | (0.0079) | (0.0080) | |
| Emotions | 0.5752*** | 0.5757*** | 0.5763*** | 0.5767*** | 0.5768*** | 0.5773*** |
| (0.0081) | (0.0080) | (0.0080) | (0.0078) | (0.0078) | (0.0077) | |
| Combo | 0.5762*** | 0.5761*** | 0.5770*** | 0.5775*** | 0.5778*** | 0.5782*** |
| (0.0082) | (0.0082) | (0.0079) | (0.0078) | (0.0078) | (0.0078) | |
| Age | -0.0047 | -0.0031 | ||||
| (0.0091) | (0.0090) | |||||
| Gender: Man | -0.0026 | -0.0049 | ||||
| (0.0081) | (0.0078) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0113 | -0.0078 | ||||
| (0.0100) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0012 | 0.0040 | ||||
| (0.0100) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0106 | -0.0099 | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0106) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | 0.0066 | 0.0076 | ||||
| (0.0092) | (0.0088) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0326*** | -0.0295*** | ||||
| (0.0103) | (0.0097) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0426*** | -0.0455*** | ||||
| (0.0115) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0064 | 0.0035 | ||||
| (0.0098) | (0.0093) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0113 | -0.0049 | ||||
| (0.0094) | (0.0090) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | -0.0056 | -0.0069 | ||||
| (0.0087) | (0.0082) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0154** | 0.0138** | ||||
| (0.0084) | (0.0082) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | -0.0089** | -0.0024 | ||||
| (0.0052) | (0.0062) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0085 | 0.0066 | ||||
| (0.0089) | (0.0085) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0555*** | 0.0230*** | ||||
| (0.0099) | (0.0096) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.0623*** | 0.0211** | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.0558*** | 0.0204** | ||||
| (0.0114) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0381*** | 0.0201** | ||||
| (0.0107) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0124 | -0.0125 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | -0.0025 | -0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0304** | -0.0243* | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0152) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0099 | -0.0111 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0048 | -0.0003 | ||||
| (0.0113) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | 0.0121 | 0.0076 | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0112) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0210** | 0.0234** | ||||
| (0.0115) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0037 | 0.0077 | ||||
| (0.0116) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | 0.0126 | 0.0091 | ||||
| (0.0137) | (0.0127) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | 0.0176 | 0.0187* | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | 0.0117 | 0.0093 | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | 0.0067 | 0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0074 | 0.0021 | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0.0146 | 0.0135 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0184* | 0.0146 | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0110 | -0.0075 | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0077 | -0.0083 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0135) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0203* | 0.0144 | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0150) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0082 | 0.0083 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0116 | 0.0080 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0091 | 0.0055 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | -0.0179* | -0.0197* | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.0175* | -0.0225** | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0127) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0270** | -0.0256** | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.0159 | 0.0194* | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.0322** | 0.0325** | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0141) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | 0.0150 | 0.0167 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0141) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.0275** | 0.0323*** | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0139) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.0161 | 0.0205* | ||||
| (0.0158) | (0.0148) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.0287** | 0.0393*** | ||||
| (0.0167) | (0.0157) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.0304** | 0.0385*** | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0157) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0260* | 0.0328** | ||||
| (0.0159) | (0.0151) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0038 | 0.0029 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0220* | -0.0236** | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0135) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.0078 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0137) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0157 | 0.0114 | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0.0008 | 0.0056 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0084 | -0.0101 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0103 | -0.0126 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0231** | 0.0209* | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0060 | -0.0015 | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.0120 | 0.0141 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0.0035 | 0.0078 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | 0.0112 | 0.0118 | ||||
| (0.0121) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.0210** | -0.0198** | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0091 | -0.0078 | ||||
| (0.0119) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0238** | -0.0214** | ||||
| (0.0119) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0235** | -0.0223** | ||||
| (0.0121) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0060 | 0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0099) | (0.0096) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0051 | 0.0041 | ||||
| (0.0099) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | -0.0031 | -0.0017 | ||||
| (0.0094) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0.0087 | 0.0059 | ||||
| (0.0116) | (0.0100) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0050 | -0.0046 | ||||
| (0.0115) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.0014 | -0.0030 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0092 | -0.0059 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.0142 | -0.0093 | ||||
| (0.0121) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0234** | -0.0172* | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.0145 | -0.0132 | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0141) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0378*** | -0.0283** | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0139) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.0371*** | -0.0296** | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.0182 | -0.0125 | ||||
| (0.0158) | (0.0154) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0028 | 0.0016 | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0156) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0184 | -0.0068 | ||||
| (0.0157) | (0.0156) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | -0.0061 | 0.0016 | ||||
| (0.0156) | (0.0157) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.0190 | -0.0111 | ||||
| (0.0160) | (0.0154) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0030 | -0.0011 | ||||
| (0.0168) | (0.0160) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0383*** | -0.0268** | ||||
| (0.0161) | (0.0155) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0282** | -0.0182 | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0159) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0179 | -0.0142 | ||||
| (0.0151) | (0.0142) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.0059 | -0.0067 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0148) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0223* | -0.0167 | ||||
| (0.0152) | (0.0145) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0276** | -0.0218* | ||||
| (0.0151) | (0.0146) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0671*** | 0.0359*** | 0.0330*** | |||
| (0.0098) | (0.0120) | (0.0121) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0493*** | 0.0251** | 0.0214** | |||
| (0.0101) | (0.0117) | (0.0118) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0027 | -0.0125 | -0.0133 | |||
| (0.0138) | (0.0171) | (0.0175) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0073 | -0.0263* | -0.0243* | |||
| (0.0145) | (0.0177) | (0.0179) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0266** | -0.0382** | -0.0367** | |||
| (0.0138) | (0.0175) | (0.0176) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0059 | -0.0151 | -0.0123 | |||
| (0.0141) | (0.0174) | (0.0177) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0145 | -0.0080 | -0.0031 | |||
| (0.0141) | (0.0161) | (0.0162) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0028 | 0.0139 | 0.0139 | |||
| (0.0146) | (0.0171) | (0.0173) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0068 | -0.0002 | 0.0061 | |||
| (0.0140) | (0.0165) | (0.0165) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0052 | 0.0039 | 0.0072 | |||
| (0.0141) | (0.0164) | (0.0165) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0701*** | 0.0447*** | 0.0414*** | |||
| (0.0088) | (0.0109) | (0.0109) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0598*** | 0.0440*** | 0.0448*** | |||
| (0.0090) | (0.0107) | (0.0107) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0163* | 0.0266** | 0.0304** | |||
| (0.0119) | (0.0153) | (0.0154) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0195* | 0.0361** | 0.0376*** | |||
| (0.0125) | (0.0156) | (0.0157) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0110 | 0.0143 | 0.0144 | |||
| (0.0124) | (0.0160) | (0.0160) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | 0.0037 | 0.0149 | 0.0165 | |||
| (0.0124) | (0.0156) | (0.0156) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0025 | 0.0099 | 0.0076 | |||
| (0.0123) | (0.0142) | (0.0143) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0114 | -0.0155 | -0.0178 | |||
| (0.0127) | (0.0151) | (0.0152) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0006 | 0.0021 | -0.0015 | |||
| (0.0127) | (0.0151) | (0.0152) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0075 | -0.0088 | -0.0105 | |||
| (0.0127) | (0.0150) | (0.0151) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.7618 | 0.7704 | 0.7798 | 0.7883 | 0.7906 | 0.7947 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.7617 | 0.7679 | 0.7795 | 0.7879 | 0.7900 | 0.7919 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3422 | 0.3378 | 0.3292 | 0.3229 | 0.3213 | 0.3198 |
\[\textit{Accuracy Discernment Score}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | 0.7809*** | 0.7798*** | 0.7786*** | 0.7791*** | 0.7784*** | 0.7778*** |
| (0.0299) | (0.0299) | (0.0297) | (0.0297) | (0.0296) | (0.0298) | |
| Reasoning | 0.7049*** | 0.7077*** | 0.7037*** | 0.7033*** | 0.7023*** | 0.7051*** |
| (0.0323) | (0.0323) | (0.0323) | (0.0322) | (0.0323) | (0.0323) | |
| Combo | 0.7249*** | 0.7269*** | 0.7260*** | 0.7229*** | 0.7248*** | 0.7264*** |
| (0.0314) | (0.0314) | (0.0314) | (0.0312) | (0.0311) | (0.0312) | |
| Facts Baseline | 0.7343*** | 0.7333*** | 0.7315*** | 0.7326*** | 0.7322*** | 0.7334*** |
| (0.0313) | (0.0311) | (0.0311) | (0.0311) | (0.0311) | (0.0311) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.6589*** | 0.6628*** | 0.6626*** | 0.6681*** | 0.6678*** | 0.6701*** |
| (0.0321) | (0.0324) | (0.0322) | (0.0322) | (0.0322) | (0.0326) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.2347 | 0.2468 | 0.2398 | 0.2429 | 0.2442 | 0.2542 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.2342 | 0.2385 | 0.2384 | 0.2416 | 0.2421 | 0.2442 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.3070 | 1.3033 | 1.3034 | 1.3007 | 1.3003 | 1.2984 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Accuracy Discernment Score}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Facts Baseline | 0.7343*** | 0.7333*** | 0.7315*** | 0.7326*** | 0.7322*** | 0.7334*** |
| (0.0313) | (0.0311) | (0.0311) | (0.0311) | (0.0311) | (0.0311) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.6589*** | 0.6628*** | 0.6626*** | 0.6681*** | 0.6678*** | 0.6701*** |
| (0.0321) | (0.0324) | (0.0322) | (0.0322) | (0.0322) | (0.0326) | |
| Reasoning | 0.7049*** | 0.7077*** | 0.7037*** | 0.7033*** | 0.7023*** | 0.7051*** |
| (0.0323) | (0.0323) | (0.0323) | (0.0322) | (0.0323) | (0.0323) | |
| Emotions | 0.7809*** | 0.7798*** | 0.7786*** | 0.7791*** | 0.7784*** | 0.7778*** |
| (0.0299) | (0.0299) | (0.0297) | (0.0297) | (0.0296) | (0.0298) | |
| Combo | 0.7249*** | 0.7269*** | 0.7260*** | 0.7229*** | 0.7248*** | 0.7264*** |
| (0.0314) | (0.0314) | (0.0314) | (0.0312) | (0.0311) | (0.0312) | |
| Age | 0.0408 | 0.0365 | ||||
| (0.0435) | (0.0439) | |||||
| Gender: Man | 0.0038 | 0.0045 | ||||
| (0.0319) | (0.0320) | |||||
| Some College | 0.0419 | 0.0359 | ||||
| (0.0392) | (0.0392) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | 0.0788** | 0.0700** | ||||
| (0.0405) | (0.0403) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | 0.0609* | 0.0605* | ||||
| (0.0398) | (0.0386) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | 0.0727** | 0.0702** | ||||
| (0.0362) | (0.0362) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0843** | -0.0886** | ||||
| (0.0403) | (0.0402) | |||||
| Employed | -0.1427*** | -0.1386*** | ||||
| (0.0437) | (0.0437) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | 0.0621* | 0.0486* | ||||
| (0.0378) | (0.0378) | |||||
| Suburban | 0.0073 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0364) | (0.0363) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | -0.0400* | -0.0361 | ||||
| (0.0308) | (0.0310) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0673** | 0.0666** | ||||
| (0.0337) | (0.0338) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | 0.0118 | 0.0036 | ||||
| (0.0366) | (0.0358) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | -0.0326 | -0.0304 | ||||
| (0.0347) | (0.0348) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0070 | 0.0491 | ||||
| (0.0371) | (0.0389) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | -0.0558* | -0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0427) | (0.0459) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | -0.0185 | 0.0245 | ||||
| (0.0436) | (0.0461) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0397 | 0.0605* | ||||
| (0.0413) | (0.0422) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0303 | -0.0283 | ||||
| (0.0787) | (0.0776) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | -0.0038 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0573) | (0.0579) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0435 | -0.0454 | ||||
| (0.0585) | (0.0585) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0240 | -0.0245 | ||||
| (0.0563) | (0.0562) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0018 | -0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0461) | (0.0461) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | 0.0234 | 0.0239 | ||||
| (0.0455) | (0.0457) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0083 | 0.0076 | ||||
| (0.0440) | (0.0440) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0102 | 0.0023 | ||||
| (0.0449) | (0.0449) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | -0.0144 | -0.0068 | ||||
| (0.0548) | (0.0547) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | -0.0400 | -0.0353 | ||||
| (0.0556) | (0.0557) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | -0.0433 | -0.0448 | ||||
| (0.0540) | (0.0537) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | 0.0001 | -0.0021 | ||||
| (0.0552) | (0.0551) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0102 | -0.0006 | ||||
| (0.0563) | (0.0560) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | -0.0099 | -0.0025 | ||||
| (0.0568) | (0.0569) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0279 | 0.0267 | ||||
| (0.0551) | (0.0548) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0231 | -0.0249 | ||||
| (0.0572) | (0.0572) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0224 | -0.0237 | ||||
| (0.0532) | (0.0528) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | -0.0328 | -0.0307 | ||||
| (0.0533) | (0.0526) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | -0.0687* | -0.0706* | ||||
| (0.0452) | (0.0442) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | -0.0948** | -0.0897** | ||||
| (0.0471) | (0.0455) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | -0.0190 | -0.0157 | ||||
| (0.0553) | (0.0550) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | -0.1154** | -0.1127** | ||||
| (0.0523) | (0.0523) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.0924** | -0.0861** | ||||
| (0.0506) | (0.0506) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0796* | -0.0821* | ||||
| (0.0510) | (0.0509) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.0927* | 0.0944* | ||||
| (0.0580) | (0.0579) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.1118** | 0.1151** | ||||
| (0.0586) | (0.0586) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | 0.0718* | 0.0682 | ||||
| (0.0559) | (0.0556) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.1209** | 0.1193** | ||||
| (0.0570) | (0.0569) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.0870* | 0.0856* | ||||
| (0.0656) | (0.0655) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.1868*** | 0.1783*** | ||||
| (0.0631) | (0.0631) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.1510*** | 0.1353** | ||||
| (0.0610) | (0.0608) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0980* | 0.0897* | ||||
| (0.0612) | (0.0609) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | -0.0085 | -0.0056 | ||||
| (0.0532) | (0.0531) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0527 | -0.0415 | ||||
| (0.0549) | (0.0550) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | -0.0616 | -0.0523 | ||||
| (0.0521) | (0.0518) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0062 | 0.0159 | ||||
| (0.0535) | (0.0534) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0.0494 | 0.0443 | ||||
| (0.0518) | (0.0519) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | 0.0056 | 0.0122 | ||||
| (0.0524) | (0.0524) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0170 | -0.0088 | ||||
| (0.0506) | (0.0505) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0463 | 0.0509 | ||||
| (0.0513) | (0.0512) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | 0.0391 | 0.0328 | ||||
| (0.0446) | (0.0444) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.0521 | 0.0488 | ||||
| (0.0452) | (0.0453) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0.0447 | 0.0400 | ||||
| (0.0451) | (0.0450) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | 0.0915** | 0.0827** | ||||
| (0.0431) | (0.0431) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.0503 | -0.0491 | ||||
| (0.0441) | (0.0444) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0535 | -0.0543 | ||||
| (0.0489) | (0.0491) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0764* | -0.0793** | ||||
| (0.0477) | (0.0475) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0438 | -0.0417 | ||||
| (0.0459) | (0.0459) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | -0.0161 | -0.0117 | ||||
| (0.0436) | (0.0431) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0042 | 0.0106 | ||||
| (0.0466) | (0.0456) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0.0424 | 0.0389 | ||||
| (0.0502) | (0.0482) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0.0748* | 0.0802* | ||||
| (0.0552) | (0.0531) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | 0.0782** | 0.0782** | ||||
| (0.0473) | (0.0472) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.0024 | 0.0032 | ||||
| (0.0474) | (0.0476) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | 0.0290 | 0.0235 | ||||
| (0.0481) | (0.0482) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | 0.0542 | 0.0515 | ||||
| (0.0490) | (0.0486) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0761* | -0.0982** | ||||
| (0.0529) | (0.0552) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.1124** | -0.1450*** | ||||
| (0.0528) | (0.0555) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0824* | -0.0859* | ||||
| (0.0520) | (0.0544) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.1297*** | -0.1520*** | ||||
| (0.0543) | (0.0564) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.0289 | -0.0546 | ||||
| (0.0627) | (0.0658) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0081 | -0.0489 | ||||
| (0.0605) | (0.0648) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0178 | -0.0153 | ||||
| (0.0588) | (0.0627) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | 0.0126 | -0.0163 | ||||
| (0.0611) | (0.0642) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | 0.0462 | 0.0228 | ||||
| (0.0625) | (0.0648) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0462 | -0.0822 | ||||
| (0.0633) | (0.0667) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0829* | -0.0847* | ||||
| (0.0596) | (0.0623) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0822* | -0.1069** | ||||
| (0.0623) | (0.0645) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0366 | -0.0440 | ||||
| (0.0590) | (0.0596) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.0803* | -0.0982** | ||||
| (0.0581) | (0.0594) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0664 | -0.0690 | ||||
| (0.0577) | (0.0588) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0939* | -0.1069** | ||||
| (0.0593) | (0.0600) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.1029*** | -0.0177 | -0.0180 | |||
| (0.0400) | (0.0497) | (0.0500) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0184 | -0.0049 | -0.0118 | |||
| (0.0410) | (0.0477) | (0.0473) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0816* | 0.0635 | 0.0700 | |||
| (0.0571) | (0.0709) | (0.0722) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0437 | -0.0158 | 0.0012 | |||
| (0.0579) | (0.0713) | (0.0716) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0572 | -0.0836 | -0.0749 | |||
| (0.0549) | (0.0692) | (0.0701) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0126 | -0.0249 | -0.0052 | |||
| (0.0567) | (0.0710) | (0.0720) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0583 | -0.0534 | -0.0488 | |||
| (0.0592) | (0.0682) | (0.0682) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0245 | 0.0297 | 0.0409 | |||
| (0.0582) | (0.0683) | (0.0685) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0366 | -0.0181 | -0.0072 | |||
| (0.0558) | (0.0648) | (0.0649) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0683 | 0.0986* | 0.1023* | |||
| (0.0568) | (0.0665) | (0.0663) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -0.1370*** | -0.1254*** | -0.1132*** | |||
| (0.0373) | (0.0469) | (0.0466) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -0.0321 | -0.0283 | -0.0285 | |||
| (0.0380) | (0.0446) | (0.0443) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0563 | 0.0227 | 0.0199 | |||
| (0.0524) | (0.0659) | (0.0657) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0756* | 0.0823 | 0.0814 | |||
| (0.0531) | (0.0658) | (0.0661) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0138 | 0.0400 | 0.0334 | |||
| (0.0509) | (0.0647) | (0.0650) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | 0.0134 | 0.0190 | 0.0126 | |||
| (0.0521) | (0.0657) | (0.0658) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | -0.0560 | -0.0349 | -0.0309 | |||
| (0.0541) | (0.0628) | (0.0627) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0100 | -0.0059 | -0.0069 | |||
| (0.0536) | (0.0632) | (0.0632) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | 0.0775* | 0.0898* | 0.0858* | |||
| (0.0521) | (0.0606) | (0.0608) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0151 | -0.0650 | -0.0635 | |||
| (0.0534) | (0.0629) | (0.0627) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.2347 | 0.2468 | 0.2398 | 0.2429 | 0.2442 | 0.2542 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.2342 | 0.2385 | 0.2384 | 0.2416 | 0.2421 | 0.2442 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.3070 | 1.3033 | 1.3034 | 1.3007 | 1.3003 | 1.2984 |
t-stats ratio.
Ratio between t-stats: with vs. without controlling for covariates.
This table shows the ratio of the standard errors of the model controlling for covariates. (numerator) and the standard errors of the model without controlling for covariates. (denominator).
# Based on the previous code, we can generate the t-stats ratio table
# Extract t-stats for each model
models_wide_tstat <- extract_tstats(models_wide)
models_demographics_tstat <- extract_tstats(models_demographics)
models_sharing_tstat <- extract_tstats(models_sharing)
models_accuracy_tstat <- extract_tstats(models_accuracy)
models_sharing_accuracy_tstat <- extract_tstats(models_sharing_accuracy)
models_all_covariates_tstat <- extract_tstats(models_all_covariates)
# Calculate the ratio of standard errors
ratio_tstat_m1 <- models_tstat[[10]][1:5]/models_tstat[[1]][1:5] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m1b <- models_tstat[[19]][1:5]/models_tstat[[1]][1:5] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m1c <- models_tstat[[28]][1:5]/models_tstat[[1]][1:5] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m1d <- models_tstat[[37]][1:5]/models_tstat[[1]][1:5] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m1e <- models_tstat[[46]][1:5]/models_tstat[[1]][1:5] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m2 <- models_tstat[[11]][1:5]/models_tstat[[2]][1:5] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m2b <- models_tstat[[20]][1:5]/models_tstat[[2]][1:5] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m2c <- models_tstat[[29]][1:5]/models_tstat[[2]][1:5] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m2d <- models_tstat[[38]][1:5]/models_tstat[[2]][1:5] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m2e <- models_tstat[[47]][1:5]/models_tstat[[2]][1:5] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m3 <- models_tstat[[12]][1:5]/models_tstat[[3]][1:5] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m3b <- models_tstat[[21]][1:5]/models_tstat[[3]][1:5] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m3c <- models_tstat[[30]][1:5]/models_tstat[[3]][1:5] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m3d <- models_tstat[[39]][1:5]/models_tstat[[3]][1:5] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m3e <- models_tstat[[48]][1:5]/models_tstat[[3]][1:5] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m4 <- models_tstat[[13]][1:5]/models_tstat[[4]][1:5] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m4b <- models_tstat[[22]][1:5]/models_tstat[[4]][1:5] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m4c <- models_tstat[[31]][1:5]/models_tstat[[4]][1:5] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m4d <- models_tstat[[40]][1:5]/models_tstat[[4]][1:5] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m4e <- models_tstat[[49]][1:5]/models_tstat[[4]][1:5] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m5 <- models_tstat[[14]][1:5]/models_tstat[[5]][1:5] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m5b <- models_tstat[[23]][1:5]/models_tstat[[5]][1:5] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m5c <- models_tstat[[32]][1:5]/models_tstat[[5]][1:5] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m5d <- models_tstat[[41]][1:5]/models_tstat[[5]][1:5] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m5e <- models_tstat[[50]][1:5]/models_tstat[[5]][1:5] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m6 <- models_tstat[[15]][1:5]/models_tstat[[6]][1:5] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m6b <- models_tstat[[24]][1:5]/models_tstat[[6]][1:5] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m6c <- models_tstat[[33]][1:5]/models_tstat[[6]][1:5] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m6d <- models_tstat[[42]][1:5]/models_tstat[[6]][1:5] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m6e <- models_tstat[[51]][1:5]/models_tstat[[6]][1:5] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m7 <- models_tstat[[16]][1:5]/models_tstat[[7]][1:5] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m7b <- models_tstat[[25]][1:5]/models_tstat[[7]][1:5] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m7c <- models_tstat[[34]][1:5]/models_tstat[[7]][1:5] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m7d <- models_tstat[[43]][1:5]/models_tstat[[7]][1:5] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m7e <- models_tstat[[52]][1:5]/models_tstat[[7]][1:5] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m8 <- models_tstat[[17]][1:5]/models_tstat[[8]][1:5] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m8b <- models_tstat[[26]][1:5]/models_tstat[[8]][1:5] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m8c <- models_tstat[[35]][1:5]/models_tstat[[8]][1:5] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m8d <- models_tstat[[44]][1:5]/models_tstat[[8]][1:5] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m8e <- models_tstat[[53]][1:5]/models_tstat[[8]][1:5] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m9 <- models_tstat[[18]][1:5]/models_tstat[[9]][1:5] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m9b <- models_tstat[[27]][1:5]/models_tstat[[9]][1:5] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m9c <- models_tstat[[36]][1:5]/models_tstat[[9]][1:5] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m9d <- models_tstat[[45]][1:5]/models_tstat[[9]][1:5] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_m9e <- models_tstat[[54]][1:5]/models_tstat[[9]][1:5] # all vs. no covariates
# generate html tables for each model of the 9 models
for (m in 1:length(headers)) {
t_ratio_df <- data.frame(
Variable = names(coef(models_wide[[m]])),
Ratio_m1 = get(paste0("ratio_tstat_m",m)),
Ratio_m1b = get(paste0("ratio_tstat_m",m,"b")),
Ratio_m1c = get(paste0("ratio_tstat_m",m,"c")),
Ratio_m1d = get(paste0("ratio_tstat_m",m,"d")),
Ratio_m1e = get(paste0("ratio_tstat_m",m,"e"))
)
t_ratio_df$Variable <- c("No-course Baseline","Facts Baseline","Reasoning","Emotions","Combo")
names(t_ratio_df) <- c("Treatment",
"\u200B\u200B",
"\u200B\u200B\u200B",
"\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B",
"\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B",
"\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B")
rownames(t_ratio_df) <- NULL
multicolumn_headers <- c("<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'></td>
<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'>vs. model (2)</td>
<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'>vs. model (3)</td>
<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'>vs. model (4)</td>
<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'>vs. model (5)</td>
<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'>vs. model (6)")
# Generate the HTML table using stargazer
html_table <- capture.output(stargazer(t_ratio_df, type = "html",
summary = FALSE,
title = "Ratio of t-stats: Models with covariates vs. without covariates",
digits = 4,
column.sep.width = "25pt",
dep.var.labels.include = FALSE))
# spacing between columns
html_table <- gsub("(<td[^>]*>)([^<]+)(</td>)", "\\1\\2 \\3", html_table)
lines_to_add <- c(
"<tr><td style='text-align:left'>Demographics</td><td></td><td>✓</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>✓</td>",
"<tr><td style='text-align:left'>Sharing rates</td><td></td><td></td><td>✓</td><td></td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td>",
"<tr><td style='text-align:left'>Accuracy scores</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td>"
)
# Insert the lines before the closing table tag
html_table <- sub("</table>", paste0(paste(lines_to_add, collapse = "\n"), "</table>"), html_table)
# Print the HTML table
# cat(html_table)
file_path <- paste0("tstat_ratio_table_",m,".html")
writeLines(html_table, file_path)
}\[\textit{Primary Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 1.0110 | 0.8732 | 0.9883 | 0.8851 | 0.8927 |
| 2 | Facts Baseline | 0.9932 | 0.8100 | 0.9599 | 0.8146 | 0.8126 |
| 3 | Reasoning | 0.9922 | 0.8402 | 0.9670 | 0.8443 | 0.8368 |
| 4 | Emotions | 1.0115 | 0.8670 | 0.9816 | 0.8752 | 0.8760 |
| 5 | Combo | 1.0002 | 0.8643 | 0.9780 | 0.8663 | 0.8649 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Misinfo Sharing
Rate}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 1.0522 | 1.2587 | 1.1366 | 1.2677 | 1.2894 |
| 2 | Facts Baseline | 1.0347 | 1.2402 | 1.0762 | 1.2452 | 1.2440 |
| 3 | Reasoning | 1.0407 | 1.1787 | 1.0739 | 1.1819 | 1.1880 |
| 4 | Emotions | 1.0482 | 1.1262 | 1.0640 | 1.1296 | 1.1528 |
| 5 | Combo | 1.0285 | 1.1722 | 1.0814 | 1.1750 | 1.1770 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo Sharing
Rate}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 1.0444 | 1.1817 | 1.0722 | 1.1813 | 1.2005 |
| 2 | Facts Baseline | 1.0304 | 1.1630 | 1.0356 | 1.1592 | 1.1566 |
| 3 | Reasoning | 1.0149 | 1.1363 | 1.0493 | 1.1374 | 1.1297 |
| 4 | Emotions | 1.0194 | 1.0791 | 1.0401 | 1.0813 | 1.0864 |
| 5 | Combo | 1.0191 | 1.1327 | 1.0497 | 1.1323 | 1.1344 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Sharing Discernment
Score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.9975 | 1.0036 | 1.0045 | 1.0071 | 1.0041 |
| 2 | Facts Baseline | 1.0035 | 0.9936 | 0.9989 | 0.9966 | 0.9986 |
| 3 | Reasoning | 0.9987 | 0.9984 | 1.0020 | 0.9978 | 0.9966 |
| 4 | Emotions | 0.9965 | 1.0022 | 1.0010 | 1.0019 | 0.9986 |
| 5 | Combo | 1.0049 | 1.0002 | 0.9999 | 1.0000 | 1.0042 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Misinfo Accuracy
score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.9063 | 1.0057 | 1.0963 | 1.0831 | 1.0130 |
| 2 | Facts Baseline | 0.9639 | 0.9204 | 0.8785 | 0.8731 | 0.8355 |
| 3 | Reasoning | 1.0724 | 1.0602 | 1.1023 | 1.1092 | 1.1489 |
| 4 | Emotions | 1.0197 | 1.0431 | 1.0885 | 1.0905 | 1.0963 |
| 5 | Combo | 1.0296 | 1.0571 | 1.1157 | 1.1183 | 1.1237 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Misinfo binarized
Accuracy score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 1.0295 | 1.1009 | 1.1312 | 1.1451 | 1.1515 |
| 2 | Facts Baseline | 1.0141 | 1.0653 | 1.1372 | 1.1496 | 1.1493 |
| 3 | Reasoning | 1.0265 | 1.0639 | 1.1306 | 1.1345 | 1.1368 |
| 4 | Emotions | 1.0248 | 1.0680 | 1.1065 | 1.1142 | 1.1241 |
| 5 | Combo | 1.0177 | 1.0704 | 1.1225 | 1.1270 | 1.1294 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo Accuracy
score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 1.0631 | 1.0731 | 1.0930 | 1.1025 | 1.1410 |
| 2 | Facts Baseline | 0.9991 | 1.0155 | 1.0483 | 1.0474 | 1.0341 |
| 3 | Reasoning | 0.9749 | 1.0379 | 1.1280 | 1.1190 | 1.0917 |
| 4 | Emotions | 1.0188 | 1.0371 | 1.0831 | 1.0833 | 1.0939 |
| 5 | Combo | 1.0028 | 1.0474 | 1.0843 | 1.0912 | 1.0946 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo binarized
Accuracy score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 1.0231 | 1.0552 | 1.0610 | 1.0709 | 1.0819 |
| 2 | Facts Baseline | 1.0003 | 1.0277 | 1.0562 | 1.0588 | 1.0498 |
| 3 | Reasoning | 1.0025 | 1.0399 | 1.0718 | 1.0764 | 1.0681 |
| 4 | Emotions | 1.0135 | 1.0253 | 1.0482 | 1.0493 | 1.0572 |
| 5 | Combo | 1.0041 | 1.0418 | 1.0583 | 1.0637 | 1.0630 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Accuracy Discernment
Score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 1.0031 | 1.0009 | 1.0031 | 1.0027 | 1.0051 |
| 2 | Facts Baseline | 0.9964 | 1.0003 | 1.0095 | 1.0080 | 1.0007 |
| 3 | Reasoning | 1.0049 | 0.9992 | 1.0012 | 0.9965 | 1.0016 |
| 4 | Emotions | 0.9965 | 1.0039 | 1.0026 | 1.0040 | 0.9989 |
| 5 | Combo | 1.0035 | 1.0027 | 1.0048 | 1.0085 | 1.0085 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Treatment effects (vs. Facts Baseline)
headers <- c("Primary Misinfo Sharing Rate",
"Misinfo Sharing Rate",
"Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate",
"Sharing Discernment Score",
"Misinfo Accuracy score",
"Misinfo binarized Accuracy score",
"Non-Misinfo Accuracy score",
"Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score",
"Accuracy Discernment Score")
# List of models without covariates and their corresponding models with covariates
models_wide_te <- list(m1_wide_te, m2_wide_te, m3_wide_te, m4_wide_te, m5_wide_te, m6_wide_te, m7_wide_te, m8_wide_te, m9_wide_te)
models_demographics_te <- list(m1b_wide_te, m2b_wide_te, m3b_wide_te, m4b_wide_te, m5b_wide_te, m6b_wide_te, m7b_wide_te, m8b_wide_te, m9b_wide_te)
models_sharing_te <- list(m1c_wide_te, m2c_wide_te, m3c_wide_te, m4c_wide_te, m5c_wide_te, m6c_wide_te, m7c_wide_te, m8c_wide_te, m9c_wide_te)
models_accuracy_te <- list(m1d_wide_te, m2d_wide_te, m3d_wide_te, m4d_wide_te, m5d_wide_te, m6d_wide_te, m7d_wide_te, m8d_wide_te, m9d_wide_te)
models_sharing_accuracy_te <- list(m1e_wide_te, m2e_wide_te, m3e_wide_te, m4e_wide_te, m5e_wide_te, m6e_wide_te, m7e_wide_te, m8e_wide_te, m9e_wide_te)
models_all_covariates_te <- list(m1f_wide_te, m2f_wide_te, m3f_wide_te, m4f_wide_te, m5f_wide_te, m6f_wide_te, m7f_wide_te, m8f_wide_te, m9f_wide_te)
# Loop through the headers to create tables for each dependent variable
for (m in 1:length(headers)) {
# Extracting models for the current header
model_list <- list(
models_wide_te[[m]],
models_demographics_te[[m]],
models_sharing_te[[m]],
models_accuracy_te[[m]],
models_sharing_accuracy_te[[m]],
models_all_covariates_te[[m]]
)
# Generate custom column labels
multicolumn_headers <- create_multicolumn_headers(headers[m], 6)
# variable labels
names <- unique(c(names(models_wide_te[[m]]$coefficients)))
names1 <- unique(c(names(models_demographics_te[[m]]$coefficients)))
names2 <- unique(c(names(models_sharing_te[[m]]$coefficients)))
names3 <- unique(c(names(models_accuracy_te[[m]]$coefficients)))
names <- unique(c(names, names1, names2, names3))
variable_labels_wide <- variable_mapping[names]
# keep
keep <- list("treatmentEmotions" = "Emotions",
"treatmentReasoning" = "Reasoning",
"treatmentCombo" = "Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline" = "Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline" = "No-course Baseline")
# Short table
# Generate the HTML table
html_table <- texreg::htmlreg(model_list,
single.row = FALSE,
caption = paste0("Linear Regression (OLS)"),
caption.above = TRUE,
custom.note = "",
custom.model.names = c("No covariates <br> (1)",
"Demographics <br> (2)",
"Sharing rates <br> (3)",
"Accuracy scores <br> (4)",
"Sharing rates and <br> Accuracy scores <br> (5)",
"All covariates <br> (6)"),
custom.coef.names = variable_labels_wide,
custom.coef.map = keep,
custom.gof.rows = list("Demographics" = c("","✓","","","","✓"),
"Misinfo and Non-Misinfo<br>Sharing rates" = c("","","✓","","✓","✓"),
"Misinfo and Non-Misinfo<br>Accuracy scores" = c("","","","✓","✓","✓")),
digits = 4,
include.ci = FALSE,
stars = c(0.20, 0.10, 0.02))
if (m == 1) {
cat("\n<br><br><br>\nSharing rates increase standard errors on primary misinfo outcome (Primary Misinfo Sharing Rate). This is likely the case because much of that information is already contained in the primary misinfo outcome, so the covariates are just adding noise.\n<br><br>\n")
}
cat(paste0("$$\\textit{",headers[m],"}$$"))
# Print HTML table
cat('<br>Short table (treatment coefficients only)<br>')
cat(html_table)
if (m != 1) {
cat('*Note*: \\*p<0.10; \\*\\*p<0.05; \\*\\*\\*p<0.01 one-sided tests.\nRobust standard errors in parentheses. Sample includes the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey. Covariates are de-meaned and interacted with a treatment condition indicator. The list of 18 demographic covariates includes age, gender, education, marital status, geographic location, employment, religiosity, and social media use (frequency of use; self-reported proportion of posts user typically shares). Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores are measured at the pre-treatment survey.<br>\n')
} else {
cat('*Note*: \\*p<0.10; \\*\\*p<0.05; \\*\\*\\*p<0.01 one-sided tests.\nRobust standard errors in parentheses. Sample includes the 7,688 participants who completed the post-survey and shared at least one non-misinformation post in the pre-survey. Covariates are de-meaned and interacted with a treatment condition indicator. The list of 18 demographic covariates includes age, gender, education, marital status, geographic location, employment, religiosity, and social media use (frequency of use; self-reported proportion of posts user typically shares). Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores are measured at the pre-treatment survey.<br>\n')
}
cat('<br><br>\n')
# Full table (all independent variables)
# Drop intercept
drop = "(Intercept)"
cat('<details>')
cat('<summary>Click to view the full table</summary>')
# Generate HTML table
html_table <- texreg::htmlreg(model_list,
single.row = FALSE,
caption = paste0("Linear Regression (OLS)"),
caption.above = TRUE,
custom.note = "",
custom.model.names = c("No covariates <br> (1)",
"Demographics <br> (2)",
"Sharing rates <br> (3)",
"Accuracy scores <br> (4)",
"Sharing rates and <br> Accuracy scores <br> (5)",
"All covariates <br> (6)"),
custom.coef.names = variable_labels_wide,
omit.coef = drop,
custom.gof.rows = list("Demographics" = c("","✓","","","","✓"),
"Misinfo and Non-Misinfo<br>Sharing rates" = c("","","✓","","✓","✓"),
"Misinfo and Non-Misinfo<br>Accuracy scores" = c("","","","✓","✓","✓")),
digits = 4,
include.ci = FALSE,
stars = c(0.20, 0.10, 0.02))
if (m == 1) {
cat("\n<br><br><br>\nSharing rates increase standard errors on primary misinfo outcome (Primary Misinfo Sharing Rate). This is likely the case because much of that information is already contained in the primary misinfo outcome, so the covariates are just adding noise.\n<br><br>\n")
}
cat(paste0("$$\\textit{",headers[m],"}$$"))
# Print HTML table
cat('<br>Full table (covariates and interactions)<br>')
cat(html_table)
if (m != 1) {
cat('*Note*: \\*p<0.10; \\*\\*p<0.05; \\*\\*\\*p<0.01 one-sided tests.\nRobust standard errors in parentheses. Sample includes the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey. Covariates are de-meaned and interacted with a treatment condition indicator. The list of 18 demographic covariates includes age, gender, education, marital status, geographic location, employment, religiosity, and social media use (frequency of use; self-reported proportion of posts user typically shares). Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores are measured at the pre-treatment survey.<br>\n')
} else {
cat('*Note*: \\*p<0.10; \\*\\*p<0.05; \\*\\*\\*p<0.01 one-sided tests.\nRobust standard errors in parentheses. Sample includes the 7,688 participants who completed the post-survey and shared at least one non-misinformation post in the pre-survey. Covariates are de-meaned and interacted with a treatment condition indicator. The list of 18 demographic covariates includes age, gender, education, marital status, geographic location, employment, religiosity, and social media use (frequency of use; self-reported proportion of posts user typically shares). Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores are measured at the pre-treatment survey.<br>\n')
}
cat('<br><br>\n')
cat('</details>')
cat('<br><br>\n')
}Sharing rates increase standard errors on primary misinfo outcome (Primary Misinfo Sharing Rate). This is likely the case because much of that information is already contained in the primary misinfo outcome, so the covariates are just adding noise.
\[\textit{Primary Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.1332*** | -0.1359*** | -0.1258*** | -0.1265*** | -0.1260*** | -0.1271*** |
| (0.0142) | (0.0140) | (0.0153) | (0.0140) | (0.0152) | (0.0151) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0670*** | -0.0740*** | -0.0568*** | -0.0584*** | -0.0575*** | -0.0615*** |
| (0.0146) | (0.0144) | (0.0161) | (0.0146) | (0.0160) | (0.0160) | |
| Combo | -0.1095*** | -0.1142*** | -0.1100*** | -0.1050*** | -0.1106*** | -0.1133*** |
| (0.0147) | (0.0145) | (0.0157) | (0.0145) | (0.0156) | (0.0156) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.0760*** | 0.0708*** | 0.0646*** | 0.0747*** | 0.0630*** | 0.0600*** |
| (0.0144) | (0.0143) | (0.0159) | (0.0143) | (0.0158) | (0.0158) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0347 | 0.0802 | 0.1425 | 0.1044 | 0.1512 | 0.1709 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0342 | 0.0688 | 0.1409 | 0.1028 | 0.1485 | 0.1584 |
| Num. obs. | 7688 | 7688 | 7688 | 7688 | 7688 | 7688 |
| RMSE | 0.3995 | 0.3923 | 0.3768 | 0.3851 | 0.3751 | 0.3730 |
Click to view the full table
Sharing rates increase standard errors on primary misinfo outcome (Primary Misinfo Sharing Rate). This is likely the case because much of that information is already contained in the primary misinfo outcome, so the covariates are just adding noise.
\[\textit{Primary Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]
Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-course Baseline | 0.0760*** | 0.0708*** | 0.0646*** | 0.0747*** | 0.0630*** | 0.0600*** |
| (0.0144) | (0.0143) | (0.0159) | (0.0143) | (0.0158) | (0.0158) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0670*** | -0.0740*** | -0.0568*** | -0.0584*** | -0.0575*** | -0.0615*** |
| (0.0146) | (0.0144) | (0.0161) | (0.0146) | (0.0160) | (0.0160) | |
| Emotions | -0.1332*** | -0.1359*** | -0.1258*** | -0.1265*** | -0.1260*** | -0.1271*** |
| (0.0142) | (0.0140) | (0.0153) | (0.0140) | (0.0152) | (0.0151) | |
| Combo | -0.1095*** | -0.1142*** | -0.1100*** | -0.1050*** | -0.1106*** | -0.1133*** |
| (0.0147) | (0.0145) | (0.0157) | (0.0145) | (0.0156) | (0.0156) | |
| Age | -0.0102 | -0.0075 | ||||
| (0.0119) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Gender: Man | 0.0148* | 0.0091 | ||||
| (0.0104) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0062 | 0.0005 | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0091 | 0.0047 | ||||
| (0.0128) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0353*** | -0.0351*** | ||||
| (0.0116) | (0.0089) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | -0.0049 | -0.0038 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0075 | -0.0052 | ||||
| (0.0133) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0121 | -0.0129 | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0135) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0219** | -0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0121) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0293*** | -0.0211** | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | 0.0198** | 0.0134 | ||||
| (0.0111) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | -0.0052 | -0.0077 | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | -0.0131 | -0.0078 | ||||
| (0.0105) | (0.0100) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0127 | 0.0113 | ||||
| (0.0114) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0555*** | 0.0131 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.0693*** | 0.0162 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0138) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.0762*** | 0.0351*** | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0146) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0377*** | 0.0236** | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | 0.0051 | 0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0151) | (0.0147) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | 0.0060 | 0.0027 | ||||
| (0.0174) | (0.0177) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0206 | -0.0191 | ||||
| (0.0182) | (0.0178) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0037 | -0.0044 | ||||
| (0.0174) | (0.0168) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0212* | -0.0175* | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | -0.0291** | -0.0262** | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0139) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0193* | 0.0226** | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | -0.0152 | -0.0089 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0140) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | -0.0068 | -0.0134 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0162) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | -0.0217 | -0.0197 | ||||
| (0.0179) | (0.0169) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | -0.0003 | -0.0028 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0166) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | -0.0308** | -0.0341** | ||||
| (0.0181) | (0.0172) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0029 | -0.0098 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0163) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | -0.0167 | -0.0239* | ||||
| (0.0178) | (0.0169) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0077 | -0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0166) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0263* | -0.0272* | ||||
| (0.0182) | (0.0172) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0176 | 0.0148 | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0286** | 0.0243* | ||||
| (0.0173) | (0.0159) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0308** | 0.0304** | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0346** | 0.0327*** | ||||
| (0.0153) | (0.0126) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0052 | -0.0015 | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0154) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | 0.0038 | 0.0026 | ||||
| (0.0169) | (0.0162) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | 0.0001 | -0.0047 | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0156) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0027 | -0.0045 | ||||
| (0.0170) | (0.0162) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | -0.0167 | -0.0075 | ||||
| (0.0182) | (0.0169) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | -0.0006 | -0.0007 | ||||
| (0.0187) | (0.0174) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | -0.0051 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0183) | (0.0171) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | -0.0182 | -0.0154 | ||||
| (0.0189) | (0.0177) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | -0.0062 | 0.0047 | ||||
| (0.0200) | (0.0188) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | -0.0129 | -0.0053 | ||||
| (0.0206) | (0.0193) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.0000 | 0.0093 | ||||
| (0.0200) | (0.0189) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | -0.0064 | -0.0040 | ||||
| (0.0206) | (0.0194) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0157 | 0.0076 | ||||
| (0.0164) | (0.0154) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | 0.0063 | -0.0027 | ||||
| (0.0173) | (0.0164) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.0157 | 0.0059 | ||||
| (0.0168) | (0.0159) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0208 | 0.0151 | ||||
| (0.0171) | (0.0163) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0.0061 | 0.0069 | ||||
| (0.0165) | (0.0155) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | 0.0068 | 0.0014 | ||||
| (0.0167) | (0.0158) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | 0.0096 | 0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0164) | (0.0156) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0213 | 0.0209* | ||||
| (0.0169) | (0.0160) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0367*** | -0.0314** | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0141) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | -0.0111 | -0.0032 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0153) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | -0.0221* | -0.0125 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0146) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | -0.0118 | -0.0064 | ||||
| (0.0156) | (0.0151) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | 0.0023 | 0.0036 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0111 | -0.0084 | ||||
| (0.0151) | (0.0144) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0054 | -0.0045 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0142) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | 0.0029 | 0.0116 | ||||
| (0.0159) | (0.0146) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0047 | 0.0084 | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0155) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0109 | 0.0083 | ||||
| (0.0153) | (0.0147) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | -0.0036 | -0.0004 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0152) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0.0149 | 0.0180 | ||||
| (0.0180) | (0.0169) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0149 | -0.0134 | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0140) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | -0.0065 | -0.0075 | ||||
| (0.0158) | (0.0149) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0103 | -0.0108 | ||||
| (0.0156) | (0.0146) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.0219* | -0.0193* | ||||
| (0.0158) | (0.0148) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | 0.0081 | 0.0173 | ||||
| (0.0168) | (0.0160) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0.0123 | 0.0264* | ||||
| (0.0177) | (0.0170) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | 0.0069 | 0.0241* | ||||
| (0.0173) | (0.0166) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | 0.0127 | 0.0208 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0165) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | 0.0033 | 0.0091 | ||||
| (0.0206) | (0.0199) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | 0.0082 | 0.0288* | ||||
| (0.0207) | (0.0202) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | 0.0186 | 0.0400** | ||||
| (0.0196) | (0.0191) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | 0.0112 | 0.0236 | ||||
| (0.0203) | (0.0198) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.0291* | -0.0278* | ||||
| (0.0213) | (0.0205) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0086 | 0.0049 | ||||
| (0.0215) | (0.0212) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0236 | -0.0087 | ||||
| (0.0200) | (0.0197) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0037 | 0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0210) | (0.0206) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0189 | -0.0206 | ||||
| (0.0202) | (0.0192) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.0112 | -0.0069 | ||||
| (0.0201) | (0.0196) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0049 | -0.0020 | ||||
| (0.0190) | (0.0185) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0008 | -0.0034 | ||||
| (0.0198) | (0.0193) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.1361*** | 0.1083*** | 0.1070*** | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0153) | (0.0155) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0681*** | 0.0396** | 0.0326** | |||
| (0.0163) | (0.0184) | (0.0184) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0173 | -0.0063 | -0.0136 | |||
| (0.0164) | (0.0212) | (0.0217) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0098 | 0.0290* | 0.0200 | |||
| (0.0165) | (0.0214) | (0.0217) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0416*** | -0.0252 | -0.0386** | |||
| (0.0162) | (0.0214) | (0.0217) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0178 | -0.0041 | -0.0088 | |||
| (0.0169) | (0.0216) | (0.0220) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0083 | 0.0221 | 0.0300 | |||
| (0.0233) | (0.0259) | (0.0259) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0454** | -0.0452** | -0.0405* | |||
| (0.0233) | (0.0265) | (0.0266) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0155 | -0.0084 | 0.0006 | |||
| (0.0225) | (0.0256) | (0.0255) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0099 | 0.0021 | 0.0062 | |||
| (0.0232) | (0.0261) | (0.0263) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.1107*** | 0.0375*** | 0.0347*** | |||
| (0.0108) | (0.0139) | (0.0140) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0595*** | 0.0452*** | 0.0483*** | |||
| (0.0123) | (0.0135) | (0.0135) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | -0.0210* | -0.0127 | -0.0119 | |||
| (0.0152) | (0.0193) | (0.0195) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0393*** | -0.0517*** | -0.0527*** | |||
| (0.0157) | (0.0200) | (0.0200) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0406*** | -0.0237 | -0.0230 | |||
| (0.0150) | (0.0198) | (0.0199) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0263** | -0.0179 | -0.0184 | |||
| (0.0156) | (0.0197) | (0.0198) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | -0.0143 | -0.0156 | -0.0204 | |||
| (0.0173) | (0.0187) | (0.0187) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0290* | -0.0011 | -0.0062 | |||
| (0.0176) | (0.0193) | (0.0194) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0131 | -0.0061 | -0.0125 | |||
| (0.0172) | (0.0193) | (0.0192) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0156 | -0.0163 | -0.0229 | |||
| (0.0176) | (0.0191) | (0.0192) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0347 | 0.0802 | 0.1425 | 0.1044 | 0.1512 | 0.1709 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0342 | 0.0688 | 0.1409 | 0.1028 | 0.1485 | 0.1584 |
| Num. obs. | 7688 | 7688 | 7688 | 7688 | 7688 | 7688 |
| RMSE | 0.3995 | 0.3923 | 0.3768 | 0.3851 | 0.3751 | 0.3730 |
\[\textit{Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.1120*** | -0.1161*** | -0.1154*** | -0.1126*** | -0.1151*** | -0.1163*** |
| (0.0111) | (0.0107) | (0.0094) | (0.0102) | (0.0094) | (0.0092) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0609*** | -0.0693*** | -0.0661*** | -0.0607*** | -0.0655*** | -0.0699*** |
| (0.0116) | (0.0111) | (0.0096) | (0.0106) | (0.0096) | (0.0095) | |
| Combo | -0.0935*** | -0.0997*** | -0.0981*** | -0.0943*** | -0.0978*** | -0.1003*** |
| (0.0116) | (0.0112) | (0.0096) | (0.0105) | (0.0096) | (0.0095) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.0811*** | 0.0747*** | 0.0640*** | 0.0689*** | 0.0627*** | 0.0599*** |
| (0.0117) | (0.0113) | (0.0093) | (0.0105) | (0.0093) | (0.0092) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0413 | 0.1305 | 0.3319 | 0.1944 | 0.3385 | 0.3612 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0409 | 0.1210 | 0.3308 | 0.1931 | 0.3366 | 0.3527 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3350 | 0.3207 | 0.2798 | 0.3073 | 0.2786 | 0.2752 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-course Baseline | 0.0811*** | 0.0747*** | 0.0640*** | 0.0689*** | 0.0627*** | 0.0599*** |
| (0.0117) | (0.0113) | (0.0093) | (0.0105) | (0.0093) | (0.0092) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0609*** | -0.0693*** | -0.0661*** | -0.0607*** | -0.0655*** | -0.0699*** |
| (0.0116) | (0.0111) | (0.0096) | (0.0106) | (0.0096) | (0.0095) | |
| Emotions | -0.1120*** | -0.1161*** | -0.1154*** | -0.1126*** | -0.1151*** | -0.1163*** |
| (0.0111) | (0.0107) | (0.0094) | (0.0102) | (0.0094) | (0.0092) | |
| Combo | -0.0935*** | -0.0997*** | -0.0981*** | -0.0943*** | -0.0978*** | -0.1003*** |
| (0.0116) | (0.0112) | (0.0096) | (0.0105) | (0.0096) | (0.0095) | |
| Age | -0.0117 | -0.0127* | ||||
| (0.0104) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Gender: Man | 0.0141** | 0.0060 | ||||
| (0.0081) | (0.0068) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0098 | -0.0046 | ||||
| (0.0101) | (0.0083) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0125 | 0.0017 | ||||
| (0.0101) | (0.0081) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0187** | -0.0162** | ||||
| (0.0096) | (0.0075) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | -0.0059 | -0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0091) | (0.0079) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0154* | -0.0070 | ||||
| (0.0104) | (0.0084) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0129 | -0.0134* | ||||
| (0.0114) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0340*** | -0.0146** | ||||
| (0.0095) | (0.0078) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0263*** | -0.0149** | ||||
| (0.0093) | (0.0076) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | 0.0111* | 0.0069 | ||||
| (0.0083) | (0.0075) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0055 | -0.0008 | ||||
| (0.0079) | (0.0060) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | -0.0238*** | -0.0118* | ||||
| (0.0087) | (0.0076) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0123* | 0.0099* | ||||
| (0.0087) | (0.0070) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0790*** | 0.0191*** | ||||
| (0.0103) | (0.0082) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.1145*** | 0.0347*** | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.0959*** | 0.0261*** | ||||
| (0.0107) | (0.0093) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0464*** | 0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0096) | (0.0084) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0018 | 0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | -0.0081 | -0.0046 | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0126) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0121 | -0.0067 | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Age x Combo | 0.0008 | -0.0004 | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0141) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0222** | -0.0109 | ||||
| (0.0115) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | -0.0126 | -0.0149* | ||||
| (0.0113) | (0.0097) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0095 | 0.0156* | ||||
| (0.0108) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0032 | 0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | 0.0011 | -0.0037 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | -0.0090 | -0.0045 | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | 0.0010 | 0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | -0.0057 | -0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0049 | -0.0102 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | -0.0125 | -0.0171* | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0044 | -0.0051 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0138 | -0.0174* | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0113 | 0.0043 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0097) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0094 | -0.0002 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0200* | 0.0190** | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0252** | 0.0203** | ||||
| (0.0128) | (0.0101) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0115 | 0.0062 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | 0.0089 | 0.0086 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | 0.0003 | -0.0057 | ||||
| (0.0120) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0090 | -0.0065 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.0055 | 0.0052 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.0129 | 0.0086 | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | -0.0025 | -0.0021 | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | -0.0007 | -0.0017 | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | -0.0023 | 0.0015 | ||||
| (0.0160) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | -0.0027 | 0.0023 | ||||
| (0.0163) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | -0.0138 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0151) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0017 | 0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0159) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0312*** | 0.0172* | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | 0.0094 | 0.0011 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.0339*** | 0.0168* | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0278** | 0.0172* | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0.0102 | 0.0109 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | 0.0027 | -0.0046 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | 0.0101 | -0.0014 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0238** | 0.0206** | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0194** | -0.0154* | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | -0.0014 | 0.0056 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | -0.0112 | -0.0073 | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0100) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | -0.0096 | -0.0099 | ||||
| (0.0114) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.0111 | -0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0082) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0057 | -0.0022 | ||||
| (0.0108) | (0.0085) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0198** | -0.0101 | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0101 | -0.0031 | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0097) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0184* | 0.0118 | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0177* | 0.0129 | ||||
| (0.0120) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0.0174* | 0.0161* | ||||
| (0.0120) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0.0071 | 0.0051 | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0213** | -0.0166** | ||||
| (0.0116) | (0.0093) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.0046 | 0.0021 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0103) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0091 | -0.0022 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.0311*** | -0.0235*** | ||||
| (0.0119) | (0.0099) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | 0.0019 | 0.0101 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0.0053 | 0.0158* | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0078 | 0.0143 | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.0032 | 0.0145 | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.0052 | -0.0031 | ||||
| (0.0153) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0153 | 0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0154 | 0.0128 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | -0.0197* | 0.0008 | ||||
| (0.0148) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.0097 | -0.0054 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0145 | -0.0017 | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0249** | 0.0024 | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0243** | -0.0004 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0068 | 0.0028 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.0071 | -0.0003 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0048 | 0.0124 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0112) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0130 | -0.0010 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.1507*** | 0.1325*** | 0.1269*** | |||
| (0.0085) | (0.0112) | (0.0114) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0835*** | 0.0679*** | 0.0648*** | |||
| (0.0086) | (0.0103) | (0.0104) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0010 | 0.0025 | -0.0004 | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0156) | (0.0160) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0128 | -0.0006 | -0.0029 | |||
| (0.0121) | (0.0162) | (0.0163) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0431*** | -0.0395*** | -0.0460*** | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0159) | (0.0160) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0263** | -0.0208* | -0.0220* | |||
| (0.0123) | (0.0160) | (0.0162) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0030 | 0.0025 | 0.0057 | |||
| (0.0120) | (0.0141) | (0.0142) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0245** | -0.0172 | -0.0157 | |||
| (0.0118) | (0.0150) | (0.0151) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0315*** | -0.0191* | -0.0139 | |||
| (0.0115) | (0.0141) | (0.0140) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0173* | -0.0107 | -0.0088 | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0141) | (0.0142) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.1163*** | 0.0258*** | 0.0193** | |||
| (0.0083) | (0.0099) | (0.0099) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0735*** | 0.0283*** | 0.0285*** | |||
| (0.0086) | (0.0093) | (0.0093) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | -0.0090 | -0.0031 | 0.0025 | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0141) | (0.0141) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0226** | -0.0152 | -0.0134 | |||
| (0.0120) | (0.0149) | (0.0147) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0344*** | -0.0056 | -0.0030 | |||
| (0.0114) | (0.0144) | (0.0143) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0296*** | -0.0075 | -0.0039 | |||
| (0.0119) | (0.0141) | (0.0140) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | -0.0113 | -0.0020 | -0.0033 | |||
| (0.0123) | (0.0127) | (0.0128) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0318*** | -0.0140 | -0.0164 | |||
| (0.0118) | (0.0136) | (0.0136) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0336*** | -0.0179* | -0.0217* | |||
| (0.0119) | (0.0133) | (0.0132) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0152 | -0.0096 | -0.0116 | |||
| (0.0121) | (0.0132) | (0.0132) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0413 | 0.1305 | 0.3319 | 0.1944 | 0.3385 | 0.3612 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0409 | 0.1210 | 0.3308 | 0.1931 | 0.3366 | 0.3527 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3350 | 0.3207 | 0.2798 | 0.3073 | 0.2786 | 0.2752 |
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.0878*** | -0.0921*** | -0.0912*** | -0.0883*** | -0.0911*** | -0.0927*** |
| (0.0125) | (0.0122) | (0.0112) | (0.0119) | (0.0112) | (0.0111) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0568*** | -0.0640*** | -0.0629*** | -0.0564*** | -0.0630*** | -0.0667*** |
| (0.0128) | (0.0124) | (0.0111) | (0.0121) | (0.0111) | (0.0110) | |
| Combo | -0.0849*** | -0.0899*** | -0.0889*** | -0.0856*** | -0.0890*** | -0.0907*** |
| (0.0128) | (0.0124) | (0.0111) | (0.0121) | (0.0111) | (0.0110) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.0727*** | 0.0683*** | 0.0565*** | 0.0620*** | 0.0556*** | 0.0542*** |
| (0.0125) | (0.0121) | (0.0107) | (0.0118) | (0.0107) | (0.0106) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0253 | 0.0877 | 0.2480 | 0.1204 | 0.2495 | 0.2667 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0249 | 0.0777 | 0.2468 | 0.1190 | 0.2474 | 0.2569 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3726 | 0.3624 | 0.3275 | 0.3542 | 0.3274 | 0.3253 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-course Baseline | 0.0727*** | 0.0683*** | 0.0565*** | 0.0620*** | 0.0556*** | 0.0542*** |
| (0.0125) | (0.0121) | (0.0107) | (0.0118) | (0.0107) | (0.0106) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0568*** | -0.0640*** | -0.0629*** | -0.0564*** | -0.0630*** | -0.0667*** |
| (0.0128) | (0.0124) | (0.0111) | (0.0121) | (0.0111) | (0.0110) | |
| Emotions | -0.0878*** | -0.0921*** | -0.0912*** | -0.0883*** | -0.0911*** | -0.0927*** |
| (0.0125) | (0.0122) | (0.0112) | (0.0119) | (0.0112) | (0.0111) | |
| Combo | -0.0849*** | -0.0899*** | -0.0889*** | -0.0856*** | -0.0890*** | -0.0907*** |
| (0.0128) | (0.0124) | (0.0111) | (0.0121) | (0.0111) | (0.0110) | |
| Age | -0.0019 | -0.0044 | ||||
| (0.0084) | (0.0087) | |||||
| Gender: Man | 0.0176** | 0.0086 | ||||
| (0.0088) | (0.0079) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0059 | -0.0022 | ||||
| (0.0108) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0013 | 0.0112 | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0205** | -0.0173* | ||||
| (0.0122) | (0.0112) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | 0.0047 | 0.0017 | ||||
| (0.0098) | (0.0088) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0249** | -0.0163** | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0096) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0333*** | -0.0316*** | ||||
| (0.0122) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0206** | -0.0042 | ||||
| (0.0105) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0106 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0102) | (0.0091) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | 0.0099 | 0.0068 | ||||
| (0.0094) | (0.0087) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0136* | 0.0065 | ||||
| (0.0093) | (0.0083) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | -0.0228*** | -0.0122* | ||||
| (0.0070) | (0.0079) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0129* | 0.0106* | ||||
| (0.0091) | (0.0081) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0863*** | 0.0350*** | ||||
| (0.0103) | (0.0089) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.1045*** | 0.0343*** | ||||
| (0.0120) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.0991*** | 0.0366*** | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0547*** | 0.0208** | ||||
| (0.0116) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0114 | -0.0076 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | -0.0105 | -0.0061 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0158 | -0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0085 | -0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0125) | (0.0127) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0357*** | -0.0236** | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | -0.0100 | -0.0123 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | -0.0024 | 0.0049 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | -0.0068 | -0.0012 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0112) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | 0.0023 | -0.0010 | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0126) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | -0.0073 | -0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0153) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | -0.0020 | -0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0152) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | 0.0043 | 0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0048 | -0.0088 | ||||
| (0.0151) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | -0.0070 | -0.0102 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0052 | -0.0041 | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0138) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0156 | -0.0183* | ||||
| (0.0157) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0211* | 0.0133 | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0228* | 0.0125 | ||||
| (0.0167) | (0.0168) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0213* | 0.0193* | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0140) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0196* | 0.0147 | ||||
| (0.0148) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0069 | 0.0033 | ||||
| (0.0137) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | -0.0120 | -0.0110 | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.0178* | -0.0228** | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0169 | -0.0137 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.0138 | 0.0115 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0135) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.0202 | 0.0160 | ||||
| (0.0159) | (0.0140) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | 0.0015 | 0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0156) | (0.0142) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.0156 | 0.0142 | ||||
| (0.0158) | (0.0140) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.0066 | 0.0073 | ||||
| (0.0171) | (0.0148) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.0213 | 0.0232* | ||||
| (0.0177) | (0.0155) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.0109 | 0.0214* | ||||
| (0.0170) | (0.0157) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0103 | 0.0110 | ||||
| (0.0172) | (0.0154) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0300** | 0.0176* | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0034 | -0.0080 | ||||
| (0.0152) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.0277** | 0.0127 | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0330** | 0.0253** | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0.0066 | 0.0075 | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0039 | -0.0093 | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | 0.0056 | -0.0049 | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0149 | 0.0133 | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0152 | -0.0130 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | -0.0035 | 0.0032 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | -0.0071 | -0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | -0.0020 | -0.0046 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.0107 | -0.0021 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0168* | -0.0140 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0305*** | -0.0203** | ||||
| (0.0125) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0235** | -0.0153 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0197** | 0.0131* | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0240** | 0.0207** | ||||
| (0.0115) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0.0217** | 0.0213* | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0142) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0.0161 | 0.0154 | ||||
| (0.0137) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0147 | -0.0097 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | -0.0041 | -0.0062 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0147 | -0.0073 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.0209* | -0.0129 | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0168 | -0.0143 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.0183 | -0.0173* | ||||
| (0.0151) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0335** | -0.0180* | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.0316** | -0.0224** | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.0081 | -0.0114 | ||||
| (0.0171) | (0.0155) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0133 | -0.0055 | ||||
| (0.0174) | (0.0159) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0142 | 0.0073 | ||||
| (0.0166) | (0.0157) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | -0.0054 | 0.0048 | ||||
| (0.0169) | (0.0158) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.0059 | -0.0060 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0155) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0262* | -0.0243* | ||||
| (0.0178) | (0.0163) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0370** | -0.0152 | ||||
| (0.0169) | (0.0156) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0345** | -0.0183 | ||||
| (0.0176) | (0.0160) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0223* | -0.0146 | ||||
| (0.0167) | (0.0146) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.0210 | -0.0204* | ||||
| (0.0166) | (0.0149) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0142 | 0.0005 | ||||
| (0.0161) | (0.0147) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0284** | -0.0200* | ||||
| (0.0165) | (0.0149) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.1185*** | 0.1185*** | 0.1125*** | |||
| (0.0099) | (0.0124) | (0.0124) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.1009*** | 0.0949*** | 0.0902*** | |||
| (0.0104) | (0.0122) | (0.0123) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0185* | 0.0056 | 0.0014 | |||
| (0.0137) | (0.0174) | (0.0177) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0030 | -0.0145 | -0.0138 | |||
| (0.0144) | (0.0182) | (0.0183) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0415*** | -0.0529*** | -0.0548*** | |||
| (0.0141) | (0.0186) | (0.0186) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0055 | -0.0060 | -0.0056 | |||
| (0.0145) | (0.0179) | (0.0180) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0176 | -0.0128 | -0.0081 | |||
| (0.0144) | (0.0166) | (0.0168) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0178 | -0.0031 | 0.0012 | |||
| (0.0146) | (0.0175) | (0.0177) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0232* | -0.0228* | -0.0168 | |||
| (0.0143) | (0.0171) | (0.0172) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0189* | -0.0177 | -0.0136 | |||
| (0.0144) | (0.0169) | (0.0169) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0848*** | -0.0005 | -0.0059 | |||
| (0.0095) | (0.0110) | (0.0110) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0691*** | 0.0106 | 0.0110 | |||
| (0.0100) | (0.0109) | (0.0108) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0140 | 0.0202* | 0.0275** | |||
| (0.0131) | (0.0154) | (0.0154) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0015 | 0.0172 | 0.0200 | |||
| (0.0136) | (0.0162) | (0.0162) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0235** | 0.0160 | 0.0187 | |||
| (0.0134) | (0.0169) | (0.0168) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0139 | 0.0010 | 0.0046 | |||
| (0.0136) | (0.0158) | (0.0156) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | -0.0209* | -0.0031 | -0.0044 | |||
| (0.0140) | (0.0145) | (0.0145) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0338*** | -0.0231* | -0.0260** | |||
| (0.0139) | (0.0155) | (0.0155) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0144 | 0.0035 | 0.0007 | |||
| (0.0139) | (0.0157) | (0.0157) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0102 | -0.0018 | -0.0038 | |||
| (0.0140) | (0.0152) | (0.0153) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0253 | 0.0877 | 0.2480 | 0.1204 | 0.2495 | 0.2667 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0249 | 0.0777 | 0.2468 | 0.1190 | 0.2474 | 0.2569 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3726 | 0.3624 | 0.3275 | 0.3542 | 0.3274 | 0.3253 |
\[\textit{Sharing Discernment Score}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | 0.0241*** | 0.0240*** | 0.0241*** | 0.0243*** | 0.0240*** | 0.0236*** |
| (0.0100) | (0.0100) | (0.0099) | (0.0099) | (0.0099) | (0.0100) | |
| Reasoning | 0.0042 | 0.0053 | 0.0032 | 0.0043 | 0.0025 | 0.0032 |
| (0.0103) | (0.0103) | (0.0102) | (0.0102) | (0.0102) | (0.0103) | |
| Combo | 0.0087 | 0.0098 | 0.0092 | 0.0088 | 0.0088 | 0.0095 |
| (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | |
| No-course Baseline | -0.0084 | -0.0064 | -0.0075 | -0.0069 | -0.0071 | -0.0057 |
| (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0102) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0013 | 0.0128 | 0.0058 | 0.0063 | 0.0101 | 0.0206 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0008 | 0.0020 | 0.0042 | 0.0047 | 0.0074 | 0.0076 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3015 | 0.3013 | 0.3010 | 0.3009 | 0.3005 | 0.3005 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Sharing Discernment Score}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-course Baseline | -0.0084 | -0.0064 | -0.0075 | -0.0069 | -0.0071 | -0.0057 |
| (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0102) | |
| Reasoning | 0.0042 | 0.0053 | 0.0032 | 0.0043 | 0.0025 | 0.0032 |
| (0.0103) | (0.0103) | (0.0102) | (0.0102) | (0.0102) | (0.0103) | |
| Emotions | 0.0241*** | 0.0240*** | 0.0241*** | 0.0243*** | 0.0240*** | 0.0236*** |
| (0.0100) | (0.0100) | (0.0099) | (0.0099) | (0.0099) | (0.0100) | |
| Combo | 0.0087 | 0.0098 | 0.0092 | 0.0088 | 0.0088 | 0.0095 |
| (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | |
| Age | 0.0098 | 0.0083 | ||||
| (0.0100) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Gender: Man | 0.0035 | 0.0026 | ||||
| (0.0072) | (0.0072) | |||||
| Some College | 0.0039 | 0.0024 | ||||
| (0.0085) | (0.0085) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | 0.0112 | 0.0096 | ||||
| (0.0089) | (0.0089) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0018 | -0.0012 | ||||
| (0.0088) | (0.0088) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | 0.0105* | 0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0082) | (0.0082) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0095 | -0.0093 | ||||
| (0.0092) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0204** | -0.0183** | ||||
| (0.0101) | (0.0101) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | 0.0134* | 0.0104 | ||||
| (0.0087) | (0.0088) | |||||
| Suburban | 0.0157** | 0.0140** | ||||
| (0.0080) | (0.0080) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | -0.0013 | -0.0002 | ||||
| (0.0070) | (0.0070) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0082 | 0.0073 | ||||
| (0.0076) | (0.0075) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | 0.0009 | -0.0004 | ||||
| (0.0070) | (0.0068) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0006 | 0.0007 | ||||
| (0.0078) | (0.0077) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0073 | 0.0159** | ||||
| (0.0076) | (0.0079) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | -0.0100 | -0.0004 | ||||
| (0.0093) | (0.0100) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.0032 | 0.0105 | ||||
| (0.0096) | (0.0100) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0084 | 0.0116 | ||||
| (0.0093) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0096 | -0.0084 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | -0.0024 | -0.0015 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0038 | -0.0025 | ||||
| (0.0128) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0093 | -0.0088 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0135* | -0.0127 | ||||
| (0.0105) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | 0.0026 | 0.0026 | ||||
| (0.0104) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | -0.0119 | -0.0107 | ||||
| (0.0102) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | -0.0100 | -0.0104 | ||||
| (0.0102) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | 0.0012 | 0.0027 | ||||
| (0.0121) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | 0.0017 | 0.0032 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | -0.0030 | -0.0022 | ||||
| (0.0122) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | 0.0100 | 0.0106 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0002 | 0.0015 | ||||
| (0.0125) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0.0056 | 0.0069 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0126) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0008 | 0.0010 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0018 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0128) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0098 | 0.0090 | ||||
| (0.0121) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0135 | 0.0127 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0014 | 0.0003 | ||||
| (0.0108) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | -0.0056 | -0.0055 | ||||
| (0.0102) | (0.0101) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | -0.0047 | -0.0028 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | -0.0209** | -0.0197* | ||||
| (0.0122) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.0182* | -0.0171* | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0079 | -0.0072 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.0083 | 0.0063 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.0073 | 0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0133) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | 0.0041 | 0.0034 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.0162 | 0.0158 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.0089 | 0.0058 | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0143) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.0241* | 0.0209* | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0146) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.0247** | 0.0222* | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0143) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0085 | 0.0060 | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0142) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | -0.0013 | 0.0005 | ||||
| (0.0122) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0128 | -0.0091 | ||||
| (0.0125) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | -0.0063 | -0.0041 | ||||
| (0.0122) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0052 | 0.0082 | ||||
| (0.0122) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | -0.0036 | -0.0034 | ||||
| (0.0115) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0067 | -0.0048 | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0045 | -0.0035 | ||||
| (0.0115) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | -0.0089 | -0.0073 | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | 0.0042 | 0.0024 | ||||
| (0.0098) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | -0.0021 | -0.0023 | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0.0041 | 0.0023 | ||||
| (0.0107) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | 0.0076 | 0.0053 | ||||
| (0.0104) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | 0.0005 | 0.0018 | ||||
| (0.0102) | (0.0101) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0111 | -0.0118 | ||||
| (0.0108) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0108 | -0.0103 | ||||
| (0.0107) | (0.0106) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0134 | -0.0123 | ||||
| (0.0111) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0012 | 0.0014 | ||||
| (0.0083) | (0.0081) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0063 | 0.0078 | ||||
| (0.0109) | (0.0106) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0.0043 | 0.0052 | ||||
| (0.0099) | (0.0096) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0.0090 | 0.0103 | ||||
| (0.0107) | (0.0106) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | 0.0066 | 0.0070 | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | -0.0087 | -0.0084 | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0057 | -0.0051 | ||||
| (0.0107) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | 0.0102 | 0.0105 | ||||
| (0.0105) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0187** | -0.0244** | ||||
| (0.0111) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.0236** | -0.0330*** | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0257** | -0.0323*** | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.0285*** | -0.0369*** | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.0029 | -0.0083 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0145) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | 0.0020 | -0.0093 | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0147) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | 0.0011 | -0.0055 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0143) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | 0.0143 | 0.0040 | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0145) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | 0.0038 | -0.0006 | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0145) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0117 | -0.0225* | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0152) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0121 | -0.0177 | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0143) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0103 | -0.0179 | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0145) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0155 | -0.0174 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.0139 | -0.0201* | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0139) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0093 | -0.0119 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0155 | -0.0190* | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0322*** | -0.0141 | -0.0145 | |||
| (0.0091) | (0.0112) | (0.0115) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0174** | 0.0270*** | 0.0253** | |||
| (0.0093) | (0.0109) | (0.0110) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0195* | 0.0031 | 0.0019 | |||
| (0.0130) | (0.0158) | (0.0163) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0098 | -0.0139 | -0.0109 | |||
| (0.0133) | (0.0162) | (0.0164) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0016 | -0.0134 | -0.0088 | |||
| (0.0128) | (0.0163) | (0.0166) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0208* | 0.0148 | 0.0164 | |||
| (0.0132) | (0.0162) | (0.0166) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0146 | -0.0153 | -0.0138 | |||
| (0.0135) | (0.0154) | (0.0155) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0067 | 0.0142 | 0.0170 | |||
| (0.0135) | (0.0162) | (0.0164) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0082 | -0.0037 | -0.0029 | |||
| (0.0130) | (0.0154) | (0.0155) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0016 | -0.0069 | -0.0049 | |||
| (0.0132) | (0.0157) | (0.0159) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -0.0315*** | -0.0263*** | -0.0252*** | |||
| (0.0080) | (0.0100) | (0.0101) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -0.0044 | -0.0178** | -0.0175** | |||
| (0.0083) | (0.0098) | (0.0098) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0231** | 0.0233** | 0.0249** | |||
| (0.0114) | (0.0140) | (0.0140) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0241** | 0.0324** | 0.0334*** | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0142) | (0.0143) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | 0.0109 | 0.0216* | 0.0217* | |||
| (0.0113) | (0.0144) | (0.0145) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | 0.0157* | 0.0085 | 0.0085 | |||
| (0.0113) | (0.0140) | (0.0141) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | -0.0096 | -0.0011 | -0.0011 | |||
| (0.0119) | (0.0137) | (0.0137) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0020 | -0.0091 | -0.0096 | |||
| (0.0119) | (0.0142) | (0.0143) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | 0.0192* | 0.0213* | 0.0224* | |||
| (0.0119) | (0.0141) | (0.0141) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | 0.0050 | 0.0077 | 0.0078 | |||
| (0.0116) | (0.0139) | (0.0139) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0013 | 0.0128 | 0.0058 | 0.0063 | 0.0101 | 0.0206 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0008 | 0.0020 | 0.0042 | 0.0047 | 0.0074 | 0.0076 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3015 | 0.3013 | 0.3010 | 0.3009 | 0.3005 | 0.3005 |
\[\textit{Misinfo Accuracy score}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.2702*** | -0.2909*** | -0.2784*** | -0.2711*** | -0.2734*** | -0.2845*** |
| (0.0450) | (0.0439) | (0.0419) | (0.0397) | (0.0396) | (0.0393) | |
| Reasoning | -0.1864*** | -0.2232*** | -0.2009*** | -0.1829*** | -0.1881*** | -0.2109*** |
| (0.0463) | (0.0449) | (0.0431) | (0.0403) | (0.0402) | (0.0400) | |
| Combo | -0.2489*** | -0.2756*** | -0.2619*** | -0.2512*** | -0.2551*** | -0.2687*** |
| (0.0461) | (0.0450) | (0.0429) | (0.0403) | (0.0402) | (0.0401) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.3877*** | 0.3521*** | 0.3446*** | 0.3273*** | 0.3223*** | 0.3024*** |
| (0.0467) | (0.0454) | (0.0431) | (0.0397) | (0.0395) | (0.0392) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0312 | 0.0988 | 0.1598 | 0.2690 | 0.2756 | 0.2984 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0307 | 0.0889 | 0.1585 | 0.2678 | 0.2736 | 0.2891 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.3410 | 1.3001 | 1.2495 | 1.1655 | 1.1609 | 1.1484 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Misinfo Accuracy score}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-course Baseline | 0.3877*** | 0.3521*** | 0.3446*** | 0.3273*** | 0.3223*** | 0.3024*** |
| (0.0467) | (0.0454) | (0.0431) | (0.0397) | (0.0395) | (0.0392) | |
| Reasoning | -0.1864*** | -0.2232*** | -0.2009*** | -0.1829*** | -0.1881*** | -0.2109*** |
| (0.0463) | (0.0449) | (0.0431) | (0.0403) | (0.0402) | (0.0400) | |
| Emotions | -0.2702*** | -0.2909*** | -0.2784*** | -0.2711*** | -0.2734*** | -0.2845*** |
| (0.0450) | (0.0439) | (0.0419) | (0.0397) | (0.0396) | (0.0393) | |
| Combo | -0.2489*** | -0.2756*** | -0.2619*** | -0.2512*** | -0.2551*** | -0.2687*** |
| (0.0461) | (0.0450) | (0.0429) | (0.0403) | (0.0402) | (0.0401) | |
| Age | -0.0746** | -0.0577* | ||||
| (0.0377) | (0.0385) | |||||
| Gender: Man | -0.0288 | -0.0347 | ||||
| (0.0327) | (0.0294) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0864** | -0.0624** | ||||
| (0.0403) | (0.0359) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0941*** | -0.0657** | ||||
| (0.0403) | (0.0358) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0618* | -0.0597* | ||||
| (0.0452) | (0.0402) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | -0.0589* | -0.0479* | ||||
| (0.0372) | (0.0339) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0709** | -0.0551* | ||||
| (0.0413) | (0.0362) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0700* | -0.0921** | ||||
| (0.0477) | (0.0423) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0706** | -0.0137 | ||||
| (0.0386) | (0.0342) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0456 | -0.0081 | ||||
| (0.0384) | (0.0341) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | 0.0084 | -0.0006 | ||||
| (0.0337) | (0.0310) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0045 | 0.0027 | ||||
| (0.0329) | (0.0308) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | -0.0573** | -0.0199 | ||||
| (0.0308) | (0.0300) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0524* | 0.0407* | ||||
| (0.0332) | (0.0302) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.2940*** | 0.1056*** | ||||
| (0.0450) | (0.0395) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.3555*** | 0.1252*** | ||||
| (0.0435) | (0.0405) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.2786*** | 0.0829** | ||||
| (0.0446) | (0.0407) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.1369*** | 0.0406 | ||||
| (0.0403) | (0.0364) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0052 | -0.0130 | ||||
| (0.0609) | (0.0521) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | 0.0004 | -0.0019 | ||||
| (0.0573) | (0.0535) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0711* | -0.0439 | ||||
| (0.0497) | (0.0497) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0001 | -0.0087 | ||||
| (0.0589) | (0.0589) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0154 | 0.0031 | ||||
| (0.0460) | (0.0398) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | 0.0224 | -0.0012 | ||||
| (0.0453) | (0.0407) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0661* | 0.0735** | ||||
| (0.0444) | (0.0403) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0030 | 0.0259 | ||||
| (0.0454) | (0.0405) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | 0.0306 | 0.0060 | ||||
| (0.0565) | (0.0481) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | 0.0541 | 0.0511 | ||||
| (0.0564) | (0.0501) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | 0.0867* | 0.0728* | ||||
| (0.0548) | (0.0489) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | 0.0172 | 0.0225 | ||||
| (0.0563) | (0.0502) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0320 | 0.0034 | ||||
| (0.0565) | (0.0488) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0.0197 | 0.0104 | ||||
| (0.0553) | (0.0495) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0542 | 0.0402 | ||||
| (0.0545) | (0.0486) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0232 | -0.0035 | ||||
| (0.0560) | (0.0500) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0166 | -0.0154 | ||||
| (0.0539) | (0.0478) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0263 | -0.0005 | ||||
| (0.0611) | (0.0564) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0573 | 0.0610 | ||||
| (0.0566) | (0.0507) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0985* | 0.0792* | ||||
| (0.0624) | (0.0535) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0515 | 0.0278 | ||||
| (0.0536) | (0.0467) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | 0.0471 | 0.0325 | ||||
| (0.0521) | (0.0471) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | 0.0257 | -0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0500) | (0.0460) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0077 | -0.0023 | ||||
| (0.0529) | (0.0479) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | -0.0166 | 0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0582) | (0.0496) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.0174 | 0.0173 | ||||
| (0.0577) | (0.0506) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | -0.0113 | -0.0001 | ||||
| (0.0560) | (0.0500) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | -0.0120 | 0.0128 | ||||
| (0.0585) | (0.0517) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.0265 | 0.0550 | ||||
| (0.0659) | (0.0569) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | -0.0389 | 0.0261 | ||||
| (0.0667) | (0.0586) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | -0.0030 | 0.0494 | ||||
| (0.0639) | (0.0577) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0143 | 0.0586 | ||||
| (0.0655) | (0.0582) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | -0.0062 | -0.0082 | ||||
| (0.0540) | (0.0462) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0509 | -0.0698* | ||||
| (0.0543) | (0.0481) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.0545 | 0.0071 | ||||
| (0.0535) | (0.0479) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0456 | 0.0146 | ||||
| (0.0536) | (0.0482) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | -0.0626 | -0.0334 | ||||
| (0.0534) | (0.0463) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0788* | -0.0933** | ||||
| (0.0527) | (0.0471) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0682* | -0.0829** | ||||
| (0.0515) | (0.0462) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0093 | -0.0089 | ||||
| (0.0525) | (0.0470) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0470 | -0.0184 | ||||
| (0.0443) | (0.0396) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.0150 | 0.0248 | ||||
| (0.0486) | (0.0440) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | -0.0328 | -0.0062 | ||||
| (0.0452) | (0.0413) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | -0.0283 | -0.0150 | ||||
| (0.0458) | (0.0420) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.0628* | -0.0638* | ||||
| (0.0462) | (0.0408) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0141 | -0.0090 | ||||
| (0.0448) | (0.0423) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0217 | -0.0144 | ||||
| (0.0459) | (0.0427) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0199 | -0.0219 | ||||
| (0.0495) | (0.0425) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0363 | 0.0306 | ||||
| (0.0456) | (0.0412) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0396 | 0.0283 | ||||
| (0.0420) | (0.0421) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | -0.0257 | -0.0165 | ||||
| (0.0507) | (0.0483) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | -0.0251 | -0.0481 | ||||
| (0.0665) | (0.0507) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0846** | -0.0832** | ||||
| (0.0466) | (0.0414) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.0377 | 0.0164 | ||||
| (0.0472) | (0.0433) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0582 | -0.0395 | ||||
| (0.0473) | (0.0446) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.0939** | -0.0698** | ||||
| (0.0475) | (0.0417) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0462 | -0.0003 | ||||
| (0.0605) | (0.0535) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.0142 | 0.0299 | ||||
| (0.0615) | (0.0547) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0980* | -0.0443 | ||||
| (0.0618) | (0.0545) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.0683 | 0.0016 | ||||
| (0.0603) | (0.0536) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.0793 | -0.0364 | ||||
| (0.0625) | (0.0555) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0315 | 0.0328 | ||||
| (0.0605) | (0.0558) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0970** | -0.0410 | ||||
| (0.0586) | (0.0546) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | -0.0732 | 0.0054 | ||||
| (0.0611) | (0.0571) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.1401** | -0.0880* | ||||
| (0.0631) | (0.0546) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0018 | 0.0489 | ||||
| (0.0620) | (0.0558) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0852* | -0.0279 | ||||
| (0.0589) | (0.0538) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0830* | -0.0036 | ||||
| (0.0612) | (0.0566) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0543 | -0.0371 | ||||
| (0.0586) | (0.0500) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | 0.0298 | 0.0474 | ||||
| (0.0560) | (0.0502) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0404 | -0.0143 | ||||
| (0.0545) | (0.0488) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0466 | -0.0029 | ||||
| (0.0560) | (0.0514) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.3954*** | 0.1025** | 0.0820** | |||
| (0.0383) | (0.0465) | (0.0462) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.2259*** | 0.0831** | 0.0744** | |||
| (0.0380) | (0.0428) | (0.0430) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0309 | -0.0441 | -0.0472 | |||
| (0.0530) | (0.0646) | (0.0654) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0474 | -0.0168 | -0.0219 | |||
| (0.0543) | (0.0656) | (0.0650) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0720* | -0.0586 | -0.0568 | |||
| (0.0522) | (0.0636) | (0.0638) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0398 | -0.0107 | -0.0158 | |||
| (0.0539) | (0.0647) | (0.0657) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0187 | 0.0225 | 0.0379 | |||
| (0.0530) | (0.0589) | (0.0588) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0509 | -0.0174 | -0.0245 | |||
| (0.0535) | (0.0608) | (0.0609) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0669* | 0.0250 | 0.0401 | |||
| (0.0511) | (0.0586) | (0.0587) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0957** | -0.0779* | -0.0695 | |||
| (0.0524) | (0.0590) | (0.0591) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.4984*** | 0.4245*** | 0.3921*** | |||
| (0.0357) | (0.0461) | (0.0465) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.3177*** | 0.2665*** | 0.2700*** | |||
| (0.0358) | (0.0429) | (0.0428) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0134 | 0.0446 | 0.0662 | |||
| (0.0484) | (0.0634) | (0.0635) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0135 | 0.0038 | 0.0176 | |||
| (0.0500) | (0.0645) | (0.0641) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0748* | -0.0353 | -0.0256 | |||
| (0.0489) | (0.0632) | (0.0640) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0584 | -0.0375 | -0.0219 | |||
| (0.0492) | (0.0628) | (0.0633) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0575 | 0.0592 | 0.0477 | |||
| (0.0485) | (0.0579) | (0.0573) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0668* | -0.0500 | -0.0614 | |||
| (0.0480) | (0.0585) | (0.0581) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0792* | -0.0870* | -0.0992** | |||
| (0.0483) | (0.0581) | (0.0580) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0291 | 0.0117 | 0.0034 | |||
| (0.0476) | (0.0574) | (0.0574) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0312 | 0.0988 | 0.1598 | 0.2690 | 0.2756 | 0.2984 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0307 | 0.0889 | 0.1585 | 0.2678 | 0.2736 | 0.2891 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.3410 | 1.3001 | 1.2495 | 1.1655 | 1.1609 | 1.1484 |
\[\textit{Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.0636*** | -0.0674*** | -0.0655*** | -0.0637*** | -0.0645*** | -0.0664*** |
| (0.0100) | (0.0098) | (0.0093) | (0.0090) | (0.0089) | (0.0089) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0381*** | -0.0453*** | -0.0417*** | -0.0373*** | -0.0391*** | -0.0435*** |
| (0.0103) | (0.0100) | (0.0095) | (0.0092) | (0.0091) | (0.0090) | |
| Combo | -0.0500*** | -0.0550*** | -0.0529*** | -0.0505*** | -0.0517*** | -0.0539*** |
| (0.0103) | (0.0101) | (0.0095) | (0.0092) | (0.0091) | (0.0091) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.0858*** | 0.0798*** | 0.0765*** | 0.0736*** | 0.0721*** | 0.0692*** |
| (0.0102) | (0.0100) | (0.0094) | (0.0090) | (0.0089) | (0.0089) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0302 | 0.0901 | 0.1632 | 0.2385 | 0.2516 | 0.2713 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0297 | 0.0801 | 0.1618 | 0.2373 | 0.2495 | 0.2616 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3001 | 0.2922 | 0.2789 | 0.2661 | 0.2639 | 0.2618 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-course Baseline | 0.0858*** | 0.0798*** | 0.0765*** | 0.0736*** | 0.0721*** | 0.0692*** |
| (0.0102) | (0.0100) | (0.0094) | (0.0090) | (0.0089) | (0.0089) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0381*** | -0.0453*** | -0.0417*** | -0.0373*** | -0.0391*** | -0.0435*** |
| (0.0103) | (0.0100) | (0.0095) | (0.0092) | (0.0091) | (0.0090) | |
| Emotions | -0.0636*** | -0.0674*** | -0.0655*** | -0.0637*** | -0.0645*** | -0.0664*** |
| (0.0100) | (0.0098) | (0.0093) | (0.0090) | (0.0089) | (0.0089) | |
| Combo | -0.0500*** | -0.0550*** | -0.0529*** | -0.0505*** | -0.0517*** | -0.0539*** |
| (0.0103) | (0.0101) | (0.0095) | (0.0092) | (0.0091) | (0.0091) | |
| Age | -0.0130** | -0.0105* | ||||
| (0.0079) | (0.0080) | |||||
| Gender: Man | -0.0044 | -0.0069 | ||||
| (0.0071) | (0.0065) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0154** | -0.0108* | ||||
| (0.0088) | (0.0080) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0149** | -0.0085 | ||||
| (0.0090) | (0.0081) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0217*** | -0.0208*** | ||||
| (0.0084) | (0.0074) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | -0.0079 | -0.0065 | ||||
| (0.0080) | (0.0074) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0154** | -0.0114* | ||||
| (0.0092) | (0.0082) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0123 | -0.0160** | ||||
| (0.0103) | (0.0093) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0203*** | -0.0081 | ||||
| (0.0085) | (0.0076) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0119* | -0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0084) | (0.0076) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | 0.0007 | -0.0010 | ||||
| (0.0077) | (0.0071) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0002 | -0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0070) | (0.0065) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | -0.0119** | -0.0038 | ||||
| (0.0065) | (0.0065) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0152** | 0.0127** | ||||
| (0.0073) | (0.0066) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0561*** | 0.0157** | ||||
| (0.0094) | (0.0084) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.0754*** | 0.0248*** | ||||
| (0.0093) | (0.0089) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.0628*** | 0.0192** | ||||
| (0.0096) | (0.0090) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0339*** | 0.0120* | ||||
| (0.0087) | (0.0081) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0068 | -0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | -0.0055 | -0.0048 | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0142* | -0.0075 | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0001 | -0.0014 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0022 | 0.0030 | ||||
| (0.0101) | (0.0090) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | 0.0069 | 0.0027 | ||||
| (0.0101) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0159* | 0.0182** | ||||
| (0.0099) | (0.0090) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0056 | 0.0110 | ||||
| (0.0101) | (0.0091) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | 0.0104 | 0.0055 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | 0.0085 | 0.0086 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | 0.0118 | 0.0096 | ||||
| (0.0122) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | -0.0007 | 0.0007 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0100 | 0.0033 | ||||
| (0.0125) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0.0020 | -0.0002 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0061 | 0.0029 | ||||
| (0.0122) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0118 | -0.0076 | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0041 | 0.0037 | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0152 | 0.0089 | ||||
| (0.0120) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0134 | 0.0139* | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0097) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0300*** | 0.0257*** | ||||
| (0.0120) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0129 | 0.0088 | ||||
| (0.0116) | (0.0103) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | 0.0071 | 0.0048 | ||||
| (0.0116) | (0.0106) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | 0.0034 | -0.0030 | ||||
| (0.0111) | (0.0103) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0068 | -0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0106) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | -0.0012 | 0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0112) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.0112 | 0.0106 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | -0.0033 | -0.0008 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.0013 | 0.0064 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.0041 | 0.0083 | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | -0.0108 | 0.0016 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | -0.0073 | 0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0051 | 0.0135 | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0066 | 0.0053 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0103) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0046 | -0.0083 | ||||
| (0.0120) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.0193* | 0.0093 | ||||
| (0.0119) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0090 | 0.0029 | ||||
| (0.0119) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | -0.0040 | 0.0018 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0187* | -0.0217** | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0106) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0114 | -0.0146* | ||||
| (0.0114) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0061 | 0.0027 | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0053 | -0.0002 | ||||
| (0.0100) | (0.0090) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.0041 | 0.0062 | ||||
| (0.0111) | (0.0100) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | -0.0049 | 0.0005 | ||||
| (0.0102) | (0.0093) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | -0.0052 | -0.0034 | ||||
| (0.0107) | (0.0099) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.0144* | -0.0132* | ||||
| (0.0096) | (0.0087) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0005 | 0.0014 | ||||
| (0.0097) | (0.0091) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0054 | -0.0024 | ||||
| (0.0100) | (0.0093) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0084 | -0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0105) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0068 | 0.0045 | ||||
| (0.0101) | (0.0093) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0086 | 0.0062 | ||||
| (0.0084) | (0.0087) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | -0.0068 | -0.0045 | ||||
| (0.0103) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | -0.0047 | -0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0231** | -0.0223*** | ||||
| (0.0100) | (0.0090) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.0077 | 0.0032 | ||||
| (0.0107) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0138* | -0.0096 | ||||
| (0.0103) | (0.0096) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.0287*** | -0.0230*** | ||||
| (0.0107) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0109 | -0.0006 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0.0042 | 0.0125 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0175* | -0.0085 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.0067 | 0.0059 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.0167 | -0.0061 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0036 | 0.0096 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0126) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0170* | -0.0072 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | -0.0137 | 0.0004 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.0349*** | -0.0227** | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0016 | 0.0088 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0127) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0179* | -0.0070 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0193* | -0.0037 | ||||
| (0.0137) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0191* | -0.0143 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | 0.0028 | 0.0064 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0119 | -0.0064 | ||||
| (0.0121) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0147 | -0.0057 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0813*** | 0.0327*** | 0.0294*** | |||
| (0.0084) | (0.0105) | (0.0106) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0595*** | 0.0312*** | 0.0287*** | |||
| (0.0083) | (0.0097) | (0.0098) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0128 | -0.0257** | -0.0272** | |||
| (0.0116) | (0.0146) | (0.0148) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0074 | -0.0118 | -0.0137 | |||
| (0.0120) | (0.0150) | (0.0150) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0048 | -0.0096 | -0.0106 | |||
| (0.0114) | (0.0144) | (0.0146) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0039 | -0.0058 | -0.0074 | |||
| (0.0120) | (0.0148) | (0.0150) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0038 | 0.0063 | 0.0103 | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0132) | (0.0132) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0149 | -0.0093 | -0.0102 | |||
| (0.0119) | (0.0139) | (0.0139) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0229** | -0.0087 | -0.0046 | |||
| (0.0112) | (0.0134) | (0.0135) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0192* | -0.0176* | -0.0155 | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0135) | (0.0136) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0942*** | 0.0701*** | 0.0643*** | |||
| (0.0074) | (0.0097) | (0.0099) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0712*** | 0.0524*** | 0.0531*** | |||
| (0.0075) | (0.0091) | (0.0091) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0070 | 0.0240** | 0.0286** | |||
| (0.0100) | (0.0134) | (0.0135) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0066 | 0.0165 | 0.0182* | |||
| (0.0105) | (0.0140) | (0.0140) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0043 | 0.0039 | 0.0058 | |||
| (0.0103) | (0.0136) | (0.0138) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0039 | 0.0038 | 0.0068 | |||
| (0.0104) | (0.0134) | (0.0136) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0069 | 0.0085 | 0.0062 | |||
| (0.0104) | (0.0124) | (0.0123) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0149* | -0.0075 | -0.0105 | |||
| (0.0102) | (0.0127) | (0.0126) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0157* | -0.0097 | -0.0124 | |||
| (0.0103) | (0.0126) | (0.0126) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0034 | 0.0060 | 0.0042 | |||
| (0.0102) | (0.0124) | (0.0125) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0302 | 0.0901 | 0.1632 | 0.2385 | 0.2516 | 0.2713 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0297 | 0.0801 | 0.1618 | 0.2373 | 0.2495 | 0.2616 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3001 | 0.2922 | 0.2789 | 0.2661 | 0.2639 | 0.2618 |
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo Accuracy score}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.2236*** | -0.2444*** | -0.2313*** | -0.2246*** | -0.2272*** | -0.2401*** |
| (0.0490) | (0.0482) | (0.0474) | (0.0459) | (0.0459) | (0.0455) | |
| Reasoning | -0.2158*** | -0.2488*** | -0.2288*** | -0.2122*** | -0.2180*** | -0.2391*** |
| (0.0504) | (0.0497) | (0.0483) | (0.0466) | (0.0465) | (0.0463) | |
| Combo | -0.2582*** | -0.2819*** | -0.2675*** | -0.2609*** | -0.2625*** | -0.2757*** |
| (0.0496) | (0.0489) | (0.0476) | (0.0463) | (0.0462) | (0.0460) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.3123*** | 0.2817*** | 0.2757*** | 0.2627*** | 0.2578*** | 0.2391*** |
| (0.0491) | (0.0484) | (0.0469) | (0.0451) | (0.0450) | (0.0449) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0207 | 0.0622 | 0.0953 | 0.1572 | 0.1619 | 0.1808 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0203 | 0.0519 | 0.0938 | 0.1558 | 0.1596 | 0.1699 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.4494 | 1.4258 | 1.3940 | 1.3454 | 1.3424 | 1.3342 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo Accuracy score}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-course Baseline | 0.3123*** | 0.2817*** | 0.2757*** | 0.2627*** | 0.2578*** | 0.2391*** |
| (0.0491) | (0.0484) | (0.0469) | (0.0451) | (0.0450) | (0.0449) | |
| Reasoning | -0.2158*** | -0.2488*** | -0.2288*** | -0.2122*** | -0.2180*** | -0.2391*** |
| (0.0504) | (0.0497) | (0.0483) | (0.0466) | (0.0465) | (0.0463) | |
| Emotions | -0.2236*** | -0.2444*** | -0.2313*** | -0.2246*** | -0.2272*** | -0.2401*** |
| (0.0490) | (0.0482) | (0.0474) | (0.0459) | (0.0459) | (0.0455) | |
| Combo | -0.2582*** | -0.2819*** | -0.2675*** | -0.2609*** | -0.2625*** | -0.2757*** |
| (0.0496) | (0.0489) | (0.0476) | (0.0463) | (0.0462) | (0.0460) | |
| Age | -0.0339 | -0.0213 | ||||
| (0.0400) | (0.0389) | |||||
| Gender: Man | -0.0250 | -0.0302 | ||||
| (0.0353) | (0.0336) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0445 | -0.0265 | ||||
| (0.0439) | (0.0414) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0153 | 0.0042 | ||||
| (0.0444) | (0.0418) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0010 | 0.0008 | ||||
| (0.0484) | (0.0479) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | 0.0138 | 0.0223 | ||||
| (0.0401) | (0.0381) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.1552*** | -0.1437*** | ||||
| (0.0443) | (0.0410) | |||||
| Employed | -0.2127*** | -0.2308*** | ||||
| (0.0499) | (0.0463) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0085 | 0.0350 | ||||
| (0.0422) | (0.0394) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0383 | -0.0090 | ||||
| (0.0414) | (0.0389) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | -0.0316 | -0.0367 | ||||
| (0.0377) | (0.0356) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0718** | 0.0693** | ||||
| (0.0365) | (0.0360) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | -0.0454* | -0.0163 | ||||
| (0.0290) | (0.0337) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0198 | 0.0103 | ||||
| (0.0365) | (0.0346) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.3009*** | 0.1547*** | ||||
| (0.0459) | (0.0436) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.2997*** | 0.1202*** | ||||
| (0.0492) | (0.0472) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.2601*** | 0.1074** | ||||
| (0.0501) | (0.0475) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.1766*** | 0.1011** | ||||
| (0.0472) | (0.0446) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0355 | -0.0413 | ||||
| (0.0632) | (0.0597) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | -0.0034 | -0.0028 | ||||
| (0.0625) | (0.0561) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.1146** | -0.0893* | ||||
| (0.0586) | (0.0615) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0241 | -0.0332 | ||||
| (0.0542) | (0.0538) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0172 | -0.0019 | ||||
| (0.0485) | (0.0453) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | 0.0458 | 0.0228 | ||||
| (0.0501) | (0.0472) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0744* | 0.0811** | ||||
| (0.0486) | (0.0464) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0132 | 0.0282 | ||||
| (0.0497) | (0.0470) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | 0.0162 | -0.0008 | ||||
| (0.0601) | (0.0549) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | 0.0141 | 0.0157 | ||||
| (0.0618) | (0.0578) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | 0.0434 | 0.0280 | ||||
| (0.0608) | (0.0577) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | 0.0173 | 0.0204 | ||||
| (0.0612) | (0.0578) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0218 | 0.0028 | ||||
| (0.0605) | (0.0559) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0.0099 | 0.0079 | ||||
| (0.0619) | (0.0581) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0820* | 0.0669 | ||||
| (0.0609) | (0.0574) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0463 | -0.0285 | ||||
| (0.0619) | (0.0584) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0390 | -0.0391 | ||||
| (0.0586) | (0.0553) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | -0.0065 | -0.0311 | ||||
| (0.0702) | (0.0682) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | -0.0114 | -0.0096 | ||||
| (0.0614) | (0.0610) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0037 | -0.0104 | ||||
| (0.0628) | (0.0600) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0325 | 0.0120 | ||||
| (0.0566) | (0.0528) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | -0.0682 | -0.0802* | ||||
| (0.0577) | (0.0544) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.0667 | -0.0911** | ||||
| (0.0554) | (0.0533) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0873* | -0.0843* | ||||
| (0.0576) | (0.0545) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.0761 | 0.0983** | ||||
| (0.0623) | (0.0569) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.1292** | 0.1324** | ||||
| (0.0644) | (0.0593) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | 0.0605 | 0.0681 | ||||
| (0.0614) | (0.0578) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.1089** | 0.1321** | ||||
| (0.0621) | (0.0579) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.1135* | 0.1406** | ||||
| (0.0690) | (0.0634) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.1478** | 0.2044*** | ||||
| (0.0712) | (0.0656) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.1480** | 0.1848*** | ||||
| (0.0689) | (0.0660) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.1123* | 0.1483** | ||||
| (0.0685) | (0.0641) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | -0.0147 | -0.0138 | ||||
| (0.0565) | (0.0520) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.1036** | -0.1113** | ||||
| (0.0609) | (0.0568) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | -0.0072 | -0.0451 | ||||
| (0.0583) | (0.0550) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0518 | 0.0305 | ||||
| (0.0588) | (0.0557) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | -0.0132 | 0.0109 | ||||
| (0.0569) | (0.0526) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0732 | -0.0811* | ||||
| (0.0576) | (0.0541) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0852* | -0.0916** | ||||
| (0.0569) | (0.0539) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0556 | 0.0419 | ||||
| (0.0570) | (0.0539) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0079 | 0.0144 | ||||
| (0.0492) | (0.0470) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.0671 | 0.0736* | ||||
| (0.0536) | (0.0503) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0.0118 | 0.0338 | ||||
| (0.0512) | (0.0497) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | 0.0632 | 0.0677* | ||||
| (0.0495) | (0.0467) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.1131** | -0.1129*** | ||||
| (0.0497) | (0.0458) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0676* | -0.0634* | ||||
| (0.0508) | (0.0491) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0981** | -0.0937** | ||||
| (0.0493) | (0.0485) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0637 | -0.0636* | ||||
| (0.0514) | (0.0477) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0202 | 0.0189 | ||||
| (0.0466) | (0.0464) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0438 | 0.0389 | ||||
| (0.0397) | (0.0472) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0.0167 | 0.0223 | ||||
| (0.0412) | (0.0467) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0.0497 | 0.0321 | ||||
| (0.0645) | (0.0558) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0064 | -0.0049 | ||||
| (0.0500) | (0.0470) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.0401 | 0.0196 | ||||
| (0.0525) | (0.0496) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0292 | -0.0159 | ||||
| (0.0535) | (0.0521) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.0397 | -0.0183 | ||||
| (0.0498) | (0.0468) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.1224** | -0.0985** | ||||
| (0.0614) | (0.0589) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.1266** | -0.1152** | ||||
| (0.0667) | (0.0630) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.1804*** | -0.1302** | ||||
| (0.0645) | (0.0615) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.1980*** | -0.1504*** | ||||
| (0.0637) | (0.0609) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.1083* | -0.0910* | ||||
| (0.0682) | (0.0651) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0396 | -0.0161 | ||||
| (0.0705) | (0.0665) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.1148** | -0.0564 | ||||
| (0.0670) | (0.0650) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | -0.0606 | -0.0109 | ||||
| (0.0668) | (0.0659) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.0939* | -0.0652 | ||||
| (0.0681) | (0.0649) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0480 | -0.0333 | ||||
| (0.0725) | (0.0674) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.1681*** | -0.1126** | ||||
| (0.0681) | (0.0643) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.1652*** | -0.1105** | ||||
| (0.0687) | (0.0669) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0909* | -0.0811* | ||||
| (0.0640) | (0.0593) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.0505 | -0.0508 | ||||
| (0.0663) | (0.0616) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.1068** | -0.0833* | ||||
| (0.0645) | (0.0609) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.1405** | -0.1097** | ||||
| (0.0645) | (0.0620) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.2925*** | 0.0848** | 0.0641* | |||
| (0.0420) | (0.0498) | (0.0497) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.2075*** | 0.0781* | 0.0625* | |||
| (0.0427) | (0.0483) | (0.0485) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0507 | 0.0194 | 0.0228 | |||
| (0.0585) | (0.0720) | (0.0736) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0036 | -0.0326 | -0.0207 | |||
| (0.0615) | (0.0737) | (0.0735) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.1291** | -0.1422** | -0.1317** | |||
| (0.0582) | (0.0719) | (0.0720) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0525 | -0.0356 | -0.0211 | |||
| (0.0598) | (0.0722) | (0.0728) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0769* | -0.0310 | -0.0109 | |||
| (0.0597) | (0.0671) | (0.0673) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0264 | 0.0124 | 0.0164 | |||
| (0.0619) | (0.0704) | (0.0706) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0302 | 0.0070 | 0.0329 | |||
| (0.0586) | (0.0674) | (0.0676) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0274 | 0.0206 | 0.0328 | |||
| (0.0599) | (0.0677) | (0.0679) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.3614*** | 0.2991*** | 0.2789*** | |||
| (0.0400) | (0.0492) | (0.0492) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.2856*** | 0.2382*** | 0.2415*** | |||
| (0.0397) | (0.0462) | (0.0462) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0697* | 0.0674 | 0.0861 | |||
| (0.0542) | (0.0694) | (0.0697) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0622 | 0.0862 | 0.0990* | |||
| (0.0560) | (0.0695) | (0.0695) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0886* | 0.0047 | 0.0078 | |||
| (0.0556) | (0.0708) | (0.0711) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0450 | -0.0185 | -0.0092 | |||
| (0.0559) | (0.0695) | (0.0696) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0014 | 0.0243 | 0.0168 | |||
| (0.0538) | (0.0623) | (0.0623) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0568 | -0.0559 | -0.0682 | |||
| (0.0555) | (0.0655) | (0.0655) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0017 | 0.0028 | -0.0134 | |||
| (0.0556) | (0.0652) | (0.0650) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0442 | -0.0533 | -0.0601 | |||
| (0.0557) | (0.0648) | (0.0650) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0207 | 0.0622 | 0.0953 | 0.1572 | 0.1619 | 0.1808 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0203 | 0.0519 | 0.0938 | 0.1558 | 0.1596 | 0.1699 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.4494 | 1.4258 | 1.3940 | 1.3454 | 1.3424 | 1.3342 |
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.0546*** | -0.0584*** | -0.0564*** | -0.0548*** | -0.0557*** | -0.0578*** |
| (0.0115) | (0.0114) | (0.0111) | (0.0110) | (0.0109) | (0.0109) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0495*** | -0.0561*** | -0.0530*** | -0.0487*** | -0.0511*** | -0.0551*** |
| (0.0118) | (0.0117) | (0.0113) | (0.0111) | (0.0110) | (0.0110) | |
| Combo | -0.0535*** | -0.0580*** | -0.0557*** | -0.0539*** | -0.0547*** | -0.0569*** |
| (0.0116) | (0.0115) | (0.0111) | (0.0110) | (0.0109) | (0.0109) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.0655*** | 0.0598*** | 0.0575*** | 0.0554*** | 0.0538*** | 0.0505*** |
| (0.0114) | (0.0113) | (0.0109) | (0.0107) | (0.0106) | (0.0106) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0176 | 0.0530 | 0.0919 | 0.1267 | 0.1362 | 0.1532 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0172 | 0.0426 | 0.0905 | 0.1253 | 0.1338 | 0.1420 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3422 | 0.3378 | 0.3292 | 0.3229 | 0.3213 | 0.3198 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-course Baseline | 0.0655*** | 0.0598*** | 0.0575*** | 0.0554*** | 0.0538*** | 0.0505*** |
| (0.0114) | (0.0113) | (0.0109) | (0.0107) | (0.0106) | (0.0106) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0495*** | -0.0561*** | -0.0530*** | -0.0487*** | -0.0511*** | -0.0551*** |
| (0.0118) | (0.0117) | (0.0113) | (0.0111) | (0.0110) | (0.0110) | |
| Emotions | -0.0546*** | -0.0584*** | -0.0564*** | -0.0548*** | -0.0557*** | -0.0578*** |
| (0.0115) | (0.0114) | (0.0111) | (0.0110) | (0.0109) | (0.0109) | |
| Combo | -0.0535*** | -0.0580*** | -0.0557*** | -0.0539*** | -0.0547*** | -0.0569*** |
| (0.0116) | (0.0115) | (0.0111) | (0.0110) | (0.0109) | (0.0109) | |
| Age | -0.0047 | -0.0031 | ||||
| (0.0091) | (0.0090) | |||||
| Gender: Man | -0.0026 | -0.0049 | ||||
| (0.0081) | (0.0078) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0113 | -0.0078 | ||||
| (0.0100) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0012 | 0.0040 | ||||
| (0.0100) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0106 | -0.0099 | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0106) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | 0.0066 | 0.0076 | ||||
| (0.0092) | (0.0088) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0326*** | -0.0295*** | ||||
| (0.0103) | (0.0097) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0426*** | -0.0455*** | ||||
| (0.0115) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0064 | 0.0035 | ||||
| (0.0098) | (0.0093) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0113 | -0.0049 | ||||
| (0.0094) | (0.0090) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | -0.0056 | -0.0069 | ||||
| (0.0087) | (0.0082) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0154** | 0.0138** | ||||
| (0.0084) | (0.0082) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | -0.0089** | -0.0024 | ||||
| (0.0052) | (0.0062) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0085 | 0.0066 | ||||
| (0.0089) | (0.0085) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0555*** | 0.0230*** | ||||
| (0.0099) | (0.0096) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.0623*** | 0.0211** | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.0558*** | 0.0204** | ||||
| (0.0114) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0381*** | 0.0201** | ||||
| (0.0107) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0124 | -0.0125 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | -0.0025 | -0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0304** | -0.0243* | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0152) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0099 | -0.0111 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0048 | -0.0003 | ||||
| (0.0113) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | 0.0121 | 0.0076 | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0112) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0210** | 0.0234** | ||||
| (0.0115) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0037 | 0.0077 | ||||
| (0.0116) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | 0.0126 | 0.0091 | ||||
| (0.0137) | (0.0127) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | 0.0176 | 0.0187* | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | 0.0117 | 0.0093 | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | 0.0067 | 0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0074 | 0.0021 | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0.0146 | 0.0135 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0184* | 0.0146 | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0110 | -0.0075 | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0077 | -0.0083 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0135) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0203* | 0.0144 | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0150) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0082 | 0.0083 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0116 | 0.0080 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0091 | 0.0055 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | -0.0179* | -0.0197* | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.0175* | -0.0225** | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0127) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0270** | -0.0256** | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.0159 | 0.0194* | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.0322** | 0.0325** | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0141) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | 0.0150 | 0.0167 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0141) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.0275** | 0.0323*** | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0139) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.0161 | 0.0205* | ||||
| (0.0158) | (0.0148) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.0287** | 0.0393*** | ||||
| (0.0167) | (0.0157) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.0304** | 0.0385*** | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0157) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0260* | 0.0328** | ||||
| (0.0159) | (0.0151) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0038 | 0.0029 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0220* | -0.0236** | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0135) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.0078 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0137) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0157 | 0.0114 | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0.0008 | 0.0056 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0084 | -0.0101 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0103 | -0.0126 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0231** | 0.0209* | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0060 | -0.0015 | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.0120 | 0.0141 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0.0035 | 0.0078 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | 0.0112 | 0.0118 | ||||
| (0.0121) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.0210** | -0.0198** | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0091 | -0.0078 | ||||
| (0.0119) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0238** | -0.0214** | ||||
| (0.0119) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0235** | -0.0223** | ||||
| (0.0121) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0060 | 0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0099) | (0.0096) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0051 | 0.0041 | ||||
| (0.0099) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | -0.0031 | -0.0017 | ||||
| (0.0094) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0.0087 | 0.0059 | ||||
| (0.0116) | (0.0100) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0050 | -0.0046 | ||||
| (0.0115) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.0014 | -0.0030 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0092 | -0.0059 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.0142 | -0.0093 | ||||
| (0.0121) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0234** | -0.0172* | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.0145 | -0.0132 | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0141) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0378*** | -0.0283** | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0139) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.0371*** | -0.0296** | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.0182 | -0.0125 | ||||
| (0.0158) | (0.0154) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0028 | 0.0016 | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0156) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0184 | -0.0068 | ||||
| (0.0157) | (0.0156) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | -0.0061 | 0.0016 | ||||
| (0.0156) | (0.0157) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.0190 | -0.0111 | ||||
| (0.0160) | (0.0154) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0030 | -0.0011 | ||||
| (0.0168) | (0.0160) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0383*** | -0.0268** | ||||
| (0.0161) | (0.0155) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0282** | -0.0182 | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0159) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0179 | -0.0142 | ||||
| (0.0151) | (0.0142) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.0059 | -0.0067 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0148) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0223* | -0.0167 | ||||
| (0.0152) | (0.0145) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0276** | -0.0218* | ||||
| (0.0151) | (0.0146) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0671*** | 0.0359*** | 0.0330*** | |||
| (0.0098) | (0.0120) | (0.0121) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0493*** | 0.0251** | 0.0214** | |||
| (0.0101) | (0.0117) | (0.0118) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0027 | -0.0125 | -0.0133 | |||
| (0.0138) | (0.0171) | (0.0175) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0073 | -0.0263* | -0.0243* | |||
| (0.0145) | (0.0177) | (0.0179) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0266** | -0.0382** | -0.0367** | |||
| (0.0138) | (0.0175) | (0.0176) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0059 | -0.0151 | -0.0123 | |||
| (0.0141) | (0.0174) | (0.0177) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0145 | -0.0080 | -0.0031 | |||
| (0.0141) | (0.0161) | (0.0162) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0028 | 0.0139 | 0.0139 | |||
| (0.0146) | (0.0171) | (0.0173) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0068 | -0.0002 | 0.0061 | |||
| (0.0140) | (0.0165) | (0.0165) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0052 | 0.0039 | 0.0072 | |||
| (0.0141) | (0.0164) | (0.0165) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0701*** | 0.0447*** | 0.0414*** | |||
| (0.0088) | (0.0109) | (0.0109) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0598*** | 0.0440*** | 0.0448*** | |||
| (0.0090) | (0.0107) | (0.0107) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0163* | 0.0266** | 0.0304** | |||
| (0.0119) | (0.0153) | (0.0154) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0195* | 0.0361** | 0.0376*** | |||
| (0.0125) | (0.0156) | (0.0157) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0110 | 0.0143 | 0.0144 | |||
| (0.0124) | (0.0160) | (0.0160) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | 0.0037 | 0.0149 | 0.0165 | |||
| (0.0124) | (0.0156) | (0.0156) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0025 | 0.0099 | 0.0076 | |||
| (0.0123) | (0.0142) | (0.0143) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0114 | -0.0155 | -0.0178 | |||
| (0.0127) | (0.0151) | (0.0152) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0006 | 0.0021 | -0.0015 | |||
| (0.0127) | (0.0151) | (0.0152) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0075 | -0.0088 | -0.0105 | |||
| (0.0127) | (0.0150) | (0.0151) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0176 | 0.0530 | 0.0919 | 0.1267 | 0.1362 | 0.1532 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0172 | 0.0426 | 0.0905 | 0.1253 | 0.1338 | 0.1420 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3422 | 0.3378 | 0.3292 | 0.3229 | 0.3213 | 0.3198 |
\[\textit{Accuracy Discernment Score}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | 0.0466 | 0.0465 | 0.0471 | 0.0465 | 0.0462 | 0.0444 |
| (0.0432) | (0.0432) | (0.0430) | (0.0430) | (0.0430) | (0.0430) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0293 | -0.0256 | -0.0278 | -0.0293 | -0.0299 | -0.0282 |
| (0.0450) | (0.0449) | (0.0449) | (0.0448) | (0.0449) | (0.0448) | |
| Combo | -0.0094 | -0.0064 | -0.0055 | -0.0097 | -0.0074 | -0.0070 |
| (0.0443) | (0.0442) | (0.0442) | (0.0440) | (0.0440) | (0.0440) | |
| No-course Baseline | -0.0754** | -0.0705* | -0.0689* | -0.0645* | -0.0645* | -0.0633* |
| (0.0448) | (0.0449) | (0.0448) | (0.0448) | (0.0448) | (0.0450) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0009 | 0.0168 | 0.0076 | 0.0117 | 0.0134 | 0.0264 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0005 | 0.0060 | 0.0060 | 0.0101 | 0.0107 | 0.0135 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.3070 | 1.3033 | 1.3034 | 1.3007 | 1.3003 | 1.2984 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Accuracy Discernment Score}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-course Baseline | -0.0754** | -0.0705* | -0.0689* | -0.0645* | -0.0645* | -0.0633* |
| (0.0448) | (0.0449) | (0.0448) | (0.0448) | (0.0448) | (0.0450) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0293 | -0.0256 | -0.0278 | -0.0293 | -0.0299 | -0.0282 |
| (0.0450) | (0.0449) | (0.0449) | (0.0448) | (0.0449) | (0.0448) | |
| Emotions | 0.0466 | 0.0465 | 0.0471 | 0.0465 | 0.0462 | 0.0444 |
| (0.0432) | (0.0432) | (0.0430) | (0.0430) | (0.0430) | (0.0430) | |
| Combo | -0.0094 | -0.0064 | -0.0055 | -0.0097 | -0.0074 | -0.0070 |
| (0.0443) | (0.0442) | (0.0442) | (0.0440) | (0.0440) | (0.0440) | |
| Age | 0.0408 | 0.0365 | ||||
| (0.0435) | (0.0439) | |||||
| Gender: Man | 0.0038 | 0.0045 | ||||
| (0.0319) | (0.0320) | |||||
| Some College | 0.0419 | 0.0359 | ||||
| (0.0392) | (0.0392) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | 0.0788** | 0.0700** | ||||
| (0.0405) | (0.0403) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | 0.0609* | 0.0605* | ||||
| (0.0398) | (0.0386) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | 0.0727** | 0.0702** | ||||
| (0.0362) | (0.0362) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0843** | -0.0886** | ||||
| (0.0403) | (0.0402) | |||||
| Employed | -0.1427*** | -0.1386*** | ||||
| (0.0437) | (0.0437) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | 0.0621* | 0.0486* | ||||
| (0.0378) | (0.0378) | |||||
| Suburban | 0.0073 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0364) | (0.0363) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | -0.0400* | -0.0361 | ||||
| (0.0308) | (0.0310) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0673** | 0.0666** | ||||
| (0.0337) | (0.0338) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | 0.0118 | 0.0036 | ||||
| (0.0366) | (0.0358) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | -0.0326 | -0.0304 | ||||
| (0.0347) | (0.0348) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0070 | 0.0491 | ||||
| (0.0371) | (0.0389) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | -0.0558* | -0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0427) | (0.0459) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | -0.0185 | 0.0245 | ||||
| (0.0436) | (0.0461) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0397 | 0.0605* | ||||
| (0.0413) | (0.0422) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0303 | -0.0283 | ||||
| (0.0787) | (0.0776) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | -0.0038 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0573) | (0.0579) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0435 | -0.0454 | ||||
| (0.0585) | (0.0585) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0240 | -0.0245 | ||||
| (0.0563) | (0.0562) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0018 | -0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0461) | (0.0461) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | 0.0234 | 0.0239 | ||||
| (0.0455) | (0.0457) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0083 | 0.0076 | ||||
| (0.0440) | (0.0440) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0102 | 0.0023 | ||||
| (0.0449) | (0.0449) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | -0.0144 | -0.0068 | ||||
| (0.0548) | (0.0547) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | -0.0400 | -0.0353 | ||||
| (0.0556) | (0.0557) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | -0.0433 | -0.0448 | ||||
| (0.0540) | (0.0537) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | 0.0001 | -0.0021 | ||||
| (0.0552) | (0.0551) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0102 | -0.0006 | ||||
| (0.0563) | (0.0560) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | -0.0099 | -0.0025 | ||||
| (0.0568) | (0.0569) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0279 | 0.0267 | ||||
| (0.0551) | (0.0548) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0231 | -0.0249 | ||||
| (0.0572) | (0.0572) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0224 | -0.0237 | ||||
| (0.0532) | (0.0528) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | -0.0328 | -0.0307 | ||||
| (0.0533) | (0.0526) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | -0.0687* | -0.0706* | ||||
| (0.0452) | (0.0442) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | -0.0948** | -0.0897** | ||||
| (0.0471) | (0.0455) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | -0.0190 | -0.0157 | ||||
| (0.0553) | (0.0550) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | -0.1154** | -0.1127** | ||||
| (0.0523) | (0.0523) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.0924** | -0.0861** | ||||
| (0.0506) | (0.0506) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0796* | -0.0821* | ||||
| (0.0510) | (0.0509) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.0927* | 0.0944* | ||||
| (0.0580) | (0.0579) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.1118** | 0.1151** | ||||
| (0.0586) | (0.0586) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | 0.0718* | 0.0682 | ||||
| (0.0559) | (0.0556) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.1209** | 0.1193** | ||||
| (0.0570) | (0.0569) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.0870* | 0.0856* | ||||
| (0.0656) | (0.0655) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.1868*** | 0.1783*** | ||||
| (0.0631) | (0.0631) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.1510*** | 0.1353** | ||||
| (0.0610) | (0.0608) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0980* | 0.0897* | ||||
| (0.0612) | (0.0609) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | -0.0085 | -0.0056 | ||||
| (0.0532) | (0.0531) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0527 | -0.0415 | ||||
| (0.0549) | (0.0550) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | -0.0616 | -0.0523 | ||||
| (0.0521) | (0.0518) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0062 | 0.0159 | ||||
| (0.0535) | (0.0534) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0.0494 | 0.0443 | ||||
| (0.0518) | (0.0519) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | 0.0056 | 0.0122 | ||||
| (0.0524) | (0.0524) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0170 | -0.0088 | ||||
| (0.0506) | (0.0505) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0463 | 0.0509 | ||||
| (0.0513) | (0.0512) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | 0.0391 | 0.0328 | ||||
| (0.0446) | (0.0444) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.0521 | 0.0488 | ||||
| (0.0452) | (0.0453) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0.0447 | 0.0400 | ||||
| (0.0451) | (0.0450) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | 0.0915** | 0.0827** | ||||
| (0.0431) | (0.0431) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.0503 | -0.0491 | ||||
| (0.0441) | (0.0444) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0535 | -0.0543 | ||||
| (0.0489) | (0.0491) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0764* | -0.0793** | ||||
| (0.0477) | (0.0475) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0438 | -0.0417 | ||||
| (0.0459) | (0.0459) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | -0.0161 | -0.0117 | ||||
| (0.0436) | (0.0431) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0042 | 0.0106 | ||||
| (0.0466) | (0.0456) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0.0424 | 0.0389 | ||||
| (0.0502) | (0.0482) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0.0748* | 0.0802* | ||||
| (0.0552) | (0.0531) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | 0.0782** | 0.0782** | ||||
| (0.0473) | (0.0472) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.0024 | 0.0032 | ||||
| (0.0474) | (0.0476) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | 0.0290 | 0.0235 | ||||
| (0.0481) | (0.0482) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | 0.0542 | 0.0515 | ||||
| (0.0490) | (0.0486) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0761* | -0.0982** | ||||
| (0.0529) | (0.0552) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.1124** | -0.1450*** | ||||
| (0.0528) | (0.0555) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0824* | -0.0859* | ||||
| (0.0520) | (0.0544) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.1297*** | -0.1520*** | ||||
| (0.0543) | (0.0564) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.0289 | -0.0546 | ||||
| (0.0627) | (0.0658) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0081 | -0.0489 | ||||
| (0.0605) | (0.0648) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0178 | -0.0153 | ||||
| (0.0588) | (0.0627) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | 0.0126 | -0.0163 | ||||
| (0.0611) | (0.0642) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | 0.0462 | 0.0228 | ||||
| (0.0625) | (0.0648) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0462 | -0.0822 | ||||
| (0.0633) | (0.0667) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0829* | -0.0847* | ||||
| (0.0596) | (0.0623) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0822* | -0.1069** | ||||
| (0.0623) | (0.0645) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0366 | -0.0440 | ||||
| (0.0590) | (0.0596) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.0803* | -0.0982** | ||||
| (0.0581) | (0.0594) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0664 | -0.0690 | ||||
| (0.0577) | (0.0588) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0939* | -0.1069** | ||||
| (0.0593) | (0.0600) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.1029*** | -0.0177 | -0.0180 | |||
| (0.0400) | (0.0497) | (0.0500) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0184 | -0.0049 | -0.0118 | |||
| (0.0410) | (0.0477) | (0.0473) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0816* | 0.0635 | 0.0700 | |||
| (0.0571) | (0.0709) | (0.0722) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0437 | -0.0158 | 0.0012 | |||
| (0.0579) | (0.0713) | (0.0716) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0572 | -0.0836 | -0.0749 | |||
| (0.0549) | (0.0692) | (0.0701) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0126 | -0.0249 | -0.0052 | |||
| (0.0567) | (0.0710) | (0.0720) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0583 | -0.0534 | -0.0488 | |||
| (0.0592) | (0.0682) | (0.0682) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0245 | 0.0297 | 0.0409 | |||
| (0.0582) | (0.0683) | (0.0685) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0366 | -0.0181 | -0.0072 | |||
| (0.0558) | (0.0648) | (0.0649) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0683 | 0.0986* | 0.1023* | |||
| (0.0568) | (0.0665) | (0.0663) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -0.1370*** | -0.1254*** | -0.1132*** | |||
| (0.0373) | (0.0469) | (0.0466) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -0.0321 | -0.0283 | -0.0285 | |||
| (0.0380) | (0.0446) | (0.0443) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0563 | 0.0227 | 0.0199 | |||
| (0.0524) | (0.0659) | (0.0657) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0756* | 0.0823 | 0.0814 | |||
| (0.0531) | (0.0658) | (0.0661) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0138 | 0.0400 | 0.0334 | |||
| (0.0509) | (0.0647) | (0.0650) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | 0.0134 | 0.0190 | 0.0126 | |||
| (0.0521) | (0.0657) | (0.0658) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | -0.0560 | -0.0349 | -0.0309 | |||
| (0.0541) | (0.0628) | (0.0627) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0100 | -0.0059 | -0.0069 | |||
| (0.0536) | (0.0632) | (0.0632) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | 0.0775* | 0.0898* | 0.0858* | |||
| (0.0521) | (0.0606) | (0.0608) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0151 | -0.0650 | -0.0635 | |||
| (0.0534) | (0.0629) | (0.0627) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0009 | 0.0168 | 0.0076 | 0.0117 | 0.0134 | 0.0264 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0005 | 0.0060 | 0.0060 | 0.0101 | 0.0107 | 0.0135 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.3070 | 1.3033 | 1.3034 | 1.3007 | 1.3003 | 1.2984 |
t-statistic Ratio: with vs. without controlling for covariates
t-stats ratio.
Treatment Effects: Ratio between t-statistic: with vs. without controlling for covariates
The following tables show the ratio between the t-statistic of the model controlling for covariates (either demographics, outcomes at pre-treatment, or both (numerator)) and the t-statistic of the model without controlling for covariates (denominator).
# Calculate the ratio of standard errors
ratio_tstat_te_m1 <- models_tstat_te[[10]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[1]][1:4] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m1b <- models_tstat_te[[19]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[1]][1:4] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m1c <- models_tstat_te[[28]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[1]][1:4] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m1d <- models_tstat_te[[37]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[1]][1:4] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m1e <- models_tstat_te[[46]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[1]][1:4] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m2 <- models_tstat_te[[11]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[2]][1:4] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m2b <- models_tstat_te[[20]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[2]][1:4] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m2c <- models_tstat_te[[29]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[2]][1:4] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m2d <- models_tstat_te[[38]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[2]][1:4] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m2e <- models_tstat_te[[47]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[2]][1:4] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m3 <- models_tstat_te[[12]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[3]][1:4] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m3b <- models_tstat_te[[21]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[3]][1:4] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m3c <- models_tstat_te[[30]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[3]][1:4] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m3d <- models_tstat_te[[39]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[3]][1:4] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m3e <- models_tstat_te[[48]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[3]][1:4] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m4 <- models_tstat_te[[13]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[4]][1:4] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m4b <- models_tstat_te[[22]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[4]][1:4] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m4c <- models_tstat_te[[31]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[4]][1:4] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m4d <- models_tstat_te[[40]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[4]][1:4] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m4e <- models_tstat_te[[49]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[4]][1:4] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m5 <- models_tstat_te[[14]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[5]][1:4] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m5b <- models_tstat_te[[23]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[5]][1:4] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m5c <- models_tstat_te[[32]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[5]][1:4] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m5d <- models_tstat_te[[41]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[5]][1:4] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m5e <- models_tstat_te[[50]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[5]][1:4] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m6 <- models_tstat_te[[15]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[6]][1:4] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m6b <- models_tstat_te[[24]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[6]][1:4] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m6c <- models_tstat_te[[33]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[6]][1:4] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m6d <- models_tstat_te[[42]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[6]][1:4] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m6e <- models_tstat_te[[51]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[6]][1:4] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m7 <- models_tstat_te[[16]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[7]][1:4] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m7b <- models_tstat_te[[25]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[7]][1:4] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m7c <- models_tstat_te[[34]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[7]][1:4] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m7d <- models_tstat_te[[43]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[7]][1:4] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m7e <- models_tstat_te[[52]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[7]][1:4] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m8 <- models_tstat_te[[17]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[8]][1:4] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m8b <- models_tstat_te[[26]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[8]][1:4] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m8c <- models_tstat_te[[35]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[8]][1:4] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m8d <- models_tstat_te[[44]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[8]][1:4] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m8e <- models_tstat_te[[53]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[8]][1:4] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m9 <- models_tstat_te[[18]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[9]][1:4] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m9b <- models_tstat_te[[27]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[9]][1:4] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m9c <- models_tstat_te[[36]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[9]][1:4] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m9d <- models_tstat_te[[45]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[9]][1:4] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_te_m9e <- models_tstat_te[[54]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[9]][1:4] # all vs. no covariates
# generate html tables for each model of the 9 models
for (m in 1:length(headers)) {
t_ratio_df <- data.frame(
Variable = names(coef(models_wide_te[[m]]))[!names(coef(models_wide_te[[m]])) %in% "(Intercept)"],
Ratio_m1 = get(paste0("ratio_tstat_te_m",m)),
Ratio_m1b = get(paste0("ratio_tstat_te_m",m,"b")),
Ratio_m1c = get(paste0("ratio_tstat_te_m",m,"c")),
Ratio_m1d = get(paste0("ratio_tstat_te_m",m,"d")),
Ratio_m1e = get(paste0("ratio_tstat_te_m",m,"e"))
)
t_ratio_df$Variable <- c("No-course Baseline","Reasoning","Emotions","Combo")
names(t_ratio_df) <- c("Treatment",
"\u200B\u200B",
"\u200B\u200B\u200B",
"\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B",
"\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B",
"\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B")
rownames(t_ratio_df) <- NULL
multicolumn_headers <- c("<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'></td>
<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'>vs. model (2)</td>
<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'>vs. model (3)</td>
<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'>vs. model (4)</td>
<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'>vs. model (5)</td>
<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'>vs. model (6)")
# Generate the HTML table using stargazer
html_table <- capture.output(stargazer(t_ratio_df, type = "html",
summary = FALSE,
title = "Ratio of t-stats: Models with covariates vs. without covariates",
digits = 4,
column.sep.width = "25pt",
dep.var.labels.include = FALSE))
# spacing between columns
html_table <- gsub("(<td[^>]*>)([^<]+)(</td>)", "\\1\\2 \\3", html_table)
lines_to_add <- c(
"<tr><td style='text-align:left'>Demographics</td><td></td><td>✓</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>✓</td>",
"<tr><td style='text-align:left'>Sharing rates</td><td></td><td></td><td>✓</td><td></td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td>",
"<tr><td style='text-align:left'>Accuracy scores</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td>"
)
# Insert the lines before the closing table tag
html_table <- sub("</table>", paste0(paste(lines_to_add, collapse = "\n"), "</table>"), html_table)
# Print the HTML table
# cat(html_table)
file_path <- paste0("tstat_te_ratio_table_",m,".html")
writeLines(html_table, file_path)
}\[\textit{Primary Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.9388 | 0.7674 | 0.9867 | 0.7540 | 0.7194 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 1.1150 | 0.7699 | 0.8716 | 0.7834 | 0.8370 |
| 3 | Emotions | 1.0357 | 0.8777 | 0.9612 | 0.8861 | 0.8951 |
| 4 | Combo | 1.0559 | 0.9397 | 0.9706 | 0.9492 | 0.9742 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Misinfo Sharing
Rate}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.9577 | 0.9913 | 0.9457 | 0.9771 | 0.9403 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 1.1890 | 1.3111 | 1.0936 | 1.3047 | 1.4110 |
| 3 | Emotions | 1.0820 | 1.2194 | 1.1035 | 1.2227 | 1.2558 |
| 4 | Combo | 1.1042 | 1.2646 | 1.1134 | 1.2666 | 1.3089 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo Sharing
Rate}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.9705 | 0.9142 | 0.9029 | 0.8989 | 0.8806 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 1.1588 | 1.2774 | 1.0494 | 1.2808 | 1.3617 |
| 3 | Emotions | 1.0780 | 1.1643 | 1.0583 | 1.1635 | 1.1942 |
| 4 | Combo | 1.0885 | 1.2048 | 1.0664 | 1.2054 | 1.2375 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Sharing Discernment
Score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.7651 | 0.8974 | 0.8204 | 0.8410 | 0.6736 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 1.2725 | 0.7714 | 1.0321 | 0.5939 | 0.7771 |
| 3 | Emotions | 0.9946 | 1.0048 | 1.0119 | 1.0002 | 0.9823 |
| 4 | Combo | 1.1279 | 1.0590 | 1.0153 | 1.0189 | 1.1000 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Misinfo Accuracy
score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.9341 | 0.9644 | 0.9939 | 0.9845 | 0.9300 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 1.2344 | 1.1586 | 1.1261 | 1.1611 | 1.3099 |
| 3 | Emotions | 1.1043 | 1.1068 | 1.1367 | 1.1507 | 1.2049 |
| 4 | Combo | 1.1339 | 1.1315 | 1.1551 | 1.1759 | 1.2428 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Misinfo binarized
Accuracy score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.9470 | 0.9672 | 0.9790 | 0.9694 | 0.9313 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 1.2232 | 1.1801 | 1.1030 | 1.1651 | 1.2993 |
| 3 | Emotions | 1.0835 | 1.1104 | 1.1162 | 1.1399 | 1.1773 |
| 4 | Combo | 1.1212 | 1.1413 | 1.1332 | 1.1666 | 1.2182 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo Accuracy
score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.9152 | 0.9245 | 0.9157 | 0.9011 | 0.8371 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 1.1696 | 1.1072 | 1.0641 | 1.0963 | 1.2061 |
| 3 | Emotions | 1.1113 | 1.0716 | 1.0726 | 1.0869 | 1.1574 |
| 4 | Combo | 1.1069 | 1.0797 | 1.0807 | 1.0908 | 1.1512 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo binarized
Accuracy score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.9208 | 0.9144 | 0.8985 | 0.8782 | 0.8239 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 1.1454 | 1.1188 | 1.0453 | 1.1046 | 1.1904 |
| 3 | Emotions | 1.0850 | 1.0699 | 1.0545 | 1.0762 | 1.1239 |
| 4 | Combo | 1.0942 | 1.0868 | 1.0648 | 1.0864 | 1.1323 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Accuracy Discernment
Score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.9322 | 0.9132 | 0.8561 | 0.8549 | 0.8351 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 0.8756 | 0.9509 | 1.0033 | 1.0227 | 0.9656 |
| 3 | Emotions | 0.9996 | 1.0165 | 1.0031 | 0.9975 | 0.9574 |
| 4 | Combo | 0.6803 | 0.5918 | 1.0420 | 0.7976 | 0.7524 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Difference between post- and pre-treatment outcomes
The following models take the difference between post- and pre-treatment sharing/accuracy outcomes as the dependent variable.
Post–Pre-treatment difference:
\(y_{it+1}= \beta_1[T_i] + \beta_2{X}_i\times[T_i] + u_{it+1},\)
where \(\textit{y}_{it+1}\) = {\(\textit{Misinfo Sharing Rate}_{it+1} - \textit{Misinfo Sharing Rate}_{it-1}\),
\(\textit{Non-misinfo Sharing Rate}_{it+1} - \textit{Non-misinfo Sharing Rate}_{it-1}\),
\(\textit{Sharing Discernment Score}_{it+1} - \textit{Sharing Discernment Score}_{it-1}\),
\(\textit{Misinfo Accuracy Score}_{it+1} - \textit{Misinfo Accuracy Score}_{it-1}\),
\(\textit{Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}_{it+1} - \textit{Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}_{it-1}\)
\(\textit{Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score}_{it+1} - \textit{Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score}_{it-1}\),
\(\textit{Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}_{it+1} - \textit{Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}_{it-1}\),
\(\textit{Accuracy Discernment Score}_{it+1} - \textit{Accuracy Discernment Score}_{it-1}\)}.
\(T_i\) is a vector of binary indicators for No-course Baseline, Facts Baseline, Emotions, Reasoning, or Combo treatment conditions.
\({X}_i\) is the set of de-meaned demographics.
\(u_{it+1}\) are robust standard errors.
Means by treatment group.
Treatment group means.
# List of models without covariates and their corresponding models with covariates
models_wide_diff <- list("",m2_wide_diff, m3_wide_diff, m4_wide_diff, m5_wide_diff, m6_wide_diff, m7_wide_diff, m8_wide_diff, m9_wide_diff)
models_demographics_diff <- list("",m2b_wide_diff, m3b_wide_diff, m4b_wide_diff, m5b_wide_diff, m6b_wide_diff, m7b_wide_diff, m8b_wide_diff, m9b_wide_diff)
models_sharing_diff <- list("",m2c_wide_diff, m3c_wide_diff, m4c_wide_diff, m5c_wide_diff, m6c_wide_diff, m7c_wide_diff, m8c_wide_diff, m9c_wide_diff)
models_accuracy_diff <- list("",m2d_wide_diff, m3d_wide_diff, m4d_wide_diff, m5d_wide_diff, m6d_wide_diff, m7d_wide_diff, m8d_wide_diff, m9d_wide_diff)
models_sharing_accuracy_diff <- list("",m2e_wide_diff, m3e_wide_diff, m4e_wide_diff, m5e_wide_diff, m6e_wide_diff, m7e_wide_diff, m8e_wide_diff, m9e_wide_diff)
models_all_covariates_diff <- list("",m2f_wide_diff, m3f_wide_diff, m4f_wide_diff, m5f_wide_diff, m6f_wide_diff, m7f_wide_diff, m8f_wide_diff, m9f_wide_diff)
# Loop through the headers to create tables for each dependent variable
for (m in 2:length(headers)) {
# Extracting models for the current header
model_list <- list(
models_wide_diff[[m]],
models_demographics_diff[[m]],
models_sharing_diff[[m]],
models_accuracy_diff[[m]],
models_sharing_accuracy_diff[[m]],
models_all_covariates_diff[[m]]
)
# Generate custom column labels
multicolumn_headers <- create_multicolumn_headers(headers[m], 6)
# variable labels
names <- unique(c(names(models_wide_diff[[m]]$coefficients)))
names1 <- unique(c(names(models_demographics_diff[[m]]$coefficients)))
names2 <- unique(c(names(models_sharing_diff[[m]]$coefficients)))
names3 <- unique(c(names(models_accuracy_diff[[m]]$coefficients)))
names <- unique(c(names, names1, names2, names3))
variable_labels_wide <- variable_mapping[names]
# keep
keep <- list("treatmentEmotions" = "Emotions",
"treatmentReasoning" = "Reasoning",
"treatmentCombo" = "Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline" = "Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline" = "No-course Baseline")
# Short table
# Generate the HTML table
html_table <- texreg::htmlreg(model_list,
single.row = FALSE,
caption = paste0("Linear Regression (OLS)"),
caption.above = TRUE,
custom.note = "",
custom.model.names = c("No covariates <br> (1)",
"Demographics <br> (2)",
"Sharing rates <br> (3)",
"Accuracy scores <br> (4)",
"Sharing rates and <br> Accuracy scores <br> (5)",
"All covariates <br> (6)"),
custom.coef.names = variable_labels_wide,
custom.coef.map = keep,
custom.gof.rows = list("Demographics" = c("","✓","","","","✓"),
"Misinfo and Non-Misinfo<br>Sharing rates" = c("","","✓","","✓","✓"),
"Misinfo and Non-Misinfo<br>Accuracy scores" = c("","","","✓","✓","✓")),
digits = 4,
include.ci = FALSE,
stars = c(0.20, 0.10, 0.02))
cat(paste0("$$\\textit{",headers[m],"}$$"))
# Print HTML table
cat('<br>Short table (treatment coefficients only)<br>')
cat(html_table)
cat('*Note*: \\*p<0.10; \\*\\*p<0.05; \\*\\*\\*p<0.01 one-sided tests.\nRobust standard errors in parentheses. Sample includes the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey. The list of 18 demographic covariates includes age, gender, education, marital status, geographic location, employment, religiosity, and social media use (frequency of use; self-reported proportion of posts user typically shares). Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores are measured at the pre-treatment survey.<br>\n')
cat('<br><br>\n')
# Full table (all independent variables)
# Drop intercept
drop = "(Intercept)"
cat('<details>')
cat('<summary>Click to view the full table</summary>')
# Generate HTML table
html_table <- texreg::htmlreg(model_list,
single.row = FALSE,
caption = paste0("Linear Regression (OLS)"),
caption.above = TRUE,
custom.note = "",
custom.model.names = c("No covariates <br> (1)",
"Demographics <br> (2)",
"Sharing rates <br> (3)",
"Accuracy scores <br> (4)",
"Sharing rates and <br> Accuracy scores <br> (5)",
"All covariates <br> (6)"),
custom.coef.names = variable_labels_wide,
omit.coef = drop,
custom.gof.rows = list("Demographics" = c("","✓","","","","✓"),
"Misinfo and Non-Misinfo<br>Sharing rates" = c("","","✓","","✓","✓"),
"Misinfo and Non-Misinfo<br>Accuracy scores" = c("","","","✓","✓","✓")),
digits = 4,
include.ci = FALSE,
stars = c(0.20, 0.10, 0.02))
cat(paste0("$$\\textit{",headers[m],"}$$"))
# Print HTML table
cat('<br>Full table (covariates and interactions)<br>')
cat(html_table)
cat('*Note*: \\*p<0.10; \\*\\*p<0.05; \\*\\*\\*p<0.01 one-sided tests.\nRobust standard errors in parentheses. Sample includes the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey. The list of 18 demographic covariates includes age, gender, education, marital status, geographic location, employment, religiosity, and social media use (frequency of use; self-reported proportion of posts user typically shares). Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores are measured at the pre-treatment survey.<br>\n')
cat('<br><br>\n')
cat('</details>')
cat('<br><br>\n')
}Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.1876*** | -0.1870*** | -0.1905*** | -0.1892*** | -0.1903*** | -0.1897*** |
| (0.0081) | (0.0080) | (0.0066) | (0.0076) | (0.0066) | (0.0065) | |
| Reasoning | -0.1359*** | -0.1376*** | -0.1412*** | -0.1383*** | -0.1407*** | -0.1433*** |
| (0.0080) | (0.0080) | (0.0069) | (0.0077) | (0.0069) | (0.0068) | |
| Combo | -0.1747*** | -0.1753*** | -0.1732*** | -0.1761*** | -0.1730*** | -0.1737*** |
| (0.0080) | (0.0081) | (0.0069) | (0.0078) | (0.0069) | (0.0069) | |
| Facts Baseline | -0.0737*** | -0.0732*** | -0.0751*** | -0.0734*** | -0.0752*** | -0.0734*** |
| (0.0075) | (0.0074) | (0.0067) | (0.0073) | (0.0066) | (0.0066) | |
| No-course Baseline | -0.0189*** | -0.0207*** | -0.0111** | -0.0153** | -0.0125** | -0.0135** |
| (0.0074) | (0.0075) | (0.0065) | (0.0072) | (0.0065) | (0.0065) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.1474 | 0.1645 | 0.3718 | 0.2165 | 0.3780 | 0.3994 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.1469 | 0.1552 | 0.3707 | 0.2151 | 0.3762 | 0.3914 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3258 | 0.3242 | 0.2798 | 0.3125 | 0.2786 | 0.2752 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Facts Baseline | -0.0737*** | -0.0732*** | -0.0751*** | -0.0734*** | -0.0752*** | -0.0734*** |
| (0.0075) | (0.0074) | (0.0067) | (0.0073) | (0.0066) | (0.0066) | |
| No-course Baseline | -0.0189*** | -0.0207*** | -0.0111** | -0.0153** | -0.0125** | -0.0135** |
| (0.0074) | (0.0075) | (0.0065) | (0.0072) | (0.0065) | (0.0065) | |
| Reasoning | -0.1359*** | -0.1376*** | -0.1412*** | -0.1383*** | -0.1407*** | -0.1433*** |
| (0.0080) | (0.0080) | (0.0069) | (0.0077) | (0.0069) | (0.0068) | |
| Emotions | -0.1876*** | -0.1870*** | -0.1905*** | -0.1892*** | -0.1903*** | -0.1897*** |
| (0.0081) | (0.0080) | (0.0066) | (0.0076) | (0.0066) | (0.0065) | |
| Combo | -0.1747*** | -0.1753*** | -0.1732*** | -0.1761*** | -0.1730*** | -0.1737*** |
| (0.0080) | (0.0081) | (0.0069) | (0.0078) | (0.0069) | (0.0069) | |
| Age | -0.0150* | -0.0127* | ||||
| (0.0091) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Gender: Man | 0.0022 | 0.0060 | ||||
| (0.0077) | (0.0068) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0010 | -0.0046 | ||||
| (0.0093) | (0.0083) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | 0.0173** | 0.0017 | ||||
| (0.0091) | (0.0081) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0166** | -0.0162** | ||||
| (0.0075) | (0.0075) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | -0.0083 | -0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0089) | (0.0079) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0031 | -0.0070 | ||||
| (0.0093) | (0.0084) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0130 | -0.0134* | ||||
| (0.0105) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | 0.0002 | -0.0146** | ||||
| (0.0088) | (0.0078) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0092 | -0.0149** | ||||
| (0.0086) | (0.0076) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | -0.0011 | 0.0069 | ||||
| (0.0083) | (0.0075) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | -0.0042 | -0.0008 | ||||
| (0.0068) | (0.0060) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | -0.0064 | -0.0118* | ||||
| (0.0080) | (0.0076) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0115* | 0.0099* | ||||
| (0.0078) | (0.0070) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | -0.0166** | 0.0191*** | ||||
| (0.0086) | (0.0082) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | -0.0131* | 0.0347*** | ||||
| (0.0100) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | -0.0129 | 0.0261*** | ||||
| (0.0102) | (0.0093) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | -0.0122 | 0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0096) | (0.0084) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | 0.0014 | 0.0008 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | -0.0033 | -0.0046 | ||||
| (0.0137) | (0.0126) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0017 | -0.0067 | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Age x Combo | 0.0007 | -0.0004 | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0141) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0063 | -0.0109 | ||||
| (0.0107) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | -0.0171* | -0.0149* | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0097) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0134 | 0.0156* | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0108 | 0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | -0.0028 | -0.0037 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | 0.0026 | -0.0046 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | 0.0073 | 0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | -0.0163 | -0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0239** | -0.0102 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | -0.0193* | -0.0171* | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | -0.0089 | -0.0051 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0253** | -0.0174* | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0006 | 0.0043 | ||||
| (0.0094) | (0.0097) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | -0.0068 | -0.0003 | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0236** | 0.0190** | ||||
| (0.0120) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0177** | 0.0203** | ||||
| (0.0100) | (0.0101) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0000 | 0.0062 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | 0.0073 | 0.0086 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.0142 | -0.0057 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0062 | -0.0065 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.0134 | 0.0052 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.0096 | 0.0086 | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | 0.0077 | -0.0021 | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | -0.0077 | -0.0017 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.0121 | 0.0015 | ||||
| (0.0148) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.0078 | 0.0023 | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.0166 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0032 | 0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0157) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0006 | 0.0172* | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0062 | 0.0011 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.0086 | 0.0168* | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0106 | 0.0172* | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0.0045 | 0.0109 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0099 | -0.0046 | ||||
| (0.0128) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0059 | -0.0014 | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0258** | 0.0206** | ||||
| (0.0128) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0052 | -0.0154* | ||||
| (0.0111) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.0153 | 0.0056 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0.0028 | -0.0072 | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0100) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | -0.0045 | -0.0099 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | 0.0008 | -0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0093) | (0.0082) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | 0.0004 | -0.0022 | ||||
| (0.0098) | (0.0085) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0004 | -0.0100 | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | 0.0014 | -0.0031 | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0121 | 0.0118 | ||||
| (0.0122) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0146 | 0.0129 | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0.0246** | 0.0161* | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0.0185 | 0.0051 | ||||
| (0.0156) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0155* | -0.0166** | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0093) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | -0.0029 | 0.0021 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0103) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0016 | -0.0022 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.0231** | -0.0235*** | ||||
| (0.0113) | (0.0099) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | 0.0121 | 0.0101 | ||||
| (0.0121) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0.0078 | 0.0158* | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0061 | 0.0143 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | 0.0046 | 0.0145 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.0069 | -0.0031 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | 0.0024 | 0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0174 | 0.0128 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | -0.0137 | 0.0008 | ||||
| (0.0148) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.0080 | -0.0054 | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0064 | -0.0017 | ||||
| (0.0152) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0197* | 0.0024 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0129 | -0.0004 | ||||
| (0.0152) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | 0.0123 | 0.0028 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | 0.0065 | -0.0003 | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | 0.0053 | 0.0124 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0112) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0134 | -0.0010 | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.1801*** | -0.1982*** | -0.2038*** | |||
| (0.0085) | (0.0112) | (0.0114) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0835*** | 0.0679*** | 0.0648*** | |||
| (0.0086) | (0.0103) | (0.0104) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0010 | 0.0024 | -0.0005 | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0156) | (0.0160) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0128 | -0.0006 | -0.0029 | |||
| (0.0121) | (0.0162) | (0.0163) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0431*** | -0.0395*** | -0.0460*** | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0159) | (0.0160) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0263** | -0.0208* | -0.0220* | |||
| (0.0123) | (0.0160) | (0.0162) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0030 | 0.0025 | 0.0057 | |||
| (0.0120) | (0.0141) | (0.0142) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0245** | -0.0172 | -0.0157 | |||
| (0.0118) | (0.0150) | (0.0151) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0315*** | -0.0191* | -0.0139 | |||
| (0.0115) | (0.0141) | (0.0140) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0173* | -0.0107 | -0.0088 | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0141) | (0.0142) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -0.0880*** | 0.0258*** | 0.0193** | |||
| (0.0082) | (0.0099) | (0.0099) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0509*** | 0.0283*** | 0.0285*** | |||
| (0.0083) | (0.0093) | (0.0093) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0022 | -0.0031 | 0.0026 | |||
| (0.0115) | (0.0141) | (0.0141) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0168* | -0.0152 | -0.0133 | |||
| (0.0122) | (0.0149) | (0.0147) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0387*** | -0.0056 | -0.0030 | |||
| (0.0120) | (0.0144) | (0.0143) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0145 | -0.0075 | -0.0039 | |||
| (0.0120) | (0.0141) | (0.0140) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0014 | -0.0020 | -0.0034 | |||
| (0.0118) | (0.0127) | (0.0128) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0135 | -0.0140 | -0.0164 | |||
| (0.0119) | (0.0136) | (0.0136) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0237** | -0.0178* | -0.0217* | |||
| (0.0122) | (0.0133) | (0.0132) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0200** | -0.0096 | -0.0116 | |||
| (0.0120) | (0.0132) | (0.0132) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.1474 | 0.1645 | 0.3718 | 0.2165 | 0.3780 | 0.3994 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.1469 | 0.1552 | 0.3707 | 0.2151 | 0.3762 | 0.3914 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3258 | 0.3242 | 0.2798 | 0.3125 | 0.2786 | 0.2752 |
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.1696*** | -0.1687*** | -0.1715*** | -0.1703*** | -0.1714*** | -0.1711*** |
| (0.0097) | (0.0097) | (0.0081) | (0.0094) | (0.0081) | (0.0081) | |
| Reasoning | -0.1534*** | -0.1544*** | -0.1432*** | -0.1526*** | -0.1433*** | -0.1451*** |
| (0.0095) | (0.0095) | (0.0080) | (0.0090) | (0.0080) | (0.0080) | |
| Combo | -0.1642*** | -0.1631*** | -0.1692*** | -0.1639*** | -0.1693*** | -0.1692*** |
| (0.0095) | (0.0096) | (0.0081) | (0.0092) | (0.0081) | (0.0080) | |
| Facts Baseline | -0.0758*** | -0.0747*** | -0.0803*** | -0.0776*** | -0.0803*** | -0.0784*** |
| (0.0089) | (0.0089) | (0.0077) | (0.0086) | (0.0077) | (0.0076) | |
| No-course Baseline | -0.0244*** | -0.0253*** | -0.0238*** | -0.0247*** | -0.0247*** | -0.0242*** |
| (0.0089) | (0.0090) | (0.0074) | (0.0087) | (0.0074) | (0.0075) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.1027 | 0.1174 | 0.3668 | 0.1730 | 0.3680 | 0.3825 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.1021 | 0.1077 | 0.3657 | 0.1715 | 0.3662 | 0.3742 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3896 | 0.3884 | 0.3275 | 0.3743 | 0.3274 | 0.3253 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Facts Baseline | -0.0758*** | -0.0747*** | -0.0803*** | -0.0776*** | -0.0803*** | -0.0784*** |
| (0.0089) | (0.0089) | (0.0077) | (0.0086) | (0.0077) | (0.0076) | |
| No-course Baseline | -0.0244*** | -0.0253*** | -0.0238*** | -0.0247*** | -0.0247*** | -0.0242*** |
| (0.0089) | (0.0090) | (0.0074) | (0.0087) | (0.0074) | (0.0075) | |
| Reasoning | -0.1534*** | -0.1544*** | -0.1432*** | -0.1526*** | -0.1433*** | -0.1451*** |
| (0.0095) | (0.0095) | (0.0080) | (0.0090) | (0.0080) | (0.0080) | |
| Emotions | -0.1696*** | -0.1687*** | -0.1715*** | -0.1703*** | -0.1714*** | -0.1711*** |
| (0.0097) | (0.0097) | (0.0081) | (0.0094) | (0.0081) | (0.0081) | |
| Combo | -0.1642*** | -0.1631*** | -0.1692*** | -0.1639*** | -0.1693*** | -0.1692*** |
| (0.0095) | (0.0096) | (0.0081) | (0.0092) | (0.0081) | (0.0080) | |
| Age | -0.0070 | -0.0044 | ||||
| (0.0099) | (0.0087) | |||||
| Gender: Man | -0.0009 | 0.0086 | ||||
| (0.0093) | (0.0079) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0029 | -0.0022 | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | 0.0106 | 0.0112 | ||||
| (0.0109) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0112 | -0.0173* | ||||
| (0.0121) | (0.0112) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | -0.0038 | 0.0017 | ||||
| (0.0104) | (0.0088) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0070 | -0.0163** | ||||
| (0.0115) | (0.0096) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0253** | -0.0316*** | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0022 | -0.0042 | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Suburban | 0.0037 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0091) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | 0.0117 | 0.0068 | ||||
| (0.0099) | (0.0087) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0001 | 0.0065 | ||||
| (0.0094) | (0.0083) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | -0.0053 | -0.0122* | ||||
| (0.0101) | (0.0079) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0056 | 0.0106* | ||||
| (0.0095) | (0.0081) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0160** | 0.0350*** | ||||
| (0.0095) | (0.0089) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.0046 | 0.0343*** | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.0035 | 0.0366*** | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0024 | 0.0208** | ||||
| (0.0120) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0012 | -0.0076 | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | 0.0031 | -0.0060 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0053 | -0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0192) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0129 | -0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0158) | (0.0127) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0118 | -0.0236** | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | -0.0162 | -0.0123 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0148 | 0.0049 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0025 | -0.0012 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0112) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | -0.0070 | -0.0010 | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0126) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | 0.0016 | -0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | 0.0023 | -0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | 0.0049 | 0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0159) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0136 | -0.0088 | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | -0.0126 | -0.0101 | ||||
| (0.0159) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | -0.0065 | -0.0041 | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0138) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0122 | -0.0183* | ||||
| (0.0160) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0060 | 0.0134 | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0038 | 0.0125 | ||||
| (0.0179) | (0.0168) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0113 | 0.0193* | ||||
| (0.0161) | (0.0140) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0101 | 0.0147 | ||||
| (0.0152) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0098 | 0.0034 | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | -0.0059 | -0.0111 | ||||
| (0.0153) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.0296** | -0.0228** | ||||
| (0.0157) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0086 | -0.0137 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | -0.0128 | 0.0115 | ||||
| (0.0165) | (0.0135) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.0062 | 0.0160 | ||||
| (0.0167) | (0.0140) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | 0.0001 | 0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0171) | (0.0142) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.0208 | 0.0142 | ||||
| (0.0166) | (0.0140) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | -0.0138 | 0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0178) | (0.0148) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.0117 | 0.0232* | ||||
| (0.0182) | (0.0155) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.0312** | 0.0214* | ||||
| (0.0189) | (0.0157) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0105 | 0.0110 | ||||
| (0.0185) | (0.0154) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0149 | 0.0176* | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | 0.0010 | -0.0080 | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.0071 | 0.0127 | ||||
| (0.0156) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0289** | 0.0253** | ||||
| (0.0156) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0.0117 | 0.0075 | ||||
| (0.0148) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0064 | -0.0094 | ||||
| (0.0152) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0189 | -0.0049 | ||||
| (0.0157) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0089 | 0.0133 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0276** | -0.0130 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.0028 | 0.0032 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | -0.0194* | -0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | -0.0185 | -0.0046 | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | 0.0057 | -0.0021 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0148 | -0.0140 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0107 | -0.0203** | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0079 | -0.0153 | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | -0.0017 | 0.0131* | ||||
| (0.0133) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0159 | 0.0206** | ||||
| (0.0161) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0.0242* | 0.0213* | ||||
| (0.0171) | (0.0142) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0.0023 | 0.0153 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0018 | -0.0097 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | -0.0039 | -0.0062 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | 0.0114 | -0.0073 | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | 0.0001 | -0.0129 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0090 | -0.0143 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.0293** | -0.0173* | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0333** | -0.0180* | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.0203* | -0.0224** | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.0062 | -0.0114 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0155) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0240* | -0.0055 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0159) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0102 | 0.0073 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0157) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | 0.0049 | 0.0048 | ||||
| (0.0174) | (0.0158) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.0012 | -0.0060 | ||||
| (0.0181) | (0.0155) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0446*** | -0.0243* | ||||
| (0.0188) | (0.0163) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0273* | -0.0152 | ||||
| (0.0183) | (0.0156) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0027 | -0.0183 | ||||
| (0.0184) | (0.0160) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0136 | -0.0146 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0146) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.0484*** | -0.0204* | ||||
| (0.0176) | (0.0149) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0015 | 0.0005 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0147) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0050 | -0.0200* | ||||
| (0.0177) | (0.0149) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.1184*** | 0.1185*** | 0.1124*** | |||
| (0.0099) | (0.0124) | (0.0124) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.2425*** | -0.2485*** | -0.2533*** | |||
| (0.0104) | (0.0122) | (0.0123) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0185* | 0.0056 | 0.0015 | |||
| (0.0137) | (0.0174) | (0.0177) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0029 | -0.0145 | -0.0138 | |||
| (0.0144) | (0.0182) | (0.0183) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0415*** | -0.0528*** | -0.0548*** | |||
| (0.0141) | (0.0186) | (0.0186) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0055 | -0.0060 | -0.0055 | |||
| (0.0145) | (0.0179) | (0.0180) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0176 | -0.0128 | -0.0081 | |||
| (0.0145) | (0.0166) | (0.0168) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0178 | -0.0031 | 0.0012 | |||
| (0.0146) | (0.0175) | (0.0177) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0232* | -0.0228* | -0.0168 | |||
| (0.0143) | (0.0171) | (0.0172) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0189* | -0.0177 | -0.0137 | |||
| (0.0144) | (0.0169) | (0.0169) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0412*** | -0.0005 | -0.0059 | |||
| (0.0102) | (0.0110) | (0.0110) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -0.1135*** | 0.0106 | 0.0110 | |||
| (0.0105) | (0.0109) | (0.0108) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0297** | 0.0202* | 0.0275** | |||
| (0.0141) | (0.0154) | (0.0154) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0187* | 0.0172 | 0.0200 | |||
| (0.0146) | (0.0162) | (0.0162) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0008 | 0.0160 | 0.0187 | |||
| (0.0147) | (0.0169) | (0.0168) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | 0.0030 | 0.0010 | 0.0046 | |||
| (0.0144) | (0.0158) | (0.0156) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0066 | -0.0031 | -0.0044 | |||
| (0.0146) | (0.0145) | (0.0145) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0250** | -0.0231* | -0.0260** | |||
| (0.0147) | (0.0155) | (0.0155) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0136 | 0.0035 | 0.0007 | |||
| (0.0150) | (0.0157) | (0.0157) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0095 | -0.0018 | -0.0038 | |||
| (0.0146) | (0.0152) | (0.0153) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.1027 | 0.1174 | 0.3668 | 0.1730 | 0.3680 | 0.3825 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.1021 | 0.1077 | 0.3657 | 0.1715 | 0.3662 | 0.3742 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3896 | 0.3884 | 0.3275 | 0.3743 | 0.3274 | 0.3253 |
\[\textit{Sharing Discernment Score}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | 0.0181** | 0.0183** | 0.0189*** | 0.0189** | 0.0189*** | 0.0186*** |
| (0.0097) | (0.0097) | (0.0071) | (0.0089) | (0.0071) | (0.0071) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0176** | -0.0169** | -0.0020 | -0.0143* | -0.0026 | -0.0018 |
| (0.0101) | (0.0102) | (0.0075) | (0.0092) | (0.0075) | (0.0075) | |
| Combo | 0.0105 | 0.0121 | 0.0040 | 0.0122* | 0.0037 | 0.0045 |
| (0.0100) | (0.0100) | (0.0073) | (0.0093) | (0.0073) | (0.0073) | |
| Facts Baseline | -0.0021 | -0.0015 | -0.0052 | -0.0042 | -0.0051 | -0.0050 |
| (0.0095) | (0.0095) | (0.0070) | (0.0088) | (0.0070) | (0.0070) | |
| No-course Baseline | -0.0054 | -0.0045 | -0.0128** | -0.0094 | -0.0122** | -0.0107* |
| (0.0102) | (0.0102) | (0.0073) | (0.0094) | (0.0073) | (0.0074) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0009 | 0.0126 | 0.4687 | 0.1546 | 0.4709 | 0.4766 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0004 | 0.0017 | 0.4677 | 0.1531 | 0.4694 | 0.4695 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.4125 | 0.4122 | 0.3010 | 0.3796 | 0.3005 | 0.3005 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Sharing Discernment Score}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Facts Baseline | -0.0021 | -0.0015 | -0.0052 | -0.0042 | -0.0051 | -0.0050 |
| (0.0095) | (0.0095) | (0.0070) | (0.0088) | (0.0070) | (0.0070) | |
| No-course Baseline | -0.0054 | -0.0045 | -0.0128** | -0.0094 | -0.0122** | -0.0107* |
| (0.0102) | (0.0102) | (0.0073) | (0.0094) | (0.0073) | (0.0074) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0176** | -0.0169** | -0.0020 | -0.0143* | -0.0026 | -0.0018 |
| (0.0101) | (0.0102) | (0.0075) | (0.0092) | (0.0075) | (0.0075) | |
| Emotions | 0.0181** | 0.0183** | 0.0189*** | 0.0189** | 0.0189*** | 0.0186*** |
| (0.0097) | (0.0097) | (0.0071) | (0.0089) | (0.0071) | (0.0071) | |
| Combo | 0.0105 | 0.0121 | 0.0040 | 0.0122* | 0.0037 | 0.0045 |
| (0.0100) | (0.0100) | (0.0073) | (0.0093) | (0.0073) | (0.0073) | |
| Age | 0.0079 | 0.0083 | ||||
| (0.0105) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Gender: Man | -0.0031 | 0.0026 | ||||
| (0.0097) | (0.0072) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0019 | 0.0024 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0085) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0068 | 0.0096 | ||||
| (0.0119) | (0.0089) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | 0.0054 | -0.0012 | ||||
| (0.0096) | (0.0088) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | 0.0045 | 0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0082) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0039 | -0.0093 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0123 | -0.0183** | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0101) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0025 | 0.0104 | ||||
| (0.0116) | (0.0088) | |||||
| Suburban | 0.0130 | 0.0140** | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0080) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | 0.0128* | -0.0002 | ||||
| (0.0092) | (0.0070) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0043 | 0.0073 | ||||
| (0.0096) | (0.0075) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | 0.0011 | -0.0004 | ||||
| (0.0092) | (0.0068) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | -0.0059 | 0.0007 | ||||
| (0.0105) | (0.0077) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0326*** | 0.0159** | ||||
| (0.0101) | (0.0079) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.0177* | -0.0004 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0100) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.0164 | 0.0105 | ||||
| (0.0133) | (0.0100) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0147 | 0.0116 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0026 | -0.0084 | ||||
| (0.0193) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | 0.0064 | -0.0015 | ||||
| (0.0153) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0037 | -0.0025 | ||||
| (0.0164) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0136 | -0.0088 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0055 | -0.0127 | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | 0.0009 | 0.0026 | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0014 | -0.0107 | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | -0.0083 | -0.0104 | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | -0.0042 | 0.0027 | ||||
| (0.0168) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | -0.0010 | 0.0032 | ||||
| (0.0170) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | -0.0051 | -0.0022 | ||||
| (0.0167) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | 0.0213 | 0.0106 | ||||
| (0.0171) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0103 | 0.0015 | ||||
| (0.0173) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0.0066 | 0.0069 | ||||
| (0.0171) | (0.0126) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0024 | 0.0010 | ||||
| (0.0168) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | 0.0130 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0172) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0066 | 0.0090 | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0106 | 0.0127 | ||||
| (0.0151) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | -0.0123 | 0.0003 | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | -0.0076 | -0.0055 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0101) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0098 | -0.0028 | ||||
| (0.0165) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | -0.0131 | -0.0197* | ||||
| (0.0164) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.0154 | -0.0171* | ||||
| (0.0161) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0025 | -0.0072 | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | -0.0262* | 0.0063 | ||||
| (0.0182) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | -0.0034 | 0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0179) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | -0.0075 | 0.0034 | ||||
| (0.0174) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.0285* | 0.0158 | ||||
| (0.0176) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | -0.0259* | 0.0058 | ||||
| (0.0199) | (0.0143) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.0039 | 0.0209* | ||||
| (0.0195) | (0.0146) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.0146 | 0.0222* | ||||
| (0.0191) | (0.0143) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0073 | 0.0060 | ||||
| (0.0192) | (0.0142) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0143 | 0.0005 | ||||
| (0.0166) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | 0.0073 | -0.0091 | ||||
| (0.0167) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | -0.0015 | -0.0041 | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0183 | 0.0082 | ||||
| (0.0167) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0.0073 | -0.0034 | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | 0.0035 | -0.0048 | ||||
| (0.0163) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0130 | -0.0035 | ||||
| (0.0160) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | -0.0170 | -0.0073 | ||||
| (0.0161) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0224** | 0.0024 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | -0.0126 | -0.0023 | ||||
| (0.0152) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | -0.0222* | 0.0023 | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | -0.0139 | 0.0053 | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | 0.0049 | 0.0018 | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0101) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0152 | -0.0118 | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0103 | -0.0103 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0106) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0093 | -0.0123 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | -0.0137 | 0.0014 | ||||
| (0.0137) | (0.0081) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0013 | 0.0078 | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0106) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | -0.0003 | 0.0052 | ||||
| (0.0107) | (0.0096) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | -0.0162 | 0.0103 | ||||
| (0.0167) | (0.0106) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | 0.0137 | 0.0070 | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | -0.0010 | -0.0084 | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | 0.0130 | -0.0051 | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | 0.0233* | 0.0105 | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0211* | -0.0244** | ||||
| (0.0153) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.0372*** | -0.0330*** | ||||
| (0.0152) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0271** | -0.0323*** | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.0249** | -0.0369*** | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | 0.0007 | -0.0083 | ||||
| (0.0193) | (0.0145) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0264* | -0.0093 | ||||
| (0.0185) | (0.0147) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | 0.0072 | -0.0055 | ||||
| (0.0180) | (0.0143) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | 0.0186 | 0.0040 | ||||
| (0.0184) | (0.0145) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | 0.0068 | -0.0006 | ||||
| (0.0197) | (0.0145) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0381** | -0.0225* | ||||
| (0.0199) | (0.0152) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0076 | -0.0177 | ||||
| (0.0189) | (0.0143) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | 0.0102 | -0.0179 | ||||
| (0.0191) | (0.0145) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0258* | -0.0174 | ||||
| (0.0190) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.0549*** | -0.0201* | ||||
| (0.0187) | (0.0139) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0068 | -0.0119 | ||||
| (0.0181) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | 0.0084 | -0.0190* | ||||
| (0.0184) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.2985*** | 0.3167*** | 0.3163*** | |||
| (0.0091) | (0.0112) | (0.0115) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.3261*** | -0.3165*** | -0.3181*** | |||
| (0.0093) | (0.0109) | (0.0110) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0195* | 0.0031 | 0.0019 | |||
| (0.0130) | (0.0158) | (0.0163) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0098 | -0.0139 | -0.0109 | |||
| (0.0133) | (0.0162) | (0.0164) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0016 | -0.0134 | -0.0088 | |||
| (0.0128) | (0.0163) | (0.0166) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0208* | 0.0148 | 0.0164 | |||
| (0.0132) | (0.0162) | (0.0166) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0146 | -0.0153 | -0.0138 | |||
| (0.0135) | (0.0154) | (0.0155) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0067 | 0.0142 | 0.0170 | |||
| (0.0135) | (0.0162) | (0.0164) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0082 | -0.0037 | -0.0029 | |||
| (0.0130) | (0.0154) | (0.0155) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0016 | -0.0069 | -0.0049 | |||
| (0.0132) | (0.0157) | (0.0159) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.1293*** | -0.0263*** | -0.0252*** | |||
| (0.0106) | (0.0100) | (0.0101) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -0.1643*** | -0.0178** | -0.0175** | |||
| (0.0108) | (0.0098) | (0.0098) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0276** | 0.0233** | 0.0249** | |||
| (0.0152) | (0.0140) | (0.0140) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0355*** | 0.0324** | 0.0334*** | |||
| (0.0147) | (0.0142) | (0.0143) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | 0.0380*** | 0.0216* | 0.0217* | |||
| (0.0146) | (0.0144) | (0.0145) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | 0.0176 | 0.0085 | 0.0085 | |||
| (0.0148) | (0.0140) | (0.0141) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0051 | -0.0011 | -0.0011 | |||
| (0.0156) | (0.0137) | (0.0137) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0115 | -0.0091 | -0.0096 | |||
| (0.0147) | (0.0142) | (0.0143) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | 0.0101 | 0.0213* | 0.0224* | |||
| (0.0151) | (0.0141) | (0.0141) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | 0.0105 | 0.0077 | 0.0078 | |||
| (0.0150) | (0.0139) | (0.0139) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0009 | 0.0126 | 0.4687 | 0.1546 | 0.4709 | 0.4766 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0004 | 0.0017 | 0.4677 | 0.1531 | 0.4694 | 0.4695 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.4125 | 0.4122 | 0.3010 | 0.3796 | 0.3005 | 0.3005 |
\[\textit{Misinfo Accuracy score}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.5815*** | -0.5814*** | -0.5874*** | -0.5925*** | -0.5917*** | -0.5900*** |
| (0.0333) | (0.0333) | (0.0313) | (0.0274) | (0.0274) | (0.0271) | |
| Reasoning | -0.4844*** | -0.4907*** | -0.5013*** | -0.5043*** | -0.5065*** | -0.5164*** |
| (0.0336) | (0.0337) | (0.0323) | (0.0283) | (0.0283) | (0.0280) | |
| Combo | -0.5603*** | -0.5593*** | -0.5554*** | -0.5726*** | -0.5734*** | -0.5743*** |
| (0.0339) | (0.0342) | (0.0324) | (0.0282) | (0.0282) | (0.0281) | |
| Facts Baseline | -0.3209*** | -0.3171*** | -0.3241*** | -0.3214*** | -0.3183*** | -0.3055*** |
| (0.0333) | (0.0334) | (0.0321) | (0.0287) | (0.0286) | (0.0285) | |
| No-course Baseline | -0.0336 | -0.0385 | -0.0160 | 0.0059 | 0.0040 | -0.0031 |
| (0.0326) | (0.0325) | (0.0310) | (0.0274) | (0.0272) | (0.0269) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0943 | 0.1054 | 0.1805 | 0.3656 | 0.3714 | 0.3912 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0937 | 0.0955 | 0.1790 | 0.3645 | 0.3696 | 0.3830 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.3918 | 1.3905 | 1.3247 | 1.1655 | 1.1609 | 1.1484 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Misinfo Accuracy score}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Facts Baseline | -0.3209*** | -0.3171*** | -0.3241*** | -0.3214*** | -0.3183*** | -0.3055*** |
| (0.0333) | (0.0334) | (0.0321) | (0.0287) | (0.0286) | (0.0285) | |
| No-course Baseline | -0.0336 | -0.0385 | -0.0160 | 0.0059 | 0.0040 | -0.0031 |
| (0.0326) | (0.0325) | (0.0310) | (0.0274) | (0.0272) | (0.0269) | |
| Reasoning | -0.4844*** | -0.4907*** | -0.5013*** | -0.5043*** | -0.5065*** | -0.5164*** |
| (0.0336) | (0.0337) | (0.0323) | (0.0283) | (0.0283) | (0.0280) | |
| Emotions | -0.5815*** | -0.5814*** | -0.5874*** | -0.5925*** | -0.5917*** | -0.5900*** |
| (0.0333) | (0.0333) | (0.0313) | (0.0274) | (0.0274) | (0.0271) | |
| Combo | -0.5603*** | -0.5593*** | -0.5554*** | -0.5726*** | -0.5734*** | -0.5743*** |
| (0.0339) | (0.0342) | (0.0324) | (0.0282) | (0.0282) | (0.0281) | |
| Age | -0.0256 | -0.0577* | ||||
| (0.0478) | (0.0385) | |||||
| Gender: Man | -0.0213 | -0.0347 | ||||
| (0.0342) | (0.0294) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0272 | -0.0624** | ||||
| (0.0424) | (0.0359) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0051 | -0.0657** | ||||
| (0.0422) | (0.0358) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0617* | -0.0597* | ||||
| (0.0394) | (0.0402) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | -0.0304 | -0.0479* | ||||
| (0.0404) | (0.0339) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0322 | -0.0551* | ||||
| (0.0424) | (0.0362) | |||||
| Employed | -0.1030** | -0.0921** | ||||
| (0.0490) | (0.0423) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | 0.0451 | -0.0137 | ||||
| (0.0405) | (0.0342) | |||||
| Suburban | 0.0199 | -0.0081 | ||||
| (0.0401) | (0.0341) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | -0.0412 | -0.0006 | ||||
| (0.0375) | (0.0310) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0280 | 0.0027 | ||||
| (0.0383) | (0.0308) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | 0.0091 | -0.0199 | ||||
| (0.0349) | (0.0300) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0363 | 0.0407* | ||||
| (0.0378) | (0.0302) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | -0.0517 | 0.1056*** | ||||
| (0.0448) | (0.0395) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | -0.0448 | 0.1252*** | ||||
| (0.0467) | (0.0405) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | -0.0563 | 0.0829** | ||||
| (0.0470) | (0.0407) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | -0.0177 | 0.0406 | ||||
| (0.0430) | (0.0364) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0571 | -0.0130 | ||||
| (0.0633) | (0.0521) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | -0.0421 | -0.0019 | ||||
| (0.0654) | (0.0535) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0029 | -0.0439 | ||||
| (0.0611) | (0.0497) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0183 | -0.0087 | ||||
| (0.0657) | (0.0589) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | 0.0018 | 0.0031 | ||||
| (0.0473) | (0.0398) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | -0.0309 | -0.0012 | ||||
| (0.0482) | (0.0407) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0793* | 0.0735** | ||||
| (0.0483) | (0.0403) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0515 | 0.0259 | ||||
| (0.0479) | (0.0405) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | -0.0056 | 0.0060 | ||||
| (0.0577) | (0.0481) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | 0.0390 | 0.0511 | ||||
| (0.0593) | (0.0501) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | 0.0608 | 0.0728* | ||||
| (0.0586) | (0.0489) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | -0.0039 | 0.0225 | ||||
| (0.0599) | (0.0502) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0378 | 0.0034 | ||||
| (0.0581) | (0.0488) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | -0.0140 | 0.0104 | ||||
| (0.0593) | (0.0495) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0284 | 0.0402 | ||||
| (0.0582) | (0.0486) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0301 | -0.0035 | ||||
| (0.0600) | (0.0500) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0125 | -0.0154 | ||||
| (0.0502) | (0.0478) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | -0.0313 | -0.0005 | ||||
| (0.0606) | (0.0564) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0744* | 0.0610 | ||||
| (0.0555) | (0.0507) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0435 | 0.0792* | ||||
| (0.0520) | (0.0535) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0012 | 0.0278 | ||||
| (0.0553) | (0.0467) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | 0.0074 | 0.0325 | ||||
| (0.0569) | (0.0471) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.0149 | -0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0557) | (0.0460) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0059 | -0.0023 | ||||
| (0.0570) | (0.0479) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.0198 | 0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0594) | (0.0496) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.0269 | 0.0173 | ||||
| (0.0604) | (0.0506) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | -0.0021 | -0.0001 | ||||
| (0.0601) | (0.0500) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.0327 | 0.0128 | ||||
| (0.0619) | (0.0517) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.0847 | 0.0550 | ||||
| (0.0668) | (0.0569) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.1090* | 0.0261 | ||||
| (0.0693) | (0.0586) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.0808 | 0.0494 | ||||
| (0.0682) | (0.0577) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.1031* | 0.0586 | ||||
| (0.0677) | (0.0582) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | -0.0285 | -0.0082 | ||||
| (0.0555) | (0.0462) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0943** | -0.0698* | ||||
| (0.0568) | (0.0481) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | -0.0286 | 0.0071 | ||||
| (0.0571) | (0.0479) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | -0.0055 | 0.0146 | ||||
| (0.0583) | (0.0482) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | -0.0361 | -0.0334 | ||||
| (0.0550) | (0.0463) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.1052** | -0.0933** | ||||
| (0.0565) | (0.0471) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0749* | -0.0829** | ||||
| (0.0555) | (0.0462) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | -0.0169 | -0.0089 | ||||
| (0.0562) | (0.0470) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | 0.0524 | -0.0184 | ||||
| (0.0479) | (0.0396) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.0644 | 0.0248 | ||||
| (0.0506) | (0.0440) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0.0674 | -0.0062 | ||||
| (0.0527) | (0.0413) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | 0.0525 | -0.0150 | ||||
| (0.0509) | (0.0420) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.0714* | -0.0638* | ||||
| (0.0491) | (0.0408) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0292 | -0.0090 | ||||
| (0.0527) | (0.0423) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0358 | -0.0144 | ||||
| (0.0537) | (0.0427) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0629 | -0.0219 | ||||
| (0.0502) | (0.0425) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0279 | 0.0306 | ||||
| (0.0487) | (0.0412) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0372 | 0.0283 | ||||
| (0.0494) | (0.0421) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0.0159 | -0.0165 | ||||
| (0.0543) | (0.0483) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | -0.0322 | -0.0481 | ||||
| (0.0469) | (0.0507) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0771* | -0.0832** | ||||
| (0.0507) | (0.0414) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | -0.0160 | 0.0164 | ||||
| (0.0544) | (0.0433) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0398 | -0.0395 | ||||
| (0.0562) | (0.0446) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.0753* | -0.0698** | ||||
| (0.0493) | (0.0417) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | 0.0600 | -0.0003 | ||||
| (0.0622) | (0.0535) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0.0529 | 0.0299 | ||||
| (0.0634) | (0.0547) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0349 | -0.0443 | ||||
| (0.0619) | (0.0545) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | 0.0296 | 0.0016 | ||||
| (0.0610) | (0.0536) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | 0.0374 | -0.0364 | ||||
| (0.0632) | (0.0555) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | 0.0796 | 0.0328 | ||||
| (0.0647) | (0.0558) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0625 | -0.0410 | ||||
| (0.0644) | (0.0546) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | 0.0235 | 0.0054 | ||||
| (0.0647) | (0.0571) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.0151 | -0.0880* | ||||
| (0.0625) | (0.0546) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | 0.0836 | 0.0489 | ||||
| (0.0652) | (0.0558) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0215 | -0.0279 | ||||
| (0.0641) | (0.0538) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | 0.0294 | -0.0036 | ||||
| (0.0660) | (0.0566) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0116 | -0.0371 | ||||
| (0.0597) | (0.0500) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | 0.0930* | 0.0474 | ||||
| (0.0602) | (0.0502) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0178 | -0.0143 | ||||
| (0.0593) | (0.0488) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0171 | -0.0029 | ||||
| (0.0619) | (0.0514) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.4959*** | 0.1025** | 0.0820** | |||
| (0.0401) | (0.0465) | (0.0462) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.2539*** | 0.0831** | 0.0744** | |||
| (0.0397) | (0.0428) | (0.0430) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0151 | -0.0441 | -0.0472 | |||
| (0.0552) | (0.0646) | (0.0654) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0069 | -0.0168 | -0.0219 | |||
| (0.0580) | (0.0656) | (0.0650) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.1154** | -0.0586 | -0.0568 | |||
| (0.0551) | (0.0636) | (0.0638) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0311 | -0.0107 | -0.0158 | |||
| (0.0574) | (0.0647) | (0.0657) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.1161** | 0.0225 | 0.0379 | |||
| (0.0555) | (0.0589) | (0.0588) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0018 | -0.0174 | -0.0245 | |||
| (0.0558) | (0.0608) | (0.0609) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0492 | 0.0250 | 0.0401 | |||
| (0.0544) | (0.0586) | (0.0587) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0234 | -0.0779* | -0.0695 | |||
| (0.0553) | (0.0590) | (0.0591) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -0.8255*** | -0.8993*** | -0.9318*** | |||
| (0.0357) | (0.0461) | (0.0465) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.3177*** | 0.2665*** | 0.2700*** | |||
| (0.0358) | (0.0429) | (0.0428) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0134 | 0.0446 | 0.0662 | |||
| (0.0484) | (0.0634) | (0.0635) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0135 | 0.0038 | 0.0176 | |||
| (0.0500) | (0.0645) | (0.0641) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0748* | -0.0353 | -0.0256 | |||
| (0.0489) | (0.0632) | (0.0640) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0584 | -0.0375 | -0.0219 | |||
| (0.0492) | (0.0628) | (0.0633) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0575 | 0.0592 | 0.0477 | |||
| (0.0485) | (0.0579) | (0.0573) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0668* | -0.0500 | -0.0614 | |||
| (0.0480) | (0.0585) | (0.0581) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0792* | -0.0870* | -0.0992** | |||
| (0.0483) | (0.0581) | (0.0580) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0291 | 0.0117 | 0.0034 | |||
| (0.0476) | (0.0574) | (0.0574) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0943 | 0.1054 | 0.1805 | 0.3656 | 0.3714 | 0.3912 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0937 | 0.0955 | 0.1790 | 0.3645 | 0.3696 | 0.3830 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.3918 | 1.3905 | 1.3247 | 1.1655 | 1.1609 | 1.1484 |
\[\textit{Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.1299*** | -0.1295*** | -0.1310*** | -0.1319*** | -0.1318*** | -0.1312*** |
| (0.0075) | (0.0075) | (0.0071) | (0.0066) | (0.0066) | (0.0065) | |
| Reasoning | -0.1043*** | -0.1061*** | -0.1084*** | -0.1082*** | -0.1091*** | -0.1117*** |
| (0.0077) | (0.0077) | (0.0074) | (0.0068) | (0.0068) | (0.0068) | |
| Combo | -0.1218*** | -0.1209*** | -0.1206*** | -0.1243*** | -0.1241*** | -0.1235*** |
| (0.0077) | (0.0077) | (0.0074) | (0.0068) | (0.0068) | (0.0067) | |
| Facts Baseline | -0.0730*** | -0.0721*** | -0.0734*** | -0.0730*** | -0.0723*** | -0.0697*** |
| (0.0076) | (0.0076) | (0.0074) | (0.0068) | (0.0068) | (0.0067) | |
| No-course Baseline | -0.0061 | -0.0072 | -0.0025 | 0.0013 | 0.0010 | -0.0004 |
| (0.0074) | (0.0075) | (0.0071) | (0.0066) | (0.0066) | (0.0065) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0888 | 0.1019 | 0.1661 | 0.2895 | 0.2943 | 0.3178 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0883 | 0.0920 | 0.1647 | 0.2883 | 0.2923 | 0.3087 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3166 | 0.3160 | 0.3031 | 0.2798 | 0.2790 | 0.2757 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Facts Baseline | -0.0730*** | -0.0721*** | -0.0734*** | -0.0730*** | -0.0723*** | -0.0697*** |
| (0.0076) | (0.0076) | (0.0074) | (0.0068) | (0.0068) | (0.0067) | |
| No-course Baseline | -0.0061 | -0.0072 | -0.0025 | 0.0013 | 0.0010 | -0.0004 |
| (0.0074) | (0.0075) | (0.0071) | (0.0066) | (0.0066) | (0.0065) | |
| Reasoning | -0.1043*** | -0.1061*** | -0.1084*** | -0.1082*** | -0.1091*** | -0.1117*** |
| (0.0077) | (0.0077) | (0.0074) | (0.0068) | (0.0068) | (0.0068) | |
| Emotions | -0.1299*** | -0.1295*** | -0.1310*** | -0.1319*** | -0.1318*** | -0.1312*** |
| (0.0075) | (0.0075) | (0.0071) | (0.0066) | (0.0066) | (0.0065) | |
| Combo | -0.1218*** | -0.1209*** | -0.1206*** | -0.1243*** | -0.1241*** | -0.1235*** |
| (0.0077) | (0.0077) | (0.0074) | (0.0068) | (0.0068) | (0.0067) | |
| Age | -0.0017 | -0.0080 | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Gender: Man | -0.0027 | -0.0056 | ||||
| (0.0078) | (0.0069) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0047 | -0.0119* | ||||
| (0.0095) | (0.0084) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0018 | -0.0148** | ||||
| (0.0095) | (0.0084) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0231*** | -0.0223*** | ||||
| (0.0085) | (0.0079) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | -0.0090 | -0.0127* | ||||
| (0.0091) | (0.0080) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0083 | -0.0126* | ||||
| (0.0097) | (0.0087) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0245** | -0.0220** | ||||
| (0.0111) | (0.0099) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0005 | -0.0130* | ||||
| (0.0091) | (0.0080) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0011 | -0.0068 | ||||
| (0.0090) | (0.0080) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | -0.0094 | -0.0006 | ||||
| (0.0084) | (0.0071) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0011 | -0.0040 | ||||
| (0.0079) | (0.0064) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | 0.0010 | -0.0048 | ||||
| (0.0073) | (0.0066) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0077 | 0.0083 | ||||
| (0.0089) | (0.0074) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | -0.0047 | 0.0279*** | ||||
| (0.0093) | (0.0086) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.0018 | 0.0372*** | ||||
| (0.0105) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | -0.0042 | 0.0243*** | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0030 | 0.0150** | ||||
| (0.0098) | (0.0084) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0154 | -0.0065 | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | -0.0140 | -0.0057 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0045 | -0.0113 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0066 | -0.0048 | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | 0.0069 | 0.0077 | ||||
| (0.0109) | (0.0096) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | -0.0065 | -0.0008 | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0160* | 0.0155* | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0096) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0132 | 0.0085 | ||||
| (0.0109) | (0.0096) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | -0.0001 | 0.0020 | ||||
| (0.0128) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | 0.0023 | 0.0045 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | 0.0030 | 0.0053 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | -0.0035 | 0.0029 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0034 | 0.0055 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | -0.0077 | -0.0027 | ||||
| (0.0133) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0022 | 0.0052 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0113 | -0.0044 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0058 | 0.0052 | ||||
| (0.0114) | (0.0103) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0016 | 0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0160* | 0.0130 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0216** | 0.0283*** | ||||
| (0.0113) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | -0.0001 | 0.0058 | ||||
| (0.0125) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | 0.0064 | 0.0117 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.0021 | 0.0003 | ||||
| (0.0125) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0038 | -0.0025 | ||||
| (0.0128) | (0.0112) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.0063 | 0.0019 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.0128 | 0.0106 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | 0.0030 | 0.0030 | ||||
| (0.0137) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.0169 | 0.0140 | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.0222* | 0.0147 | ||||
| (0.0151) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.0209* | 0.0045 | ||||
| (0.0157) | (0.0139) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.0141 | 0.0070 | ||||
| (0.0153) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0256** | 0.0170 | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0138) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0029 | 0.0085 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0136 | -0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.0082 | 0.0161* | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0035 | 0.0084 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | -0.0029 | -0.0011 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0241** | -0.0209** | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0071 | -0.0075 | ||||
| (0.0125) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0043 | 0.0057 | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0112) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | 0.0151* | 0.0001 | ||||
| (0.0108) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.0121 | 0.0035 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0.0141 | -0.0005 | ||||
| (0.0115) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | 0.0073 | -0.0069 | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0101) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.0137* | -0.0119* | ||||
| (0.0104) | (0.0088) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0087 | -0.0047 | ||||
| (0.0111) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0060 | -0.0020 | ||||
| (0.0113) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0162* | -0.0081 | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0076 | 0.0077 | ||||
| (0.0099) | (0.0091) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0076 | 0.0059 | ||||
| (0.0113) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0.0039 | -0.0020 | ||||
| (0.0101) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | -0.0094 | -0.0137* | ||||
| (0.0085) | (0.0086) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0229** | -0.0238*** | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0097) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | -0.0024 | 0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0055 | -0.0053 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.0228** | -0.0209** | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | 0.0094 | -0.0041 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0.0178* | 0.0120 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0054 | -0.0088 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | 0.0044 | -0.0024 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | 0.0046 | -0.0115 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | 0.0170 | 0.0059 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0146 | -0.0117 | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | -0.0045 | -0.0096 | ||||
| (0.0148) | (0.0135) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.0043 | -0.0198* | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | 0.0180 | 0.0097 | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0010 | -0.0029 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0024 | -0.0094 | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0059 | -0.0123 | ||||
| (0.0137) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | 0.0197* | 0.0088 | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0060 | -0.0059 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0126 | -0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.1127*** | 0.0033 | -0.0029 | |||
| (0.0094) | (0.0115) | (0.0114) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0679*** | 0.0344*** | 0.0318*** | |||
| (0.0092) | (0.0103) | (0.0102) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0000 | -0.0110 | -0.0107 | |||
| (0.0127) | (0.0158) | (0.0159) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0011 | -0.0074 | -0.0085 | |||
| (0.0134) | (0.0164) | (0.0162) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0101 | -0.0065 | -0.0070 | |||
| (0.0125) | (0.0154) | (0.0155) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0018 | 0.0013 | 0.0015 | |||
| (0.0133) | (0.0157) | (0.0158) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0224** | 0.0056 | 0.0090 | |||
| (0.0126) | (0.0140) | (0.0140) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0024 | -0.0071 | -0.0080 | |||
| (0.0128) | (0.0148) | (0.0148) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0037 | -0.0111 | -0.0076 | |||
| (0.0124) | (0.0140) | (0.0140) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0082 | -0.0239** | -0.0208* | |||
| (0.0129) | (0.0144) | (0.0143) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -0.1679*** | -0.1744*** | -0.1821*** | |||
| (0.0079) | (0.0104) | (0.0105) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0708*** | 0.0523*** | 0.0534*** | |||
| (0.0078) | (0.0094) | (0.0094) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0091 | 0.0167 | 0.0226* | |||
| (0.0106) | (0.0142) | (0.0142) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0046 | 0.0114 | 0.0141 | |||
| (0.0111) | (0.0148) | (0.0147) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0035 | 0.0035 | 0.0062 | |||
| (0.0108) | (0.0143) | (0.0145) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0092 | -0.0062 | -0.0017 | |||
| (0.0108) | (0.0140) | (0.0141) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0103 | 0.0109 | 0.0086 | |||
| (0.0109) | (0.0131) | (0.0129) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0108 | -0.0061 | -0.0095 | |||
| (0.0107) | (0.0132) | (0.0131) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0158* | -0.0095 | -0.0122 | |||
| (0.0107) | (0.0130) | (0.0130) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0008 | 0.0117 | 0.0095 | |||
| (0.0107) | (0.0130) | (0.0130) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0888 | 0.1019 | 0.1661 | 0.2895 | 0.2943 | 0.3178 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0883 | 0.0920 | 0.1647 | 0.2883 | 0.2923 | 0.3087 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3166 | 0.3160 | 0.3031 | 0.2798 | 0.2790 | 0.2757 |
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo Accuracy score}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.5828*** | -0.5798*** | -0.5872*** | -0.5906*** | -0.5904*** | -0.5894*** |
| (0.0393) | (0.0393) | (0.0377) | (0.0320) | (0.0320) | (0.0318) | |
| Reasoning | -0.5830*** | -0.5863*** | -0.5552*** | -0.5781*** | -0.5813*** | -0.5884*** |
| (0.0417) | (0.0419) | (0.0397) | (0.0329) | (0.0329) | (0.0330) | |
| Combo | -0.6276*** | -0.6220*** | -0.6389*** | -0.6268*** | -0.6257*** | -0.6250*** |
| (0.0409) | (0.0411) | (0.0393) | (0.0326) | (0.0325) | (0.0325) | |
| Facts Baseline | -0.3482*** | -0.3360*** | -0.3595*** | -0.3659*** | -0.3632*** | -0.3493*** |
| (0.0399) | (0.0396) | (0.0383) | (0.0330) | (0.0329) | (0.0326) | |
| No-course Baseline | -0.1196*** | -0.1244*** | -0.1228*** | -0.1032*** | -0.1054*** | -0.1101*** |
| (0.0386) | (0.0391) | (0.0375) | (0.0308) | (0.0308) | (0.0310) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0805 | 0.0931 | 0.1563 | 0.4053 | 0.4086 | 0.4220 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0800 | 0.0831 | 0.1548 | 0.4043 | 0.4069 | 0.4142 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.6720 | 1.6692 | 1.6025 | 1.3454 | 1.3424 | 1.3342 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo Accuracy score}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Facts Baseline | -0.3482*** | -0.3360*** | -0.3595*** | -0.3659*** | -0.3632*** | -0.3493*** |
| (0.0399) | (0.0396) | (0.0383) | (0.0330) | (0.0329) | (0.0326) | |
| No-course Baseline | -0.1196*** | -0.1244*** | -0.1228*** | -0.1032*** | -0.1054*** | -0.1101*** |
| (0.0386) | (0.0391) | (0.0375) | (0.0308) | (0.0308) | (0.0310) | |
| Reasoning | -0.5830*** | -0.5863*** | -0.5552*** | -0.5781*** | -0.5813*** | -0.5884*** |
| (0.0417) | (0.0419) | (0.0397) | (0.0329) | (0.0329) | (0.0330) | |
| Emotions | -0.5828*** | -0.5798*** | -0.5872*** | -0.5906*** | -0.5904*** | -0.5894*** |
| (0.0393) | (0.0393) | (0.0377) | (0.0320) | (0.0320) | (0.0318) | |
| Combo | -0.6276*** | -0.6220*** | -0.6389*** | -0.6268*** | -0.6257*** | -0.6250*** |
| (0.0409) | (0.0411) | (0.0393) | (0.0326) | (0.0325) | (0.0325) | |
| Age | -0.0120 | -0.0213 | ||||
| (0.0470) | (0.0389) | |||||
| Gender: Man | -0.0312 | -0.0302 | ||||
| (0.0409) | (0.0336) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0260 | -0.0265 | ||||
| (0.0510) | (0.0414) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0561 | 0.0042 | ||||
| (0.0505) | (0.0418) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0032 | 0.0008 | ||||
| (0.0572) | (0.0479) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | 0.0393 | 0.0223 | ||||
| (0.0460) | (0.0381) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.1686*** | -0.1437*** | ||||
| (0.0511) | (0.0410) | |||||
| Employed | -0.2844*** | -0.2308*** | ||||
| (0.0567) | (0.0463) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | 0.0437 | 0.0350 | ||||
| (0.0472) | (0.0394) | |||||
| Suburban | 0.0166 | -0.0090 | ||||
| (0.0465) | (0.0389) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | 0.0107 | -0.0367 | ||||
| (0.0403) | (0.0356) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0543 | 0.0693** | ||||
| (0.0454) | (0.0360) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | 0.0037 | -0.0163 | ||||
| (0.0509) | (0.0337) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | -0.0067 | 0.0103 | ||||
| (0.0424) | (0.0346) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0612 | 0.1547*** | ||||
| (0.0501) | (0.0436) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.0017 | 0.1202*** | ||||
| (0.0540) | (0.0472) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.0112 | 0.1074** | ||||
| (0.0554) | (0.0475) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0511 | 0.1011** | ||||
| (0.0536) | (0.0446) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0209 | -0.0413 | ||||
| (0.0770) | (0.0597) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | 0.0477 | -0.0028 | ||||
| (0.0659) | (0.0561) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0614 | -0.0893* | ||||
| (0.0875) | (0.0615) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0437 | -0.0332 | ||||
| (0.0675) | (0.0538) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0032 | -0.0019 | ||||
| (0.0568) | (0.0453) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | -0.0061 | 0.0228 | ||||
| (0.0588) | (0.0472) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0551 | 0.0811** | ||||
| (0.0571) | (0.0464) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0308 | 0.0282 | ||||
| (0.0576) | (0.0470) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | -0.0327 | -0.0008 | ||||
| (0.0679) | (0.0549) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | 0.0077 | 0.0157 | ||||
| (0.0730) | (0.0578) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | 0.0036 | 0.0280 | ||||
| (0.0714) | (0.0577) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | 0.0941* | 0.0204 | ||||
| (0.0719) | (0.0578) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0413 | 0.0028 | ||||
| (0.0693) | (0.0559) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0.0299 | 0.0079 | ||||
| (0.0727) | (0.0581) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0868 | 0.0669 | ||||
| (0.0694) | (0.0574) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | 0.1008* | -0.0285 | ||||
| (0.0720) | (0.0584) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0158 | -0.0391 | ||||
| (0.0667) | (0.0553) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | -0.0233 | -0.0311 | ||||
| (0.0751) | (0.0682) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | -0.0022 | -0.0096 | ||||
| (0.0730) | (0.0610) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0023 | -0.0104 | ||||
| (0.0690) | (0.0600) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | -0.0013 | 0.0120 | ||||
| (0.0657) | (0.0528) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | -0.0873* | -0.0802* | ||||
| (0.0669) | (0.0544) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.1593*** | -0.0911** | ||||
| (0.0664) | (0.0533) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0729 | -0.0843* | ||||
| (0.0672) | (0.0545) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.1372** | 0.0983** | ||||
| (0.0718) | (0.0569) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.1332** | 0.1324** | ||||
| (0.0740) | (0.0593) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | 0.1263** | 0.0681 | ||||
| (0.0734) | (0.0578) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.2018*** | 0.1321** | ||||
| (0.0731) | (0.0579) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.1863*** | 0.1406** | ||||
| (0.0796) | (0.0634) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.2568*** | 0.2044*** | ||||
| (0.0819) | (0.0656) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.2561*** | 0.1848*** | ||||
| (0.0833) | (0.0660) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.2148*** | 0.1483** | ||||
| (0.0804) | (0.0641) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0245 | -0.0138 | ||||
| (0.0644) | (0.0520) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0963* | -0.1113** | ||||
| (0.0704) | (0.0568) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | -0.0539 | -0.0451 | ||||
| (0.0669) | (0.0550) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0215 | 0.0305 | ||||
| (0.0692) | (0.0557) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0.0502 | 0.0109 | ||||
| (0.0644) | (0.0526) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0729 | -0.0811* | ||||
| (0.0671) | (0.0541) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0604 | -0.0916** | ||||
| (0.0660) | (0.0539) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0227 | 0.0419 | ||||
| (0.0664) | (0.0539) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0257 | 0.0144 | ||||
| (0.0556) | (0.0470) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.0169 | 0.0736* | ||||
| (0.0623) | (0.0503) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0.0253 | 0.0338 | ||||
| (0.0590) | (0.0497) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | 0.0065 | 0.0677* | ||||
| (0.0565) | (0.0467) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.1351** | -0.1129*** | ||||
| (0.0595) | (0.0458) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0302 | -0.0634* | ||||
| (0.0625) | (0.0491) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0798* | -0.0937** | ||||
| (0.0609) | (0.0485) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0400 | -0.0636* | ||||
| (0.0602) | (0.0477) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0217 | 0.0189 | ||||
| (0.0601) | (0.0464) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0102 | 0.0389 | ||||
| (0.0727) | (0.0472) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0.0328 | 0.0223 | ||||
| (0.0665) | (0.0467) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | -0.0394 | 0.0321 | ||||
| (0.0739) | (0.0558) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0218 | -0.0049 | ||||
| (0.0585) | (0.0470) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.0081 | 0.0196 | ||||
| (0.0623) | (0.0496) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0063 | -0.0159 | ||||
| (0.0644) | (0.0521) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | 0.0372 | -0.0183 | ||||
| (0.0596) | (0.0468) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0133 | -0.0985** | ||||
| (0.0693) | (0.0589) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.0802 | -0.1152** | ||||
| (0.0759) | (0.0630) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.1490** | -0.1302** | ||||
| (0.0730) | (0.0615) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.1127* | -0.1504*** | ||||
| (0.0728) | (0.0609) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | 0.0011 | -0.0910* | ||||
| (0.0774) | (0.0651) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0086 | -0.0161 | ||||
| (0.0804) | (0.0665) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0685 | -0.0564 | ||||
| (0.0746) | (0.0650) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | 0.0299 | -0.0109 | ||||
| (0.0771) | (0.0659) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | 0.0254 | -0.0652 | ||||
| (0.0784) | (0.0649) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0160 | -0.0333 | ||||
| (0.0820) | (0.0674) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.1351** | -0.1126** | ||||
| (0.0751) | (0.0643) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0860 | -0.1105** | ||||
| (0.0808) | (0.0669) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0605 | -0.0811* | ||||
| (0.0742) | (0.0593) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.1269** | -0.0508 | ||||
| (0.0771) | (0.0616) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.1158* | -0.0833* | ||||
| (0.0733) | (0.0609) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0419 | -0.1097** | ||||
| (0.0765) | (0.0620) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.2560*** | 0.0848** | 0.0641* | |||
| (0.0472) | (0.0498) | (0.0497) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.5763*** | 0.0781* | 0.0625* | |||
| (0.0499) | (0.0483) | (0.0485) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.1045* | 0.0194 | 0.0228 | |||
| (0.0670) | (0.0720) | (0.0736) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.1156** | -0.0326 | -0.0207 | |||
| (0.0691) | (0.0737) | (0.0735) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.1280** | -0.1422** | -0.1317** | |||
| (0.0668) | (0.0719) | (0.0720) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0442 | -0.0356 | -0.0211 | |||
| (0.0690) | (0.0722) | (0.0728) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0336 | -0.0310 | -0.0109 | |||
| (0.0710) | (0.0671) | (0.0673) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0960* | 0.0124 | 0.0164 | |||
| (0.0709) | (0.0704) | (0.0706) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0385 | 0.0070 | 0.0329 | |||
| (0.0691) | (0.0674) | (0.0676) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0071 | 0.0206 | 0.0328 | |||
| (0.0709) | (0.0677) | (0.0679) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.3614*** | 0.2991*** | 0.2789*** | |||
| (0.0400) | (0.0492) | (0.0492) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -1.0903*** | -1.1376*** | -1.1343*** | |||
| (0.0397) | (0.0462) | (0.0462) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0697* | 0.0674 | 0.0861 | |||
| (0.0542) | (0.0694) | (0.0697) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0622 | 0.0862 | 0.0990* | |||
| (0.0560) | (0.0695) | (0.0695) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0886* | 0.0047 | 0.0078 | |||
| (0.0556) | (0.0708) | (0.0711) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0450 | -0.0185 | -0.0092 | |||
| (0.0559) | (0.0695) | (0.0696) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0014 | 0.0243 | 0.0168 | |||
| (0.0538) | (0.0623) | (0.0623) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0568 | -0.0559 | -0.0682 | |||
| (0.0555) | (0.0655) | (0.0655) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0017 | 0.0028 | -0.0134 | |||
| (0.0556) | (0.0652) | (0.0650) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0442 | -0.0533 | -0.0601 | |||
| (0.0557) | (0.0648) | (0.0650) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0805 | 0.0931 | 0.1563 | 0.4053 | 0.4086 | 0.4220 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0800 | 0.0831 | 0.1548 | 0.4043 | 0.4069 | 0.4142 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.6720 | 1.6692 | 1.6025 | 1.3454 | 1.3424 | 1.3342 |
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.1251*** | -0.1236*** | -0.1258*** | -0.1264*** | -0.1264*** | -0.1253*** |
| (0.0094) | (0.0094) | (0.0091) | (0.0083) | (0.0083) | (0.0082) | |
| Reasoning | -0.1233*** | -0.1246*** | -0.1171*** | -0.1221*** | -0.1220*** | -0.1241*** |
| (0.0099) | (0.0100) | (0.0096) | (0.0086) | (0.0086) | (0.0087) | |
| Combo | -0.1261*** | -0.1243*** | -0.1287*** | -0.1257*** | -0.1263*** | -0.1255*** |
| (0.0095) | (0.0095) | (0.0091) | (0.0082) | (0.0082) | (0.0082) | |
| Facts Baseline | -0.0672*** | -0.0649*** | -0.0697*** | -0.0707*** | -0.0703*** | -0.0676*** |
| (0.0092) | (0.0092) | (0.0089) | (0.0081) | (0.0081) | (0.0080) | |
| No-course Baseline | -0.0186** | -0.0205** | -0.0197** | -0.0161** | -0.0167** | -0.0182** |
| (0.0091) | (0.0093) | (0.0089) | (0.0080) | (0.0080) | (0.0081) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0630 | 0.0762 | 0.1321 | 0.2866 | 0.2894 | 0.3044 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0625 | 0.0659 | 0.1306 | 0.2854 | 0.2874 | 0.2950 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3942 | 0.3934 | 0.3796 | 0.3441 | 0.3436 | 0.3418 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Facts Baseline | -0.0672*** | -0.0649*** | -0.0697*** | -0.0707*** | -0.0703*** | -0.0676*** |
| (0.0092) | (0.0092) | (0.0089) | (0.0081) | (0.0081) | (0.0080) | |
| No-course Baseline | -0.0186** | -0.0205** | -0.0197** | -0.0161** | -0.0167** | -0.0182** |
| (0.0091) | (0.0093) | (0.0089) | (0.0080) | (0.0080) | (0.0081) | |
| Reasoning | -0.1233*** | -0.1246*** | -0.1171*** | -0.1221*** | -0.1220*** | -0.1241*** |
| (0.0099) | (0.0100) | (0.0096) | (0.0086) | (0.0086) | (0.0087) | |
| Emotions | -0.1251*** | -0.1236*** | -0.1258*** | -0.1264*** | -0.1264*** | -0.1253*** |
| (0.0094) | (0.0094) | (0.0091) | (0.0083) | (0.0083) | (0.0082) | |
| Combo | -0.1261*** | -0.1243*** | -0.1287*** | -0.1257*** | -0.1263*** | -0.1255*** |
| (0.0095) | (0.0095) | (0.0091) | (0.0082) | (0.0082) | (0.0082) | |
| Age | -0.0016 | -0.0036 | ||||
| (0.0102) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Gender: Man | -0.0062 | -0.0055 | ||||
| (0.0095) | (0.0083) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0093 | -0.0095 | ||||
| (0.0113) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0095 | 0.0021 | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0097) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0181* | -0.0180* | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | 0.0046 | 0.0017 | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0288*** | -0.0251*** | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0101) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0565*** | -0.0472*** | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | 0.0037 | 0.0023 | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0010 | -0.0061 | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | 0.0028 | -0.0065 | ||||
| (0.0091) | (0.0084) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0074 | 0.0103 | ||||
| (0.0099) | (0.0083) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | 0.0008 | -0.0036 | ||||
| (0.0083) | (0.0058) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | -0.0016 | 0.0022 | ||||
| (0.0099) | (0.0088) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0189** | 0.0372*** | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0099) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.0094 | 0.0326*** | ||||
| (0.0121) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | -0.0003 | 0.0194** | ||||
| (0.0125) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0106 | 0.0207** | ||||
| (0.0120) | (0.0106) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0086 | -0.0124 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | 0.0117 | 0.0020 | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0181 | -0.0230* | ||||
| (0.0195) | (0.0150) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0103 | -0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | 0.0050 | 0.0047 | ||||
| (0.0133) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | 0.0056 | 0.0112 | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0228** | 0.0266** | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0089 | 0.0086 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | -0.0013 | 0.0054 | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0135) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | 0.0176 | 0.0195* | ||||
| (0.0167) | (0.0144) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | 0.0039 | 0.0093 | ||||
| (0.0163) | (0.0142) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | 0.0202 | 0.0065 | ||||
| (0.0163) | (0.0141) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0022 | -0.0049 | ||||
| (0.0158) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0.0123 | 0.0087 | ||||
| (0.0165) | (0.0142) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0125 | 0.0098 | ||||
| (0.0159) | (0.0141) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | 0.0086 | -0.0155 | ||||
| (0.0163) | (0.0141) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0053 | 0.0015 | ||||
| (0.0164) | (0.0143) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0158 | 0.0149 | ||||
| (0.0171) | (0.0170) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0157 | 0.0155 | ||||
| (0.0168) | (0.0150) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0165 | 0.0143 | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0135) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0060 | 0.0078 | ||||
| (0.0152) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | -0.0189 | -0.0180* | ||||
| (0.0157) | (0.0138) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.0357** | -0.0233** | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0163 | -0.0185* | ||||
| (0.0156) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.0229* | 0.0183* | ||||
| (0.0165) | (0.0141) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.0267* | 0.0279** | ||||
| (0.0173) | (0.0149) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | 0.0270* | 0.0178 | ||||
| (0.0173) | (0.0147) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.0381** | 0.0248** | ||||
| (0.0169) | (0.0145) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.0287* | 0.0223* | ||||
| (0.0183) | (0.0158) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.0431** | 0.0348** | ||||
| (0.0193) | (0.0166) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.0529*** | 0.0407*** | ||||
| (0.0194) | (0.0166) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0416** | 0.0294** | ||||
| (0.0185) | (0.0159) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0018 | -0.0053 | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0134 | -0.0168 | ||||
| (0.0166) | (0.0145) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.0007 | 0.0030 | ||||
| (0.0156) | (0.0138) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0074 | 0.0089 | ||||
| (0.0158) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0.0069 | -0.0005 | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0027 | -0.0044 | ||||
| (0.0156) | (0.0135) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0118 | -0.0166 | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0135) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0099 | 0.0144 | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0135) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0058 | 0.0031 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.0051 | 0.0159* | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0.0079 | 0.0108 | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0127) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | -0.0025 | 0.0103 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.0242** | -0.0202** | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0034 | -0.0091 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0139 | -0.0162* | ||||
| (0.0137) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0178* | -0.0223** | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0058 | 0.0068 | ||||
| (0.0115) | (0.0099) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | -0.0028 | 0.0034 | ||||
| (0.0151) | (0.0112) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | -0.0024 | -0.0032 | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | -0.0160* | -0.0006 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0026 | -0.0003 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | -0.0067 | -0.0052 | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0127) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | 0.0056 | 0.0024 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0126) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | 0.0051 | -0.0064 | ||||
| (0.0137) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0014 | -0.0188* | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.0104 | -0.0174 | ||||
| (0.0164) | (0.0146) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0354** | -0.0355*** | ||||
| (0.0159) | (0.0144) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.0175 | -0.0268** | ||||
| (0.0157) | (0.0142) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | 0.0057 | -0.0132 | ||||
| (0.0177) | (0.0162) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0020 | -0.0031 | ||||
| (0.0184) | (0.0165) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0194 | -0.0222* | ||||
| (0.0174) | (0.0162) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | 0.0090 | -0.0010 | ||||
| (0.0178) | (0.0164) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | 0.0112 | -0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0181) | (0.0163) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | 0.0083 | 0.0053 | ||||
| (0.0191) | (0.0170) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0275* | -0.0276** | ||||
| (0.0176) | (0.0162) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | 0.0028 | -0.0053 | ||||
| (0.0185) | (0.0167) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0110 | -0.0151 | ||||
| (0.0173) | (0.0149) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.0221 | -0.0059 | ||||
| (0.0181) | (0.0157) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0301** | -0.0260** | ||||
| (0.0171) | (0.0152) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0011 | -0.0162 | ||||
| (0.0176) | (0.0153) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0678*** | 0.0442*** | 0.0395*** | |||
| (0.0113) | (0.0129) | (0.0130) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.1334*** | -0.0148 | -0.0180* | |||
| (0.0118) | (0.0125) | (0.0126) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0196 | -0.0062 | -0.0078 | |||
| (0.0159) | (0.0185) | (0.0188) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0197 | -0.0199 | -0.0178 | |||
| (0.0166) | (0.0190) | (0.0191) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0155 | -0.0269* | -0.0241 | |||
| (0.0161) | (0.0187) | (0.0188) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0019 | -0.0102 | -0.0100 | |||
| (0.0162) | (0.0186) | (0.0188) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0117 | 0.0017 | 0.0058 | |||
| (0.0168) | (0.0174) | (0.0175) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0124 | 0.0132 | 0.0130 | |||
| (0.0170) | (0.0186) | (0.0187) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0078 | 0.0055 | 0.0117 | |||
| (0.0166) | (0.0178) | (0.0179) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0035 | 0.0019 | 0.0049 | |||
| (0.0166) | (0.0177) | (0.0177) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0686*** | 0.0432*** | 0.0379*** | |||
| (0.0094) | (0.0117) | (0.0117) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -0.2114*** | -0.2066*** | -0.2064*** | |||
| (0.0094) | (0.0113) | (0.0112) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0233** | 0.0276** | 0.0324** | |||
| (0.0128) | (0.0164) | (0.0165) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0231** | 0.0341** | 0.0368** | |||
| (0.0135) | (0.0168) | (0.0168) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0010 | 0.0140 | 0.0148 | |||
| (0.0131) | (0.0169) | (0.0170) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | 0.0043 | 0.0113 | 0.0146 | |||
| (0.0131) | (0.0165) | (0.0166) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0024 | 0.0023 | 0.0003 | |||
| (0.0128) | (0.0150) | (0.0151) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0143 | -0.0187 | -0.0204 | |||
| (0.0134) | (0.0162) | (0.0163) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0047 | -0.0053 | -0.0084 | |||
| (0.0132) | (0.0160) | (0.0160) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0087 | -0.0095 | -0.0110 | |||
| (0.0131) | (0.0158) | (0.0158) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0630 | 0.0762 | 0.1321 | 0.2866 | 0.2894 | 0.3044 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0625 | 0.0659 | 0.1306 | 0.2854 | 0.2874 | 0.2950 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3942 | 0.3934 | 0.3796 | 0.3441 | 0.3436 | 0.3418 |
\[\textit{Accuracy Discernment Score}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.0013 | 0.0016 | 0.0002 | 0.0020 | 0.0013 | 0.0007 |
| (0.0420) | (0.0423) | (0.0384) | (0.0297) | (0.0296) | (0.0298) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0986** | -0.0955** | -0.0540 | -0.0738** | -0.0748** | -0.0720** |
| (0.0467) | (0.0466) | (0.0427) | (0.0322) | (0.0323) | (0.0323) | |
| Combo | -0.0672* | -0.0627* | -0.0835** | -0.0542** | -0.0523** | -0.0507* |
| (0.0451) | (0.0453) | (0.0420) | (0.0312) | (0.0311) | (0.0312) | |
| Facts Baseline | -0.0274 | -0.0188 | -0.0354 | -0.0445* | -0.0449* | -0.0437* |
| (0.0437) | (0.0434) | (0.0404) | (0.0311) | (0.0311) | (0.0311) | |
| No-course Baseline | -0.0860** | -0.0859** | -0.1068*** | -0.1090*** | -0.1093*** | -0.1070*** |
| (0.0475) | (0.0480) | (0.0435) | (0.0322) | (0.0322) | (0.0326) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0012 | 0.0105 | 0.1571 | 0.5183 | 0.5192 | 0.5255 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0007 | -0.0004 | 0.1557 | 0.5175 | 0.5178 | 0.5192 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.8719 | 1.8729 | 1.7206 | 1.3007 | 1.3003 | 1.2984 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Accuracy Discernment Score}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Facts Baseline | -0.0274 | -0.0188 | -0.0354 | -0.0445* | -0.0449* | -0.0437* |
| (0.0437) | (0.0434) | (0.0404) | (0.0311) | (0.0311) | (0.0311) | |
| No-course Baseline | -0.0860** | -0.0859** | -0.1068*** | -0.1090*** | -0.1093*** | -0.1070*** |
| (0.0475) | (0.0480) | (0.0435) | (0.0322) | (0.0322) | (0.0326) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0986** | -0.0955** | -0.0540 | -0.0738** | -0.0748** | -0.0720** |
| (0.0467) | (0.0466) | (0.0427) | (0.0322) | (0.0323) | (0.0323) | |
| Emotions | -0.0013 | 0.0016 | 0.0002 | 0.0020 | 0.0013 | 0.0007 |
| (0.0420) | (0.0423) | (0.0384) | (0.0297) | (0.0296) | (0.0298) | |
| Combo | -0.0672* | -0.0627* | -0.0835** | -0.0542** | -0.0523** | -0.0507* |
| (0.0451) | (0.0453) | (0.0420) | (0.0312) | (0.0311) | (0.0312) | |
| Age | 0.0136 | 0.0365 | ||||
| (0.0548) | (0.0439) | |||||
| Gender: Man | -0.0099 | 0.0045 | ||||
| (0.0450) | (0.0320) | |||||
| Some College | 0.0013 | 0.0359 | ||||
| (0.0554) | (0.0392) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0510 | 0.0700** | ||||
| (0.0557) | (0.0403) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | 0.0586* | 0.0605* | ||||
| (0.0385) | (0.0386) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | 0.0697* | 0.0702** | ||||
| (0.0513) | (0.0362) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.1364*** | -0.0886** | ||||
| (0.0557) | (0.0402) | |||||
| Employed | -0.1815*** | -0.1386*** | ||||
| (0.0623) | (0.0437) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0014 | 0.0486* | ||||
| (0.0524) | (0.0378) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0033 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0506) | (0.0363) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | 0.0520 | -0.0361 | ||||
| (0.0421) | (0.0310) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0264 | 0.0666** | ||||
| (0.0506) | (0.0338) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | -0.0054 | 0.0036 | ||||
| (0.0572) | (0.0358) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | -0.0430 | -0.0304 | ||||
| (0.0502) | (0.0348) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.1129** | 0.0491 | ||||
| (0.0490) | (0.0389) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.0465 | -0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0606) | (0.0459) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.0675 | 0.0245 | ||||
| (0.0616) | (0.0461) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0688 | 0.0605* | ||||
| (0.0578) | (0.0422) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | 0.0362 | -0.0283 | ||||
| (0.1082) | (0.0776) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | 0.0899 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0736) | (0.0579) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0584 | -0.0454 | ||||
| (0.0883) | (0.0585) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0254 | -0.0245 | ||||
| (0.0718) | (0.0562) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0050 | -0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0664) | (0.0461) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | 0.0247 | 0.0239 | ||||
| (0.0657) | (0.0457) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | -0.0242 | 0.0076 | ||||
| (0.0626) | (0.0440) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | -0.0206 | 0.0023 | ||||
| (0.0636) | (0.0449) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | -0.0271 | -0.0068 | ||||
| (0.0796) | (0.0547) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | -0.0314 | -0.0353 | ||||
| (0.0801) | (0.0557) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | -0.0572 | -0.0448 | ||||
| (0.0764) | (0.0537) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | 0.0980 | -0.0021 | ||||
| (0.0788) | (0.0551) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0791 | -0.0006 | ||||
| (0.0808) | (0.0560) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0.0439 | -0.0025 | ||||
| (0.0808) | (0.0569) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0584 | 0.0267 | ||||
| (0.0754) | (0.0548) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | 0.1309* | -0.0249 | ||||
| (0.0806) | (0.0572) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0033 | -0.0237 | ||||
| (0.0621) | (0.0528) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0080 | -0.0307 | ||||
| (0.0559) | (0.0526) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | -0.0766* | -0.0706* | ||||
| (0.0540) | (0.0442) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | -0.0412 | -0.0897** | ||||
| (0.0552) | (0.0455) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | -0.0025 | -0.0157 | ||||
| (0.0790) | (0.0550) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | -0.0946 | -0.1127** | ||||
| (0.0739) | (0.0523) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.1444** | -0.0861** | ||||
| (0.0725) | (0.0506) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0670 | -0.0821* | ||||
| (0.0730) | (0.0509) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.1174* | 0.0944* | ||||
| (0.0837) | (0.0579) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.1062 | 0.1151** | ||||
| (0.0830) | (0.0586) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | 0.1283* | 0.0682 | ||||
| (0.0785) | (0.0556) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.1692** | 0.1193** | ||||
| (0.0807) | (0.0569) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.1016 | 0.0856* | ||||
| (0.0949) | (0.0655) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.1478* | 0.1783*** | ||||
| (0.0915) | (0.0631) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.1753** | 0.1353** | ||||
| (0.0874) | (0.0608) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.1117 | 0.0897* | ||||
| (0.0878) | (0.0609) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0530 | -0.0056 | ||||
| (0.0764) | (0.0531) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0020 | -0.0415 | ||||
| (0.0770) | (0.0550) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | -0.0253 | -0.0523 | ||||
| (0.0719) | (0.0518) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0269 | 0.0159 | ||||
| (0.0764) | (0.0534) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0.0863 | 0.0443 | ||||
| (0.0746) | (0.0519) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | 0.0323 | 0.0122 | ||||
| (0.0750) | (0.0524) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | 0.0145 | -0.0088 | ||||
| (0.0715) | (0.0505) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0396 | 0.0509 | ||||
| (0.0721) | (0.0512) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0781* | 0.0328 | ||||
| (0.0607) | (0.0444) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | -0.0476 | 0.0488 | ||||
| (0.0651) | (0.0453) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | -0.0422 | 0.0400 | ||||
| (0.0624) | (0.0450) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | -0.0460 | 0.0827** | ||||
| (0.0586) | (0.0431) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.0637 | -0.0491 | ||||
| (0.0683) | (0.0444) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0009 | -0.0543 | ||||
| (0.0678) | (0.0491) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0440 | -0.0793** | ||||
| (0.0677) | (0.0475) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | 0.0230 | -0.0417 | ||||
| (0.0666) | (0.0459) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | -0.0062 | -0.0117 | ||||
| (0.0687) | (0.0431) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | -0.0270 | 0.0106 | ||||
| (0.0740) | (0.0456) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0.0169 | 0.0389 | ||||
| (0.0696) | (0.0482) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | -0.0072 | 0.0802* | ||||
| (0.0899) | (0.0531) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | 0.0553 | 0.0782** | ||||
| (0.0684) | (0.0472) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.0241 | 0.0032 | ||||
| (0.0720) | (0.0476) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | 0.0335 | 0.0235 | ||||
| (0.0681) | (0.0482) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | 0.1125** | 0.0515 | ||||
| (0.0683) | (0.0486) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0733 | -0.0982** | ||||
| (0.0757) | (0.0552) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.1331** | -0.1450*** | ||||
| (0.0757) | (0.0555) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.1140* | -0.0859* | ||||
| (0.0704) | (0.0544) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.1423** | -0.1520*** | ||||
| (0.0752) | (0.0564) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.0363 | -0.0546 | ||||
| (0.0902) | (0.0658) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0883 | -0.0489 | ||||
| (0.0909) | (0.0648) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0060 | -0.0153 | ||||
| (0.0833) | (0.0627) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | 0.0064 | -0.0163 | ||||
| (0.0852) | (0.0642) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | 0.0405 | 0.0228 | ||||
| (0.0903) | (0.0648) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0996 | -0.0822 | ||||
| (0.0932) | (0.0667) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.1136* | -0.0847* | ||||
| (0.0842) | (0.0623) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.1154* | -0.1069** | ||||
| (0.0875) | (0.0645) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0489 | -0.0440 | ||||
| (0.0865) | (0.0596) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.2199*** | -0.0982** | ||||
| (0.0864) | (0.0594) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0979 | -0.0690 | ||||
| (0.0803) | (0.0588) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0248 | -0.1069** | ||||
| (0.0835) | (0.0600) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.7518*** | -0.0177 | -0.0180 | |||
| (0.0510) | (0.0497) | (0.0500) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.8302*** | -0.0049 | -0.0118 | |||
| (0.0526) | (0.0477) | (0.0473) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.1196* | 0.0635 | 0.0700 | |||
| (0.0748) | (0.0709) | (0.0722) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.1224* | -0.0158 | 0.0012 | |||
| (0.0745) | (0.0713) | (0.0716) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0126 | -0.0836 | -0.0749 | |||
| (0.0700) | (0.0692) | (0.0701) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0131 | -0.0249 | -0.0052 | |||
| (0.0744) | (0.0710) | (0.0720) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0825 | -0.0534 | -0.0488 | |||
| (0.0782) | (0.0682) | (0.0682) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0942 | 0.0297 | 0.0409 | |||
| (0.0759) | (0.0683) | (0.0685) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0107 | -0.0181 | -0.0072 | |||
| (0.0716) | (0.0648) | (0.0649) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0163 | 0.0986* | 0.1023* | |||
| (0.0750) | (0.0665) | (0.0663) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 1.1868*** | 1.1984*** | 1.2106*** | |||
| (0.0373) | (0.0469) | (0.0466) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -1.4079*** | -1.4041*** | -1.4043*** | |||
| (0.0380) | (0.0446) | (0.0443) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0563 | 0.0227 | 0.0199 | |||
| (0.0524) | (0.0659) | (0.0657) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0756* | 0.0823 | 0.0814 | |||
| (0.0531) | (0.0658) | (0.0661) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0138 | 0.0400 | 0.0334 | |||
| (0.0509) | (0.0647) | (0.0650) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | 0.0134 | 0.0190 | 0.0126 | |||
| (0.0521) | (0.0657) | (0.0658) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | -0.0560 | -0.0349 | -0.0309 | |||
| (0.0541) | (0.0628) | (0.0627) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0100 | -0.0059 | -0.0069 | |||
| (0.0536) | (0.0632) | (0.0632) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | 0.0775* | 0.0898* | 0.0858* | |||
| (0.0521) | (0.0606) | (0.0608) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0151 | -0.0650 | -0.0635 | |||
| (0.0534) | (0.0629) | (0.0627) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0012 | 0.0105 | 0.1571 | 0.5183 | 0.5192 | 0.5255 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0007 | -0.0004 | 0.1557 | 0.5175 | 0.5178 | 0.5192 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.8719 | 1.8729 | 1.7206 | 1.3007 | 1.3003 | 1.2984 |
t-stats ratio.
Ratio between t-stats: with vs. without controlling for covariates.
This table shows the ratio of the standard errors of the model controlling for covariates. (numerator) and the standard errors of the model without controlling for covariates. (denominator).
# Based on the previous code, we can generate the t-stats ratio table
# Calculate the ratio of t-statistics
ratio_diff_tstat_m2 <- models_diff_tstat[[9]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[1]][1:5] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m2b <- models_diff_tstat[[17]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[1]][1:5] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m2c <- models_diff_tstat[[25]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[1]][1:5] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m2d <- models_diff_tstat[[33]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[1]][1:5] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m2e <- models_diff_tstat[[41]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[1]][1:5] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m3 <- models_diff_tstat[[10]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[2]][1:5] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m3b <- models_diff_tstat[[18]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[2]][1:5] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m3c <- models_diff_tstat[[26]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[2]][1:5] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m3d <- models_diff_tstat[[34]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[2]][1:5] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m3e <- models_diff_tstat[[42]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[2]][1:5] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m4 <- models_diff_tstat[[11]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[3]][1:5] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m4b <- models_diff_tstat[[19]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[3]][1:5] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m4c <- models_diff_tstat[[27]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[3]][1:5] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m4d <- models_diff_tstat[[35]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[3]][1:5] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m4e <- models_diff_tstat[[43]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[3]][1:5] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m5 <- models_diff_tstat[[12]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[4]][1:5] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m5b <- models_diff_tstat[[20]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[4]][1:5] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m5c <- models_diff_tstat[[28]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[4]][1:5] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m5d <- models_diff_tstat[[36]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[4]][1:5] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m5e <- models_diff_tstat[[44]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[4]][1:5] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m6 <- models_diff_tstat[[13]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[5]][1:5] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m6b <- models_diff_tstat[[21]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[5]][1:5] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m6c <- models_diff_tstat[[29]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[5]][1:5] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m6d <- models_diff_tstat[[37]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[5]][1:5] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m6e <- models_diff_tstat[[45]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[5]][1:5] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m7 <- models_diff_tstat[[14]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[6]][1:5] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m7b <- models_diff_tstat[[22]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[6]][1:5] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m7c <- models_diff_tstat[[30]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[6]][1:5] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m7d <- models_diff_tstat[[38]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[6]][1:5] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m7e <- models_diff_tstat[[46]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[6]][1:5] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m8 <- models_diff_tstat[[15]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[7]][1:5] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m8b <- models_diff_tstat[[23]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[7]][1:5] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m8c <- models_diff_tstat[[31]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[7]][1:5] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m8d <- models_diff_tstat[[39]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[7]][1:5] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m8e <- models_diff_tstat[[47]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[7]][1:5] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m9 <- models_diff_tstat[[16]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[8]][1:5] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m9b <- models_diff_tstat[[24]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[8]][1:5] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m9c <- models_diff_tstat[[32]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[8]][1:5] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m9d <- models_diff_tstat[[40]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[8]][1:5] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_diff_tstat_m9e <- models_diff_tstat[[48]][1:5]/models_diff_tstat[[8]][1:5] # all vs. no covariates
# generate html tables for each model of the 9 models
for (m in 2:length(headers)) {
t_ratio_df <- data.frame(
Variable = names(coef(models_wide_diff[[m]])),
Ratio_m1 = get(paste0("ratio_diff_tstat_m",m)),
Ratio_m1b = get(paste0("ratio_diff_tstat_m",m,"b")),
Ratio_m1c = get(paste0("ratio_diff_tstat_m",m,"c")),
Ratio_m1d = get(paste0("ratio_diff_tstat_m",m,"d")),
Ratio_m1e = get(paste0("ratio_diff_tstat_m",m,"e"))
)
t_ratio_df$Variable <- c("No-course Baseline","Facts Baseline","Reasoning","Emotions","Combo")
names(t_ratio_df) <- c("Treatment",
"\u200B\u200B",
"\u200B\u200B\u200B",
"\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B",
"\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B",
"\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B")
rownames(t_ratio_df) <- NULL
multicolumn_headers <- c("<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'></td>
<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'>vs. model (2)</td>
<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'>vs. model (3)</td>
<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'>vs. model (4)</td>
<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'>vs. model (5)</td>
<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'>vs. model (6)")
# Generate the HTML table using stargazer
html_table <- capture.output(stargazer(t_ratio_df, type = "html",
summary = FALSE,
title = "Ratio of t-stats: Models with covariates vs. without covariates",
digits = 4,
column.sep.width = "25pt",
dep.var.labels.include = FALSE))
# spacing between columns
html_table <- gsub("(<td[^>]*>)([^<]+)(</td>)", "\\1\\2 \\3", html_table)
lines_to_add <- c(
"<tr><td style='text-align:left'>Demographics</td><td></td><td>✓</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>✓</td>",
"<tr><td style='text-align:left'>Sharing rates</td><td></td><td></td><td>✓</td><td></td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td>",
"<tr><td style='text-align:left'>Accuracy scores</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td>"
)
# Insert the lines before the closing table tag
html_table <- sub("</table>", paste0(paste(lines_to_add, collapse = "\n"), "</table>"), html_table)
# Print the HTML table
# cat(html_table)
file_path <- paste0("tstat_diff_ratio_table_",m,".html")
writeLines(html_table, file_path)
}\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 1.0051 | 1.1389 | 1.0251 | 1.1489 | 1.1361 |
| 2 | Facts Baseline | 1.0941 | 0.6655 | 0.8327 | 0.7588 | 0.8189 |
| 3 | Reasoning | 1.0119 | 1.1946 | 1.0556 | 1.1921 | 1.2289 |
| 4 | Emotions | 1.0042 | 1.2342 | 1.0691 | 1.2364 | 1.2561 |
| 5 | Combo | 0.9999 | 1.1568 | 1.0456 | 1.1578 | 1.1661 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in
Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.9924 | 1.2370 | 1.0613 | 1.2362 | 1.2234 |
| 2 | Facts Baseline | 1.0298 | 1.1705 | 1.0416 | 1.2104 | 1.1846 |
| 3 | Reasoning | 1.0052 | 1.1077 | 1.0503 | 1.1100 | 1.1202 |
| 4 | Emotions | 0.9958 | 1.2118 | 1.0420 | 1.2129 | 1.2163 |
| 5 | Combo | 0.9910 | 1.2209 | 1.0387 | 1.2210 | 1.2219 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in
Sharing Discernment Score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.6783 | 3.3164 | 2.1190 | 3.2438 | 3.1946 |
| 2 | Facts Baseline | 0.8304 | 3.2892 | 1.8756 | 3.1286 | 2.7362 |
| 3 | Reasoning | 0.9599 | 0.1554 | 0.9007 | 0.2036 | 0.1381 |
| 4 | Emotions | 1.0152 | 1.4323 | 1.1399 | 1.4312 | 1.4054 |
| 5 | Combo | 1.1501 | 0.5146 | 1.2465 | 0.4845 | 0.5854 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in
Misinfo Accuracy score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.9847 | 1.0472 | 1.1596 | 1.1532 | 1.1110 |
| 2 | Facts Baseline | 1.1518 | 0.5015 | -0.2079 | -0.1422 | 0.1117 |
| 3 | Reasoning | 1.0092 | 1.0761 | 1.2363 | 1.2421 | 1.2780 |
| 4 | Emotions | 0.9999 | 1.0751 | 1.2369 | 1.2397 | 1.2473 |
| 5 | Combo | 0.9911 | 1.0383 | 1.2279 | 1.2302 | 1.2356 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in
Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.9890 | 1.0409 | 1.1171 | 1.1087 | 1.0798 |
| 2 | Facts Baseline | 1.1730 | 0.4361 | -0.2287 | -0.1937 | 0.0698 |
| 3 | Reasoning | 1.0117 | 1.0777 | 1.1627 | 1.1739 | 1.2100 |
| 4 | Emotions | 1.0001 | 1.0589 | 1.1523 | 1.1524 | 1.1616 |
| 5 | Combo | 0.9927 | 1.0301 | 1.1629 | 1.1601 | 1.1656 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in
Non-Misinfo Accuracy score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.9707 | 1.0752 | 1.2713 | 1.2663 | 1.2288 |
| 2 | Facts Baseline | 1.0276 | 1.0589 | 1.0821 | 1.1071 | 1.1490 |
| 3 | Reasoning | 1.0003 | 0.9980 | 1.2544 | 1.2632 | 1.2753 |
| 4 | Emotions | 0.9937 | 1.0499 | 1.2440 | 1.2435 | 1.2491 |
| 5 | Combo | 0.9873 | 1.0610 | 1.2552 | 1.2563 | 1.2554 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in
Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.9728 | 1.0782 | 1.1937 | 1.1891 | 1.1573 |
| 2 | Facts Baseline | 1.0811 | 1.0883 | 0.9830 | 1.0180 | 1.0975 |
| 3 | Reasoning | 1.0031 | 0.9863 | 1.1456 | 1.1460 | 1.1565 |
| 4 | Emotions | 0.9911 | 1.0409 | 1.1462 | 1.1454 | 1.1476 |
| 5 | Combo | 0.9835 | 1.0632 | 1.1516 | 1.1574 | 1.1499 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in
Accuracy Discernment Score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.6909 | 1.3955 | 2.2823 | 2.3011 | 2.2437 |
| 2 | Facts Baseline | 0.9870 | 1.3558 | 1.8697 | 1.8729 | 1.8136 |
| 3 | Reasoning | 0.9713 | 0.5989 | 1.0867 | 1.0975 | 1.0568 |
| 4 | Emotions | -1.2461 | -0.1580 | -2.2017 | -1.4558 | -0.7471 |
| 5 | Combo | 0.9281 | 1.3323 | 1.1662 | 1.1262 | 1.0900 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Treatment effects (vs. Facts Baseline)
# List of models without covariates and their corresponding models with covariates
models_wide_diff_te <- list("",m2_wide_diff_te, m3_wide_diff_te, m4_wide_diff_te, m5_wide_diff_te, m6_wide_diff_te, m7_wide_diff_te, m8_wide_diff_te, m9_wide_diff_te)
models_demographics_diff_te <- list("",m2b_wide_diff_te, m3b_wide_diff_te, m4b_wide_diff_te, m5b_wide_diff_te, m6b_wide_diff_te, m7b_wide_diff_te, m8b_wide_diff_te, m9b_wide_diff_te)
models_sharing_diff_te <- list("", m2c_wide_diff_te, m3c_wide_diff_te, m4c_wide_diff_te, m5c_wide_diff_te, m6c_wide_diff_te, m7c_wide_diff_te, m8c_wide_diff_te, m9c_wide_diff_te)
models_accuracy_diff_te <- list("", m2d_wide_diff_te, m3d_wide_diff_te, m4d_wide_diff_te, m5d_wide_diff_te, m6d_wide_diff_te, m7d_wide_diff_te, m8d_wide_diff_te, m9d_wide_diff_te)
models_sharing_accuracy_diff_te <- list("", m2e_wide_diff_te, m3e_wide_diff_te, m4e_wide_diff_te, m5e_wide_diff_te, m6e_wide_diff_te, m7e_wide_diff_te, m8e_wide_diff_te, m9e_wide_diff_te)
models_all_covariates_diff_te <- list("", m2f_wide_diff_te, m3f_wide_diff_te, m4f_wide_diff_te, m5f_wide_diff_te, m6f_wide_diff_te, m7f_wide_diff_te, m8f_wide_diff_te, m9f_wide_diff_te)
# Loop through the headers to create tables for each dependent variable
for (m in 2:length(headers)) {
# Extracting models for the current header
model_list <- list(
models_wide_diff_te[[m]],
models_demographics_diff_te[[m]],
models_sharing_diff_te[[m]],
models_accuracy_diff_te[[m]],
models_sharing_accuracy_diff_te[[m]],
models_all_covariates_diff_te[[m]]
)
# Generate custom column labels
multicolumn_headers <- create_multicolumn_headers(headers[m], 6)
# variable labels
names <- unique(c(names(models_wide_diff_te[[m]]$coefficients)))
names1 <- unique(c(names(models_demographics_diff_te[[m]]$coefficients)))
names2 <- unique(c(names(models_sharing_diff_te[[m]]$coefficients)))
names3 <- unique(c(names(models_accuracy_diff_te[[m]]$coefficients)))
names <- unique(c(names, names1, names2, names3))
variable_labels_wide <- variable_mapping[names]
# keep
keep <- list("treatmentEmotions" = "Emotions",
"treatmentReasoning" = "Reasoning",
"treatmentCombo" = "Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline" = "Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline" = "No-course Baseline")
# Short table
# Generate the HTML table
html_table <- texreg::htmlreg(model_list,
single.row = FALSE,
caption = paste0("Linear Regression (OLS)"),
caption.above = TRUE,
custom.note = "",
custom.model.names = c("No covariates <br> (1)",
"Demographics <br> (2)",
"Sharing rates <br> (3)",
"Accuracy scores <br> (4)",
"Sharing rates and <br> Accuracy scores <br> (5)",
"All covariates <br> (6)"),
custom.coef.names = variable_labels_wide,
custom.coef.map = keep,
custom.gof.rows = list("Demographics" = c("","✓","","","","✓"),
"Misinfo and Non-Misinfo<br>Sharing rates" = c("","","✓","","✓","✓"),
"Misinfo and Non-Misinfo<br>Accuracy scores" = c("","","","✓","✓","✓")),
digits = 4,
include.ci = FALSE,
stars = c(0.20, 0.10, 0.02))
cat(paste0("$$\\textit{",headers[m],"}$$"))
# Print HTML table
cat('<br>Short table (treatment coefficients only)<br>')
cat(html_table)
cat('*Note*: \\*p<0.10; \\*\\*p<0.05; \\*\\*\\*p<0.01 one-sided tests.\nRobust standard errors in parentheses. Sample includes the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey. The list of 18 demographic covariates includes age, gender, education, marital status, geographic location, employment, religiosity, and social media use (frequency of use; self-reported proportion of posts user typically shares). Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores are measured at the pre-treatment survey.<br>\n')
cat('<br><br>\n')
# Full table (all independent variables)
# Drop intercept
drop = "(Intercept)"
cat('<details>')
cat('<summary>Click to view the full table</summary>')
# Generate HTML table
html_table <- texreg::htmlreg(model_list,
single.row = FALSE,
caption = paste0("Linear Regression (OLS)"),
caption.above = TRUE,
custom.note = "",
custom.model.names = c("No covariates <br> (1)",
"Demographics <br> (2)",
"Sharing rates <br> (3)",
"Accuracy scores <br> (4)",
"Sharing rates and <br> Accuracy scores <br> (5)",
"All covariates <br> (6)"),
custom.coef.names = variable_labels_wide,
omit.coef = drop,
custom.gof.rows = list("Demographics" = c("","✓","","","","✓"),
"Misinfo and Non-Misinfo<br>Sharing rates" = c("","","✓","","✓","✓"),
"Misinfo and Non-Misinfo<br>Accuracy scores" = c("","","","✓","✓","✓")),
digits = 4,
include.ci = FALSE,
stars = c(0.20, 0.10, 0.02))
cat(paste0("$$\\textit{",headers[m],"}$$"))
# Print HTML table
cat('<br>Full table (covariates and interactions)<br>')
cat(html_table)
cat('*Note*: \\*p<0.10; \\*\\*p<0.05; \\*\\*\\*p<0.01 one-sided tests.\nRobust standard errors in parentheses. Sample includes the 7,688 participants who completed the post-survey. The list of 18 demographic covariates includes age, gender, education, marital status, geographic location, employment, religiosity, and social media use (frequency of use; self-reported proportion of posts user typically shares). Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores are measured at the pre-treatment survey.<br>\n')
cat('<br><br>\n')
cat('</details>')
cat('<br><br>\n')
}Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.1140*** | -0.1137*** | -0.1154*** | -0.1159*** | -0.1151*** | -0.1163*** |
| (0.0110) | (0.0109) | (0.0094) | (0.0105) | (0.0094) | (0.0092) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0622*** | -0.0643*** | -0.0661*** | -0.0650*** | -0.0655*** | -0.0699*** |
| (0.0109) | (0.0109) | (0.0096) | (0.0106) | (0.0096) | (0.0095) | |
| Combo | -0.1011*** | -0.1020*** | -0.0981*** | -0.1028*** | -0.0978*** | -0.1003*** |
| (0.0110) | (0.0109) | (0.0096) | (0.0106) | (0.0096) | (0.0095) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.0547*** | 0.0525*** | 0.0641*** | 0.0581*** | 0.0627*** | 0.0599*** |
| (0.0105) | (0.0105) | (0.0093) | (0.0102) | (0.0093) | (0.0092) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0361 | 0.0554 | 0.2898 | 0.1142 | 0.2968 | 0.3210 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0357 | 0.0451 | 0.2887 | 0.1128 | 0.2949 | 0.3120 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3258 | 0.3242 | 0.2798 | 0.3125 | 0.2786 | 0.2752 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-course Baseline | 0.0547*** | 0.0525*** | 0.0641*** | 0.0581*** | 0.0627*** | 0.0599*** |
| (0.0105) | (0.0105) | (0.0093) | (0.0102) | (0.0093) | (0.0092) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0622*** | -0.0643*** | -0.0661*** | -0.0650*** | -0.0655*** | -0.0699*** |
| (0.0109) | (0.0109) | (0.0096) | (0.0106) | (0.0096) | (0.0095) | |
| Emotions | -0.1140*** | -0.1137*** | -0.1154*** | -0.1159*** | -0.1151*** | -0.1163*** |
| (0.0110) | (0.0109) | (0.0094) | (0.0105) | (0.0094) | (0.0092) | |
| Combo | -0.1011*** | -0.1020*** | -0.0981*** | -0.1028*** | -0.0978*** | -0.1003*** |
| (0.0110) | (0.0109) | (0.0096) | (0.0106) | (0.0096) | (0.0095) | |
| Age | -0.0150* | -0.0127* | ||||
| (0.0091) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Gender: Man | 0.0022 | 0.0060 | ||||
| (0.0077) | (0.0068) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0010 | -0.0046 | ||||
| (0.0093) | (0.0083) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | 0.0173** | 0.0017 | ||||
| (0.0091) | (0.0081) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0166** | -0.0162** | ||||
| (0.0075) | (0.0075) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | -0.0083 | -0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0089) | (0.0079) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0031 | -0.0070 | ||||
| (0.0093) | (0.0084) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0130 | -0.0134* | ||||
| (0.0105) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | 0.0002 | -0.0146** | ||||
| (0.0088) | (0.0078) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0092 | -0.0149** | ||||
| (0.0086) | (0.0076) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | -0.0011 | 0.0069 | ||||
| (0.0083) | (0.0075) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | -0.0042 | -0.0008 | ||||
| (0.0068) | (0.0060) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | -0.0064 | -0.0118* | ||||
| (0.0080) | (0.0076) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0115* | 0.0099* | ||||
| (0.0078) | (0.0070) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | -0.0166** | 0.0191*** | ||||
| (0.0086) | (0.0082) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | -0.0131* | 0.0347*** | ||||
| (0.0100) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | -0.0129 | 0.0261*** | ||||
| (0.0102) | (0.0093) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | -0.0122 | 0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0096) | (0.0084) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | 0.0014 | 0.0008 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | -0.0033 | -0.0046 | ||||
| (0.0137) | (0.0126) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0017 | -0.0067 | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Age x Combo | 0.0007 | -0.0004 | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0141) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0063 | -0.0109 | ||||
| (0.0107) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | -0.0171* | -0.0149* | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0097) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0134 | 0.0156* | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0108 | 0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | -0.0028 | -0.0037 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | 0.0026 | -0.0046 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | 0.0073 | 0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | -0.0163 | -0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0239** | -0.0102 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | -0.0193* | -0.0171* | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | -0.0089 | -0.0051 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0253** | -0.0174* | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0006 | 0.0043 | ||||
| (0.0094) | (0.0097) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | -0.0068 | -0.0003 | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0236** | 0.0190** | ||||
| (0.0120) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0177** | 0.0203** | ||||
| (0.0100) | (0.0101) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0000 | 0.0062 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | 0.0073 | 0.0086 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.0142 | -0.0057 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0062 | -0.0065 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.0134 | 0.0052 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.0096 | 0.0086 | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | 0.0077 | -0.0021 | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | -0.0077 | -0.0017 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.0121 | 0.0015 | ||||
| (0.0148) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.0078 | 0.0023 | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.0166 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0032 | 0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0157) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0006 | 0.0172* | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0062 | 0.0011 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.0086 | 0.0168* | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0106 | 0.0172* | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0.0045 | 0.0109 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0099 | -0.0046 | ||||
| (0.0128) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0059 | -0.0014 | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0258** | 0.0206** | ||||
| (0.0128) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0052 | -0.0154* | ||||
| (0.0111) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.0153 | 0.0056 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0.0028 | -0.0072 | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0100) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | -0.0045 | -0.0099 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | 0.0008 | -0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0093) | (0.0082) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | 0.0004 | -0.0022 | ||||
| (0.0098) | (0.0085) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0004 | -0.0100 | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | 0.0014 | -0.0031 | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0121 | 0.0118 | ||||
| (0.0122) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0146 | 0.0129 | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0.0246** | 0.0161* | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0.0185 | 0.0051 | ||||
| (0.0156) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0155* | -0.0166** | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0093) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | -0.0029 | 0.0021 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0103) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0016 | -0.0022 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.0231** | -0.0235*** | ||||
| (0.0113) | (0.0099) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | 0.0121 | 0.0101 | ||||
| (0.0121) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0.0078 | 0.0158* | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0061 | 0.0143 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | 0.0046 | 0.0145 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.0069 | -0.0031 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | 0.0024 | 0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0174 | 0.0128 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | -0.0137 | 0.0008 | ||||
| (0.0148) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.0080 | -0.0054 | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0064 | -0.0017 | ||||
| (0.0152) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0197* | 0.0024 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0129 | -0.0004 | ||||
| (0.0152) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | 0.0123 | 0.0028 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | 0.0065 | -0.0003 | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | 0.0053 | 0.0124 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0112) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0134 | -0.0010 | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.1801*** | -0.1982*** | -0.2038*** | |||
| (0.0085) | (0.0112) | (0.0114) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0835*** | 0.0679*** | 0.0648*** | |||
| (0.0086) | (0.0103) | (0.0104) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0010 | 0.0024 | -0.0005 | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0156) | (0.0160) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0128 | -0.0006 | -0.0029 | |||
| (0.0121) | (0.0162) | (0.0163) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0431*** | -0.0395*** | -0.0460*** | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0159) | (0.0160) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0263** | -0.0208* | -0.0220* | |||
| (0.0123) | (0.0160) | (0.0162) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0030 | 0.0025 | 0.0057 | |||
| (0.0120) | (0.0141) | (0.0142) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0245** | -0.0172 | -0.0157 | |||
| (0.0118) | (0.0150) | (0.0151) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0315*** | -0.0191* | -0.0139 | |||
| (0.0115) | (0.0141) | (0.0140) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0173* | -0.0107 | -0.0088 | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0141) | (0.0142) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -0.0880*** | 0.0258*** | 0.0193** | |||
| (0.0082) | (0.0099) | (0.0099) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0509*** | 0.0283*** | 0.0285*** | |||
| (0.0083) | (0.0093) | (0.0093) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0022 | -0.0031 | 0.0026 | |||
| (0.0115) | (0.0141) | (0.0141) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0168* | -0.0152 | -0.0133 | |||
| (0.0122) | (0.0149) | (0.0147) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0387*** | -0.0056 | -0.0030 | |||
| (0.0120) | (0.0144) | (0.0143) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0145 | -0.0075 | -0.0039 | |||
| (0.0120) | (0.0141) | (0.0140) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0014 | -0.0020 | -0.0034 | |||
| (0.0118) | (0.0127) | (0.0128) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0135 | -0.0140 | -0.0164 | |||
| (0.0119) | (0.0136) | (0.0136) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0237** | -0.0178* | -0.0217* | |||
| (0.0122) | (0.0133) | (0.0132) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0200** | -0.0096 | -0.0116 | |||
| (0.0120) | (0.0132) | (0.0132) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0361 | 0.0554 | 0.2898 | 0.1142 | 0.2968 | 0.3210 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0357 | 0.0451 | 0.2887 | 0.1128 | 0.2949 | 0.3120 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3258 | 0.3242 | 0.2798 | 0.3125 | 0.2786 | 0.2752 |
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.0938*** | -0.0940*** | -0.0912*** | -0.0928*** | -0.0911*** | -0.0927*** |
| (0.0132) | (0.0132) | (0.0112) | (0.0127) | (0.0112) | (0.0111) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0777*** | -0.0798*** | -0.0629*** | -0.0750*** | -0.0630*** | -0.0667*** |
| (0.0130) | (0.0130) | (0.0111) | (0.0125) | (0.0111) | (0.0110) | |
| Combo | -0.0884*** | -0.0884*** | -0.0889*** | -0.0863*** | -0.0890*** | -0.0907*** |
| (0.0131) | (0.0130) | (0.0111) | (0.0126) | (0.0111) | (0.0110) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.0514*** | 0.0494*** | 0.0565*** | 0.0529*** | 0.0556*** | 0.0542*** |
| (0.0126) | (0.0126) | (0.0107) | (0.0122) | (0.0107) | (0.0106) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0209 | 0.0370 | 0.3091 | 0.0976 | 0.3104 | 0.3262 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0205 | 0.0265 | 0.3080 | 0.0962 | 0.3085 | 0.3172 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3896 | 0.3884 | 0.3275 | 0.3743 | 0.3274 | 0.3253 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-course Baseline | 0.0514*** | 0.0494*** | 0.0565*** | 0.0529*** | 0.0556*** | 0.0542*** |
| (0.0126) | (0.0126) | (0.0107) | (0.0122) | (0.0107) | (0.0106) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0777*** | -0.0798*** | -0.0629*** | -0.0750*** | -0.0630*** | -0.0667*** |
| (0.0130) | (0.0130) | (0.0111) | (0.0125) | (0.0111) | (0.0110) | |
| Emotions | -0.0938*** | -0.0940*** | -0.0912*** | -0.0928*** | -0.0911*** | -0.0927*** |
| (0.0132) | (0.0132) | (0.0112) | (0.0127) | (0.0112) | (0.0111) | |
| Combo | -0.0884*** | -0.0884*** | -0.0889*** | -0.0863*** | -0.0890*** | -0.0907*** |
| (0.0131) | (0.0130) | (0.0111) | (0.0126) | (0.0111) | (0.0110) | |
| Age | -0.0070 | -0.0044 | ||||
| (0.0099) | (0.0087) | |||||
| Gender: Man | -0.0009 | 0.0086 | ||||
| (0.0093) | (0.0079) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0029 | -0.0022 | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | 0.0106 | 0.0112 | ||||
| (0.0109) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0112 | -0.0173* | ||||
| (0.0121) | (0.0112) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | -0.0038 | 0.0017 | ||||
| (0.0104) | (0.0088) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0070 | -0.0163** | ||||
| (0.0115) | (0.0096) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0253** | -0.0316*** | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0022 | -0.0042 | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Suburban | 0.0037 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0091) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | 0.0117 | 0.0068 | ||||
| (0.0099) | (0.0087) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0001 | 0.0065 | ||||
| (0.0094) | (0.0083) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | -0.0053 | -0.0122* | ||||
| (0.0101) | (0.0079) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0056 | 0.0106* | ||||
| (0.0095) | (0.0081) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0160** | 0.0350*** | ||||
| (0.0095) | (0.0089) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.0046 | 0.0343*** | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.0035 | 0.0366*** | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0024 | 0.0208** | ||||
| (0.0120) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0012 | -0.0076 | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | 0.0031 | -0.0060 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0053 | -0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0192) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0129 | -0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0158) | (0.0127) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0118 | -0.0236** | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | -0.0162 | -0.0123 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0148 | 0.0049 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0025 | -0.0012 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0112) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | -0.0070 | -0.0010 | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0126) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | 0.0016 | -0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | 0.0023 | -0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | 0.0049 | 0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0159) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0136 | -0.0088 | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | -0.0126 | -0.0101 | ||||
| (0.0159) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | -0.0065 | -0.0041 | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0138) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0122 | -0.0183* | ||||
| (0.0160) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0060 | 0.0134 | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0038 | 0.0125 | ||||
| (0.0179) | (0.0168) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0113 | 0.0193* | ||||
| (0.0161) | (0.0140) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0101 | 0.0147 | ||||
| (0.0152) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0098 | 0.0034 | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | -0.0059 | -0.0111 | ||||
| (0.0153) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.0296** | -0.0228** | ||||
| (0.0157) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0086 | -0.0137 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | -0.0128 | 0.0115 | ||||
| (0.0165) | (0.0135) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.0062 | 0.0160 | ||||
| (0.0167) | (0.0140) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | 0.0001 | 0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0171) | (0.0142) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.0208 | 0.0142 | ||||
| (0.0166) | (0.0140) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | -0.0138 | 0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0178) | (0.0148) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.0117 | 0.0232* | ||||
| (0.0182) | (0.0155) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.0312** | 0.0214* | ||||
| (0.0189) | (0.0157) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0105 | 0.0110 | ||||
| (0.0185) | (0.0154) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0149 | 0.0176* | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | 0.0010 | -0.0080 | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.0071 | 0.0127 | ||||
| (0.0156) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0289** | 0.0253** | ||||
| (0.0156) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0.0117 | 0.0075 | ||||
| (0.0148) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0064 | -0.0094 | ||||
| (0.0152) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0189 | -0.0049 | ||||
| (0.0157) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0089 | 0.0133 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0276** | -0.0130 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.0028 | 0.0032 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | -0.0194* | -0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | -0.0185 | -0.0046 | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | 0.0057 | -0.0021 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0148 | -0.0140 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0107 | -0.0203** | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0079 | -0.0153 | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | -0.0017 | 0.0131* | ||||
| (0.0133) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0159 | 0.0206** | ||||
| (0.0161) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0.0242* | 0.0213* | ||||
| (0.0171) | (0.0142) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0.0023 | 0.0153 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0018 | -0.0097 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | -0.0039 | -0.0062 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | 0.0114 | -0.0073 | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | 0.0001 | -0.0129 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0090 | -0.0143 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.0293** | -0.0173* | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0333** | -0.0180* | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.0203* | -0.0224** | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.0062 | -0.0114 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0155) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0240* | -0.0055 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0159) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0102 | 0.0073 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0157) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | 0.0049 | 0.0048 | ||||
| (0.0174) | (0.0158) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.0012 | -0.0060 | ||||
| (0.0181) | (0.0155) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0446*** | -0.0243* | ||||
| (0.0188) | (0.0163) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0273* | -0.0152 | ||||
| (0.0183) | (0.0156) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0027 | -0.0183 | ||||
| (0.0184) | (0.0160) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0136 | -0.0146 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0146) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.0484*** | -0.0204* | ||||
| (0.0176) | (0.0149) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0015 | 0.0005 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0147) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0050 | -0.0200* | ||||
| (0.0177) | (0.0149) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.1184*** | 0.1185*** | 0.1124*** | |||
| (0.0099) | (0.0124) | (0.0124) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.2425*** | -0.2485*** | -0.2533*** | |||
| (0.0104) | (0.0122) | (0.0123) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0185* | 0.0056 | 0.0015 | |||
| (0.0137) | (0.0174) | (0.0177) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0029 | -0.0145 | -0.0138 | |||
| (0.0144) | (0.0182) | (0.0183) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0415*** | -0.0528*** | -0.0548*** | |||
| (0.0141) | (0.0186) | (0.0186) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0055 | -0.0060 | -0.0055 | |||
| (0.0145) | (0.0179) | (0.0180) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0176 | -0.0128 | -0.0081 | |||
| (0.0145) | (0.0166) | (0.0168) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0178 | -0.0031 | 0.0012 | |||
| (0.0146) | (0.0175) | (0.0177) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0232* | -0.0228* | -0.0168 | |||
| (0.0143) | (0.0171) | (0.0172) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0189* | -0.0177 | -0.0137 | |||
| (0.0144) | (0.0169) | (0.0169) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0412*** | -0.0005 | -0.0059 | |||
| (0.0102) | (0.0110) | (0.0110) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -0.1135*** | 0.0106 | 0.0110 | |||
| (0.0105) | (0.0109) | (0.0108) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0297** | 0.0202* | 0.0275** | |||
| (0.0141) | (0.0154) | (0.0154) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0187* | 0.0172 | 0.0200 | |||
| (0.0146) | (0.0162) | (0.0162) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0008 | 0.0160 | 0.0187 | |||
| (0.0147) | (0.0169) | (0.0168) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | 0.0030 | 0.0010 | 0.0046 | |||
| (0.0144) | (0.0158) | (0.0156) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0066 | -0.0031 | -0.0044 | |||
| (0.0146) | (0.0145) | (0.0145) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0250** | -0.0231* | -0.0260** | |||
| (0.0147) | (0.0155) | (0.0155) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0136 | 0.0035 | 0.0007 | |||
| (0.0150) | (0.0157) | (0.0157) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0095 | -0.0018 | -0.0038 | |||
| (0.0146) | (0.0152) | (0.0153) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0209 | 0.0370 | 0.3091 | 0.0976 | 0.3104 | 0.3262 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0205 | 0.0265 | 0.3080 | 0.0962 | 0.3085 | 0.3172 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3896 | 0.3884 | 0.3275 | 0.3743 | 0.3274 | 0.3253 |
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in Sharing Discernment Score}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | 0.0202* | 0.0198* | 0.0241*** | 0.0231** | 0.0240*** | 0.0236*** |
| (0.0136) | (0.0136) | (0.0099) | (0.0125) | (0.0099) | (0.0100) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0154 | -0.0154 | 0.0032 | -0.0101 | 0.0025 | 0.0032 |
| (0.0139) | (0.0139) | (0.0102) | (0.0127) | (0.0102) | (0.0103) | |
| Combo | 0.0127 | 0.0136 | 0.0092 | 0.0164 | 0.0088 | 0.0095 |
| (0.0138) | (0.0138) | (0.0101) | (0.0128) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | |
| No-course Baseline | -0.0033 | -0.0031 | -0.0075 | -0.0052 | -0.0071 | -0.0057 |
| (0.0140) | (0.0140) | (0.0101) | (0.0129) | (0.0101) | (0.0102) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0009 | 0.0126 | 0.4687 | 0.1546 | 0.4709 | 0.4766 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0005 | 0.0018 | 0.4678 | 0.1532 | 0.4695 | 0.4696 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.4125 | 0.4122 | 0.3010 | 0.3796 | 0.3005 | 0.3005 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in Sharing Discernment Score}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-course Baseline | -0.0033 | -0.0031 | -0.0075 | -0.0052 | -0.0071 | -0.0057 |
| (0.0140) | (0.0140) | (0.0101) | (0.0129) | (0.0101) | (0.0102) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0154 | -0.0154 | 0.0032 | -0.0101 | 0.0025 | 0.0032 |
| (0.0139) | (0.0139) | (0.0102) | (0.0127) | (0.0102) | (0.0103) | |
| Emotions | 0.0202* | 0.0198* | 0.0241*** | 0.0231** | 0.0240*** | 0.0236*** |
| (0.0136) | (0.0136) | (0.0099) | (0.0125) | (0.0099) | (0.0100) | |
| Combo | 0.0127 | 0.0136 | 0.0092 | 0.0164 | 0.0088 | 0.0095 |
| (0.0138) | (0.0138) | (0.0101) | (0.0128) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | |
| Age | 0.0079 | 0.0083 | ||||
| (0.0105) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Gender: Man | -0.0031 | 0.0026 | ||||
| (0.0097) | (0.0072) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0019 | 0.0024 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0085) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0068 | 0.0096 | ||||
| (0.0119) | (0.0089) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | 0.0054 | -0.0012 | ||||
| (0.0096) | (0.0088) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | 0.0045 | 0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0082) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0039 | -0.0093 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0123 | -0.0183** | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0101) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0025 | 0.0104 | ||||
| (0.0116) | (0.0088) | |||||
| Suburban | 0.0130 | 0.0140** | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0080) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | 0.0128* | -0.0002 | ||||
| (0.0092) | (0.0070) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0043 | 0.0073 | ||||
| (0.0096) | (0.0075) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | 0.0011 | -0.0004 | ||||
| (0.0092) | (0.0068) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | -0.0059 | 0.0007 | ||||
| (0.0105) | (0.0077) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0326*** | 0.0159** | ||||
| (0.0101) | (0.0079) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.0177* | -0.0004 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0100) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.0164 | 0.0105 | ||||
| (0.0133) | (0.0100) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0147 | 0.0116 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0026 | -0.0084 | ||||
| (0.0193) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | 0.0064 | -0.0015 | ||||
| (0.0153) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0037 | -0.0025 | ||||
| (0.0164) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0136 | -0.0088 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0055 | -0.0127 | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | 0.0009 | 0.0026 | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0014 | -0.0107 | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | -0.0083 | -0.0104 | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | -0.0042 | 0.0027 | ||||
| (0.0168) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | -0.0010 | 0.0032 | ||||
| (0.0170) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | -0.0051 | -0.0022 | ||||
| (0.0167) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | 0.0213 | 0.0106 | ||||
| (0.0171) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0103 | 0.0015 | ||||
| (0.0173) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0.0066 | 0.0069 | ||||
| (0.0171) | (0.0126) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0024 | 0.0010 | ||||
| (0.0168) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | 0.0130 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0172) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0066 | 0.0090 | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0106 | 0.0127 | ||||
| (0.0151) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | -0.0123 | 0.0003 | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | -0.0076 | -0.0055 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0101) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0098 | -0.0028 | ||||
| (0.0165) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | -0.0131 | -0.0197* | ||||
| (0.0164) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.0154 | -0.0171* | ||||
| (0.0161) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0025 | -0.0072 | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | -0.0262* | 0.0063 | ||||
| (0.0182) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | -0.0034 | 0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0179) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | -0.0075 | 0.0034 | ||||
| (0.0174) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.0285* | 0.0158 | ||||
| (0.0176) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | -0.0259* | 0.0058 | ||||
| (0.0199) | (0.0143) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.0039 | 0.0209* | ||||
| (0.0195) | (0.0146) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.0146 | 0.0222* | ||||
| (0.0191) | (0.0143) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0073 | 0.0060 | ||||
| (0.0192) | (0.0142) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0143 | 0.0005 | ||||
| (0.0166) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | 0.0073 | -0.0091 | ||||
| (0.0167) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | -0.0015 | -0.0041 | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0183 | 0.0082 | ||||
| (0.0167) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0.0073 | -0.0034 | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | 0.0035 | -0.0048 | ||||
| (0.0163) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0130 | -0.0035 | ||||
| (0.0160) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | -0.0170 | -0.0073 | ||||
| (0.0161) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0224** | 0.0024 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | -0.0126 | -0.0023 | ||||
| (0.0152) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | -0.0222* | 0.0023 | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | -0.0139 | 0.0053 | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | 0.0049 | 0.0018 | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0101) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0152 | -0.0118 | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0103 | -0.0103 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0106) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0093 | -0.0123 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | -0.0137 | 0.0014 | ||||
| (0.0137) | (0.0081) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0013 | 0.0078 | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0106) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | -0.0003 | 0.0052 | ||||
| (0.0107) | (0.0096) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | -0.0162 | 0.0103 | ||||
| (0.0167) | (0.0106) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | 0.0137 | 0.0070 | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | -0.0010 | -0.0084 | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | 0.0130 | -0.0051 | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | 0.0233* | 0.0105 | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0211* | -0.0244** | ||||
| (0.0153) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.0372*** | -0.0330*** | ||||
| (0.0152) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0271** | -0.0323*** | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.0249** | -0.0369*** | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | 0.0007 | -0.0083 | ||||
| (0.0193) | (0.0145) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0264* | -0.0093 | ||||
| (0.0185) | (0.0147) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | 0.0072 | -0.0055 | ||||
| (0.0180) | (0.0143) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | 0.0186 | 0.0040 | ||||
| (0.0184) | (0.0145) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | 0.0068 | -0.0006 | ||||
| (0.0197) | (0.0145) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0381** | -0.0225* | ||||
| (0.0199) | (0.0152) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0076 | -0.0177 | ||||
| (0.0189) | (0.0143) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | 0.0102 | -0.0179 | ||||
| (0.0191) | (0.0145) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0258* | -0.0174 | ||||
| (0.0190) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.0549*** | -0.0201* | ||||
| (0.0187) | (0.0139) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0068 | -0.0119 | ||||
| (0.0181) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | 0.0084 | -0.0190* | ||||
| (0.0184) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.2985*** | 0.3167*** | 0.3163*** | |||
| (0.0091) | (0.0112) | (0.0115) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.3261*** | -0.3165*** | -0.3181*** | |||
| (0.0093) | (0.0109) | (0.0110) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0195* | 0.0031 | 0.0019 | |||
| (0.0130) | (0.0158) | (0.0163) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0098 | -0.0139 | -0.0109 | |||
| (0.0133) | (0.0162) | (0.0164) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0016 | -0.0134 | -0.0088 | |||
| (0.0128) | (0.0163) | (0.0166) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0208* | 0.0148 | 0.0164 | |||
| (0.0132) | (0.0162) | (0.0166) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0146 | -0.0153 | -0.0138 | |||
| (0.0135) | (0.0154) | (0.0155) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0067 | 0.0142 | 0.0170 | |||
| (0.0135) | (0.0162) | (0.0164) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0082 | -0.0037 | -0.0029 | |||
| (0.0130) | (0.0154) | (0.0155) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0016 | -0.0069 | -0.0049 | |||
| (0.0132) | (0.0157) | (0.0159) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.1293*** | -0.0263*** | -0.0252*** | |||
| (0.0106) | (0.0100) | (0.0101) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -0.1643*** | -0.0178** | -0.0175** | |||
| (0.0108) | (0.0098) | (0.0098) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0276** | 0.0233** | 0.0249** | |||
| (0.0152) | (0.0140) | (0.0140) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0355*** | 0.0324** | 0.0334*** | |||
| (0.0147) | (0.0142) | (0.0143) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | 0.0380*** | 0.0216* | 0.0217* | |||
| (0.0146) | (0.0144) | (0.0145) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | 0.0176 | 0.0085 | 0.0085 | |||
| (0.0148) | (0.0140) | (0.0141) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0051 | -0.0011 | -0.0011 | |||
| (0.0156) | (0.0137) | (0.0137) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0115 | -0.0091 | -0.0096 | |||
| (0.0147) | (0.0142) | (0.0143) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | 0.0101 | 0.0213* | 0.0224* | |||
| (0.0151) | (0.0141) | (0.0141) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | 0.0105 | 0.0077 | 0.0078 | |||
| (0.0150) | (0.0139) | (0.0139) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0009 | 0.0126 | 0.4687 | 0.1546 | 0.4709 | 0.4766 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0005 | 0.0018 | 0.4678 | 0.1532 | 0.4695 | 0.4696 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.4125 | 0.4122 | 0.3010 | 0.3796 | 0.3005 | 0.3005 |
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in Misinfo Accuracy score}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.2607*** | -0.2642*** | -0.2632*** | -0.2711*** | -0.2734*** | -0.2845*** |
| (0.0471) | (0.0472) | (0.0448) | (0.0397) | (0.0396) | (0.0393) | |
| Reasoning | -0.1636*** | -0.1736*** | -0.1771*** | -0.1829*** | -0.1881*** | -0.2109*** |
| (0.0473) | (0.0475) | (0.0455) | (0.0403) | (0.0402) | (0.0400) | |
| Combo | -0.2395*** | -0.2422*** | -0.2312*** | -0.2512*** | -0.2551*** | -0.2687*** |
| (0.0475) | (0.0478) | (0.0456) | (0.0403) | (0.0402) | (0.0401) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.2873*** | 0.2786*** | 0.3082*** | 0.3273*** | 0.3223*** | 0.3024*** |
| (0.0466) | (0.0466) | (0.0446) | (0.0397) | (0.0395) | (0.0392) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0202 | 0.0322 | 0.1135 | 0.3137 | 0.3200 | 0.3414 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0198 | 0.0216 | 0.1120 | 0.3126 | 0.3181 | 0.3326 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.3918 | 1.3905 | 1.3247 | 1.1655 | 1.1609 | 1.1484 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in Misinfo Accuracy score}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-course Baseline | 0.2873*** | 0.2786*** | 0.3082*** | 0.3273*** | 0.3223*** | 0.3024*** |
| (0.0466) | (0.0466) | (0.0446) | (0.0397) | (0.0395) | (0.0392) | |
| Reasoning | -0.1636*** | -0.1736*** | -0.1771*** | -0.1829*** | -0.1881*** | -0.2109*** |
| (0.0473) | (0.0475) | (0.0455) | (0.0403) | (0.0402) | (0.0400) | |
| Emotions | -0.2607*** | -0.2642*** | -0.2632*** | -0.2711*** | -0.2734*** | -0.2845*** |
| (0.0471) | (0.0472) | (0.0448) | (0.0397) | (0.0396) | (0.0393) | |
| Combo | -0.2395*** | -0.2422*** | -0.2312*** | -0.2512*** | -0.2551*** | -0.2687*** |
| (0.0475) | (0.0478) | (0.0456) | (0.0403) | (0.0402) | (0.0401) | |
| Age | -0.0256 | -0.0577* | ||||
| (0.0478) | (0.0385) | |||||
| Gender: Man | -0.0213 | -0.0347 | ||||
| (0.0342) | (0.0294) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0272 | -0.0624** | ||||
| (0.0424) | (0.0359) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0051 | -0.0657** | ||||
| (0.0422) | (0.0358) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0617* | -0.0597* | ||||
| (0.0394) | (0.0402) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | -0.0304 | -0.0479* | ||||
| (0.0404) | (0.0339) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0322 | -0.0551* | ||||
| (0.0424) | (0.0362) | |||||
| Employed | -0.1030** | -0.0921** | ||||
| (0.0490) | (0.0423) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | 0.0451 | -0.0137 | ||||
| (0.0405) | (0.0342) | |||||
| Suburban | 0.0199 | -0.0081 | ||||
| (0.0401) | (0.0341) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | -0.0412 | -0.0006 | ||||
| (0.0375) | (0.0310) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0280 | 0.0027 | ||||
| (0.0383) | (0.0308) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | 0.0091 | -0.0199 | ||||
| (0.0349) | (0.0300) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0363 | 0.0407* | ||||
| (0.0378) | (0.0302) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | -0.0517 | 0.1056*** | ||||
| (0.0448) | (0.0395) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | -0.0448 | 0.1252*** | ||||
| (0.0467) | (0.0405) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | -0.0563 | 0.0829** | ||||
| (0.0470) | (0.0407) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | -0.0177 | 0.0406 | ||||
| (0.0430) | (0.0364) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0571 | -0.0130 | ||||
| (0.0633) | (0.0521) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | -0.0421 | -0.0019 | ||||
| (0.0654) | (0.0535) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0029 | -0.0439 | ||||
| (0.0611) | (0.0497) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0183 | -0.0087 | ||||
| (0.0657) | (0.0589) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | 0.0018 | 0.0031 | ||||
| (0.0473) | (0.0398) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | -0.0309 | -0.0012 | ||||
| (0.0482) | (0.0407) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0793* | 0.0735** | ||||
| (0.0483) | (0.0403) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0515 | 0.0259 | ||||
| (0.0479) | (0.0405) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | -0.0056 | 0.0060 | ||||
| (0.0577) | (0.0481) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | 0.0390 | 0.0511 | ||||
| (0.0593) | (0.0501) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | 0.0608 | 0.0728* | ||||
| (0.0586) | (0.0489) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | -0.0039 | 0.0225 | ||||
| (0.0599) | (0.0502) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0378 | 0.0034 | ||||
| (0.0581) | (0.0488) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | -0.0140 | 0.0104 | ||||
| (0.0593) | (0.0495) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0284 | 0.0402 | ||||
| (0.0582) | (0.0486) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0301 | -0.0035 | ||||
| (0.0600) | (0.0500) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0125 | -0.0154 | ||||
| (0.0502) | (0.0478) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | -0.0313 | -0.0005 | ||||
| (0.0606) | (0.0564) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0744* | 0.0610 | ||||
| (0.0555) | (0.0507) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0435 | 0.0792* | ||||
| (0.0520) | (0.0535) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0012 | 0.0278 | ||||
| (0.0553) | (0.0467) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | 0.0074 | 0.0325 | ||||
| (0.0569) | (0.0471) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.0149 | -0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0557) | (0.0460) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0059 | -0.0023 | ||||
| (0.0570) | (0.0479) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.0198 | 0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0594) | (0.0496) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.0269 | 0.0173 | ||||
| (0.0604) | (0.0506) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | -0.0021 | -0.0001 | ||||
| (0.0601) | (0.0500) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.0327 | 0.0128 | ||||
| (0.0619) | (0.0517) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.0847 | 0.0550 | ||||
| (0.0668) | (0.0569) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.1090* | 0.0261 | ||||
| (0.0693) | (0.0586) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.0808 | 0.0494 | ||||
| (0.0682) | (0.0577) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.1031* | 0.0586 | ||||
| (0.0677) | (0.0582) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | -0.0285 | -0.0082 | ||||
| (0.0555) | (0.0462) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0943** | -0.0698* | ||||
| (0.0568) | (0.0481) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | -0.0286 | 0.0071 | ||||
| (0.0571) | (0.0479) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | -0.0055 | 0.0146 | ||||
| (0.0583) | (0.0482) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | -0.0361 | -0.0334 | ||||
| (0.0550) | (0.0463) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.1052** | -0.0933** | ||||
| (0.0565) | (0.0471) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0749* | -0.0829** | ||||
| (0.0555) | (0.0462) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | -0.0169 | -0.0089 | ||||
| (0.0562) | (0.0470) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | 0.0524 | -0.0184 | ||||
| (0.0479) | (0.0396) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.0644 | 0.0248 | ||||
| (0.0506) | (0.0440) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0.0674 | -0.0062 | ||||
| (0.0527) | (0.0413) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | 0.0525 | -0.0150 | ||||
| (0.0509) | (0.0420) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.0714* | -0.0638* | ||||
| (0.0491) | (0.0408) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0292 | -0.0090 | ||||
| (0.0527) | (0.0423) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0358 | -0.0144 | ||||
| (0.0537) | (0.0427) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0629 | -0.0219 | ||||
| (0.0502) | (0.0425) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0279 | 0.0306 | ||||
| (0.0487) | (0.0412) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0372 | 0.0283 | ||||
| (0.0494) | (0.0421) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0.0159 | -0.0165 | ||||
| (0.0543) | (0.0483) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | -0.0322 | -0.0481 | ||||
| (0.0469) | (0.0507) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0771* | -0.0832** | ||||
| (0.0507) | (0.0414) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | -0.0160 | 0.0164 | ||||
| (0.0544) | (0.0433) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0398 | -0.0395 | ||||
| (0.0562) | (0.0446) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.0753* | -0.0698** | ||||
| (0.0493) | (0.0417) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | 0.0600 | -0.0003 | ||||
| (0.0622) | (0.0535) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0.0529 | 0.0299 | ||||
| (0.0634) | (0.0547) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0349 | -0.0443 | ||||
| (0.0619) | (0.0545) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | 0.0296 | 0.0016 | ||||
| (0.0610) | (0.0536) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | 0.0374 | -0.0364 | ||||
| (0.0632) | (0.0555) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | 0.0796 | 0.0328 | ||||
| (0.0647) | (0.0558) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0625 | -0.0410 | ||||
| (0.0644) | (0.0546) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | 0.0235 | 0.0054 | ||||
| (0.0647) | (0.0571) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.0151 | -0.0880* | ||||
| (0.0625) | (0.0546) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | 0.0836 | 0.0489 | ||||
| (0.0652) | (0.0558) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0215 | -0.0279 | ||||
| (0.0641) | (0.0538) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | 0.0294 | -0.0036 | ||||
| (0.0660) | (0.0566) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0116 | -0.0371 | ||||
| (0.0597) | (0.0500) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | 0.0930* | 0.0474 | ||||
| (0.0602) | (0.0502) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0178 | -0.0143 | ||||
| (0.0593) | (0.0488) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0171 | -0.0029 | ||||
| (0.0619) | (0.0514) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.4959*** | 0.1025** | 0.0820** | |||
| (0.0401) | (0.0465) | (0.0462) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.2539*** | 0.0831** | 0.0744** | |||
| (0.0397) | (0.0428) | (0.0430) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0151 | -0.0441 | -0.0472 | |||
| (0.0552) | (0.0646) | (0.0654) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0069 | -0.0168 | -0.0219 | |||
| (0.0580) | (0.0656) | (0.0650) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.1154** | -0.0586 | -0.0568 | |||
| (0.0551) | (0.0636) | (0.0638) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0311 | -0.0107 | -0.0158 | |||
| (0.0574) | (0.0647) | (0.0657) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.1161** | 0.0225 | 0.0379 | |||
| (0.0555) | (0.0589) | (0.0588) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0018 | -0.0174 | -0.0245 | |||
| (0.0558) | (0.0608) | (0.0609) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0492 | 0.0250 | 0.0401 | |||
| (0.0544) | (0.0586) | (0.0587) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0234 | -0.0779* | -0.0695 | |||
| (0.0553) | (0.0590) | (0.0591) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -0.8255*** | -0.8993*** | -0.9318*** | |||
| (0.0357) | (0.0461) | (0.0465) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.3177*** | 0.2665*** | 0.2700*** | |||
| (0.0358) | (0.0429) | (0.0428) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0134 | 0.0446 | 0.0662 | |||
| (0.0484) | (0.0634) | (0.0635) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0135 | 0.0038 | 0.0176 | |||
| (0.0500) | (0.0645) | (0.0641) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0748* | -0.0353 | -0.0256 | |||
| (0.0489) | (0.0632) | (0.0640) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0584 | -0.0375 | -0.0219 | |||
| (0.0492) | (0.0628) | (0.0633) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0575 | 0.0592 | 0.0477 | |||
| (0.0485) | (0.0579) | (0.0573) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0668* | -0.0500 | -0.0614 | |||
| (0.0480) | (0.0585) | (0.0581) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0792* | -0.0870* | -0.0992** | |||
| (0.0483) | (0.0581) | (0.0580) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0291 | 0.0117 | 0.0034 | |||
| (0.0476) | (0.0574) | (0.0574) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0202 | 0.0322 | 0.1135 | 0.3137 | 0.3200 | 0.3414 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0198 | 0.0216 | 0.1120 | 0.3126 | 0.3181 | 0.3326 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.3918 | 1.3905 | 1.3247 | 1.1655 | 1.1609 | 1.1484 |
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.0569*** | -0.0574*** | -0.0576*** | -0.0589*** | -0.0595*** | -0.0615*** |
| (0.0107) | (0.0107) | (0.0103) | (0.0095) | (0.0095) | (0.0094) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0313*** | -0.0340*** | -0.0349*** | -0.0352*** | -0.0368*** | -0.0420*** |
| (0.0108) | (0.0108) | (0.0104) | (0.0097) | (0.0096) | (0.0096) | |
| Combo | -0.0488*** | -0.0488*** | -0.0471*** | -0.0513*** | -0.0518*** | -0.0539*** |
| (0.0109) | (0.0109) | (0.0105) | (0.0096) | (0.0096) | (0.0095) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.0669*** | 0.0649*** | 0.0709*** | 0.0742*** | 0.0734*** | 0.0693*** |
| (0.0106) | (0.0107) | (0.0102) | (0.0095) | (0.0095) | (0.0094) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0191 | 0.0332 | 0.1024 | 0.2352 | 0.2403 | 0.2657 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0187 | 0.0227 | 0.1009 | 0.2339 | 0.2382 | 0.2559 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3166 | 0.3160 | 0.3031 | 0.2798 | 0.2790 | 0.2757 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-course Baseline | 0.0669*** | 0.0649*** | 0.0709*** | 0.0742*** | 0.0734*** | 0.0693*** |
| (0.0106) | (0.0107) | (0.0102) | (0.0095) | (0.0095) | (0.0094) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0313*** | -0.0340*** | -0.0349*** | -0.0352*** | -0.0368*** | -0.0420*** |
| (0.0108) | (0.0108) | (0.0104) | (0.0097) | (0.0096) | (0.0096) | |
| Emotions | -0.0569*** | -0.0574*** | -0.0576*** | -0.0589*** | -0.0595*** | -0.0615*** |
| (0.0107) | (0.0107) | (0.0103) | (0.0095) | (0.0095) | (0.0094) | |
| Combo | -0.0488*** | -0.0488*** | -0.0471*** | -0.0513*** | -0.0518*** | -0.0539*** |
| (0.0109) | (0.0109) | (0.0105) | (0.0096) | (0.0096) | (0.0095) | |
| Age | -0.0017 | -0.0080 | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Gender: Man | -0.0027 | -0.0056 | ||||
| (0.0078) | (0.0069) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0047 | -0.0119* | ||||
| (0.0095) | (0.0084) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0018 | -0.0148** | ||||
| (0.0095) | (0.0084) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0231*** | -0.0223*** | ||||
| (0.0085) | (0.0079) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | -0.0090 | -0.0127* | ||||
| (0.0091) | (0.0080) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0083 | -0.0126* | ||||
| (0.0097) | (0.0087) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0245** | -0.0220** | ||||
| (0.0111) | (0.0099) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0005 | -0.0130* | ||||
| (0.0091) | (0.0080) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0011 | -0.0068 | ||||
| (0.0090) | (0.0080) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | -0.0094 | -0.0006 | ||||
| (0.0084) | (0.0071) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0011 | -0.0040 | ||||
| (0.0079) | (0.0064) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | 0.0010 | -0.0048 | ||||
| (0.0073) | (0.0066) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0077 | 0.0083 | ||||
| (0.0089) | (0.0074) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | -0.0047 | 0.0279*** | ||||
| (0.0093) | (0.0086) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.0018 | 0.0372*** | ||||
| (0.0105) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | -0.0042 | 0.0243*** | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0030 | 0.0150** | ||||
| (0.0098) | (0.0084) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0154 | -0.0065 | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | -0.0140 | -0.0057 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0045 | -0.0113 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0066 | -0.0048 | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | 0.0069 | 0.0077 | ||||
| (0.0109) | (0.0096) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | -0.0065 | -0.0008 | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0160* | 0.0155* | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0096) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0132 | 0.0085 | ||||
| (0.0109) | (0.0096) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | -0.0001 | 0.0020 | ||||
| (0.0128) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | 0.0023 | 0.0045 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | 0.0030 | 0.0053 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | -0.0035 | 0.0029 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0034 | 0.0055 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | -0.0077 | -0.0027 | ||||
| (0.0133) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0022 | 0.0052 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0113 | -0.0044 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0058 | 0.0052 | ||||
| (0.0114) | (0.0103) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0016 | 0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0160* | 0.0130 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0216** | 0.0283*** | ||||
| (0.0113) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | -0.0001 | 0.0058 | ||||
| (0.0125) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | 0.0064 | 0.0117 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.0021 | 0.0003 | ||||
| (0.0125) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0038 | -0.0025 | ||||
| (0.0128) | (0.0112) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.0063 | 0.0019 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.0128 | 0.0106 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | 0.0030 | 0.0030 | ||||
| (0.0137) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.0169 | 0.0140 | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.0222* | 0.0147 | ||||
| (0.0151) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.0209* | 0.0045 | ||||
| (0.0157) | (0.0139) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.0141 | 0.0070 | ||||
| (0.0153) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0256** | 0.0170 | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0138) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0029 | 0.0085 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0136 | -0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.0082 | 0.0161* | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0035 | 0.0084 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | -0.0029 | -0.0011 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0241** | -0.0209** | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0071 | -0.0075 | ||||
| (0.0125) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0043 | 0.0057 | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0112) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | 0.0151* | 0.0001 | ||||
| (0.0108) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.0121 | 0.0035 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0.0141 | -0.0005 | ||||
| (0.0115) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | 0.0073 | -0.0069 | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0101) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.0137* | -0.0119* | ||||
| (0.0104) | (0.0088) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0087 | -0.0047 | ||||
| (0.0111) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0060 | -0.0020 | ||||
| (0.0113) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0162* | -0.0081 | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0076 | 0.0077 | ||||
| (0.0099) | (0.0091) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0076 | 0.0059 | ||||
| (0.0113) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0.0039 | -0.0020 | ||||
| (0.0101) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | -0.0094 | -0.0137* | ||||
| (0.0085) | (0.0086) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0229** | -0.0238*** | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0097) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | -0.0024 | 0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0055 | -0.0053 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.0228** | -0.0209** | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | 0.0094 | -0.0041 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0.0178* | 0.0120 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0054 | -0.0088 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | 0.0044 | -0.0024 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | 0.0046 | -0.0115 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | 0.0170 | 0.0059 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0146 | -0.0117 | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | -0.0045 | -0.0096 | ||||
| (0.0148) | (0.0135) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.0043 | -0.0198* | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | 0.0180 | 0.0097 | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0010 | -0.0029 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0024 | -0.0094 | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0059 | -0.0123 | ||||
| (0.0137) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | 0.0197* | 0.0088 | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0060 | -0.0059 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0126 | -0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.1127*** | 0.0033 | -0.0029 | |||
| (0.0094) | (0.0115) | (0.0114) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0679*** | 0.0344*** | 0.0318*** | |||
| (0.0092) | (0.0103) | (0.0102) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0000 | -0.0110 | -0.0107 | |||
| (0.0127) | (0.0158) | (0.0159) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0011 | -0.0074 | -0.0085 | |||
| (0.0134) | (0.0164) | (0.0162) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0101 | -0.0065 | -0.0070 | |||
| (0.0125) | (0.0154) | (0.0155) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0018 | 0.0013 | 0.0015 | |||
| (0.0133) | (0.0157) | (0.0158) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0224** | 0.0056 | 0.0090 | |||
| (0.0126) | (0.0140) | (0.0140) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0024 | -0.0071 | -0.0080 | |||
| (0.0128) | (0.0148) | (0.0148) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0037 | -0.0111 | -0.0076 | |||
| (0.0124) | (0.0140) | (0.0140) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0082 | -0.0239** | -0.0208* | |||
| (0.0129) | (0.0144) | (0.0143) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -0.1679*** | -0.1744*** | -0.1821*** | |||
| (0.0079) | (0.0104) | (0.0105) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0708*** | 0.0523*** | 0.0534*** | |||
| (0.0078) | (0.0094) | (0.0094) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0091 | 0.0167 | 0.0226* | |||
| (0.0106) | (0.0142) | (0.0142) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0046 | 0.0114 | 0.0141 | |||
| (0.0111) | (0.0148) | (0.0147) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0035 | 0.0035 | 0.0062 | |||
| (0.0108) | (0.0143) | (0.0145) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0092 | -0.0062 | -0.0017 | |||
| (0.0108) | (0.0140) | (0.0141) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0103 | 0.0109 | 0.0086 | |||
| (0.0109) | (0.0131) | (0.0129) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0108 | -0.0061 | -0.0095 | |||
| (0.0107) | (0.0132) | (0.0131) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0158* | -0.0095 | -0.0122 | |||
| (0.0107) | (0.0130) | (0.0130) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0008 | 0.0117 | 0.0095 | |||
| (0.0107) | (0.0130) | (0.0130) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0191 | 0.0332 | 0.1024 | 0.2352 | 0.2403 | 0.2657 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0187 | 0.0227 | 0.1009 | 0.2339 | 0.2382 | 0.2559 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3166 | 0.3160 | 0.3031 | 0.2798 | 0.2790 | 0.2757 |
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in Non-Misinfo Accuracy score}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.2346*** | -0.2438*** | -0.2277*** | -0.2246*** | -0.2272*** | -0.2401*** |
| (0.0560) | (0.0558) | (0.0537) | (0.0459) | (0.0459) | (0.0455) | |
| Reasoning | -0.2348*** | -0.2503*** | -0.1957*** | -0.2122*** | -0.2180*** | -0.2391*** |
| (0.0577) | (0.0577) | (0.0552) | (0.0466) | (0.0465) | (0.0463) | |
| Combo | -0.2794*** | -0.2860*** | -0.2793*** | -0.2609*** | -0.2625*** | -0.2757*** |
| (0.0571) | (0.0571) | (0.0548) | (0.0463) | (0.0462) | (0.0460) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.2287*** | 0.2116*** | 0.2368*** | 0.2627*** | 0.2578*** | 0.2391*** |
| (0.0555) | (0.0557) | (0.0536) | (0.0451) | (0.0450) | (0.0449) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0127 | 0.0263 | 0.0941 | 0.3615 | 0.3651 | 0.3794 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0123 | 0.0156 | 0.0927 | 0.3605 | 0.3633 | 0.3711 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.6720 | 1.6692 | 1.6025 | 1.3454 | 1.3424 | 1.3342 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in Non-Misinfo Accuracy score}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-course Baseline | 0.2287*** | 0.2116*** | 0.2368*** | 0.2627*** | 0.2578*** | 0.2391*** |
| (0.0555) | (0.0557) | (0.0536) | (0.0451) | (0.0450) | (0.0449) | |
| Reasoning | -0.2348*** | -0.2503*** | -0.1957*** | -0.2122*** | -0.2180*** | -0.2391*** |
| (0.0577) | (0.0577) | (0.0552) | (0.0466) | (0.0465) | (0.0463) | |
| Emotions | -0.2346*** | -0.2438*** | -0.2277*** | -0.2246*** | -0.2272*** | -0.2401*** |
| (0.0560) | (0.0558) | (0.0537) | (0.0459) | (0.0459) | (0.0455) | |
| Combo | -0.2794*** | -0.2860*** | -0.2793*** | -0.2609*** | -0.2625*** | -0.2757*** |
| (0.0571) | (0.0571) | (0.0548) | (0.0463) | (0.0462) | (0.0460) | |
| Age | -0.0120 | -0.0213 | ||||
| (0.0470) | (0.0389) | |||||
| Gender: Man | -0.0312 | -0.0302 | ||||
| (0.0409) | (0.0336) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0260 | -0.0265 | ||||
| (0.0510) | (0.0414) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0561 | 0.0042 | ||||
| (0.0505) | (0.0418) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0032 | 0.0008 | ||||
| (0.0572) | (0.0479) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | 0.0393 | 0.0223 | ||||
| (0.0460) | (0.0381) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.1686*** | -0.1437*** | ||||
| (0.0511) | (0.0410) | |||||
| Employed | -0.2844*** | -0.2308*** | ||||
| (0.0567) | (0.0463) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | 0.0437 | 0.0350 | ||||
| (0.0472) | (0.0394) | |||||
| Suburban | 0.0166 | -0.0090 | ||||
| (0.0465) | (0.0389) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | 0.0107 | -0.0367 | ||||
| (0.0403) | (0.0356) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0543 | 0.0693** | ||||
| (0.0454) | (0.0360) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | 0.0037 | -0.0163 | ||||
| (0.0509) | (0.0337) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | -0.0067 | 0.0103 | ||||
| (0.0424) | (0.0346) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0612 | 0.1547*** | ||||
| (0.0501) | (0.0436) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.0017 | 0.1202*** | ||||
| (0.0540) | (0.0472) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.0112 | 0.1074** | ||||
| (0.0554) | (0.0475) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0511 | 0.1011** | ||||
| (0.0536) | (0.0446) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0209 | -0.0413 | ||||
| (0.0770) | (0.0597) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | 0.0477 | -0.0028 | ||||
| (0.0659) | (0.0561) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0614 | -0.0893* | ||||
| (0.0875) | (0.0615) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0437 | -0.0332 | ||||
| (0.0675) | (0.0538) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0032 | -0.0019 | ||||
| (0.0568) | (0.0453) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | -0.0061 | 0.0228 | ||||
| (0.0588) | (0.0472) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0551 | 0.0811** | ||||
| (0.0571) | (0.0464) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0308 | 0.0282 | ||||
| (0.0576) | (0.0470) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | -0.0327 | -0.0008 | ||||
| (0.0679) | (0.0549) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | 0.0077 | 0.0157 | ||||
| (0.0730) | (0.0578) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | 0.0036 | 0.0280 | ||||
| (0.0714) | (0.0577) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | 0.0941* | 0.0204 | ||||
| (0.0719) | (0.0578) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0413 | 0.0028 | ||||
| (0.0693) | (0.0559) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0.0299 | 0.0079 | ||||
| (0.0727) | (0.0581) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0868 | 0.0669 | ||||
| (0.0694) | (0.0574) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | 0.1008* | -0.0285 | ||||
| (0.0720) | (0.0584) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0158 | -0.0391 | ||||
| (0.0667) | (0.0553) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | -0.0233 | -0.0311 | ||||
| (0.0751) | (0.0682) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | -0.0022 | -0.0096 | ||||
| (0.0730) | (0.0610) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0023 | -0.0104 | ||||
| (0.0690) | (0.0600) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | -0.0013 | 0.0120 | ||||
| (0.0657) | (0.0528) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | -0.0873* | -0.0802* | ||||
| (0.0669) | (0.0544) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.1593*** | -0.0911** | ||||
| (0.0664) | (0.0533) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0729 | -0.0843* | ||||
| (0.0672) | (0.0545) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.1372** | 0.0983** | ||||
| (0.0718) | (0.0569) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.1332** | 0.1324** | ||||
| (0.0740) | (0.0593) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | 0.1263** | 0.0681 | ||||
| (0.0734) | (0.0578) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.2018*** | 0.1321** | ||||
| (0.0731) | (0.0579) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.1863*** | 0.1406** | ||||
| (0.0796) | (0.0634) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.2568*** | 0.2044*** | ||||
| (0.0819) | (0.0656) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.2561*** | 0.1848*** | ||||
| (0.0833) | (0.0660) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.2148*** | 0.1483** | ||||
| (0.0804) | (0.0641) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0245 | -0.0138 | ||||
| (0.0644) | (0.0520) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0963* | -0.1113** | ||||
| (0.0704) | (0.0568) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | -0.0539 | -0.0451 | ||||
| (0.0669) | (0.0550) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0215 | 0.0305 | ||||
| (0.0692) | (0.0557) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0.0502 | 0.0109 | ||||
| (0.0644) | (0.0526) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0729 | -0.0811* | ||||
| (0.0671) | (0.0541) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0604 | -0.0916** | ||||
| (0.0660) | (0.0539) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0227 | 0.0419 | ||||
| (0.0664) | (0.0539) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0257 | 0.0144 | ||||
| (0.0556) | (0.0470) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.0169 | 0.0736* | ||||
| (0.0623) | (0.0503) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0.0253 | 0.0338 | ||||
| (0.0590) | (0.0497) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | 0.0065 | 0.0677* | ||||
| (0.0565) | (0.0467) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.1351** | -0.1129*** | ||||
| (0.0595) | (0.0458) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0302 | -0.0634* | ||||
| (0.0625) | (0.0491) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0798* | -0.0937** | ||||
| (0.0609) | (0.0485) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0400 | -0.0636* | ||||
| (0.0602) | (0.0477) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0217 | 0.0189 | ||||
| (0.0601) | (0.0464) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0102 | 0.0389 | ||||
| (0.0727) | (0.0472) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0.0328 | 0.0223 | ||||
| (0.0665) | (0.0467) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | -0.0394 | 0.0321 | ||||
| (0.0739) | (0.0558) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0218 | -0.0049 | ||||
| (0.0585) | (0.0470) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.0081 | 0.0196 | ||||
| (0.0623) | (0.0496) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0063 | -0.0159 | ||||
| (0.0644) | (0.0521) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | 0.0372 | -0.0183 | ||||
| (0.0596) | (0.0468) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0133 | -0.0985** | ||||
| (0.0693) | (0.0589) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.0802 | -0.1152** | ||||
| (0.0759) | (0.0630) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.1490** | -0.1302** | ||||
| (0.0730) | (0.0615) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.1127* | -0.1504*** | ||||
| (0.0728) | (0.0609) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | 0.0011 | -0.0910* | ||||
| (0.0774) | (0.0651) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0086 | -0.0161 | ||||
| (0.0804) | (0.0665) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0685 | -0.0564 | ||||
| (0.0746) | (0.0650) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | 0.0299 | -0.0109 | ||||
| (0.0771) | (0.0659) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | 0.0254 | -0.0652 | ||||
| (0.0784) | (0.0649) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0160 | -0.0333 | ||||
| (0.0820) | (0.0674) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.1351** | -0.1126** | ||||
| (0.0751) | (0.0643) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0860 | -0.1105** | ||||
| (0.0808) | (0.0669) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0605 | -0.0811* | ||||
| (0.0742) | (0.0593) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.1269** | -0.0508 | ||||
| (0.0771) | (0.0616) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.1158* | -0.0833* | ||||
| (0.0733) | (0.0609) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0419 | -0.1097** | ||||
| (0.0765) | (0.0620) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.2560*** | 0.0848** | 0.0641* | |||
| (0.0472) | (0.0498) | (0.0497) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.5763*** | 0.0781* | 0.0625* | |||
| (0.0499) | (0.0483) | (0.0485) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.1045* | 0.0194 | 0.0228 | |||
| (0.0670) | (0.0720) | (0.0736) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.1156** | -0.0326 | -0.0207 | |||
| (0.0691) | (0.0737) | (0.0735) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.1280** | -0.1422** | -0.1317** | |||
| (0.0668) | (0.0719) | (0.0720) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0442 | -0.0356 | -0.0211 | |||
| (0.0690) | (0.0722) | (0.0728) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0336 | -0.0310 | -0.0109 | |||
| (0.0710) | (0.0671) | (0.0673) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0960* | 0.0124 | 0.0164 | |||
| (0.0709) | (0.0704) | (0.0706) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0385 | 0.0070 | 0.0329 | |||
| (0.0691) | (0.0674) | (0.0676) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0071 | 0.0206 | 0.0328 | |||
| (0.0709) | (0.0677) | (0.0679) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.3614*** | 0.2991*** | 0.2789*** | |||
| (0.0400) | (0.0492) | (0.0492) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -1.0903*** | -1.1376*** | -1.1343*** | |||
| (0.0397) | (0.0462) | (0.0462) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0697* | 0.0674 | 0.0861 | |||
| (0.0542) | (0.0694) | (0.0697) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0622 | 0.0862 | 0.0990* | |||
| (0.0560) | (0.0695) | (0.0695) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0886* | 0.0047 | 0.0078 | |||
| (0.0556) | (0.0708) | (0.0711) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0450 | -0.0185 | -0.0092 | |||
| (0.0559) | (0.0695) | (0.0696) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0014 | 0.0243 | 0.0168 | |||
| (0.0538) | (0.0623) | (0.0623) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0568 | -0.0559 | -0.0682 | |||
| (0.0555) | (0.0655) | (0.0655) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0017 | 0.0028 | -0.0134 | |||
| (0.0556) | (0.0652) | (0.0650) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0442 | -0.0533 | -0.0601 | |||
| (0.0557) | (0.0648) | (0.0650) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0127 | 0.0263 | 0.0941 | 0.3615 | 0.3651 | 0.3794 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0123 | 0.0156 | 0.0927 | 0.3605 | 0.3633 | 0.3711 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.6720 | 1.6692 | 1.6025 | 1.3454 | 1.3424 | 1.3342 |
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.0579*** | -0.0587*** | -0.0561*** | -0.0558*** | -0.0561*** | -0.0577*** |
| (0.0132) | (0.0131) | (0.0127) | (0.0116) | (0.0116) | (0.0115) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0560*** | -0.0597*** | -0.0475*** | -0.0514*** | -0.0517*** | -0.0565*** |
| (0.0136) | (0.0136) | (0.0131) | (0.0118) | (0.0118) | (0.0118) | |
| Combo | -0.0588*** | -0.0594*** | -0.0591*** | -0.0551*** | -0.0560*** | -0.0579*** |
| (0.0133) | (0.0132) | (0.0127) | (0.0116) | (0.0116) | (0.0115) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.0486*** | 0.0445*** | 0.0499*** | 0.0546*** | 0.0536*** | 0.0494*** |
| (0.0130) | (0.0130) | (0.0126) | (0.0114) | (0.0114) | (0.0114) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0114 | 0.0252 | 0.0842 | 0.2473 | 0.2503 | 0.2660 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0109 | 0.0146 | 0.0828 | 0.2460 | 0.2482 | 0.2562 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3942 | 0.3934 | 0.3796 | 0.3441 | 0.3436 | 0.3418 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-course Baseline | 0.0486*** | 0.0445*** | 0.0499*** | 0.0546*** | 0.0536*** | 0.0494*** |
| (0.0130) | (0.0130) | (0.0126) | (0.0114) | (0.0114) | (0.0114) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0560*** | -0.0597*** | -0.0475*** | -0.0514*** | -0.0517*** | -0.0565*** |
| (0.0136) | (0.0136) | (0.0131) | (0.0118) | (0.0118) | (0.0118) | |
| Emotions | -0.0579*** | -0.0587*** | -0.0561*** | -0.0558*** | -0.0561*** | -0.0577*** |
| (0.0132) | (0.0131) | (0.0127) | (0.0116) | (0.0116) | (0.0115) | |
| Combo | -0.0588*** | -0.0594*** | -0.0591*** | -0.0551*** | -0.0560*** | -0.0579*** |
| (0.0133) | (0.0132) | (0.0127) | (0.0116) | (0.0116) | (0.0115) | |
| Age | -0.0016 | -0.0036 | ||||
| (0.0102) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Gender: Man | -0.0062 | -0.0055 | ||||
| (0.0095) | (0.0083) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0093 | -0.0095 | ||||
| (0.0113) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0095 | 0.0021 | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0097) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0181* | -0.0180* | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | 0.0046 | 0.0017 | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0288*** | -0.0251*** | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0101) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0565*** | -0.0472*** | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | 0.0037 | 0.0023 | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0010 | -0.0061 | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | 0.0028 | -0.0065 | ||||
| (0.0091) | (0.0084) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0074 | 0.0103 | ||||
| (0.0099) | (0.0083) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | 0.0008 | -0.0036 | ||||
| (0.0083) | (0.0058) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | -0.0016 | 0.0022 | ||||
| (0.0099) | (0.0088) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0189** | 0.0372*** | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0099) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.0094 | 0.0326*** | ||||
| (0.0121) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | -0.0003 | 0.0194** | ||||
| (0.0125) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0106 | 0.0207** | ||||
| (0.0120) | (0.0106) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0086 | -0.0124 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | 0.0117 | 0.0020 | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0181 | -0.0230* | ||||
| (0.0195) | (0.0150) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0103 | -0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | 0.0050 | 0.0047 | ||||
| (0.0133) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | 0.0056 | 0.0112 | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0228** | 0.0266** | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0089 | 0.0086 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | -0.0013 | 0.0054 | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0135) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | 0.0176 | 0.0195* | ||||
| (0.0167) | (0.0144) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | 0.0039 | 0.0093 | ||||
| (0.0163) | (0.0142) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | 0.0202 | 0.0065 | ||||
| (0.0163) | (0.0141) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0022 | -0.0049 | ||||
| (0.0158) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0.0123 | 0.0087 | ||||
| (0.0165) | (0.0142) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0125 | 0.0098 | ||||
| (0.0159) | (0.0141) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | 0.0086 | -0.0155 | ||||
| (0.0163) | (0.0141) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0053 | 0.0015 | ||||
| (0.0164) | (0.0143) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0158 | 0.0149 | ||||
| (0.0171) | (0.0170) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0157 | 0.0155 | ||||
| (0.0168) | (0.0150) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0165 | 0.0143 | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0135) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0060 | 0.0078 | ||||
| (0.0152) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | -0.0189 | -0.0180* | ||||
| (0.0157) | (0.0138) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.0357** | -0.0233** | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0163 | -0.0185* | ||||
| (0.0156) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.0229* | 0.0183* | ||||
| (0.0165) | (0.0141) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.0267* | 0.0279** | ||||
| (0.0173) | (0.0149) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | 0.0270* | 0.0178 | ||||
| (0.0173) | (0.0147) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.0381** | 0.0248** | ||||
| (0.0169) | (0.0145) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.0287* | 0.0223* | ||||
| (0.0183) | (0.0158) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.0431** | 0.0348** | ||||
| (0.0193) | (0.0166) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.0529*** | 0.0407*** | ||||
| (0.0194) | (0.0166) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0416** | 0.0294** | ||||
| (0.0185) | (0.0159) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0018 | -0.0053 | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0134 | -0.0168 | ||||
| (0.0166) | (0.0145) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.0007 | 0.0030 | ||||
| (0.0156) | (0.0138) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0074 | 0.0089 | ||||
| (0.0158) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0.0069 | -0.0005 | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0027 | -0.0044 | ||||
| (0.0156) | (0.0135) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0118 | -0.0166 | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0135) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0099 | 0.0144 | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0135) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0058 | 0.0031 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.0051 | 0.0159* | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0.0079 | 0.0108 | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0127) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | -0.0025 | 0.0103 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.0242** | -0.0202** | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0034 | -0.0091 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0139 | -0.0162* | ||||
| (0.0137) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0178* | -0.0223** | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0058 | 0.0068 | ||||
| (0.0115) | (0.0099) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | -0.0028 | 0.0034 | ||||
| (0.0151) | (0.0112) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | -0.0024 | -0.0032 | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | -0.0160* | -0.0006 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0026 | -0.0003 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | -0.0067 | -0.0052 | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0127) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | 0.0056 | 0.0024 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0126) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | 0.0051 | -0.0064 | ||||
| (0.0137) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0014 | -0.0188* | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.0104 | -0.0174 | ||||
| (0.0164) | (0.0146) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0354** | -0.0355*** | ||||
| (0.0159) | (0.0144) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.0175 | -0.0268** | ||||
| (0.0157) | (0.0142) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | 0.0057 | -0.0132 | ||||
| (0.0177) | (0.0162) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0020 | -0.0031 | ||||
| (0.0184) | (0.0165) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0194 | -0.0222* | ||||
| (0.0174) | (0.0162) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | 0.0090 | -0.0010 | ||||
| (0.0178) | (0.0164) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | 0.0112 | -0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0181) | (0.0163) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | 0.0083 | 0.0053 | ||||
| (0.0191) | (0.0170) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0275* | -0.0276** | ||||
| (0.0176) | (0.0162) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | 0.0028 | -0.0053 | ||||
| (0.0185) | (0.0167) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0110 | -0.0151 | ||||
| (0.0173) | (0.0149) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.0221 | -0.0059 | ||||
| (0.0181) | (0.0157) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0301** | -0.0260** | ||||
| (0.0171) | (0.0152) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0011 | -0.0162 | ||||
| (0.0176) | (0.0153) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0678*** | 0.0442*** | 0.0395*** | |||
| (0.0113) | (0.0129) | (0.0130) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.1334*** | -0.0148 | -0.0180* | |||
| (0.0118) | (0.0125) | (0.0126) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0196 | -0.0062 | -0.0078 | |||
| (0.0159) | (0.0185) | (0.0188) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0197 | -0.0199 | -0.0178 | |||
| (0.0166) | (0.0190) | (0.0191) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0155 | -0.0269* | -0.0241 | |||
| (0.0161) | (0.0187) | (0.0188) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0019 | -0.0102 | -0.0100 | |||
| (0.0162) | (0.0186) | (0.0188) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0117 | 0.0017 | 0.0058 | |||
| (0.0168) | (0.0174) | (0.0175) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0124 | 0.0132 | 0.0130 | |||
| (0.0170) | (0.0186) | (0.0187) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0078 | 0.0055 | 0.0117 | |||
| (0.0166) | (0.0178) | (0.0179) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0035 | 0.0019 | 0.0049 | |||
| (0.0166) | (0.0177) | (0.0177) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0686*** | 0.0432*** | 0.0379*** | |||
| (0.0094) | (0.0117) | (0.0117) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -0.2114*** | -0.2066*** | -0.2064*** | |||
| (0.0094) | (0.0113) | (0.0112) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0233** | 0.0276** | 0.0324** | |||
| (0.0128) | (0.0164) | (0.0165) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0231** | 0.0341** | 0.0368** | |||
| (0.0135) | (0.0168) | (0.0168) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0010 | 0.0140 | 0.0148 | |||
| (0.0131) | (0.0169) | (0.0170) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | 0.0043 | 0.0113 | 0.0146 | |||
| (0.0131) | (0.0165) | (0.0166) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0024 | 0.0023 | 0.0003 | |||
| (0.0128) | (0.0150) | (0.0151) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0143 | -0.0187 | -0.0204 | |||
| (0.0134) | (0.0162) | (0.0163) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0047 | -0.0053 | -0.0084 | |||
| (0.0132) | (0.0160) | (0.0160) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0087 | -0.0095 | -0.0110 | |||
| (0.0131) | (0.0158) | (0.0158) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0114 | 0.0252 | 0.0842 | 0.2473 | 0.2503 | 0.2660 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0109 | 0.0146 | 0.0828 | 0.2460 | 0.2482 | 0.2562 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3942 | 0.3934 | 0.3796 | 0.3441 | 0.3436 | 0.3418 |
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in Accuracy Discernment Score}\]
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | 0.0261 | 0.0204 | 0.0356 | 0.0465 | 0.0462 | 0.0444 |
| (0.0606) | (0.0606) | (0.0558) | (0.0430) | (0.0430) | (0.0430) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0712 | -0.0767 | -0.0186 | -0.0293 | -0.0299 | -0.0282 |
| (0.0640) | (0.0637) | (0.0588) | (0.0448) | (0.0449) | (0.0448) | |
| Combo | -0.0399 | -0.0439 | -0.0481 | -0.0097 | -0.0074 | -0.0070 |
| (0.0628) | (0.0627) | (0.0583) | (0.0440) | (0.0440) | (0.0440) | |
| No-course Baseline | -0.0586 | -0.0670 | -0.0714 | -0.0645* | -0.0645* | -0.0633* |
| (0.0645) | (0.0648) | (0.0594) | (0.0448) | (0.0448) | (0.0450) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0004 | 0.0097 | 0.1564 | 0.5179 | 0.5188 | 0.5251 |
| Adj. R2 | -0.0001 | -0.0012 | 0.1551 | 0.5172 | 0.5175 | 0.5188 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.8719 | 1.8729 | 1.7206 | 1.3007 | 1.3003 | 1.2984 |
Click to view the full table
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in Accuracy Discernment Score}\]Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Demographics (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
All covariates (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-course Baseline | -0.0586 | -0.0670 | -0.0714 | -0.0645* | -0.0645* | -0.0633* |
| (0.0645) | (0.0648) | (0.0594) | (0.0448) | (0.0448) | (0.0450) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0712 | -0.0767 | -0.0186 | -0.0293 | -0.0299 | -0.0282 |
| (0.0640) | (0.0637) | (0.0588) | (0.0448) | (0.0449) | (0.0448) | |
| Emotions | 0.0261 | 0.0204 | 0.0356 | 0.0465 | 0.0462 | 0.0444 |
| (0.0606) | (0.0606) | (0.0558) | (0.0430) | (0.0430) | (0.0430) | |
| Combo | -0.0399 | -0.0439 | -0.0481 | -0.0097 | -0.0074 | -0.0070 |
| (0.0628) | (0.0627) | (0.0583) | (0.0440) | (0.0440) | (0.0440) | |
| Age | 0.0136 | 0.0365 | ||||
| (0.0548) | (0.0439) | |||||
| Gender: Man | -0.0099 | 0.0045 | ||||
| (0.0450) | (0.0320) | |||||
| Some College | 0.0013 | 0.0359 | ||||
| (0.0554) | (0.0392) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0510 | 0.0700** | ||||
| (0.0557) | (0.0403) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | 0.0586* | 0.0605* | ||||
| (0.0385) | (0.0386) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | 0.0697* | 0.0702** | ||||
| (0.0513) | (0.0362) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.1364*** | -0.0886** | ||||
| (0.0557) | (0.0402) | |||||
| Employed | -0.1815*** | -0.1386*** | ||||
| (0.0623) | (0.0437) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0014 | 0.0486* | ||||
| (0.0524) | (0.0378) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0033 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0506) | (0.0363) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | 0.0520 | -0.0361 | ||||
| (0.0421) | (0.0310) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0264 | 0.0666** | ||||
| (0.0506) | (0.0338) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | -0.0054 | 0.0036 | ||||
| (0.0572) | (0.0358) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | -0.0430 | -0.0304 | ||||
| (0.0502) | (0.0348) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.1129** | 0.0491 | ||||
| (0.0490) | (0.0389) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.0465 | -0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0606) | (0.0459) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.0675 | 0.0245 | ||||
| (0.0616) | (0.0461) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0688 | 0.0605* | ||||
| (0.0578) | (0.0422) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | 0.0362 | -0.0283 | ||||
| (0.1082) | (0.0776) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | 0.0899 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0736) | (0.0579) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0584 | -0.0454 | ||||
| (0.0883) | (0.0585) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0254 | -0.0245 | ||||
| (0.0718) | (0.0562) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0050 | -0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0664) | (0.0461) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | 0.0247 | 0.0239 | ||||
| (0.0657) | (0.0457) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | -0.0242 | 0.0076 | ||||
| (0.0626) | (0.0440) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | -0.0206 | 0.0023 | ||||
| (0.0636) | (0.0449) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | -0.0271 | -0.0068 | ||||
| (0.0796) | (0.0547) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | -0.0314 | -0.0353 | ||||
| (0.0801) | (0.0557) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | -0.0572 | -0.0448 | ||||
| (0.0764) | (0.0537) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | 0.0980 | -0.0021 | ||||
| (0.0788) | (0.0551) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0791 | -0.0006 | ||||
| (0.0808) | (0.0560) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0.0439 | -0.0025 | ||||
| (0.0808) | (0.0569) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0584 | 0.0267 | ||||
| (0.0754) | (0.0548) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | 0.1309* | -0.0249 | ||||
| (0.0806) | (0.0572) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0033 | -0.0237 | ||||
| (0.0621) | (0.0528) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0080 | -0.0307 | ||||
| (0.0559) | (0.0526) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | -0.0766* | -0.0706* | ||||
| (0.0540) | (0.0442) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | -0.0412 | -0.0897** | ||||
| (0.0552) | (0.0455) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | -0.0025 | -0.0157 | ||||
| (0.0790) | (0.0550) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | -0.0946 | -0.1127** | ||||
| (0.0739) | (0.0523) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.1444** | -0.0861** | ||||
| (0.0725) | (0.0506) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0670 | -0.0821* | ||||
| (0.0730) | (0.0509) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.1174* | 0.0944* | ||||
| (0.0837) | (0.0579) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.1062 | 0.1151** | ||||
| (0.0830) | (0.0586) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | 0.1283* | 0.0682 | ||||
| (0.0785) | (0.0556) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.1692** | 0.1193** | ||||
| (0.0807) | (0.0569) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.1016 | 0.0856* | ||||
| (0.0949) | (0.0655) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.1478* | 0.1783*** | ||||
| (0.0915) | (0.0631) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.1753** | 0.1353** | ||||
| (0.0874) | (0.0608) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.1117 | 0.0897* | ||||
| (0.0878) | (0.0609) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0530 | -0.0056 | ||||
| (0.0764) | (0.0531) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0020 | -0.0415 | ||||
| (0.0770) | (0.0550) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | -0.0253 | -0.0523 | ||||
| (0.0719) | (0.0518) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0269 | 0.0159 | ||||
| (0.0764) | (0.0534) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0.0863 | 0.0443 | ||||
| (0.0746) | (0.0519) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | 0.0323 | 0.0122 | ||||
| (0.0750) | (0.0524) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | 0.0145 | -0.0088 | ||||
| (0.0715) | (0.0505) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0396 | 0.0509 | ||||
| (0.0721) | (0.0512) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0781* | 0.0328 | ||||
| (0.0607) | (0.0444) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | -0.0476 | 0.0488 | ||||
| (0.0651) | (0.0453) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | -0.0422 | 0.0400 | ||||
| (0.0624) | (0.0450) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | -0.0460 | 0.0827** | ||||
| (0.0586) | (0.0431) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.0637 | -0.0491 | ||||
| (0.0683) | (0.0444) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0009 | -0.0543 | ||||
| (0.0678) | (0.0491) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0440 | -0.0793** | ||||
| (0.0677) | (0.0475) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | 0.0230 | -0.0417 | ||||
| (0.0666) | (0.0459) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | -0.0062 | -0.0117 | ||||
| (0.0687) | (0.0431) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | -0.0270 | 0.0106 | ||||
| (0.0740) | (0.0456) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0.0169 | 0.0389 | ||||
| (0.0696) | (0.0482) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | -0.0072 | 0.0802* | ||||
| (0.0899) | (0.0531) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | 0.0553 | 0.0782** | ||||
| (0.0684) | (0.0472) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.0241 | 0.0032 | ||||
| (0.0720) | (0.0476) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | 0.0335 | 0.0235 | ||||
| (0.0681) | (0.0482) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | 0.1125** | 0.0515 | ||||
| (0.0683) | (0.0486) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0733 | -0.0982** | ||||
| (0.0757) | (0.0552) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.1331** | -0.1450*** | ||||
| (0.0757) | (0.0555) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.1140* | -0.0859* | ||||
| (0.0704) | (0.0544) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.1423** | -0.1520*** | ||||
| (0.0752) | (0.0564) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.0363 | -0.0546 | ||||
| (0.0902) | (0.0658) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0883 | -0.0489 | ||||
| (0.0909) | (0.0648) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0060 | -0.0153 | ||||
| (0.0833) | (0.0627) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | 0.0064 | -0.0163 | ||||
| (0.0852) | (0.0642) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | 0.0405 | 0.0228 | ||||
| (0.0903) | (0.0648) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0996 | -0.0822 | ||||
| (0.0932) | (0.0667) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.1136* | -0.0847* | ||||
| (0.0842) | (0.0623) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.1154* | -0.1069** | ||||
| (0.0875) | (0.0645) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0489 | -0.0440 | ||||
| (0.0865) | (0.0596) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.2199*** | -0.0982** | ||||
| (0.0864) | (0.0594) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0979 | -0.0690 | ||||
| (0.0803) | (0.0588) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0248 | -0.1069** | ||||
| (0.0835) | (0.0600) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.7518*** | -0.0177 | -0.0180 | |||
| (0.0510) | (0.0497) | (0.0500) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.8302*** | -0.0049 | -0.0118 | |||
| (0.0526) | (0.0477) | (0.0473) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.1196* | 0.0635 | 0.0700 | |||
| (0.0748) | (0.0709) | (0.0722) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.1224* | -0.0158 | 0.0012 | |||
| (0.0745) | (0.0713) | (0.0716) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0126 | -0.0836 | -0.0749 | |||
| (0.0700) | (0.0692) | (0.0701) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0131 | -0.0249 | -0.0052 | |||
| (0.0744) | (0.0710) | (0.0720) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0825 | -0.0534 | -0.0488 | |||
| (0.0782) | (0.0682) | (0.0682) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0942 | 0.0297 | 0.0409 | |||
| (0.0759) | (0.0683) | (0.0685) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0107 | -0.0181 | -0.0072 | |||
| (0.0716) | (0.0648) | (0.0649) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0163 | 0.0986* | 0.1023* | |||
| (0.0750) | (0.0665) | (0.0663) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 1.1868*** | 1.1984*** | 1.2106*** | |||
| (0.0373) | (0.0469) | (0.0466) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -1.4079*** | -1.4041*** | -1.4043*** | |||
| (0.0380) | (0.0446) | (0.0443) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0563 | 0.0227 | 0.0199 | |||
| (0.0524) | (0.0659) | (0.0657) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0756* | 0.0823 | 0.0814 | |||
| (0.0531) | (0.0658) | (0.0661) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0138 | 0.0400 | 0.0334 | |||
| (0.0509) | (0.0647) | (0.0650) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | 0.0134 | 0.0190 | 0.0126 | |||
| (0.0521) | (0.0657) | (0.0658) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | -0.0560 | -0.0349 | -0.0309 | |||
| (0.0541) | (0.0628) | (0.0627) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0100 | -0.0059 | -0.0069 | |||
| (0.0536) | (0.0632) | (0.0632) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | 0.0775* | 0.0898* | 0.0858* | |||
| (0.0521) | (0.0606) | (0.0608) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0151 | -0.0650 | -0.0635 | |||
| (0.0534) | (0.0629) | (0.0627) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0004 | 0.0097 | 0.1564 | 0.5179 | 0.5188 | 0.5251 |
| Adj. R2 | -0.0001 | -0.0012 | 0.1551 | 0.5172 | 0.5175 | 0.5188 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.8719 | 1.8729 | 1.7206 | 1.3007 | 1.3003 | 1.2984 |
t-statistic Ratio: with vs. without controlling for covariates
t-stats ratio.
t-statistic Ratio: with vs. without controlling for covariates
The following tables show the ratio between the t-statistic of the model controlling for covariates (either demographics, outcomes at pre-treatment, or both (numerator)) and the t-statistic of the model without controlling for covariates (denominator).
# Based on the previous code, we can generate the t-stats ratio table
# Calculate the ratio of t-statistics
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m2 <- models_diff_tstat_te[[9]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[1]][1:4] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m2b <- models_diff_tstat_te[[17]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[1]][1:4] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m2c <- models_diff_tstat_te[[25]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[1]][1:4] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m2d <- models_diff_tstat_te[[33]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[1]][1:4] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m2e <- models_diff_tstat_te[[41]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[1]][1:4] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m3 <- models_diff_tstat_te[[10]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[2]][1:4] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m3b <- models_diff_tstat_te[[18]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[2]][1:4] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m3c <- models_diff_tstat_te[[26]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[2]][1:4] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m3d <- models_diff_tstat_te[[34]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[2]][1:4] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m3e <- models_diff_tstat_te[[42]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[2]][1:4] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m4 <- models_diff_tstat_te[[11]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[3]][1:4] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m4b <- models_diff_tstat_te[[19]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[3]][1:4] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m4c <- models_diff_tstat_te[[27]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[3]][1:4] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m4d <- models_diff_tstat_te[[35]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[3]][1:4] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m4e <- models_diff_tstat_te[[43]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[3]][1:4] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m5 <- models_diff_tstat_te[[12]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[4]][1:4] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m5b <- models_diff_tstat_te[[20]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[4]][1:4] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m5c <- models_diff_tstat_te[[28]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[4]][1:4] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m5d <- models_diff_tstat_te[[36]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[4]][1:4] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m5e <- models_diff_tstat_te[[44]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[4]][1:4] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m6 <- models_diff_tstat_te[[13]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[5]][1:4] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m6b <- models_diff_tstat_te[[21]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[5]][1:4] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m6c <- models_diff_tstat_te[[29]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[5]][1:4] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m6d <- models_diff_tstat_te[[37]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[5]][1:4] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m6e <- models_diff_tstat_te[[45]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[5]][1:4] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m7 <- models_diff_tstat_te[[14]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[6]][1:4] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m7b <- models_diff_tstat_te[[22]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[6]][1:4] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m7c <- models_diff_tstat_te[[30]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[6]][1:4] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m7d <- models_diff_tstat_te[[38]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[6]][1:4] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m7e <- models_diff_tstat_te[[46]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[6]][1:4] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m8 <- models_diff_tstat_te[[15]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[7]][1:4] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m8b <- models_diff_tstat_te[[23]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[7]][1:4] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m8c <- models_diff_tstat_te[[31]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[7]][1:4] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m8d <- models_diff_tstat_te[[39]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[7]][1:4] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m8e <- models_diff_tstat_te[[47]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[7]][1:4] # all vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m9 <- models_diff_tstat_te[[16]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[8]][1:4] # demographics vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m9b <- models_diff_tstat_te[[24]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[8]][1:4] # sharing vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m9c <- models_diff_tstat_te[[32]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[8]][1:4] # accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m9d <- models_diff_tstat_te[[40]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[8]][1:4] # sharing and accuracy vs. no covariates
ratio_tstat_diff_te_m9e <- models_diff_tstat_te[[48]][1:4]/models_diff_tstat_te[[8]][1:4] # all vs. no covariates
# generate html tables for each model of the 9 models
for (m in 2:length(headers)) {
t_ratio_df <- data.frame(
Variable = names(coef(models_wide_diff_te[[m]]))[!names(coef(models_wide_diff_te[[m]])) %in% "(Intercept)"],
Ratio_m1 = get(paste0("ratio_tstat_diff_te_m",m)),
Ratio_m1b = get(paste0("ratio_tstat_diff_te_m",m,"b")),
Ratio_m1c = get(paste0("ratio_tstat_diff_te_m",m,"c")),
Ratio_m1d = get(paste0("ratio_tstat_diff_te_m",m,"d")),
Ratio_m1e = get(paste0("ratio_tstat_diff_te_m",m,"e"))
)
t_ratio_df$Variable <- c("No-course Baseline","Reasoning","Emotions","Combo")
names(t_ratio_df) <- c("Treatment",
"\u200B\u200B",
"\u200B\u200B\u200B",
"\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B",
"\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B",
"\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B")
rownames(t_ratio_df) <- NULL
multicolumn_headers <- c("<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'></td>
<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'>vs. model (2)</td>
<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'>vs. model (3)</td>
<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'>vs. model (4)</td>
<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'>vs. model (5)</td>
<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'>vs. model (6)")
# Generate the HTML table using stargazer
html_table <- capture.output(stargazer(t_ratio_df, type = "html",
summary = FALSE,
title = "Ratio of t-stats: Models with covariates vs. without covariates",
digits = 4,
column.sep.width = "25pt",
dep.var.labels.include = FALSE))
# spacing between columns
html_table <- gsub("(<td[^>]*>)([^<]+)(</td>)", "\\1\\2 \\3", html_table)
lines_to_add <- c(
"<tr><td style='text-align:left'>Demographics</td><td></td><td>✓</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>✓</td>",
"<tr><td style='text-align:left'>Sharing rates</td><td></td><td></td><td>✓</td><td></td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td>",
"<tr><td style='text-align:left'>Accuracy scores</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td>"
)
# Insert the lines before the closing table tag
html_table <- sub("</table>", paste0(paste(lines_to_add, collapse = "\n"), "</table>"), html_table)
# Print the HTML table
# cat(html_table)
file_path <- paste0("tstat_diff_te_ratio_table_",m,".html")
writeLines(html_table, file_path)
}\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.9647 | 1.3213 | 1.0933 | 1.3024 | 1.2534 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 1.0388 | 1.2038 | 1.0781 | 1.1979 | 1.2955 |
| 3 | Emotions | 1.0072 | 1.1812 | 1.0624 | 1.1844 | 1.2164 |
| 4 | Combo | 1.0128 | 1.1096 | 1.0505 | 1.1113 | 1.1484 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in
Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.9616 | 1.2990 | 1.0616 | 1.2772 | 1.2513 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 1.0299 | 0.9535 | 1.0112 | 0.9560 | 1.0164 |
| 3 | Emotions | 1.0060 | 1.1514 | 1.0254 | 1.1507 | 1.1810 |
| 4 | Combo | 1.0026 | 1.1837 | 1.0144 | 1.1843 | 1.2158 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in
Sharing Discernment Score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.9321 | 3.1759 | 1.7043 | 2.9765 | 2.3838 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 0.9992 | -0.2816 | 0.7134 | -0.2168 | -0.2837 |
| 3 | Emotions | 0.9789 | 1.6308 | 1.2392 | 1.6234 | 1.5942 |
| 4 | Combo | 1.0705 | 0.9881 | 1.3938 | 0.9507 | 1.0263 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in
Misinfo Accuracy score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.9697 | 1.1207 | 1.3377 | 1.3251 | 1.2517 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 1.0573 | 1.1243 | 1.3110 | 1.3517 | 1.5249 |
| 3 | Emotions | 1.0118 | 1.0606 | 1.2324 | 1.2477 | 1.3064 |
| 4 | Combo | 1.0057 | 1.0062 | 1.2371 | 1.2593 | 1.3310 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in
Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.9688 | 1.1056 | 1.2442 | 1.2358 | 1.1740 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 1.0823 | 1.1545 | 1.2558 | 1.3169 | 1.5163 |
| 3 | Emotions | 1.0111 | 1.0544 | 1.1653 | 1.1782 | 1.2333 |
| 4 | Combo | 1.0003 | 1.0013 | 1.1846 | 1.1976 | 1.2578 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in
Non-Misinfo Accuracy score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.9227 | 1.0733 | 1.4141 | 1.3916 | 1.2927 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 1.0662 | 0.8709 | 1.1185 | 1.1524 | 1.2677 |
| 3 | Emotions | 1.0420 | 1.0111 | 1.1669 | 1.1825 | 1.2591 |
| 4 | Combo | 1.0249 | 1.0418 | 1.1517 | 1.1625 | 1.2269 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in
Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.9109 | 1.0625 | 1.2758 | 1.2556 | 1.1577 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 1.0645 | 0.8801 | 1.0521 | 1.0599 | 1.1592 |
| 3 | Emotions | 1.0194 | 1.0065 | 1.0934 | 1.1015 | 1.1457 |
| 4 | Combo | 1.0120 | 1.0451 | 1.0719 | 1.0920 | 1.1353 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
\[\textit{Post-Pre difference in
Accuracy Discernment Score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 1.1391 | 1.3235 | 1.5852 | 1.5830 | 1.5463 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 1.0809 | 0.2839 | 0.5875 | 0.5988 | 0.5654 |
| 3 | Emotions | 0.7818 | 1.4796 | 2.5091 | 2.4951 | 2.3947 |
| 4 | Combo | 1.1003 | 1.2993 | 0.3464 | 0.2651 | 0.2501 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
–>
–>
–> –> –> –> –> –>
AIPW
Estimate treatment effects using Augmented Inverse Probability Weighting (AIPW) (see Robins et al., 1995) for the set of outcome variables and covariates defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019).
All predictions are out-of-sample predictions (cross-fitting is based on 5 folds).
For propensity score estimation with probability forest:
- 5,000 trees grown in the forest.
For outcome prediction with regression forest:
5,000 trees
400 trees in each “mini forest” used to fit the tuning model
500 forests used to fit the tuning model
2,000 random parameter values considered when using the model to select the optimal parameters.
Prepare covariates dataset
# prepare covariates dataset
data_covs_demographics <- wide %>% select(all_of(c(covariates,'treatment','user')))
data_covs_demographics <- data.frame(lapply(data_covs_demographics, as.factor))
data_covs_sharing <- wide %>% select(all_of(c(covariates_sharing,'treatment','user')))
data_covs_sharing <- data.frame(lapply(data_covs_sharing, as.factor))
data_covs_accuracy <- wide %>% select(all_of(c(covariates_accuracy,'treatment','user')))
data_covs_accuracy <- data.frame(lapply(data_covs_accuracy, as.factor))
data_covs_sharing_accuracy <- wide %>% select(all_of(c(covariates_sharing, covariates_accuracy,'treatment','user')))
data_covs_sharing_accuracy <- data.frame(lapply(data_covs_sharing_accuracy, as.factor))
data_covs_all <- wide %>% select(all_of(c(covariates, covariates_sharing, covariates_accuracy,'treatment','user')))
data_covs_all <- data.frame(lapply(data_covs_all, as.factor))
# Randomly divide the dataset into 5 folds for cross-fitting #
set.seed(777)
F = 5
data_covs_demographics$folds <- sample(1:F,nrow(data_covs_demographics),replace=TRUE)
data_covs_sharing$folds <- sample(1:F,nrow(data_covs_sharing),replace=TRUE)
data_covs_accuracy$folds <- sample(1:F,nrow(data_covs_accuracy),replace=TRUE)
data_covs_sharing_accuracy$folds <- sample(1:F,nrow(data_covs_sharing_accuracy),replace=TRUE)
data_covs_all$folds <- sample(1:F,nrow(data_covs_all),replace=TRUE)Model fitting
Propensity Scores: Probability forest
# Define loop for all five sets of covariates
covariates_set <- list('data_covs_demographics', 'data_covs_sharing', 'data_covs_accuracy', 'data_covs_sharing_accuracy', 'data_covs_all')
if (!file.exists("AIPW_predictions/prop_forest_list.rds")) {
prop_forest_list <- list()
cat('Propensity Scores: Probability forest')
for (data in covariates_set) {
# obtain dataset column names
cov_form <- names(get(data))[!names(get(data)) %in% c('folds','treatment')]
# Pre-allocate list
tables_and_figures <- list()
# Create propensity score fitting formula
form_prop <- formula(paste("treatment~",paste(cov_form,collapse="+")))
# Create the covariate matrix and treatment vector for the forest using the observations that completed the pre-survey and the post-survey #
X_forest = model.matrix(form_prop,get(data))
W_forest = get(data)$treatment
# Fit a probability forest #
set.seed(777)
prop_forest <- data.frame(matrix(NA,nrow(get(data)),ncol=5))
# print time it takes to run
start_time <- Sys.time()
for (f in 1:F){
forest <- probability_forest(
X = X_forest[get(data)$folds!=f,],
Y = W_forest[get(data)$folds!=f],
num.trees = 5000,
seed = 777)
prop_forest[get(data)$folds==f,] <- predict(forest,X_forest[get(data)$folds==f,])$predictions
}
end_time <- Sys.time()
cat(paste0("covariates dataset: ", gsub('data_covs_','',data)))
cat(end_time - start_time)
# Predict propensity scores #
plot_data_prop_forest <- data.frame(matrix(NA,5*nrow(prop_forest),2))
colnames(plot_data_prop_forest) <- c("prop","treatment")
for (t in 1:5) {
plot_data_prop_forest[((t-1)*nrow(prop_forest)+1):(t*nrow(prop_forest)),1] = prop_forest[,t]
plot_data_prop_forest[((t-1)*nrow(prop_forest)+1):(t*nrow(prop_forest)),2] = levels(W_forest)[t]}
plot_data_prop_forest$treatment <- factor(plot_data_prop_forest$treatment,levels(W_forest))
# Create propensity score of any course by adding the predictions of the three courses #
prop_forest$any <- rowSums(prop_forest[3:5])
colnames(prop_forest) <- paste("prop_",c(levels(W_forest),"Any course"),sep="")
# Add user indicator #
prop_forest$user <- seq(1,nrow(prop_forest))
# save to list
prop_forest_list[[length(prop_forest_list)+1]] <- prop_forest
}
saveRDS(prop_forest_list, "AIPW_predictions/prop_forest_list.rds")
} else {
W_forest = get(covariates_set[[1]])$treatment
prop_forest_list <- readRDS("AIPW_predictions/prop_forest_list.rds")
}Outcomes: Regression Forests
outcomes <- c("pre_spec_outcome_rates",
"misinfo_post",
"base_rate_post",
"new_disc_post",
"misinfo_avg_acc_score_post",
"misinfo_avg_positive_acc_score_post",
"base_avg_acc_score_post",
"base_avg_positive_acc_score_post",
"new_acc_post")
# Join the outcome data with the covariate data
main_data_demographics <- wide %>% select(all_of(c(outcomes,covariates,'treatment','user')))
main_data_demographics <- main_data_demographics %>% mutate(across(all_of(c(covariates,'treatment','user')), as.factor))
main_data_demographics <- inner_join(main_data_demographics,data_covs_demographics,by = c('user'),suffix = c("",""))
main_data_sharing <- wide %>% select(all_of(c(outcomes,covariates_sharing,'treatment','user')))
main_data_sharing <- main_data_sharing %>% mutate(across(all_of(c(covariates_sharing,'treatment','user')), as.factor))
main_data_sharing <- inner_join(main_data_sharing,data_covs_sharing,by = c('user'),suffix = c("",""))
main_data_accuracy <- wide %>% select(all_of(c(outcomes,covariates_accuracy,'treatment','user')))
main_data_accuracy <- main_data_accuracy %>% mutate(across(all_of(c(covariates_accuracy,'treatment','user')), as.factor))
main_data_accuracy <- inner_join(main_data_accuracy,data_covs_accuracy,by = c('user'),suffix = c("",""))
main_data_sharing_accuracy <- wide %>% select(all_of(c(outcomes,covariates_sharing, covariates_accuracy,'treatment','user')))
main_data_sharing_accuracy <- main_data_sharing_accuracy %>% mutate(across(all_of(c(covariates_sharing, covariates_accuracy,'treatment','user')), as.factor))
main_data_sharing_accuracy <- inner_join(main_data_sharing_accuracy,data_covs_sharing_accuracy,by = c('user'),suffix = c("",""))
main_data_all <- wide %>% select(all_of(c(outcomes,covariates, covariates_sharing, covariates_accuracy,'treatment','user')))
main_data_all <- main_data_all %>% mutate(across(all_of(c(covariates, covariates_sharing, covariates_accuracy,'treatment','user')), as.factor))
main_data_all <- inner_join(main_data_all,data_covs_all,by = c('user'),suffix = c("",""))
for (o in 1:length(outcomes)) {
if (!file.exists(paste0("AIPW_predictions/main_outcome_forest_",o,".rds"))) {
# print the total time it takes to run
start_time_total <- Sys.time()
cat(outcomes[o])
# pre-allocate list for results
name_list <- paste0("main_outcome_forest_",o)
assign(name_list, list())
for (data in covariates_set) {
# obtain dataset column names
cov_form <- names(get(data))[!names(get(data)) %in% c('folds','treatment','user')]
# Create fitting formula
formula <- formula(paste(outcomes[o],"~",paste(cov_form,collapse="+")))
if (outcomes[o] == 'pre_spec_outcome_rates') {
# primary outcome has fewer observations
combined_main_data <- get(gsub('data_covs_','main_data_',data))
combined_main_data <- combined_main_data[!is.na(combined_main_data$pre_spec_outcome_rates),]
} else {
combined_main_data <- get(gsub('data_covs_','main_data_',data))
}
# Create the covariate matrix and outcome vector for the forest #
X_main_outcome <- model.matrix(formula,combined_main_data)
# Define Y_main_outcome as outcome[o] in dataframe combined_main_data
Y_main_outcome <- combined_main_data[[outcomes[o]]]
# Pre-allocate the dataframe #
main_outcome_forest <- data.frame(matrix(NA,nrow(combined_main_data),6))
colnames(main_outcome_forest) = c(levels(W_forest),"Any course")
# Fit a regression forest for each treatment #
set.seed(777)
# print time it takes to run
start_time <- Sys.time()
for (t in 1:5){
for (f in 1:F){
forest <- regression_forest(X = X_main_outcome[combined_main_data$treatment == levels(W_forest)[t] & combined_main_data$folds != f,],
Y = Y_main_outcome[combined_main_data$treatment == levels(W_forest)[t] & combined_main_data$folds != f],
num.trees = 5000,
tune.parameters = "all",
tune.num.trees = 400,
tune.num.reps=500,
tune.num.draws = 2000,
seed=777)
main_outcome_forest[combined_main_data$folds == f,t] <- predict(forest,X_main_outcome[combined_main_data$folds == f,])$predictions
}}
# Fit a regression forest for observations of any course #
for (f in 1:F){
forest <- regression_forest(X = X_main_outcome[combined_main_data$treatment %in% c("Reasoning","Emotions","Combo") & combined_main_data$folds != f,],
Y = Y_main_outcome[combined_main_data$treatment %in% c("Reasoning","Emotions","Combo") & combined_main_data$folds != f],
num.trees = 5000,
tune.parameters = "all",
tune.num.trees = 400,
tune.num.reps=500,
tune.num.draws = 2000,
seed=777)
main_outcome_forest[combined_main_data$folds == f,"Any course"] = predict(forest,X_main_outcome[combined_main_data$folds == f,])$predictions
}
# print time it takes to run
end_time <- Sys.time()
cat(paste0("covariates dataset: ", gsub("main_cov","",data)))
cat(end_time - start_time)
# Rename columns #
colnames(main_outcome_forest) <- paste("outcome_",colnames(main_outcome_forest),sep="")
# save to list
name_list <- paste0("main_outcome_forest_",o)
assign(name_list, c(get(name_list), list(main_outcome_forest)))
saveRDS(get(name_list), paste0("AIPW_predictions/main_outcome_forest_",o,".rds"))
}
# print total time it takes to run ~ 8 hours
end_time_total <- Sys.time()
cat('Total time to estimate outcomes')
cat(end_time_total - start_time_total)
} else {
name_list <- paste0("main_outcome_forest_",o)
assign(name_list, readRDS(paste0("AIPW_predictions/main_outcome_forest_",o,".rds")))
}
}AIPW Estimation
# AIPW function
# Takes as input the processed data,the names of the treatments and the outcome and computes AIPW estimates and standard errors
AIPW <- function(data,treatment_1,treatment_2,outcome){
A <- data[data$treatment %in% c(treatment_1,treatment_2),paste("prop_",c(treatment_1,treatment_2),sep="")]
A <- A/rowSums(A)
B <- data[data$treatment %in% c(treatment_1,treatment_2),
paste("outcome_",c(treatment_1,treatment_2),sep="")]
C <- as.numeric(data$treatment[data$treatment %in% c(treatment_1,treatment_2)] == treatment_2)
D <- data[data$treatment %in% c(treatment_1,treatment_2),outcome]
scores = B[,2] - B[,1] + C/A[,2] * (D-B[,2]) - (1-C)/A[,1] * (D-B[,1])
return(c(sum(C),sum(1-C),mean(scores),sd(scores)/sqrt(length(scores))))}Treatment Effects
AIPW estimations for each outcome variable and set of covariates are presented below.
# Create AIPW tables for each outcome and covariates dataset
# Loop for all outcomes and covariates datasets
outcomes <- c("pre_spec_outcome_rates",
"misinfo_post",
"base_rate_post",
"new_disc_post",
"misinfo_avg_acc_score_post",
"misinfo_avg_positive_acc_score_post",
"base_avg_acc_score_post",
"base_avg_positive_acc_score_post",
"new_acc_post")
covariates_set <- c("demographics","sharing","accuracy","sharing_accuracy","all")
# theorized sign of the treatment effect (positive for discernment; negative for the rest)
expected_sign <- c(-1, # primary misinfo sharing rate
-1, # misinfo sharing rate
-1, # non-misinfo sharing rate
1, # sharing discernment
-1, # misinfo accuracy score
-1, # misinfo binarized accuracy score
-1, # non-misinfo accuracy score
-1, # non-misinfo binarized accuracy score
1) # accuracy discernment
for (o in 1:length(outcomes)) {
AIPW_tables_name <- paste0("AIPW_tables_",o)
assign(AIPW_tables_name, list())
for (c in 1:length(covariates_set)) {
main_data <- get(paste0("main_data_",covariates_set[c]))
main_outcome_forest <- get(paste0("main_outcome_forest_",o))
# Create dataframe for input into the AIPW function
pre_data_AIPW_main <- cbind(main_data[c("user","treatment",outcomes[o])][!is.na(main_data[[outcomes[o]]]),],main_outcome_forest[[c]])
prop_forest_list[[c]]$user <- factor(prop_forest_list[[c]]$user)
data_AIPW_main <- inner_join(pre_data_AIPW_main,prop_forest_list[[c]], by="user")
# Pre-allocate dataframe #
AIPW_main <- data.frame(matrix(NA,12,8))
colnames(AIPW_main) <- c("obs_1","obs_2","estimates","std.err","CI_lw","CI_up","p_val","p_val_holm")
rownames(AIPW_main) <- paste("Test ",1:12,"A",sep="")
# Compute the desired AIPW tests #
AIPW_main[1,1:4] <- AIPW(data_AIPW_main,"No-course Baseline","Any course",outcomes[o])
AIPW_main[2,1:4] <- AIPW(data_AIPW_main,"Facts Baseline","Any course",outcomes[o])
AIPW_main[3,1:4] <- AIPW(data_AIPW_main,"No-course Baseline","Reasoning",outcomes[o])
AIPW_main[4,1:4] <- AIPW(data_AIPW_main,"No-course Baseline","Emotions",outcomes[o])
AIPW_main[5,1:4] <- AIPW(data_AIPW_main,"No-course Baseline","Combo",outcomes[o])
AIPW_main[6,1:4] <- AIPW(data_AIPW_main,"Facts Baseline","Reasoning",outcomes[o])
AIPW_main[7,1:4] <- AIPW(data_AIPW_main,"Facts Baseline","Emotions",outcomes[o])
AIPW_main[8,1:4] <- AIPW(data_AIPW_main,"Facts Baseline","Combo",outcomes[o])
AIPW_main[9,1:4] <- AIPW(data_AIPW_main,"No-course Baseline","Facts Baseline",outcomes[o])
AIPW_main[10,1:4] <- AIPW(data_AIPW_main,"Emotions","Reasoning",outcomes[o])
AIPW_main[11,1:4] <- AIPW(data_AIPW_main,"Combo","Reasoning",outcomes[o])
AIPW_main[12,1:4] <- AIPW(data_AIPW_main,"Combo","Emotions",outcomes[o])
# Compute confidence intervals taking into account one and two-sided test differences #
AIPW_main[1,1] <- sum(AIPW_main[3:5,1])
AIPW_main[2,1] <- sum(AIPW_main[3:5,1])
# identify one-sided tests
one_sided_tests <- c(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)
two_sided_tests <- c(9,10,11,12)
# # lower bound
# # one-side
# AIPW_main[one_sided_tests,5] <- -Inf
# AIPW_main[two_sided_tests,5] <- AIPW_main[two_sided_tests,3]- qnorm(0.975) * AIPW_main[two_sided_tests,4]
#
# # upper bound
# AIPW_main[1:12,6] <- AIPW_main[1:12,3]+ qnorm(0.95) * AIPW_main[1:12,4]
# p-value
# one-sided tests
# AIPW_main[one_sided_tests,7] <- pnorm(AIPW_main[one_sided_tests,3]/ AIPW_main[one_sided_tests,4], lower=TRUE)
# AIPW_main[two_sided_tests,7] <- 2*pnorm(abs(AIPW_main[two_sided_tests,3]/ AIPW_main[two_sided_tests,4]), lower=FALSE)
# CI and p-values
if (expected_sign[o] == -1) {
# lower bound
AIPW_main[one_sided_tests,5] <- -Inf
AIPW_main[two_sided_tests,5] <- AIPW_main[two_sided_tests,3]- qnorm(0.975) * AIPW_main[two_sided_tests,4]
# upper bound
AIPW_main[1:12,6] <- AIPW_main[1:12,3]+ qnorm(0.95) * AIPW_main[1:12,4]
# one-sided tests
AIPW_main[one_sided_tests,7] <- pnorm(AIPW_main[one_sided_tests,3]/ AIPW_main[one_sided_tests,4], lower=TRUE)
# two-sided tests
AIPW_main[two_sided_tests,7] <- 2*pnorm(abs(AIPW_main[two_sided_tests,3]/ AIPW_main[two_sided_tests,4]), lower=FALSE)
} else {
# lower bound
AIPW_main[1:12,5] <- AIPW_main[1:12,3]- qnorm(0.975) * AIPW_main[1:12,4]
# upper bound
AIPW_main[one_sided_tests,6] <- Inf
AIPW_main[two_sided_tests,6] <- AIPW_main[two_sided_tests,3]+ qnorm(0.95) * AIPW_main[two_sided_tests,4]
# one-sided tests
AIPW_main[one_sided_tests,7] <- pnorm(AIPW_main[one_sided_tests,3]/ AIPW_main[one_sided_tests,4], lower=FALSE)
# two-sided tests
AIPW_main[two_sided_tests,7] <- 2*pnorm(abs(AIPW_main[two_sided_tests,3]/ AIPW_main[two_sided_tests,4]), lower=TRUE)
}
AIPW_main[,8] <- p.adjust(AIPW_main[,7],"holm")
# save to list
assign(AIPW_tables_name, c(get(AIPW_tables_name), list(AIPW_main)))
}
}headers <- c("Primary Misinfo Sharing Rate",
"Misinfo Sharing Rate",
"Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate",
"Sharing Discernment Score",
"Misinfo Accuracy score",
"Misinfo binarized Accuracy score",
"Non-Misinfo Accuracy score",
"Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score",
"Accuracy Discernment Score")
covariates_set_headers <- c("Covariates: Demographics",
"Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates at pre-treatment",
"Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Accuracy scores at pre-treatment",
"Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores",
"Covariates: All (Demographics, Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores)")
# print AIPW tables
for (o in 1:length(outcomes)) {
cat(paste0("$$\\textit{",headers[o],"}$$\n<br><br>"))
for (c in 1:length(covariates_set)) {
cat(paste0("$\\textit{",covariates_set_headers[c],"}$\n<br><br>"))
AIPW_main <- get(paste0("AIPW_tables_",o))[[c]]
# Pre-allocate dataframe #
tests_F1 <- paste("Test ",1:12,"A",sep="")
table_F1 <- matrix(NA,2*length(tests_F1),6)
colnames(table_F1) <- c("Group 1","Group 2","N Obs 1","N Obs 2","Estimate","Holm Adj. p-value (on top)<br>UnAdj. p-value (in brackets)")
# Group Names #
table_F1[2*(1:length(tests_F1))-1,1] <- c("Treatment courses","Treatment courses","Reasoning","Emotions","Combo","Reasoning","Emotions","Combo","Facts Baseline","Reasoning","Reasoning","Emotions")
table_F1[2*(1:length(tests_F1))-1,2] <- c("No-course","Facts Baseline","No-course","No-course","No-course","Facts Baseline","Facts Baseline","Facts Baseline","No-course","Emotions","Combo","Combo")
# Number of observations #
table_F1[2*(1:length(tests_F1))-1,c(3:4)] <- as.matrix(AIPW_main[tests_F1,c(1:2)])
# Estimates #
table_F1[2*(1:length(tests_F1))-1,c(5)] <- formatC(as.matrix(AIPW_main[tests_F1,c(3)]),digits=4,format='f')
# Holm p-value #
table_F1[2*(1:length(tests_F1))-1,c(6)] <- formatC(as.matrix(AIPW_main[tests_F1,8]),digits=5,format='f')
# Unadjusted p-value #
table_F1[2*(1:length(tests_F1)),c(6)] <- paste("[",formatC(as.matrix(AIPW_main[tests_F1,7]),digits=5,format='f'),"]",sep="")
# Standard errors #
table_F1[2*(1:length(tests_F1)),5] <- paste("(",formatC(as.matrix(AIPW_main[tests_F1,4]),digits=4,format='f'),")",sep="")
table_F1[is.na(table_F1)] = ""
# filter to emotions courses in group 1 and group 2 and printout
# create keep equal to one identifying all rows for which column 1 is in c("Emotions","Combo","Reasoning","Treatment courses"), and column 2 is "Facts Baseline"
keep <- which(table_F1[,1] %in% c("Emotions","Combo","Reasoning","Treatment courses") & table_F1[,2] == "Facts Baseline")
# include also the row below
keep <- sort(c(keep,keep+1))
table_F2 <- table_F1[keep,]
# print table_F2 using knitr::kable within a results = 'asis' chunk
# add column names in two lines
cat(knitr::kable(table_F2, format = "html", escape = F, col.names = c("Group 1","Group 2","N Obs 1","N Obs 2","Estimate","Holm Adj. p-value (on top)\n\nUnadj. p-value (in brackets)\n\n"), table.attr = "style='width:100%;'"))
if (o == 1) {
cat('\n<br>\nThe sample is composed of the 7,688 participants who completed the post-survey and shared at least one non-misinformation post in the pre-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting ([Robins et al., 1995](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2291135)) treatment effect estimates for the Sharing Rate for misinformation posts, as defined in 1. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests ([Athey et al., 2019](https://projecteuclid.org/journals/annals-of-statistics/volume-47/issue-2/Generalized-random-forests/10.1214/18-AOS1709.full)). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.')
} else {
cat(paste0('\n<br>\nThe sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting ([Robins et al., 1995](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2291135)) treatment effect estimates for ',headers[o],', as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests ([Athey et al., 2019](https://projecteuclid.org/journals/annals-of-statistics/volume-47/issue-2/Generalized-random-forests/10.1214/18-AOS1709.full)). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.'))
}
cat('<br>\n<br>\n<br>')
}
}\(\textit{Covariates: Demographics}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 4648 | 1584 | -0.1099 | 0.00770 |
| (0.0393) | [0.00257] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1502 | 1584 | -0.0722 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0144) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1617 | 1584 | -0.1351 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0140) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1529 | 1584 | -0.1127 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0145) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 7,688 participants who completed the post-survey and shared at least one non-misinformation post in the pre-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for the Sharing Rate for misinformation posts, as defined in 1. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates at pre-treatment}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 4648 | 1584 | -0.1100 | 0.00431 |
| (0.0369) | [0.00144] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1502 | 1584 | -0.0718 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0138) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1617 | 1584 | -0.1392 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0135) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1529 | 1584 | -0.1166 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0137) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 7,688 participants who completed the post-survey and shared at least one non-misinformation post in the pre-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for the Sharing Rate for misinformation posts, as defined in 1. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Accuracy scores at pre-treatment}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 4648 | 1584 | -0.1097 | 0.00548 |
| (0.0377) | [0.00183] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1502 | 1584 | -0.0693 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0141) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1617 | 1584 | -0.1348 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0138) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1529 | 1584 | -0.1125 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0141) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 7,688 participants who completed the post-survey and shared at least one non-misinformation post in the pre-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for the Sharing Rate for misinformation posts, as defined in 1. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 4648 | 1584 | -0.1086 | 0.00453 |
| (0.0366) | [0.00151] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1502 | 1584 | -0.0718 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0137) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1617 | 1584 | -0.1385 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0134) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1529 | 1584 | -0.1170 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0137) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 7,688 participants who completed the post-survey and shared at least one non-misinformation post in the pre-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for the Sharing Rate for misinformation posts, as defined in 1. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: All (Demographics, Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores)}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 4648 | 1584 | -0.1112 | 0.00366 |
| (0.0367) | [0.00122] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1502 | 1584 | -0.0750 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0137) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1617 | 1584 | -0.1389 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0134) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1529 | 1584 | -0.1171 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0137) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 7,688 participants who completed the post-survey and shared at least one non-misinformation post in the pre-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for the Sharing Rate for misinformation posts, as defined in 1. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\[\textit{Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]
\(\textit{Covariates: Demographics}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.0945 | 0.00316 |
| (0.0307) | [0.00105] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.0680 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0112) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.1148 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0107) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.0980 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0112) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Misinfo Sharing Rate, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates at pre-treatment}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.0936 | 0.00037 |
| (0.0255) | [0.00012] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.0669 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0096) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.1161 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0094) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.0990 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0095) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Misinfo Sharing Rate, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Accuracy scores at pre-treatment}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.0934 | 0.00182 |
| (0.0289) | [0.00061] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.0635 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0107) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.1120 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0103) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.0947 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0106) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Misinfo Sharing Rate, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.0980 | 0.00019 |
| (0.0255) | [0.00006] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.0699 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0096) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.1172 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0094) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.1006 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0095) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Misinfo Sharing Rate, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: All (Demographics, Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores)}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.0974 | 0.00022 |
| (0.0256) | [0.00007] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.0711 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0096) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.1178 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0094) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.1006 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0096) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Misinfo Sharing Rate, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]
\(\textit{Covariates: Demographics}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.0822 | 0.02895 |
| (0.0336) | [0.00724] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.0624 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0124) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.0906 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0122) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.0879 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0125) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates at pre-treatment}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.0786 | 0.01678 |
| (0.0298) | [0.00419] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.0627 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0112) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.0903 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0112) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.0883 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0112) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Accuracy scores at pre-treatment}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.0828 | 0.02364 |
| (0.0329) | [0.00591] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.0576 | 0.00001 |
| (0.0122) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.0883 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0121) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.0876 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0122) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.0815 | 0.01322 |
| (0.0300) | [0.00330] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.0630 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0112) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.0903 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0113) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.0882 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0113) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: All (Demographics, Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores)}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.0830 | 0.01137 |
| (0.0300) | [0.00284] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.0652 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0113) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.0919 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0113) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.0901 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0113) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\[\textit{Sharing Discernment Score}\]
\(\textit{Covariates: Demographics}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | 0.0128 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0271) | [0.31841] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | 0.0050 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0103) | [0.31343] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | 0.0241 | 0.08662 |
| (0.0100) | [0.00787] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | 0.0103 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0101) | [0.15486] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Sharing Discernment Score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates at pre-treatment}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | 0.0152 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0268) | [0.28485] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | 0.0052 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0102) | [0.30440] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | 0.0258 | 0.04956 |
| (0.0099) | [0.00451] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | 0.0110 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0100) | [0.13673] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Sharing Discernment Score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Accuracy scores at pre-treatment}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | 0.0124 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0270) | [0.32349] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | 0.0048 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0103) | [0.32199] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | 0.0240 | 0.08865 |
| (0.0100) | [0.00806] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | 0.0088 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0101) | [0.19189] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Sharing Discernment Score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | 0.0133 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0268) | [0.31022] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | 0.0052 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0102) | [0.30450] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | 0.0253 | 0.05829 |
| (0.0099) | [0.00530] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | 0.0113 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0101) | [0.13102] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Sharing Discernment Score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: All (Demographics, Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores)}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | 0.0136 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0268) | [0.30509] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | 0.0055 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0103) | [0.29726] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | 0.0258 | 0.05097 |
| (0.0099) | [0.00463] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | 0.0107 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0100) | [0.14450] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Sharing Discernment Score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\[\textit{Misinfo Accuracy score}\]
\(\textit{Covariates: Demographics}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.2589 | 0.07279 |
| (0.1238) | [0.01820] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.2141 | 0.00001 |
| (0.0447) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.2830 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0439) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.2667 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0450) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Misinfo Accuracy score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates at pre-treatment}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.2479 | 0.06765 |
| (0.1168) | [0.01691] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.2062 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0429) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.2845 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0418) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.2631 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0428) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Misinfo Accuracy score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Accuracy scores at pre-treatment}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.2450 | 0.05933 |
| (0.1126) | [0.01483] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.1909 | 0.00001 |
| (0.0409) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.2675 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0403) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.2480 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0410) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Misinfo Accuracy score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.2526 | 0.04704 |
| (0.1115) | [0.01176] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.2096 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0407) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.2778 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0401) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.2650 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0407) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Misinfo Accuracy score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: All (Demographics, Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores)}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.2593 | 0.04184 |
| (0.1123) | [0.01046] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.2184 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0412) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.2880 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0405) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.2674 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0413) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Misinfo Accuracy score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\[\textit{Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}\]
\(\textit{Covariates: Demographics}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.0557 | 0.06178 |
| (0.0273) | [0.02059] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.0433 | 0.00004 |
| (0.0100) | [0.00001] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.0657 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0098) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.0533 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0101) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Misinfo binarized Accuracy score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates at pre-treatment}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.0534 | 0.07325 |
| (0.0256) | [0.01833] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.0425 | 0.00002 |
| (0.0095) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.0664 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0093) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.0535 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0095) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Misinfo binarized Accuracy score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Accuracy scores at pre-treatment}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.0538 | 0.05002 |
| (0.0253) | [0.01667] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.0396 | 0.00005 |
| (0.0093) | [0.00001] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.0642 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0091) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.0507 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0093) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Misinfo binarized Accuracy score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.0552 | 0.03920 |
| (0.0248) | [0.01307] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.0438 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0092) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.0657 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0091) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.0541 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0092) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Misinfo binarized Accuracy score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: All (Demographics, Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores)}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.0570 | 0.04567 |
| (0.0250) | [0.01142] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.0453 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0093) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.0674 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0091) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.0543 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0093) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Misinfo binarized Accuracy score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo Accuracy score}\]
\(\textit{Covariates: Demographics}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.2446 | 0.13689 |
| (0.1342) | [0.03422] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.2342 | 0.00001 |
| (0.0496) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.2388 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0483) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.2715 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0488) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Non-Misinfo Accuracy score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates at pre-treatment}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.2403 | 0.13366 |
| (0.1311) | [0.03341] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.2294 | 0.00001 |
| (0.0484) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.2311 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0476) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.2633 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0478) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Non-Misinfo Accuracy score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Accuracy scores at pre-treatment}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.2519 | 0.10252 |
| (0.1292) | [0.02563] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.2182 | 0.00001 |
| (0.0473) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.2293 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0466) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.2678 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0471) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Non-Misinfo Accuracy score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.2648 | 0.07624 |
| (0.1277) | [0.01906] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.2231 | 0.00001 |
| (0.0470) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.2308 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0463) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.2612 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0467) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Non-Misinfo Accuracy score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: All (Demographics, Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores)}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.2511 | 0.10088 |
| (0.1284) | [0.02522] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.2342 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0476) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.2342 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0466) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.2672 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0472) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Non-Misinfo Accuracy score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}\]
\(\textit{Covariates: Demographics}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.0559 | 0.14370 |
| (0.0311) | [0.03593] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.0536 | 0.00001 |
| (0.0117) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.0580 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0114) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.0563 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0115) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates at pre-treatment}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.0551 | 0.13465 |
| (0.0301) | [0.03366] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.0528 | 0.00001 |
| (0.0113) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.0562 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0112) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.0542 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0112) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Accuracy scores at pre-treatment}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.0568 | 0.11886 |
| (0.0302) | [0.02971] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.0497 | 0.00003 |
| (0.0113) | [0.00001] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.0561 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0111) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.0556 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0111) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.0590 | 0.09532 |
| (0.0298) | [0.02383] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.0515 | 0.00001 |
| (0.0112) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.0560 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0111) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.0538 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0110) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: All (Demographics, Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores)}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.0568 | 0.11532 |
| (0.0299) | [0.02883] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.0537 | 0.00001 |
| (0.0113) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | -0.0566 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0111) | [0.00000] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.0553 | 0.00000 |
| (0.0111) | [0.00000] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\[\textit{Accuracy Discernment Score}\]
\(\textit{Covariates: Demographics}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | 0.0004 | 1.00000 |
| (0.1205) | [0.49861] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.0272 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0450) | [0.72738] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | 0.0461 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0432) | [0.14315] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.0062 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0443) | [0.55576] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Accuracy Discernment Score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates at pre-treatment}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | 0.0125 | 1.00000 |
| (0.1192) | [0.45835] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.0242 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0448) | [0.70531] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | 0.0532 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0429) | [0.10746] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | 0.0005 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0439) | [0.49528] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Accuracy Discernment Score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Accuracy scores at pre-treatment}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.0008 | 1.00000 |
| (0.1198) | [0.50278] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.0269 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0448) | [0.72577] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | 0.0438 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0431) | [0.15451] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.0099 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0440) | [0.58911] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Accuracy Discernment Score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | -0.0020 | 1.00000 |
| (0.1188) | [0.50686] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.0201 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0446) | [0.67343] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | 0.0498 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0429) | [0.12273] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | 0.0034 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0439) | [0.46914] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighting (Robins et al., 1995) treatment effect estimates for Accuracy Discernment Score, as defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions are obtained through probability forests (Athey et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions. Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the tests presented in this table.
\(\textit{Covariates: All (Demographics, Misinfo and Non-misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores)}\)
| Group 1 | Group 2 | N Obs 1 | N Obs 2 | Estimate |
Holm Adj. p-value (on top) Unadj. p-value (in brackets) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment courses | Facts Baseline | 5266 | 1790 | 0.0017 | 1.00000 |
| (0.1193) | [0.49441] | ||||
| Reasoning | Facts Baseline | 1690 | 1790 | -0.0233 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0448) | [0.69821] | ||||
| Emotions | Facts Baseline | 1836 | 1790 | 0.0500 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0429) | [0.12213] | ||||
| Combo | Facts Baseline | 1740 | 1790 | -0.0035 | 1.00000 |
| (0.0440) | [0.53201] |
The sample is composed of the 8,684 participants who completed
the post-survey, pooling participants in the Accuracy Inter and Accuracy
After treatments. Each row displays the Augmented Inverse Propensity
Weighting (Robins et al.,
1995) treatment effect estimates for Accuracy Discernment Score, as
defined previously. Both the propensity score and outcome predictions
are obtained through probability forests (Athey
et al., 2019). All predictions are out-of-sample predictions.
Standard errors between parentheses. Unadjusted p-Values between
brackets. Holm adjusted p-values are computed adjusting for all the
tests presented in this table.
Post-lasso OLS
\(y_{it+1}= \beta_1\mathbb{I}[T_i] + \beta_2\textit{Pre-sharing}_{it-1} + \beta_3\textit{Pre-sharing}_{it-1}\times\mathbb{I}[T_i] + u_{it+1},\)
Where \(\beta_2\textit{Pre-sharing}_{it-1}\) are the predictors that survived the lasso penalty.
\(\beta_1\) are coefficients calculated without the lasso penalty.
Data are split into 10 folds for cross-validation.
Covariates are de-meaned. Treatment group indicators are included in the Lasso estimation and not penalized.
set.seed(2024)
outcomes <- c('pre_spec_outcome_rates',
'misinfo_post','base_rate_post',
'new_disc_post',
'misinfo_avg_acc_score_post',
'misinfo_avg_positive_acc_score_post',
'base_avg_acc_score_post',
'base_avg_positive_acc_score_post',
'new_acc_post')
outcomes_names <- c("Primary Misinfo Sharing Rate",
"Misinfo Sharing Rate",
"Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate",
"Sharing Discernment Score",
"Misinfo Accuracy score",
"Misinfo binarized Accuracy score",
"Non-Misinfo Accuracy score",
"Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score",
"Accuracy Discernment Score")
covariates_sets <- list(covariates_demeaned_treatment,
sharing_demeaned_treatment,
accuracy_demeaned_treatment,
sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment,
all_covariates_demeaned_treatment)
headers <- c("Primary Misinfo Sharing Rate",
"Misinfo Sharing Rate",
"Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate",
"Sharing Discernment Score",
"Misinfo Accuracy score",
"Misinfo binarized Accuracy score",
"Non-Misinfo Accuracy score",
"Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score",
"Accuracy Discernment Score")
# Define model inputs
treatments_lasso <- c("Facts_Baseline","No_course_Baseline","Reasoning","Emotions","Combo")
wide$treatment_lasso <- wide$treatment
levels(wide$treatment_lasso) <- treatments_lasso
wide$Facts_Baseline = ifelse(wide$treatment == "Facts Baseline",1,0)
wide$No_course_Baseline = ifelse(wide$treatment == "No-course Baseline",1,0)
wide$Reasoning = ifelse(wide$treatment == "Reasoning",1,0)
wide$Emotions = ifelse(wide$treatment == "Emotions",1,0)
wide$Combo = ifelse(wide$treatment == "Combo",1,0)
# Generate list of reggressors
# define Xs: all combinations of treatments and covariates "A + B + C + A:B + A:C + B:C"
all_combinations <- expand.grid(treatment = unique(wide$treatment), cov_form = covariates_demeaned)
# Unique treatment values with a placeholder for cov_form
unique_treatments <- data.frame(treatment = unique(wide$treatment_lasso), cov_form = "NA")
X <- str_replace(apply(all_combinations, 1, function(x) paste0(x[1], ":", x[2]," + ",x[2])),"\\:NA\\s\\+\\sNA","")
X <- unique(unlist(strsplit(X,"\\s\\+\\s")))
X <- gsub("No-course Baseline","No_course_Baseline",X)
X <- gsub("Facts Baseline","Facts_Baseline",X)
X <- c(treatments_lasso,X)
# Define baseline category
wide$treatment_lasso <- factor(wide$treatment_lasso, levels = c("Facts_Baseline","No_course_Baseline","Reasoning","Emotions","Combo"))
list_covariates_list <- list()
# loop over outcomes
for (o in 1:length(outcomes)) {
fmla <- as.formula(paste0(outcomes[o]," ~ ",str_replace_all(paste(X, collapse = " + "),"\\:NA|\\s\\+\\sNA","")))
# if outcome is number one, then subset to 7,688 individuals for which pre_spec_outcome_rates is not missing
if (o == 1) {
XX <- model.matrix(fmla, wide[!is.na(wide$pre_spec_outcome_rates),])
Y <- wide[, outcomes[o]][!is.na(wide$pre_spec_outcome_rates)]
} else {
XX <- model.matrix(fmla, wide)
Y <- wide[, outcomes[o]]
}
# Specify which coefficients to not penalize
penalty_factor <- rep(1, length(X))
penalty_factor[colnames(XX) %in% treatments_lasso] <- 0 # no penalty for treatments_lasso
penalty_factor[is.na(penalty_factor)] <- 1
# fit lasso
set.seed(2024)
lasso <- cv.glmnet(XX, Y, family="gaussian", alpha = 1,
type.measure = "mse", nfolds = 10,
intercept = FALSE,
penalty.factor = penalty_factor) # not penalizing treatments
# Fixing lambda (at minimum mean cross-validated error)
selected.lambda <- lasso$lambda.min
n.folds <- 10
if (o == 1) {
foldid <- rep_len(1:n.folds, length.out = sum(!is.na(wide$pre_spec_outcome_rates)))
} else {
foldid <- rep_len(1:n.folds, length.out = nrow(wide))
}
foldid <- sample(foldid)
coefs <- sapply(seq(n.folds), function(k) {
lasso.fold <- glmnet(XX[foldid != k,], Y[foldid != k], standardize = TRUE)
as.matrix(coef(lasso.fold, s=selected.lambda))
})
cat('\n\n<br>\n\n')
cat('\n\n<br>\n\n')
cat(paste0("$$\\textit{",outcomes_names[o],"}$$"))
cat('\n\n<br>\n\n')
cat('<details>')
cat(paste0('<summary>Non-zero Coefficients: ', outcomes_names[o],'</summary>'))
# Plot
par(oma=c(0,0,3,0))
plot(lasso, las=1)
mtext(paste0(outcomes_names[o],': Number of Non-Zero Coefficients'), side=3, line = 3)
heatmap(1 * (coefs != 0),
Rowv = NA,
Colv = NA,
cexCol = 1,
scale = "none",
col = c("#D3D3D3", "#FD9237"),
#margins = c(5, 5),
xlab = "Fold",
labRow = c("Intercept", variable_mapping[colnames(XX)]),
main = "Non-zero coefficient estimates")
cat('</details>')
cat('<br>')
cat('<details>')
cat(paste0('<summary>Non-zero Coefficients by fold: ', outcomes_names[o],'</summary>'))
df_coefs <- data.frame(coefs)
df_coefs$covariate <- c("Intercept", variable_mapping[colnames(XX)])
names(df_coefs) <- c(paste0("fold",seq(10)),"covariate")
df_coefs <- df_coefs[apply(df_coefs[-which(names(df_coefs) == 'covariate')], 1, function(x) any(x != 0)), ]
df_coefs <- df_coefs %>% select(covariate,paste0("fold",seq(10)))
stargazer(df_coefs, type = "html", summary = FALSE)
cat('</details>')
cat('<br>')
cat('<details>')
cat(paste0('<summary>Coefficients at optimal lambda: ', outcomes_names[o],'</summary>'))
coefficients_at_lambda_min = coef(lasso, s = "lambda.min")
coefficients_at_lambda_min <- data.frame(cbind(variable_mapping[colnames(XX)],matrix(coefficients_at_lambda_min))) %>% filter(`X2`!=0) %>%
mutate(`X2` = formatC(as.numeric(`X2`),digits = 4)) %>%
rename(`Covariate` = `X1`,`Coefficient` = `X2`)
stargazer(coefficients_at_lambda_min, type = "html", summary = FALSE)
cat('</details>')
cat('<br>')
# select covariates
selected_covariates <- coef(lasso, s = "lambda.min")
selected_covariates <- names(selected_covariates[,1][selected_covariates[,1] != 0 & !names(selected_covariates[,1]) %in% c("(Intercept)","Facts_Baseline","No_course_Baseline","Reasoning","Emotions","Combo")])
selected_covariates_demeaned_treatment <- paste0(selected_covariates,collapse = "+")
# obtain covariates
selected_covariates_clean <- unique(gsub("No_course_Baseline:|Facts_Baseline:|Reasoning:|Emotions:|Combo:","",selected_covariates))
selected_covariates_demeaned_treatment <- paste0(selected_covariates_clean,"*treatment",collapse = "+")
list_covariates_list[[o]] <- selected_covariates_demeaned_treatment
# Estimate models
m1_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0(outcomes[o]," ~ treatment")),wide)
m1b_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0(outcomes[o]," ~ treatment + ",list_covariates_list[[o]])),wide)
m1c_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0(outcomes[o]," ~ treatment + ",sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m1d_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0(outcomes[o]," ~ treatment + ",accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m1e_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0(outcomes[o]," ~ treatment + ",sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m1f_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0(outcomes[o]," ~ treatment + ",list_covariates_list[[o]], ' + ', sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
model_list <- list(m1_te,m1b_te,m1c_te,m1d_te,m1e_te,m1f_te)
drop = "(Intercept)"
# variable labels
names <- unique(c(names(m1_te$coefficients)))
names1 <- unique(c(names(m1b_te$coefficients)))
names2 <- unique(c(names(m1c_te$coefficients)))
names3 <- unique(c(names(m1d_te$coefficients)))
names4 <- unique(c(names(m1e_te$coefficients)))
names5 <- unique(c(names(m1f_te$coefficients)))
names <- unique(c(names, names1, names2, names3, names4, names5))
variable_labels_wide <- variable_mapping[names]
# keep
keep <- list("treatmentEmotions" = "Emotions",
"treatmentReasoning" = "Reasoning",
"treatmentCombo" = "Combo",
"treatmentFacts Baseline" = "Facts Baseline",
"treatmentNo-course Baseline" = "No-course Baseline")
# Generate HTML table
html_table <- texreg::htmlreg(model_list,
single.row = FALSE,
caption = paste0("Post-Lasso OLS"),
caption.above = TRUE,
custom.note = "",
custom.model.names = c("No covariates <br> (1)",
"Selected covariates <br> (2)",
"Sharing rates <br> (3)",
"Accuracy scores <br> (4)",
"Sharing rates and Accuracy scores <br> (5)",
"Selected covariates <br> and Sharing rates <br> and Accuracy scores <br> (6)"),
custom.coef.names = variable_labels_wide,
custom.coef.map = keep,
custom.gof.rows = list("Demographics" = c("","✓","","","","✓"),
"Misinfo and Non-Misinfo<br>Sharing rates" = c("","","✓","","✓","✓"),
"Misinfo and Non-Misinfo<br>Accuracy scores" = c("","","","✓","✓","✓")),
digits = 4,
include.ci = FALSE,
stars = c(0.20, 0.10, 0.02))
# Print HTML table
cat('<br>')
cat('<br>Short table (treatment coefficients only)<br>')
cat(html_table)
if (o != 1) {
cat(paste0('*Note*: \\*p<0.10; \\*\\*p<0.05; \\*\\*\\*p<0.01 one-sided tests.\nRobust standard errors in parentheses. Sample includes the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey. Covariates are de-meaned and interacted with a treatment condition indicator. The list of ',length(selected_covariates_clean),' demographic covariates includes ',str_to_lower(paste(variable_mapping[selected_covariates_clean], collapse = ", ")),'. Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores are measured at the pre-treatment survey.<br>\n'))
} else {
cat(paste0('*Note*: \\*p<0.10; \\*\\*p<0.05; \\*\\*\\*p<0.01 one-sided tests.\nRobust standard errors in parentheses. Sample includes the 7,688 participants who completed the post-survey and shared at least one non-misinformation post in the pre-survey. Covariates are de-meaned and interacted with a treatment condition indicator. The list of ',length(selected_covariates_clean),' demographic covariates include ',str_to_lower(paste(variable_mapping[selected_covariates_clean], collapse = ", ")),'. Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores are measured at the pre-treatment survey.<br>\n'))
}
cat('<br><br>\n')
# Full table (all independent variables)
# Drop intercept
drop = "(Intercept)"
cat('<details>')
cat('<summary>Click to view the full table</summary>')
# Generate HTML table
html_table <- texreg::htmlreg(model_list,
single.row = FALSE,
caption = paste0("Post-Lasso OLS"),
caption.above = TRUE,
custom.note = "",
custom.model.names = c("No covariates <br> (1)",
"Selected covariates <br> (2)",
"Sharing rates <br> (3)",
"Accuracy scores <br> (4)",
"Sharing rates and Accuracy scores <br> (5)",
"Selected covariates <br> and Sharing rates <br> and Accuracy scores <br> (6)"),
custom.coef.names = variable_labels_wide,
omit.coef = drop,
custom.gof.rows = list("Demographics" = c("","✓","","","","✓"),
"Misinfo and Non-Misinfo<br>Sharing rates" = c("","","✓","","✓","✓"),
"Misinfo and Non-Misinfo<br>Accuracy scores" = c("","","","✓","✓","✓")),
digits = 4,
include.ci = FALSE,
stars = c(0.20, 0.10, 0.02))
# Print HTML table
cat('<br>Full table (covariates and interactions)<br>')
cat(html_table)
if (m != 1) {
cat(paste0('*Note*: \\*p<0.10; \\*\\*p<0.05; \\*\\*\\*p<0.01 one-sided tests.\nRobust standard errors in parentheses. Sample includes the 8,684 participants who completed the post-survey. Covariates are de-meaned and interacted with a treatment condition indicator. The list of ',length(selected_covariates_clean),' demographic covariates includes ',str_to_lower(paste(variable_mapping[selected_covariates_clean], collapse = ", ")),'. Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores are measured at the pre-treatment survey.<br>\n'))
} else {
cat(paste0('*Note*: \\*p<0.10; \\*\\*p<0.05; \\*\\*\\*p<0.01 one-sided tests.\nRobust standard errors in parentheses. Sample includes the 7,688 participants who completed the post-survey and shared at least one non-misinformation post in the pre-survey. Covariates are de-meaned and interacted with a treatment condition indicator. The list of ',length(selected_covariates_clean),' demographic covariates includes ',str_to_lower(paste(variable_mapping[selected_covariates_clean], collapse = ", ")),'. Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates and Accuracy scores are measured at the pre-treatment survey.<br>\n'))
}
cat('<br><br>\n')
cat('</details>')
cat('<br><br>\n')
}\[\textit{Primary Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]
Non-zero Coefficients: Primary Misinfo Sharing Rate
Non-zero Coefficients by fold: Primary Misinfo Sharing Rate
| covariate | fold1 | fold2 | fold3 | fold4 | fold5 | fold6 | fold7 | fold8 | fold9 | fold10 | |
| 1 | Intercept | 0.488 | 0.496 | 0.491 | 0.489 | 0.487 | 0.489 | 0.496 | 0.491 | 0.488 | 0.492 |
| 3 | Facts Baseline | 0.066 | 0.059 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.064 | 0.072 | 0.060 | 0.070 | 0.071 | 0.065 |
| 4 | No-course Baseline | 0.144 | 0.131 | 0.140 | 0.137 | 0.144 | 0.133 | 0.134 | 0.141 | 0.142 | 0.134 |
| 6 | Emotions | -0.054 | -0.061 | -0.061 | -0.053 | -0.053 | -0.055 | -0.066 | -0.055 | -0.058 | -0.060 |
| 7 | Combo | -0.032 | -0.036 | -0.030 | -0.039 | -0.037 | -0.037 | -0.039 | -0.029 | -0.034 | -0.037 |
| 8 | Age | -0.005 | -0.008 | -0.005 | -0.010 | -0.010 | -0.008 | -0.009 | -0.006 | -0.007 | -0.007 |
| 10 | Some College | -0.006 | -0.006 | -0.010 | -0.011 | -0.007 | -0.005 | -0.004 | -0.006 | -0.005 | -0.004 |
| 11 | Bachelor Degree | -0.004 | -0.004 | -0.006 | -0.007 | -0.007 | -0.005 | -0.001 | -0.002 | -0.001 | -0.004 |
| 12 | Graduate Degree | -0.002 | -0.001 | -0.004 | -0.002 | -0.009 | -0.002 | -0.002 | 0 | -0.0003 | -0.001 |
| 13 | Married/Domestic Partnership | -0.003 | -0.0002 | -0.003 | -0.005 | -0.003 | -0.002 | -0.001 | -0.006 | -0.007 | -0.005 |
| 14 | Unemployed | -0.009 | -0.012 | -0.009 | -0.0004 | -0.004 | -0.006 | -0.012 | -0.005 | -0.008 | -0.003 |
| 15 | Employed | -0.008 | -0.014 | -0.011 | -0.008 | -0.011 | -0.013 | -0.013 | -0.011 | -0.012 | -0.008 |
| 16 | Mostly Urban | -0.002 | -0.0004 | -0.001 | -0.002 | 0 | -0.001 | -0.008 | -0.006 | -0.006 | -0.003 |
| 17 | Suburban | -0.012 | -0.013 | -0.015 | -0.014 | -0.011 | -0.016 | -0.017 | -0.016 | -0.015 | -0.011 |
| 18 | Religion: Christian | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 19 | Religiosity: Attends | -0.001 | -0.001 | -0.0001 | -0.002 | -0.003 | -0.002 | -0.005 | 0 | -0.001 | -0.003 |
| 20 | Social Media: Yes | 0 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | -0.002 | -0.004 | 0 |
| 21 | Social Media Hours | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 22 | Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.052 | 0.053 | 0.048 | 0.050 | 0.049 | 0.052 | 0.051 | 0.053 | 0.053 | 0.054 |
| 23 | Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.060 | 0.061 | 0.056 | 0.056 | 0.057 | 0.060 | 0.058 | 0.061 | 0.056 | 0.062 |
| 24 | Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.038 | 0.037 | 0.036 | 0.037 | 0.043 | 0.044 | 0.042 | 0.043 | 0.037 | 0.040 |
| 25 | Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.009 | 0.015 | 0.012 | 0.013 | 0.013 | 0.014 | 0.012 | 0.017 | 0.011 | 0.014 |
| 26 | Age x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0 | -0.007 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.006 |
| 27 | Age x Emotions | -0.016 | -0.023 | -0.019 | -0.020 | -0.020 | -0.012 | -0.022 | -0.013 | -0.022 | -0.019 |
| 30 | Age x Combo | -0.008 | -0.007 | -0.005 | 0 | -0.006 | -0.002 | -0.005 | -0.006 | -0.007 | 0 |
| 31 | Gender: Man x Facts Baseline | 0.008 | 0.004 | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.010 | 0.012 | 0.007 |
| 32 | Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.024 | 0.031 | 0.032 | 0.029 | 0.033 | 0.023 | 0.022 | 0.031 | 0.030 | 0.029 |
| 33 | Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | 0 | -0.0002 | 0 | 0 | -0.003 | 0 | -0.003 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 |
| 34 | Gender: Man x Reasoning | -0.010 | -0.009 | -0.014 | -0.010 | -0.009 | -0.007 | -0.013 | -0.011 | -0.005 | -0.012 |
| 37 | Some College x Emotions | 0 | -0.003 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.00001 | 0 | 0 |
| 38 | Some College x No-course Baseline | -0.0004 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 39 | Some College x Reasoning | -0.009 | -0.006 | -0.003 | -0.008 | -0.006 | -0.007 | -0.007 | -0.002 | -0.007 | -0.011 |
| 40 | Some College x Combo | -0.014 | -0.021 | -0.020 | -0.010 | -0.011 | -0.019 | -0.016 | -0.017 | -0.013 | -0.017 |
| 41 | Bachelor Degree x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 |
| 44 | Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | -0.015 | -0.006 | -0.009 | -0.003 | -0.008 | -0.003 | -0.009 | -0.009 | -0.009 | -0.010 |
| 45 | Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.019 | -0.019 | -0.020 | -0.018 | -0.012 | -0.017 | -0.021 | -0.017 | -0.021 | -0.015 |
| 46 | Graduate Degree x Facts Baseline | -0.027 | -0.028 | -0.018 | -0.026 | -0.023 | -0.027 | -0.027 | -0.033 | -0.026 | -0.028 |
| 47 | Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 48 | Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.003 | -0.012 | -0.008 | -0.008 | -0.002 | -0.007 | -0.008 | -0.003 | -0.012 | -0.013 |
| 49 | Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.004 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 50 | Graduate Degree x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0002 | 0.007 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 51 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Facts Baseline | 0 | -0.005 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 52 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.003 | 0 | -0.003 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | -0.002 | 0 | 0 |
| 55 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.001 | -0.001 | 0 | -0.0001 | 0 | 0 | -0.007 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 |
| 57 | Unemployed x Emotions | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.00004 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.0002 | 0 |
| 58 | Unemployed x No-course Baseline | -0.004 | -0.004 | -0.004 | -0.009 | -0.011 | -0.002 | -0.009 | -0.009 | -0.001 | -0.010 |
| 59 | Unemployed x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0002 |
| 60 | Unemployed x Combo | -0.004 | -0.005 | -0.009 | -0.018 | -0.012 | -0.012 | -0.002 | -0.009 | -0.005 | -0.010 |
| 61 | Employed x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0 | -0.005 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 64 | Employed x Reasoning | -0.011 | -0.007 | -0.012 | -0.008 | 0 | -0.004 | -0.007 | -0.007 | -0.003 | -0.011 |
| 65 | Employed x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.004 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 |
| 66 | Mostly Urban x Facts Baseline | -0.003 | -0.007 | -0.012 | -0.005 | -0.010 | -0.008 | -0.010 | -0.0004 | -0.006 | -0.006 |
| 69 | Mostly Urban x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | -0.009 | -0.008 | -0.004 | -0.003 | 0 | -0.003 | -0.008 |
| 70 | Mostly Urban x Combo | 0 | -0.003 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 71 | Suburban x Facts Baseline | -0.007 | -0.002 | -0.001 | 0 | -0.006 | -0.001 | -0.001 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 |
| 72 | Suburban x Emotions | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.004 | 0 |
| 73 | Suburban x No-course Baseline | -0.008 | 0 | -0.003 | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | -0.007 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 |
| 74 | Suburban x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.003 | 0 | 0 |
| 75 | Suburban x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 76 | Religion: Christian x Facts Baseline | 0.004 | 0.009 | 0.010 | 0.014 | 0.018 | 0.017 | 0.023 | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.014 |
| 77 | Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | -0.002 | 0 | 0 |
| 78 | Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.013 | -0.011 | -0.012 | -0.010 | -0.010 | -0.003 | -0.011 | -0.010 | -0.009 | -0.011 |
| 79 | Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0 |
| 80 | Religion: Christian x Combo | 0 | 0.003 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.009 | 0 |
| 82 | Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.006 | -0.004 | -0.010 | -0.001 | 0 | -0.002 | -0.00003 | -0.006 | 0 | -0.001 |
| 84 | Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.008 | -0.008 | -0.008 | -0.006 | -0.005 | -0.001 | -0.006 | -0.009 | -0.007 | 0 |
| 85 | Religiosity: Attends x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 86 | Social Media: Yes x Facts Baseline | -0.009 | -0.004 | 0 | -0.009 | -0.005 | -0.005 | -0.001 | -0.0001 | -0.001 | -0.009 |
| 87 | Social Media: Yes x Emotions | -0.007 | -0.010 | -0.005 | -0.007 | -0.008 | -0.014 | -0.001 | -0.001 | -0.005 | -0.007 |
| 88 | Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.013 | -0.006 | -0.0001 | 0 | -0.001 |
| 89 | Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.003 | 0.0004 |
| 90 | Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.004 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 91 | Social Media Hours x Facts Baseline | 0.004 | 0.007 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.009 | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.009 |
| 92 | Social Media Hours x Emotions | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0 | 0.004 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 94 | Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.005 | 0.0003 | 0 | 0.005 | 0.00000 | 0.002 | 0.0002 | 0 | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| 95 | Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.007 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | 0 | -0.0001 | -0.006 | -0.004 | -0.0002 |
| 96 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 |
| 98 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.0004 | 0 |
| 99 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.0001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| 100 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.004 | 0 | 0 |
| 102 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | 0.011 | 0.001 | 0.009 | 0.012 | 0.014 | 0.016 | 0.014 | 0.018 | 0.008 | 0.006 |
| 103 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.009 | 0 | 0.004 | 0 |
| 106 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Facts Baseline | 0.026 | 0.023 | 0.026 | 0.021 | 0.015 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.012 | 0.021 | 0.020 |
| 107 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 109 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | 0.0001 | 0.016 | 0.006 | 0.004 | 0 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.008 | 0.002 |
| 110 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | 0.011 | 0.007 | 0.006 | 0.004 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.015 |
| 111 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Facts Baseline | 0.017 | 0.003 | 0.009 | 0.008 | 0.00002 | 0.006 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.014 | 0.011 |
| 112 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | 0.008 | 0.003 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.006 | 0 | 0 | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| 115 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | 0.003 | 0 | 0.0001 | 0.00001 | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0 |
Coefficients at optimal lambda: Primary Misinfo Sharing Rate
| Covariate | Coefficient | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.563 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 0.6349 |
| 3 | Emotions | 0.491 |
| 4 | Combo | 0.4276 |
| 5 | Age | 0.45 |
| 6 | Gender: Man | -0.007995 |
| 7 | Bachelor Degree | -0.006617 |
| 8 | Graduate Degree | -0.003975 |
| 9 | Married/Domestic Partnership | -0.001911 |
| 10 | Unemployed | -0.004046 |
| 11 | Employed | -0.00672 |
| 12 | Mostly Urban | -0.01115 |
| 13 | Suburban | -0.003114 |
| 14 | Religion: Christian | -0.01448 |
| 15 | Social Media: Yes | -0.001728 |
| 16 | Social Media Hours | -3.747e-06 |
| 17 | Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.05158 |
| 18 | Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.05827 |
| 19 | Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.03884 |
| 20 | Age x Facts Baseline | 0.0131 |
| 21 | Age x No-course Baseline | -0.01778 |
| 22 | Gender: Man x Facts Baseline | -0.003769 |
| 23 | Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.007031 |
| 24 | Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | 0.02807 |
| 25 | Gender: Man x Combo | -0.009805 |
| 26 | Some College x Combo | -0.005937 |
| 27 | Bachelor Degree x Facts Baseline | -0.0152 |
| 28 | Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.007443 |
| 29 | Graduate Degree x Facts Baseline | -0.01743 |
| 30 | Graduate Degree x Emotions | -0.02621 |
| 31 | Graduate Degree x Reasoning | -0.007366 |
| 32 | Unemployed x Reasoning | -0.006389 |
| 33 | Employed x Facts Baseline | -0.008462 |
| 34 | Employed x Combo | -0.006412 |
| 35 | Mostly Urban x Emotions | -0.005811 |
| 36 | Mostly Urban x Combo | -0.00236 |
| 37 | Suburban x Reasoning | -0.000173 |
| 38 | Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0.0121 |
| 39 | Religion: Christian x Reasoning | -0.009721 |
| 40 | Religion: Christian x Combo | 0.001673 |
| 41 | Religiosity: Attends x Facts Baseline | 0.001133 |
| 42 | Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.00261 |
| 43 | Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.005272 |
| 44 | Social Media: Yes x Emotions | -0.004453 |
| 45 | Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | -0.006287 |
| 46 | Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | -0.0006938 |
| 47 | Social Media Hours x Emotions | 0.003784 |
| 48 | Social Media Hours x Combo | 0.001345 |
| 49 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0.0004428 |
| 50 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | 0.0001798 |
| 51 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | 0.0104 |
| 52 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | 0.01872 |
| 53 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | 0.004902 |
| 54 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Facts Baseline | 0.008711 |
| 55 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | 0.006429 |
| 56 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | 0.0006532 |
| 57 | 0.0004547 | |
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Selected covariates (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
Selected covariates and Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.1332*** | -0.1359*** | -0.1258*** | -0.1265*** | -0.1260*** | -0.1271*** |
| (0.0142) | (0.0140) | (0.0153) | (0.0140) | (0.0152) | (0.0151) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0670*** | -0.0740*** | -0.0568*** | -0.0584*** | -0.0575*** | -0.0615*** |
| (0.0146) | (0.0144) | (0.0161) | (0.0146) | (0.0160) | (0.0160) | |
| Combo | -0.1095*** | -0.1142*** | -0.1100*** | -0.1050*** | -0.1106*** | -0.1133*** |
| (0.0147) | (0.0145) | (0.0157) | (0.0145) | (0.0156) | (0.0156) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.0760*** | 0.0708*** | 0.0646*** | 0.0747*** | 0.0630*** | 0.0600*** |
| (0.0144) | (0.0143) | (0.0159) | (0.0143) | (0.0158) | (0.0158) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0347 | 0.0802 | 0.1425 | 0.1044 | 0.1512 | 0.1709 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0342 | 0.0688 | 0.1409 | 0.1028 | 0.1485 | 0.1584 |
| Num. obs. | 7688 | 7688 | 7688 | 7688 | 7688 | 7688 |
| RMSE | 0.3995 | 0.3923 | 0.3768 | 0.3851 | 0.3751 | 0.3730 |
Click to view the full table
Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Selected covariates (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
Selected covariates and Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-course Baseline | 0.0760*** | 0.0708*** | 0.0646*** | 0.0747*** | 0.0630*** | 0.0600*** |
| (0.0144) | (0.0143) | (0.0159) | (0.0143) | (0.0158) | (0.0158) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0670*** | -0.0740*** | -0.0568*** | -0.0584*** | -0.0575*** | -0.0615*** |
| (0.0146) | (0.0144) | (0.0161) | (0.0146) | (0.0160) | (0.0160) | |
| Emotions | -0.1332*** | -0.1359*** | -0.1258*** | -0.1265*** | -0.1260*** | -0.1271*** |
| (0.0142) | (0.0140) | (0.0153) | (0.0140) | (0.0152) | (0.0151) | |
| Combo | -0.1095*** | -0.1142*** | -0.1100*** | -0.1050*** | -0.1106*** | -0.1133*** |
| (0.0147) | (0.0145) | (0.0157) | (0.0145) | (0.0156) | (0.0156) | |
| Age | -0.0102 | -0.0075 | ||||
| (0.0119) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0062 | 0.0005 | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0091 | 0.0047 | ||||
| (0.0128) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0353*** | -0.0351*** | ||||
| (0.0116) | (0.0089) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | -0.0049 | -0.0038 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0075 | -0.0052 | ||||
| (0.0133) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0121 | -0.0129 | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0135) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0219** | -0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0121) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0293*** | -0.0211** | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | -0.0052 | -0.0077 | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | -0.0131 | -0.0078 | ||||
| (0.0105) | (0.0100) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0555*** | 0.0131 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.0693*** | 0.0162 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0138) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.0762*** | 0.0351*** | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0146) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0377*** | 0.0236** | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Gender: Man | 0.0148* | 0.0091 | ||||
| (0.0104) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | 0.0198** | 0.0134 | ||||
| (0.0111) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0127 | 0.0113 | ||||
| (0.0114) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | 0.0051 | 0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0151) | (0.0147) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | 0.0060 | 0.0027 | ||||
| (0.0174) | (0.0177) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0206 | -0.0191 | ||||
| (0.0182) | (0.0178) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0037 | -0.0044 | ||||
| (0.0174) | (0.0168) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | -0.0068 | -0.0134 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0162) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | -0.0217 | -0.0197 | ||||
| (0.0179) | (0.0169) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | -0.0003 | -0.0028 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0166) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | -0.0308** | -0.0341** | ||||
| (0.0181) | (0.0172) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0029 | -0.0098 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0163) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | -0.0167 | -0.0239* | ||||
| (0.0178) | (0.0169) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0077 | -0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0166) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0263* | -0.0272* | ||||
| (0.0182) | (0.0172) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0176 | 0.0148 | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0286** | 0.0243* | ||||
| (0.0173) | (0.0159) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0308** | 0.0304** | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0346** | 0.0327*** | ||||
| (0.0153) | (0.0126) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0052 | -0.0015 | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0154) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | 0.0038 | 0.0026 | ||||
| (0.0169) | (0.0162) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | 0.0001 | -0.0047 | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0156) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0027 | -0.0045 | ||||
| (0.0170) | (0.0162) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | -0.0167 | -0.0075 | ||||
| (0.0182) | (0.0169) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | -0.0006 | -0.0007 | ||||
| (0.0187) | (0.0174) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | -0.0051 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0183) | (0.0171) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | -0.0182 | -0.0154 | ||||
| (0.0189) | (0.0177) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | -0.0062 | 0.0047 | ||||
| (0.0200) | (0.0188) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | -0.0129 | -0.0053 | ||||
| (0.0206) | (0.0193) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.0000 | 0.0093 | ||||
| (0.0200) | (0.0189) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | -0.0064 | -0.0040 | ||||
| (0.0206) | (0.0194) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0157 | 0.0076 | ||||
| (0.0164) | (0.0154) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | 0.0063 | -0.0027 | ||||
| (0.0173) | (0.0164) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.0157 | 0.0059 | ||||
| (0.0168) | (0.0159) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0208 | 0.0151 | ||||
| (0.0171) | (0.0163) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0.0061 | 0.0069 | ||||
| (0.0165) | (0.0155) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | 0.0068 | 0.0014 | ||||
| (0.0167) | (0.0158) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | 0.0096 | 0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0164) | (0.0156) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0213 | 0.0209* | ||||
| (0.0169) | (0.0160) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | 0.0023 | 0.0036 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0111 | -0.0084 | ||||
| (0.0151) | (0.0144) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0054 | -0.0045 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0142) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | 0.0029 | 0.0116 | ||||
| (0.0159) | (0.0146) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0047 | 0.0084 | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0155) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0109 | 0.0083 | ||||
| (0.0153) | (0.0147) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | -0.0036 | -0.0004 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0152) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0.0149 | 0.0180 | ||||
| (0.0180) | (0.0169) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | 0.0081 | 0.0173 | ||||
| (0.0168) | (0.0160) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0.0123 | 0.0264* | ||||
| (0.0177) | (0.0170) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | 0.0069 | 0.0241* | ||||
| (0.0173) | (0.0166) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | 0.0127 | 0.0208 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0165) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | 0.0033 | 0.0091 | ||||
| (0.0206) | (0.0199) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | 0.0082 | 0.0288* | ||||
| (0.0207) | (0.0202) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | 0.0186 | 0.0400** | ||||
| (0.0196) | (0.0191) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | 0.0112 | 0.0236 | ||||
| (0.0203) | (0.0198) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.0291* | -0.0278* | ||||
| (0.0213) | (0.0205) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0086 | 0.0049 | ||||
| (0.0215) | (0.0212) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0236 | -0.0087 | ||||
| (0.0200) | (0.0197) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0037 | 0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0210) | (0.0206) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0189 | -0.0206 | ||||
| (0.0202) | (0.0192) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.0112 | -0.0069 | ||||
| (0.0201) | (0.0196) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0049 | -0.0020 | ||||
| (0.0190) | (0.0185) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0008 | -0.0034 | ||||
| (0.0198) | (0.0193) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0212* | -0.0175* | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | -0.0291** | -0.0262** | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0139) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0193* | 0.0226** | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | -0.0152 | -0.0089 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0140) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0367*** | -0.0314** | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0141) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | -0.0111 | -0.0032 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0153) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | -0.0221* | -0.0125 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0146) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | -0.0118 | -0.0064 | ||||
| (0.0156) | (0.0151) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0149 | -0.0134 | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0140) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | -0.0065 | -0.0075 | ||||
| (0.0158) | (0.0149) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0103 | -0.0108 | ||||
| (0.0156) | (0.0146) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.0219* | -0.0193* | ||||
| (0.0158) | (0.0148) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.1361*** | 0.1083*** | 0.1070*** | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0153) | (0.0155) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0681*** | 0.0396** | 0.0326** | |||
| (0.0163) | (0.0184) | (0.0184) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0173 | -0.0063 | -0.0136 | |||
| (0.0164) | (0.0212) | (0.0217) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0098 | 0.0290* | 0.0200 | |||
| (0.0165) | (0.0214) | (0.0217) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0416*** | -0.0252 | -0.0386** | |||
| (0.0162) | (0.0214) | (0.0217) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0178 | -0.0041 | -0.0088 | |||
| (0.0169) | (0.0216) | (0.0220) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0083 | 0.0221 | 0.0300 | |||
| (0.0233) | (0.0259) | (0.0259) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0454** | -0.0452** | -0.0405* | |||
| (0.0233) | (0.0265) | (0.0266) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0155 | -0.0084 | 0.0006 | |||
| (0.0225) | (0.0256) | (0.0255) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0099 | 0.0021 | 0.0062 | |||
| (0.0232) | (0.0261) | (0.0263) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.1107*** | 0.0375*** | 0.0347*** | |||
| (0.0108) | (0.0139) | (0.0140) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0595*** | 0.0452*** | 0.0483*** | |||
| (0.0123) | (0.0135) | (0.0135) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | -0.0210* | -0.0127 | -0.0119 | |||
| (0.0152) | (0.0193) | (0.0195) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0393*** | -0.0517*** | -0.0527*** | |||
| (0.0157) | (0.0200) | (0.0200) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0406*** | -0.0237 | -0.0230 | |||
| (0.0150) | (0.0198) | (0.0199) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0263** | -0.0179 | -0.0184 | |||
| (0.0156) | (0.0197) | (0.0198) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | -0.0143 | -0.0156 | -0.0204 | |||
| (0.0173) | (0.0187) | (0.0187) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0290* | -0.0011 | -0.0062 | |||
| (0.0176) | (0.0193) | (0.0194) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0131 | -0.0061 | -0.0125 | |||
| (0.0172) | (0.0193) | (0.0192) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0156 | -0.0163 | -0.0229 | |||
| (0.0176) | (0.0191) | (0.0192) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0347 | 0.0802 | 0.1425 | 0.1044 | 0.1512 | 0.1709 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0342 | 0.0688 | 0.1409 | 0.1028 | 0.1485 | 0.1584 |
| Num. obs. | 7688 | 7688 | 7688 | 7688 | 7688 | 7688 |
| RMSE | 0.3995 | 0.3923 | 0.3768 | 0.3851 | 0.3751 | 0.3730 |
\[\textit{Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]
Non-zero Coefficients: Misinfo Sharing Rate
Non-zero Coefficients by fold: Misinfo Sharing Rate
| covariate | fold1 | fold2 | fold3 | fold4 | fold5 | fold6 | fold7 | fold8 | fold9 | fold10 | |
| 1 | Intercept | 0.400 | 0.400 | 0.403 | 0.403 | 0.397 | 0.403 | 0.401 | 0.404 | 0.401 | 0.400 |
| 3 | Facts Baseline | 0.066 | 0.063 | 0.063 | 0.059 | 0.073 | 0.061 | 0.060 | 0.058 | 0.063 | 0.068 |
| 4 | No-course Baseline | 0.139 | 0.138 | 0.138 | 0.134 | 0.143 | 0.141 | 0.142 | 0.138 | 0.138 | 0.142 |
| 6 | Emotions | -0.038 | -0.037 | -0.049 | -0.044 | -0.042 | -0.044 | -0.039 | -0.046 | -0.050 | -0.041 |
| 7 | Combo | -0.023 | -0.025 | -0.024 | -0.027 | -0.028 | -0.030 | -0.024 | -0.031 | -0.025 | -0.027 |
| 8 | Age | -0.014 | -0.015 | -0.013 | -0.011 | -0.015 | -0.012 | -0.015 | -0.013 | -0.012 | -0.011 |
| 9 | Gender: Man | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.0003 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.0004 | 0 | 0 |
| 10 | Some College | -0.010 | -0.004 | -0.006 | -0.007 | -0.006 | -0.006 | -0.007 | -0.004 | -0.005 | -0.009 |
| 11 | Bachelor Degree | -0.010 | -0.010 | -0.009 | -0.009 | -0.006 | -0.009 | -0.008 | -0.003 | -0.008 | -0.006 |
| 12 | Graduate Degree | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.00001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 13 | Married/Domestic Partnership | -0.001 | 0 | -0.002 | -0.003 | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | -0.0003 | 0 | -0.002 |
| 14 | Unemployed | -0.005 | -0.008 | -0.007 | -0.007 | -0.005 | -0.005 | -0.005 | -0.010 | -0.007 | -0.008 |
| 15 | Employed | -0.011 | -0.012 | -0.011 | -0.009 | -0.011 | -0.009 | -0.007 | -0.012 | -0.011 | -0.012 |
| 16 | Mostly Urban | -0.001 | 0 | -0.003 | -0.001 | -0.001 | -0.001 | -0.005 | -0.003 | -0.003 | -0.002 |
| 17 | Suburban | -0.012 | -0.010 | -0.014 | -0.013 | -0.015 | -0.011 | -0.013 | -0.012 | -0.011 | -0.013 |
| 19 | Religiosity: Attends | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.0001 | 0 | -0.0003 | 0 |
| 20 | Social Media: Yes | -0.007 | -0.003 | -0.001 | 0 | -0.005 | -0.004 | -0.003 | -0.004 | -0.007 | -0.003 |
| 22 | Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.073 | 0.066 | 0.066 | 0.068 | 0.071 | 0.069 | 0.071 | 0.068 | 0.070 | 0.070 |
| 23 | Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.090 | 0.089 | 0.088 | 0.091 | 0.094 | 0.088 | 0.091 | 0.088 | 0.091 | 0.091 |
| 24 | Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.067 | 0.064 | 0.068 | 0.065 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.066 | 0.065 | 0.069 | 0.068 |
| 25 | Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.028 | 0.027 | 0.028 | 0.028 | 0.033 | 0.028 | 0.030 | 0.028 | 0.030 | 0.029 |
| 26 | Age x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.006 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 27 | Age x Emotions | -0.004 | -0.009 | -0.014 | -0.012 | -0.008 | -0.014 | -0.002 | -0.005 | -0.011 | -0.014 |
| 29 | Age x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | -0.005 | -0.0001 | -0.010 | -0.00004 | -0.001 |
| 31 | Gender: Man x Facts Baseline | 0.003 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.016 | 0.008 | 0.004 | 0.013 | 0.007 | 0.006 | 0.008 |
| 32 | Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.018 | 0.015 | 0.021 | 0.021 | 0.021 | 0.016 | 0.022 | 0.020 | 0.019 | 0.018 |
| 33 | Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.004 | -0.008 | -0.001 | -0.001 | 0 | -0.002 | -0.004 | 0 | 0 | -0.005 |
| 35 | Gender: Man x Combo | 0.011 | 0.006 | 0.013 | 0.015 | 0.016 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.017 | 0.012 |
| 37 | Some College x Emotions | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 39 | Some College x Reasoning | -0.0002 | 0 | -0.007 | 0 | -0.006 | -0.009 | 0 | 0 | -0.0001 | -0.001 |
| 40 | Some College x Combo | -0.0001 | 0 | 0 | -0.004 | 0 | 0 | -0.005 | 0 | 0 | -0.004 |
| 41 | Bachelor Degree x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | 0 |
| 43 | Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 44 | Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | -0.003 | -0.001 | -0.012 | -0.005 | -0.014 | -0.008 | -0.005 | -0.003 | -0.002 | -0.008 |
| 45 | Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.004 | -0.004 | -0.006 | -0.012 | -0.010 | -0.009 | -0.017 | -0.017 | -0.005 | -0.011 |
| 46 | Graduate Degree x Facts Baseline | -0.014 | -0.010 | -0.010 | -0.015 | -0.014 | -0.014 | -0.014 | -0.015 | -0.011 | -0.009 |
| 48 | Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.003 | -0.004 | -0.005 | -0.007 | -0.001 | -0.007 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 |
| 49 | Graduate Degree x Reasoning | -0.006 | -0.003 | -0.004 | -0.001 | -0.004 | -0.001 | -0.007 | 0 | -0.005 | -0.002 |
| 50 | Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.002 | 0.00003 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0 | 0.002 | 0.008 | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| 51 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Facts Baseline | -0.002 | -0.005 | 0 | 0 | -0.006 | 0 | -0.007 | 0 | -0.003 | -0.001 |
| 52 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.010 | -0.004 | -0.0004 | -0.0002 | -0.006 | 0 | -0.008 | -0.010 | -0.009 | 0 |
| 53 | Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.0004 | 0 | 0.00002 | 0 |
| 55 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.007 | -0.008 | -0.004 | -0.008 | -0.006 | -0.008 | -0.012 | -0.011 | -0.009 | -0.004 |
| 56 | Unemployed x Facts Baseline | -0.010 | -0.003 | -0.008 | -0.003 | -0.006 | -0.002 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | 0 |
| 57 | Unemployed x Emotions | -0.00000 | -0.00002 | -0.003 | -0.003 | -0.001 | -0.005 | -0.004 | -0.0001 | 0 | -0.001 |
| 59 | Unemployed x Reasoning | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.005 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| 60 | Unemployed x Combo | -0.009 | -0.001 | -0.003 | -0.002 | -0.006 | -0.007 | -0.007 | 0 | -0.007 | -0.003 |
| 62 | Employed x Emotions | -0.003 | -0.006 | -0.006 | -0.010 | -0.009 | -0.012 | -0.012 | -0.004 | 0 | -0.002 |
| 64 | Employed x Reasoning | -0.0001 | -0.002 | -0.006 | -0.005 | -0.004 | -0.004 | -0.007 | -0.001 | -0.005 | -0.011 |
| 66 | Mostly Urban x Facts Baseline | -0.022 | -0.022 | -0.022 | -0.025 | -0.023 | -0.025 | -0.015 | -0.021 | -0.021 | -0.019 |
| 69 | Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.017 | -0.012 | -0.012 | -0.013 | -0.013 | -0.010 | -0.009 | -0.016 | -0.014 | -0.015 |
| 70 | Mostly Urban x Combo | -0.004 | 0 | 0 | -0.004 | 0 | -0.001 | -0.001 | -0.001 | 0 | -0.003 |
| 71 | Suburban x Facts Baseline | 0 | -0.008 | -0.002 | -0.001 | -0.00002 | -0.007 | 0 | -0.004 | -0.008 | 0 |
| 72 | Suburban x Emotions | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | -0.003 | -0.005 | 0 |
| 73 | Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 |
| 74 | Suburban x Reasoning | -0.002 | -0.001 | -0.001 | 0 | -0.001 | -0.001 | 0 | -0.006 | -0.002 | -0.002 |
| 75 | Suburban x Combo | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.007 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.009 |
| 76 | Religion: Christian x Facts Baseline | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.015 | 0.010 | 0.004 | 0.008 | 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| 78 | Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.005 | 0 | -0.003 | -0.008 | -0.002 | -0.003 | -0.004 | -0.004 | -0.001 | -0.004 |
| 79 | Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.011 | 0.005 | 0.012 | 0.0004 | 0.001 | 0.008 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| 81 | Religiosity: Attends x Facts Baseline | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.001 |
| 82 | Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.007 | -0.010 | -0.012 | -0.013 | -0.009 | -0.008 | -0.004 | -0.010 | -0.011 | -0.009 |
| 83 | Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.0001 | -0.002 | 0 | -0.00004 | -0.004 | -0.004 | -0.001 | -0.003 | -0.0005 | 0 |
| 85 | Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.0003 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 86 | Social Media: Yes x Facts Baseline | -0.003 | -0.013 | -0.013 | -0.010 | -0.014 | -0.012 | -0.015 | -0.014 | -0.012 | -0.025 |
| 87 | Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.003 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 88 | Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.0001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 89 | Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0001 | 0 | 0 |
| 90 | Social Media: Yes x Combo | -0.004 | -0.007 | -0.028 | -0.004 | -0.007 | -0.001 | -0.008 | -0.007 | -0.004 | -0.007 |
| 91 | Social Media Hours x Facts Baseline | 0.006 | 0.008 | 0.010 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.012 | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| 92 | Social Media Hours x Emotions | 0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.004 | 0.00001 |
| 93 | Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | 0 | -0.002 | -0.006 | -0.001 | -0.002 | -0.002 | -0.002 | -0.002 | -0.003 | 0 |
| 94 | Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.008 | 0.017 | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.006 | 0.013 | 0.007 | 0.016 | 0.019 | 0.009 |
| 95 | Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.017 | -0.012 | -0.012 | -0.014 | -0.016 | -0.012 | -0.013 | -0.014 | -0.015 | -0.017 |
| 98 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 |
| 99 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0 | 0.009 | 0.010 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.008 | 0.010 | 0.003 |
| 100 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 101 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x Facts Baseline | 0.010 | 0.012 | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.010 | 0.004 | 0.009 | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| 102 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0004 | 0.005 | 0 | 0.004 | 0 | 0 |
| 103 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| 106 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Facts Baseline | 0.010 | 0.019 | 0.007 | 0.006 | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.014 | 0.011 | 0.008 | 0.011 |
| 107 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.0002 | 0 |
| 108 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | 0.001 | 0.011 | 0.007 | 0.00005 | 0.002 | 0.0001 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.002 |
| 109 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0.0002 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 |
| 111 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0.005 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0 |
| 112 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.0004 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| 113 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | -0.00000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 114 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0004 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Coefficients at optimal lambda: Misinfo Sharing Rate
| Covariate | Coefficient | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.4687 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 0.5449 |
| 3 | Emotions | 0.4014 |
| 4 | Combo | 0.354 |
| 5 | Age | 0.3704 |
| 6 | Gender: Man | -0.01347 |
| 7 | Bachelor Degree | -0.006955 |
| 8 | Graduate Degree | -0.00812 |
| 9 | Unemployed | -0.001123 |
| 10 | Employed | -0.007063 |
| 11 | Mostly Urban | -0.01037 |
| 12 | Suburban | -0.002386 |
| 13 | Religion: Christian | -0.01332 |
| 14 | Social Media Hours | -0.003446 |
| 15 | Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.06893 |
| 16 | Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.09031 |
| 17 | Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.06704 |
| 18 | Age x Facts Baseline | 0.02876 |
| 19 | Age x No-course Baseline | -0.009216 |
| 20 | Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.008314 |
| 21 | Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | 0.01952 |
| 22 | Gender: Man x Reasoning | -0.001289 |
| 23 | Some College x Facts Baseline | 0.01299 |
| 24 | Some College x Combo | -0.0001302 |
| 25 | Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.004366 |
| 26 | Graduate Degree x Facts Baseline | -0.008482 |
| 27 | Graduate Degree x Emotions | -0.01237 |
| 28 | Graduate Degree x Reasoning | -0.001577 |
| 29 | Graduate Degree x Combo | -0.002957 |
| 30 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Facts Baseline | 0.00313 |
| 31 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.001764 |
| 32 | Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | -0.004315 |
| 33 | Unemployed x Facts Baseline | -0.00752 |
| 34 | Unemployed x Emotions | -0.002474 |
| 35 | Unemployed x No-course Baseline | -0.0003688 |
| 36 | Employed x Facts Baseline | -0.0039 |
| 37 | Employed x No-course Baseline | -0.005681 |
| 38 | Employed x Combo | -0.005846 |
| 39 | Mostly Urban x Emotions | -0.02075 |
| 40 | Mostly Urban x Combo | -0.01218 |
| 41 | Suburban x Facts Baseline | -0.0005503 |
| 42 | Suburban x Emotions | -0.001271 |
| 43 | Suburban x Combo | -8.003e-06 |
| 44 | Religion: Christian x Facts Baseline | 0.006218 |
| 45 | Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0.007212 |
| 46 | Religion: Christian x Reasoning | -0.003252 |
| 47 | Religion: Christian x Combo | 0.005331 |
| 48 | Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | 0.001343 |
| 49 | Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.009146 |
| 50 | Social Media: Yes x Emotions | -0.01288 |
| 51 | Social Media Hours x Facts Baseline | -0.007115 |
| 52 | Social Media Hours x Emotions | 0.007684 |
| 53 | Social Media Hours x Reasoning | -0.00124 |
| 54 | Social Media Hours x Combo | 0.01165 |
| 55 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Facts Baseline | -0.01407 |
| 56 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | 0.00555 |
| 57 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | 0.006245 |
| 58 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | 0.0002996 |
| 59 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | 0.009234 |
| 60 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | 0.001531 |
| 61 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | 0.003245 |
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Selected covariates (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
Selected covariates and Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.1120*** | -0.1161*** | -0.1154*** | -0.1126*** | -0.1151*** | -0.1163*** |
| (0.0111) | (0.0107) | (0.0094) | (0.0102) | (0.0094) | (0.0092) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0609*** | -0.0693*** | -0.0661*** | -0.0607*** | -0.0655*** | -0.0699*** |
| (0.0116) | (0.0111) | (0.0096) | (0.0106) | (0.0096) | (0.0095) | |
| Combo | -0.0935*** | -0.0997*** | -0.0981*** | -0.0943*** | -0.0978*** | -0.1003*** |
| (0.0116) | (0.0112) | (0.0096) | (0.0105) | (0.0096) | (0.0095) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.0811*** | 0.0747*** | 0.0640*** | 0.0689*** | 0.0627*** | 0.0599*** |
| (0.0117) | (0.0113) | (0.0093) | (0.0105) | (0.0093) | (0.0092) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0413 | 0.1305 | 0.3319 | 0.1944 | 0.3385 | 0.3612 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0409 | 0.1210 | 0.3308 | 0.1931 | 0.3366 | 0.3527 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3350 | 0.3207 | 0.2798 | 0.3073 | 0.2786 | 0.2752 |
Click to view the full table
Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Selected covariates (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
Selected covariates and Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-course Baseline | 0.0811*** | 0.0747*** | 0.0640*** | 0.0689*** | 0.0627*** | 0.0599*** |
| (0.0117) | (0.0113) | (0.0093) | (0.0105) | (0.0093) | (0.0092) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0609*** | -0.0693*** | -0.0661*** | -0.0607*** | -0.0655*** | -0.0699*** |
| (0.0116) | (0.0111) | (0.0096) | (0.0106) | (0.0096) | (0.0095) | |
| Emotions | -0.1120*** | -0.1161*** | -0.1154*** | -0.1126*** | -0.1151*** | -0.1163*** |
| (0.0111) | (0.0107) | (0.0094) | (0.0102) | (0.0094) | (0.0092) | |
| Combo | -0.0935*** | -0.0997*** | -0.0981*** | -0.0943*** | -0.0978*** | -0.1003*** |
| (0.0116) | (0.0112) | (0.0096) | (0.0105) | (0.0096) | (0.0095) | |
| Age | -0.0117 | -0.0127* | ||||
| (0.0104) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0098 | -0.0046 | ||||
| (0.0101) | (0.0083) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0125 | 0.0017 | ||||
| (0.0101) | (0.0081) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | -0.0059 | -0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0091) | (0.0079) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0154* | -0.0070 | ||||
| (0.0104) | (0.0084) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0129 | -0.0134* | ||||
| (0.0114) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0340*** | -0.0146** | ||||
| (0.0095) | (0.0078) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0263*** | -0.0149** | ||||
| (0.0093) | (0.0076) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | -0.0238*** | -0.0118* | ||||
| (0.0087) | (0.0076) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0790*** | 0.0191*** | ||||
| (0.0103) | (0.0082) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.1145*** | 0.0347*** | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.0959*** | 0.0261*** | ||||
| (0.0107) | (0.0093) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0464*** | 0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0096) | (0.0084) | |||||
| Gender: Man | 0.0141** | 0.0060 | ||||
| (0.0081) | (0.0068) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0187** | -0.0162** | ||||
| (0.0096) | (0.0075) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | 0.0111* | 0.0069 | ||||
| (0.0083) | (0.0075) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0055 | -0.0008 | ||||
| (0.0079) | (0.0060) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0123* | 0.0099* | ||||
| (0.0087) | (0.0070) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0018 | 0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | -0.0081 | -0.0046 | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0126) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0121 | -0.0067 | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Age x Combo | 0.0008 | -0.0004 | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0141) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | 0.0011 | -0.0037 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | -0.0090 | -0.0045 | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | 0.0010 | 0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | -0.0057 | -0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0049 | -0.0102 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | -0.0125 | -0.0171* | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0044 | -0.0051 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0138 | -0.0174* | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0115 | 0.0062 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | 0.0089 | 0.0086 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | 0.0003 | -0.0057 | ||||
| (0.0120) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0090 | -0.0065 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.0055 | 0.0052 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.0129 | 0.0086 | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | -0.0025 | -0.0021 | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | -0.0007 | -0.0017 | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | -0.0023 | 0.0015 | ||||
| (0.0160) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | -0.0027 | 0.0023 | ||||
| (0.0163) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | -0.0138 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0151) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0017 | 0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0159) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0312*** | 0.0172* | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | 0.0094 | 0.0011 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.0339*** | 0.0168* | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0278** | 0.0172* | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0.0102 | 0.0109 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | 0.0027 | -0.0046 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | 0.0101 | -0.0014 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0238** | 0.0206** | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0184* | 0.0118 | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0177* | 0.0129 | ||||
| (0.0120) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0.0174* | 0.0161* | ||||
| (0.0120) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0.0071 | 0.0051 | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | 0.0019 | 0.0101 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0.0053 | 0.0158* | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0078 | 0.0143 | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.0032 | 0.0145 | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.0052 | -0.0031 | ||||
| (0.0153) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0153 | 0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0154 | 0.0128 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | -0.0197* | 0.0008 | ||||
| (0.0148) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.0097 | -0.0054 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0145 | -0.0017 | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0249** | 0.0024 | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0243** | -0.0004 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0068 | 0.0028 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.0071 | -0.0003 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0048 | 0.0124 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0112) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0130 | -0.0010 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0120) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0222** | -0.0109 | ||||
| (0.0115) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | -0.0126 | -0.0149* | ||||
| (0.0113) | (0.0097) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0095 | 0.0156* | ||||
| (0.0108) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0032 | 0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0113 | 0.0043 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0097) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0094 | -0.0002 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0200* | 0.0190** | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0252** | 0.0203** | ||||
| (0.0128) | (0.0101) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0194** | -0.0154* | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | -0.0014 | 0.0056 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | -0.0112 | -0.0073 | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0100) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | -0.0096 | -0.0099 | ||||
| (0.0114) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.0111 | -0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0082) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0057 | -0.0022 | ||||
| (0.0108) | (0.0085) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0198** | -0.0101 | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0101 | -0.0031 | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0097) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0213** | -0.0166** | ||||
| (0.0116) | (0.0093) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.0046 | 0.0021 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0103) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0091 | -0.0022 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.0311*** | -0.0235*** | ||||
| (0.0119) | (0.0099) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.1507*** | 0.1325*** | 0.1269*** | |||
| (0.0085) | (0.0112) | (0.0114) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0835*** | 0.0679*** | 0.0648*** | |||
| (0.0086) | (0.0103) | (0.0104) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0010 | 0.0025 | -0.0004 | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0156) | (0.0160) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0128 | -0.0006 | -0.0029 | |||
| (0.0121) | (0.0162) | (0.0163) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0431*** | -0.0395*** | -0.0460*** | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0159) | (0.0160) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0263** | -0.0208* | -0.0220* | |||
| (0.0123) | (0.0160) | (0.0162) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0030 | 0.0025 | 0.0057 | |||
| (0.0120) | (0.0141) | (0.0142) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0245** | -0.0172 | -0.0157 | |||
| (0.0118) | (0.0150) | (0.0151) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0315*** | -0.0191* | -0.0139 | |||
| (0.0115) | (0.0141) | (0.0140) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0173* | -0.0107 | -0.0088 | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0141) | (0.0142) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.1163*** | 0.0258*** | 0.0193** | |||
| (0.0083) | (0.0099) | (0.0099) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0735*** | 0.0283*** | 0.0285*** | |||
| (0.0086) | (0.0093) | (0.0093) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | -0.0090 | -0.0031 | 0.0025 | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0141) | (0.0141) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0226** | -0.0152 | -0.0134 | |||
| (0.0120) | (0.0149) | (0.0147) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0344*** | -0.0056 | -0.0030 | |||
| (0.0114) | (0.0144) | (0.0143) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0296*** | -0.0075 | -0.0039 | |||
| (0.0119) | (0.0141) | (0.0140) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | -0.0113 | -0.0020 | -0.0033 | |||
| (0.0123) | (0.0127) | (0.0128) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0318*** | -0.0140 | -0.0164 | |||
| (0.0118) | (0.0136) | (0.0136) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0336*** | -0.0179* | -0.0217* | |||
| (0.0119) | (0.0133) | (0.0132) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0152 | -0.0096 | -0.0116 | |||
| (0.0121) | (0.0132) | (0.0132) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0413 | 0.1305 | 0.3319 | 0.1944 | 0.3385 | 0.3612 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0409 | 0.1210 | 0.3308 | 0.1931 | 0.3366 | 0.3527 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3350 | 0.3207 | 0.2798 | 0.3073 | 0.2786 | 0.2752 |
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]
Non-zero Coefficients: Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate
Non-zero Coefficients by fold: Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate
| covariate | fold1 | fold2 | fold3 | fold4 | fold5 | fold6 | fold7 | fold8 | fold9 | fold10 | |
| 1 | Intercept | 0.548 | 0.547 | 0.549 | 0.549 | 0.546 | 0.547 | 0.549 | 0.550 | 0.549 | 0.546 |
| 3 | Facts Baseline | 0.056 | 0.054 | 0.056 | 0.054 | 0.064 | 0.058 | 0.055 | 0.056 | 0.054 | 0.063 |
| 4 | No-course Baseline | 0.126 | 0.126 | 0.127 | 0.128 | 0.124 | 0.133 | 0.126 | 0.126 | 0.122 | 0.125 |
| 6 | Emotions | -0.021 | -0.023 | -0.027 | -0.023 | -0.027 | -0.023 | -0.015 | -0.021 | -0.029 | -0.020 |
| 7 | Combo | -0.021 | -0.020 | -0.018 | -0.020 | -0.021 | -0.019 | -0.022 | -0.027 | -0.023 | -0.017 |
| 8 | Age | -0.009 | -0.010 | -0.010 | -0.008 | -0.011 | -0.008 | -0.010 | -0.008 | -0.010 | -0.009 |
| 9 | Gender: Man | 0.010 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| 10 | Some College | -0.006 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | -0.002 | -0.0001 | -0.001 | -0.0005 | 0 | -0.005 |
| 12 | Graduate Degree | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 13 | Married/Domestic Partnership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.0003 | 0 | -0.003 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 14 | Unemployed | -0.006 | -0.008 | -0.005 | -0.007 | -0.004 | -0.008 | -0.006 | -0.009 | -0.005 | -0.010 |
| 15 | Employed | -0.016 | -0.018 | -0.018 | -0.018 | -0.017 | -0.020 | -0.015 | -0.016 | -0.016 | -0.020 |
| 17 | Suburban | 0 | -0.0004 | -0.004 | -0.001 | -0.004 | -0.001 | -0.004 | -0.003 | -0.005 | -0.00000 |
| 18 | Religion: Christian | 0 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0.00000 | 0.0002 | 0.001 | 0.0005 | 0 |
| 20 | Social Media: Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 |
| 21 | Social Media Hours | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0004 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0004 | 0 |
| 22 | Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.053 | 0.052 | 0.050 | 0.054 | 0.050 | 0.051 | 0.053 | 0.049 | 0.051 | 0.054 |
| 23 | Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.084 | 0.084 | 0.081 | 0.083 | 0.082 | 0.082 | 0.079 | 0.078 | 0.081 | 0.084 |
| 24 | Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.059 | 0.056 | 0.057 | 0.059 | 0.058 | 0.058 | 0.057 | 0.055 | 0.059 | 0.059 |
| 25 | Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.024 | 0.023 | 0.020 | 0.022 | 0.024 | 0.022 | 0.021 | 0.019 | 0.020 | 0.020 |
| 27 | Age x Emotions | -0.001 | -0.005 | -0.006 | -0.008 | -0.003 | -0.007 | -0.001 | -0.007 | -0.002 | -0.004 |
| 28 | Age x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.0002 | 0 |
| 29 | Age x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 | -0.008 | 0 | 0 |
| 30 | Age x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 31 | Gender: Man x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0.012 | 0.006 | 0.012 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.011 | 0.008 | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| 32 | Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.015 | 0.011 | 0.005 | 0 | 0.012 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| 33 | Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.017 | -0.015 | -0.013 | -0.012 | -0.015 | -0.016 | -0.015 | -0.015 | -0.017 | -0.013 |
| 35 | Gender: Man x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| 36 | Some College x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.0004 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 37 | Some College x Emotions | -0.001 | -0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.003 | -0.005 | -0.006 | -0.004 | 0 |
| 39 | Some College x Reasoning | 0 | -0.001 | -0.004 | -0.003 | -0.0004 | -0.004 | 0 | -0.006 | -0.004 | 0 |
| 40 | Some College x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 42 | Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0 | 0.003 | 0 | 0 | 0.004 | 0 | 0 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| 44 | Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.0001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 45 | Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.007 | -0.010 | -0.010 | -0.015 | -0.010 | -0.010 | -0.017 | -0.015 | -0.006 | -0.008 |
| 46 | Graduate Degree x Facts Baseline | -0.013 | -0.014 | -0.012 | -0.008 | -0.013 | -0.014 | -0.011 | -0.012 | -0.009 | -0.013 |
| 49 | Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0.003 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 52 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.017 | -0.010 | -0.010 | -0.009 | -0.011 | -0.003 | -0.011 | -0.017 | -0.013 | -0.008 |
| 53 | Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0001 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.0003 | 0.004 | 0.007 | 0 | 0.002 | 0 |
| 54 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | -0.006 | -0.006 | 0 | -0.002 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 |
| 55 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.004 | -0.007 | 0 | -0.009 | -0.006 | -0.008 | -0.007 | -0.005 | -0.011 | -0.004 |
| 56 | Unemployed x Facts Baseline | -0.008 | -0.008 | -0.005 | -0.006 | -0.007 | -0.001 | 0 | -0.002 | -0.002 | -0.00002 |
| 57 | Unemployed x Emotions | -0.006 | -0.011 | -0.011 | -0.006 | -0.009 | -0.007 | -0.011 | -0.011 | -0.010 | -0.007 |
| 61 | Employed x Facts Baseline | -0.007 | -0.0004 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.0005 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 63 | Employed x No-course Baseline | -0.003 | 0 | -0.0003 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 65 | Employed x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | -0.001 | 0 | -0.002 | -0.005 | 0 | -0.0003 |
| 66 | Mostly Urban x Facts Baseline | -0.007 | -0.007 | -0.015 | -0.009 | -0.009 | -0.013 | -0.010 | -0.013 | -0.016 | -0.012 |
| 67 | Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.005 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0 | 0 | 0.002 |
| 68 | Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.011 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.007 |
| 69 | Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.013 | -0.006 | -0.013 | -0.013 | -0.014 | -0.006 | -0.008 | -0.014 | -0.011 | -0.013 |
| 70 | Mostly Urban x Combo | 0 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0 | 0.0004 | 0.003 |
| 72 | Suburban x Emotions | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.004 | 0 | 0 |
| 73 | Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | -0.0005 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 74 | Suburban x Reasoning | -0.005 | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.0003 | -0.005 |
| 76 | Religion: Christian x Facts Baseline | 0.009 | 0 | 0.009 | 0.008 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| 77 | Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 78 | Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0004 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.0002 | -0.0004 | -0.001 | 0 |
| 79 | Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.007 | 0 | 0.003 | 0 | 0 | 0.006 | 0.00001 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 |
| 80 | Religion: Christian x Combo | 0 | 0.0001 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 |
| 81 | Religiosity: Attends x Facts Baseline | 0.006 | 0.014 | 0.012 | 0.013 | 0.007 | 0.015 | 0.010 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| 82 | Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.013 | -0.005 | -0.016 | -0.014 | -0.011 | -0.010 | -0.007 | -0.007 | -0.010 | -0.010 |
| 83 | Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0.00003 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 |
| 84 | Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | 0 | -0.001 | -0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 85 | Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.006 | -0.004 | -0.006 | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | 0 | -0.003 | -0.003 | -0.002 |
| 86 | Social Media: Yes x Facts Baseline | -0.009 | -0.013 | -0.011 | -0.013 | -0.016 | -0.013 | -0.015 | -0.013 | -0.012 | -0.022 |
| 87 | Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.013 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 |
| 88 | Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | -0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 89 | Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0.0002 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 |
| 90 | Social Media: Yes x Combo | -0.0001 | 0 | -0.012 | 0 | -0.0001 | 0 | 0 | -0.0001 | 0 | -0.001 |
| 91 | Social Media Hours x Facts Baseline | 0.005 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.012 | 0.005 | 0.012 | 0.011 | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| 93 | Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 |
| 94 | Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.001 | 0.009 | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0 | 0.003 | 0 | 0.006 | 0.008 | 0.002 |
| 95 | Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | -0.0004 | -0.003 | -0.00001 | -0.0001 | 0 |
| 96 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Facts Baseline | 0.019 | 0.012 | 0.017 | 0.011 | 0.021 | 0.014 | 0.015 | 0.013 | 0.017 | 0.014 |
| 98 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | 0.010 | 0 | 0.006 | 0 | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.0001 | 0.011 | 0.006 | 0.0001 |
| 99 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0 | 0.008 | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.008 | 0.002 |
| 101 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x Facts Baseline | 0.006 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 102 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 103 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0004 | 0 | 0.0004 |
| 105 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.010 | 0.004 | 0.010 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| 106 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Facts Baseline | 0.014 | 0.021 | 0.012 | 0.014 | 0.010 | 0.014 | 0.023 | 0.015 | 0.014 | 0.017 |
| 108 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | 0.016 | 0.024 | 0.020 | 0.014 | 0.019 | 0.018 | 0.014 | 0.019 | 0.014 | 0.014 |
| 109 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.003 | 0 |
| 111 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Facts Baseline | 0.008 | 0.010 | 0.009 | 0.016 | 0.009 | 0.004 | 0.011 | 0.007 | 0.009 | 0.008 |
| 112 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.010 | 0.014 | 0.010 | 0.007 | 0.010 | 0.011 | 0.009 | 0.013 |
| 114 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.00001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Coefficients at optimal lambda: Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate
| Covariate | Coefficient | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.6103 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 0.6799 |
| 3 | Emotions | 0.5483 |
| 4 | Combo | 0.5197 |
| 5 | Age | 0.5215 |
| 6 | Gender: Man | -0.009535 |
| 7 | Some College | 0.004679 |
| 8 | Bachelor Degree | -0.001721 |
| 9 | Employed | -0.006792 |
| 10 | Mostly Urban | -0.01762 |
| 11 | Religion: Christian | -0.002861 |
| 12 | Religiosity: Attends | 0.000149 |
| 13 | Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.05185 |
| 14 | Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.08139 |
| 15 | Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.05751 |
| 16 | Age x Facts Baseline | 0.02095 |
| 17 | Age x No-course Baseline | -0.003822 |
| 18 | Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.005419 |
| 19 | Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | 0.005468 |
| 20 | Gender: Man x Reasoning | -0.01537 |
| 21 | Some College x No-course Baseline | -0.002385 |
| 22 | Some College x Combo | -0.001502 |
| 23 | Graduate Degree x Facts Baseline | -0.01059 |
| 24 | Graduate Degree x Emotions | -0.01161 |
| 25 | Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | -0.01069 |
| 26 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | 0.001114 |
| 27 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.001348 |
| 28 | Unemployed x Facts Baseline | -0.006276 |
| 29 | Unemployed x Emotions | -0.003465 |
| 30 | Unemployed x No-course Baseline | -0.008999 |
| 31 | Mostly Urban x Emotions | -0.01113 |
| 32 | Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0006044 |
| 33 | Mostly Urban x Reasoning | 0.003797 |
| 34 | Mostly Urban x Combo | -0.01034 |
| 35 | Suburban x Facts Baseline | 0.001171 |
| 36 | Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0.005232 |
| 37 | Religion: Christian x Combo | 0.0006361 |
| 38 | Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | 0.00926 |
| 39 | Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.009744 |
| 40 | Social Media: Yes x Facts Baseline | -0.0002634 |
| 41 | Social Media: Yes x Emotions | -0.01319 |
| 42 | Social Media Hours x Emotions | 0.008097 |
| 43 | Social Media Hours x Combo | 0.003141 |
| 44 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | 0.01455 |
| 45 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0.003342 |
| 46 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | 0.003565 |
| 47 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Facts Baseline | 0.005387 |
| 48 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | 0.01465 |
| 49 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | 0.01667 |
| 50 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | 0.008678 |
| 51 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | 0.009298 |
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Selected covariates (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
Selected covariates and Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.0878*** | -0.0921*** | -0.0912*** | -0.0883*** | -0.0911*** | -0.0927*** |
| (0.0125) | (0.0122) | (0.0112) | (0.0119) | (0.0112) | (0.0111) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0568*** | -0.0640*** | -0.0629*** | -0.0564*** | -0.0630*** | -0.0667*** |
| (0.0128) | (0.0124) | (0.0111) | (0.0121) | (0.0111) | (0.0110) | |
| Combo | -0.0849*** | -0.0899*** | -0.0889*** | -0.0856*** | -0.0890*** | -0.0907*** |
| (0.0128) | (0.0124) | (0.0111) | (0.0121) | (0.0111) | (0.0110) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.0727*** | 0.0683*** | 0.0565*** | 0.0620*** | 0.0556*** | 0.0542*** |
| (0.0125) | (0.0121) | (0.0107) | (0.0118) | (0.0107) | (0.0106) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0253 | 0.0877 | 0.2480 | 0.1204 | 0.2495 | 0.2667 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0249 | 0.0777 | 0.2468 | 0.1190 | 0.2474 | 0.2569 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3726 | 0.3624 | 0.3275 | 0.3542 | 0.3274 | 0.3253 |
Click to view the full table
Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Selected covariates (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
Selected covariates and Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-course Baseline | 0.0727*** | 0.0683*** | 0.0565*** | 0.0620*** | 0.0556*** | 0.0542*** |
| (0.0125) | (0.0121) | (0.0107) | (0.0118) | (0.0107) | (0.0106) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0568*** | -0.0640*** | -0.0629*** | -0.0564*** | -0.0630*** | -0.0667*** |
| (0.0128) | (0.0124) | (0.0111) | (0.0121) | (0.0111) | (0.0110) | |
| Emotions | -0.0878*** | -0.0921*** | -0.0912*** | -0.0883*** | -0.0911*** | -0.0927*** |
| (0.0125) | (0.0122) | (0.0112) | (0.0119) | (0.0112) | (0.0111) | |
| Combo | -0.0849*** | -0.0899*** | -0.0889*** | -0.0856*** | -0.0890*** | -0.0907*** |
| (0.0128) | (0.0124) | (0.0111) | (0.0121) | (0.0111) | (0.0110) | |
| Age | -0.0019 | -0.0044 | ||||
| (0.0084) | (0.0087) | |||||
| Gender: Man | 0.0176** | 0.0086 | ||||
| (0.0088) | (0.0079) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0059 | -0.0022 | ||||
| (0.0108) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0249** | -0.0163** | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0096) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0333*** | -0.0316*** | ||||
| (0.0122) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0106 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0102) | (0.0091) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | 0.0099 | 0.0068 | ||||
| (0.0094) | (0.0087) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0863*** | 0.0350*** | ||||
| (0.0103) | (0.0089) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.1045*** | 0.0343*** | ||||
| (0.0120) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.0991*** | 0.0366*** | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0547*** | 0.0208** | ||||
| (0.0116) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0013 | 0.0112 | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0094) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0205** | -0.0173* | ||||
| (0.0122) | (0.0112) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | 0.0047 | 0.0017 | ||||
| (0.0098) | (0.0088) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0206** | -0.0042 | ||||
| (0.0105) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0136* | 0.0065 | ||||
| (0.0093) | (0.0083) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | -0.0228*** | -0.0122* | ||||
| (0.0070) | (0.0079) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0129* | 0.0106* | ||||
| (0.0091) | (0.0081) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0114 | -0.0076 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | -0.0105 | -0.0061 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0158 | -0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0085 | -0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0125) | (0.0127) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0357*** | -0.0236** | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | -0.0100 | -0.0123 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | -0.0024 | 0.0049 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | -0.0068 | -0.0012 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0112) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | 0.0023 | -0.0010 | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0126) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | -0.0073 | -0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0153) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | -0.0020 | -0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0152) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | 0.0043 | 0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.0138 | 0.0115 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0135) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.0202 | 0.0160 | ||||
| (0.0159) | (0.0140) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | 0.0015 | 0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0156) | (0.0142) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.0156 | 0.0142 | ||||
| (0.0158) | (0.0140) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.0066 | 0.0073 | ||||
| (0.0171) | (0.0148) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.0213 | 0.0232* | ||||
| (0.0177) | (0.0155) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.0109 | 0.0214* | ||||
| (0.0170) | (0.0157) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0103 | 0.0110 | ||||
| (0.0172) | (0.0154) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0.0066 | 0.0075 | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0039 | -0.0093 | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | 0.0056 | -0.0049 | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0149 | 0.0133 | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0152 | -0.0130 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | -0.0035 | 0.0032 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | -0.0071 | -0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | -0.0020 | -0.0046 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0168 | -0.0143 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.0183 | -0.0173* | ||||
| (0.0151) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0335** | -0.0180* | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.0316** | -0.0224** | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.0081 | -0.0114 | ||||
| (0.0171) | (0.0155) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0133 | -0.0055 | ||||
| (0.0174) | (0.0159) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0142 | 0.0073 | ||||
| (0.0166) | (0.0157) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | -0.0054 | 0.0048 | ||||
| (0.0169) | (0.0158) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.0059 | -0.0060 | ||||
| (0.0175) | (0.0155) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0262* | -0.0243* | ||||
| (0.0178) | (0.0163) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0370** | -0.0152 | ||||
| (0.0169) | (0.0156) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0345** | -0.0183 | ||||
| (0.0176) | (0.0160) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0223* | -0.0146 | ||||
| (0.0167) | (0.0146) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.0210 | -0.0204* | ||||
| (0.0166) | (0.0149) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0142 | 0.0005 | ||||
| (0.0161) | (0.0147) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0284** | -0.0200* | ||||
| (0.0165) | (0.0149) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0048 | -0.0088 | ||||
| (0.0151) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | -0.0070 | -0.0102 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0052 | -0.0041 | ||||
| (0.0154) | (0.0138) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0156 | -0.0183* | ||||
| (0.0157) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0211* | 0.0133 | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0228* | 0.0125 | ||||
| (0.0167) | (0.0168) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0213* | 0.0193* | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0140) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0196* | 0.0147 | ||||
| (0.0148) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0069 | 0.0033 | ||||
| (0.0137) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | -0.0120 | -0.0110 | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.0178* | -0.0228** | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0169 | -0.0137 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0300** | 0.0176* | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0034 | -0.0080 | ||||
| (0.0152) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.0277** | 0.0127 | ||||
| (0.0146) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0330** | 0.0253** | ||||
| (0.0149) | (0.0133) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.0107 | -0.0021 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0168* | -0.0140 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0305*** | -0.0203** | ||||
| (0.0125) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0235** | -0.0153 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0197** | 0.0131* | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0240** | 0.0207** | ||||
| (0.0115) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0.0217** | 0.0213* | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0142) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0.0161 | 0.0154 | ||||
| (0.0137) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0147 | -0.0097 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | -0.0041 | -0.0062 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0147 | -0.0073 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.0209* | -0.0129 | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.1185*** | 0.1185*** | 0.1125*** | |||
| (0.0099) | (0.0124) | (0.0124) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.1009*** | 0.0949*** | 0.0902*** | |||
| (0.0104) | (0.0122) | (0.0123) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0185* | 0.0056 | 0.0014 | |||
| (0.0137) | (0.0174) | (0.0177) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0030 | -0.0145 | -0.0138 | |||
| (0.0144) | (0.0182) | (0.0183) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0415*** | -0.0529*** | -0.0548*** | |||
| (0.0141) | (0.0186) | (0.0186) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0055 | -0.0060 | -0.0056 | |||
| (0.0145) | (0.0179) | (0.0180) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0176 | -0.0128 | -0.0081 | |||
| (0.0144) | (0.0166) | (0.0168) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0178 | -0.0031 | 0.0012 | |||
| (0.0146) | (0.0175) | (0.0177) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0232* | -0.0228* | -0.0168 | |||
| (0.0143) | (0.0171) | (0.0172) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0189* | -0.0177 | -0.0136 | |||
| (0.0144) | (0.0169) | (0.0169) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0848*** | -0.0005 | -0.0059 | |||
| (0.0095) | (0.0110) | (0.0110) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0691*** | 0.0106 | 0.0110 | |||
| (0.0100) | (0.0109) | (0.0108) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0140 | 0.0202* | 0.0275** | |||
| (0.0131) | (0.0154) | (0.0154) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0015 | 0.0172 | 0.0200 | |||
| (0.0136) | (0.0162) | (0.0162) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0235** | 0.0160 | 0.0187 | |||
| (0.0134) | (0.0169) | (0.0168) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0139 | 0.0010 | 0.0046 | |||
| (0.0136) | (0.0158) | (0.0156) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | -0.0209* | -0.0031 | -0.0044 | |||
| (0.0140) | (0.0145) | (0.0145) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0338*** | -0.0231* | -0.0260** | |||
| (0.0139) | (0.0155) | (0.0155) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0144 | 0.0035 | 0.0007 | |||
| (0.0139) | (0.0157) | (0.0157) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0102 | -0.0018 | -0.0038 | |||
| (0.0140) | (0.0152) | (0.0153) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0253 | 0.0877 | 0.2480 | 0.1204 | 0.2495 | 0.2667 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0249 | 0.0777 | 0.2468 | 0.1190 | 0.2474 | 0.2569 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3726 | 0.3624 | 0.3275 | 0.3542 | 0.3274 | 0.3253 |
\[\textit{Sharing Discernment Score}\]
Non-zero Coefficients: Sharing Discernment Score
Non-zero Coefficients by fold: Sharing Discernment Score
| covariate | fold1 | fold2 | fold3 | fold4 | fold5 | fold6 | fold7 | fold8 | fold9 | fold10 | |
| 1 | Intercept | 0.146 | 0.148 | 0.146 | 0.148 | 0.148 | 0.147 | 0.147 | 0.148 | 0.146 | 0.148 |
| 4 | No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.003 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.003 |
| 6 | Emotions | 0.004 | 0.0001 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.010 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.004 |
| 11 | Bachelor Degree | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| 16 | Mostly Urban | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0003 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 17 | Suburban | 0.00001 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.0004 | 0 | 0.00003 | 0 | 0.0001 |
| 22 | Social Media Share: 80-100% | -0.004 | -0.003 | -0.001 | -0.003 | -0.003 | -0.003 | -0.004 | -0.003 | -0.002 | -0.003 |
| 33 | Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.0002 | 0 |
| 40 | Some College x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0004 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 70 | Mostly Urban x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0.0003 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0003 |
| 83 | Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 95 | Social Media Hours x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0003 | 0.001 |
| 97 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 |
| 99 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0 | -0.00002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 100 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.0001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 101 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x Facts Baseline | 0 | -0.0002 | -0.0001 | -0.0001 | 0 | -0.00005 | -0.005 | -0.005 | 0 | 0 |
| 105 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 108 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0005 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0 |
Coefficients at optimal lambda: Sharing Discernment Score
| Covariate | Coefficient | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.142 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 0.1338 |
| 3 | Emotions | 0.1463 |
| 4 | Combo | 0.1662 |
| 5 | Age | 0.1508 |
| 6 | Graduate Degree | 0.001287 |
| 7 | Social Media Share: 60-80% | -0.002495 |
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Selected covariates (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
Selected covariates and Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | 0.0241*** | 0.0237*** | 0.0241*** | 0.0243*** | 0.0240*** | 0.0235*** |
| (0.0100) | (0.0100) | (0.0099) | (0.0099) | (0.0099) | (0.0099) | |
| Reasoning | 0.0042 | 0.0044 | 0.0032 | 0.0043 | 0.0025 | 0.0025 |
| (0.0103) | (0.0103) | (0.0102) | (0.0102) | (0.0102) | (0.0102) | |
| Combo | 0.0087 | 0.0088 | 0.0092 | 0.0088 | 0.0088 | 0.0087 |
| (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | |
| No-course Baseline | -0.0084 | -0.0078 | -0.0075 | -0.0069 | -0.0071 | -0.0068 |
| (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0013 | 0.0043 | 0.0058 | 0.0063 | 0.0101 | 0.0129 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0008 | 0.0027 | 0.0042 | 0.0047 | 0.0074 | 0.0090 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3015 | 0.3012 | 0.3010 | 0.3009 | 0.3005 | 0.3002 |
Click to view the full table
Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Selected covariates (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
Selected covariates and Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-course Baseline | -0.0084 | -0.0078 | -0.0075 | -0.0069 | -0.0071 | -0.0068 |
| (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | |
| Reasoning | 0.0042 | 0.0044 | 0.0032 | 0.0043 | 0.0025 | 0.0025 |
| (0.0103) | (0.0103) | (0.0102) | (0.0102) | (0.0102) | (0.0102) | |
| Emotions | 0.0241*** | 0.0237*** | 0.0241*** | 0.0243*** | 0.0240*** | 0.0235*** |
| (0.0100) | (0.0100) | (0.0099) | (0.0099) | (0.0099) | (0.0099) | |
| Combo | 0.0087 | 0.0088 | 0.0092 | 0.0088 | 0.0088 | 0.0087 |
| (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | (0.0101) | |
| Bachelor Degree | 0.0093* | 0.0087 | ||||
| (0.0071) | (0.0070) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0063 | 0.0116** | ||||
| (0.0063) | (0.0062) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0008 | -0.0003 | ||||
| (0.0102) | (0.0101) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0.0035 | 0.0040 | ||||
| (0.0104) | (0.0103) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0020 | 0.0017 | ||||
| (0.0101) | (0.0101) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0067 | -0.0064 | ||||
| (0.0102) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0142* | -0.0179** | ||||
| (0.0091) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.0207** | -0.0249*** | ||||
| (0.0091) | (0.0091) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0229*** | -0.0265*** | ||||
| (0.0096) | (0.0097) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.0233*** | -0.0281*** | ||||
| (0.0092) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0322*** | -0.0141 | -0.0141 | |||
| (0.0091) | (0.0112) | (0.0112) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0174** | 0.0270*** | 0.0274*** | |||
| (0.0093) | (0.0109) | (0.0109) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0195* | 0.0031 | 0.0037 | |||
| (0.0130) | (0.0158) | (0.0158) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0098 | -0.0139 | -0.0119 | |||
| (0.0133) | (0.0162) | (0.0161) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0016 | -0.0134 | -0.0118 | |||
| (0.0128) | (0.0163) | (0.0162) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0208* | 0.0148 | 0.0164 | |||
| (0.0132) | (0.0162) | (0.0162) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0146 | -0.0153 | -0.0158 | |||
| (0.0135) | (0.0154) | (0.0154) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0067 | 0.0142 | 0.0134 | |||
| (0.0135) | (0.0162) | (0.0161) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0082 | -0.0037 | -0.0044 | |||
| (0.0130) | (0.0154) | (0.0154) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0016 | -0.0069 | -0.0074 | |||
| (0.0132) | (0.0157) | (0.0157) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -0.0315*** | -0.0263*** | -0.0270*** | |||
| (0.0080) | (0.0100) | (0.0101) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -0.0044 | -0.0178** | -0.0190** | |||
| (0.0083) | (0.0098) | (0.0098) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0231** | 0.0233** | 0.0246** | |||
| (0.0114) | (0.0140) | (0.0140) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0241** | 0.0324** | 0.0344*** | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0142) | (0.0142) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | 0.0109 | 0.0216* | 0.0233* | |||
| (0.0113) | (0.0144) | (0.0145) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | 0.0157* | 0.0085 | 0.0099 | |||
| (0.0113) | (0.0140) | (0.0140) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | -0.0096 | -0.0011 | 0.0001 | |||
| (0.0119) | (0.0137) | (0.0136) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0020 | -0.0091 | -0.0084 | |||
| (0.0119) | (0.0142) | (0.0142) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | 0.0192* | 0.0213* | 0.0227* | |||
| (0.0119) | (0.0141) | (0.0140) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | 0.0050 | 0.0077 | 0.0090 | |||
| (0.0116) | (0.0139) | (0.0139) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0013 | 0.0043 | 0.0058 | 0.0063 | 0.0101 | 0.0129 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0008 | 0.0027 | 0.0042 | 0.0047 | 0.0074 | 0.0090 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3015 | 0.3012 | 0.3010 | 0.3009 | 0.3005 | 0.3002 |
\[\textit{Misinfo Accuracy score}\]
Non-zero Coefficients: Misinfo Accuracy score
Non-zero Coefficients by fold: Misinfo Accuracy score
| covariate | fold1 | fold2 | fold3 | fold4 | fold5 | fold6 | fold7 | fold8 | fold9 | fold10 | |
| 1 | Intercept | -0.390 | -0.400 | -0.390 | -0.396 | -0.405 | -0.389 | -0.399 | -0.390 | -0.413 | -0.412 |
| 3 | Facts Baseline | 0.204 | 0.197 | 0.191 | 0.185 | 0.221 | 0.191 | 0.195 | 0.189 | 0.204 | 0.232 |
| 4 | No-course Baseline | 0.547 | 0.553 | 0.549 | 0.546 | 0.555 | 0.564 | 0.570 | 0.558 | 0.565 | 0.582 |
| 6 | Emotions | -0.058 | -0.032 | -0.079 | -0.057 | -0.064 | -0.062 | -0.036 | -0.060 | -0.055 | -0.043 |
| 7 | Combo | -0.035 | -0.039 | -0.025 | -0.050 | -0.043 | -0.044 | -0.034 | -0.053 | -0.031 | -0.031 |
| 8 | Age | -0.075 | -0.083 | -0.074 | -0.065 | -0.072 | -0.078 | -0.082 | -0.082 | -0.073 | -0.072 |
| 9 | Gender: Man | 0 | 0 | -0.008 | -0.001 | -0.010 | -0.003 | -0.006 | 0 | 0 | -0.005 |
| 10 | Some College | -0.029 | -0.010 | -0.028 | -0.018 | -0.020 | -0.026 | -0.020 | -0.019 | -0.018 | -0.025 |
| 11 | Bachelor Degree | -0.059 | -0.055 | -0.069 | -0.049 | -0.049 | -0.061 | -0.051 | -0.046 | -0.053 | -0.046 |
| 12 | Graduate Degree | -0.003 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 | -0.020 | -0.006 | 0 | 0 | -0.014 | 0 |
| 13 | Married/Domestic Partnership | -0.025 | -0.018 | -0.025 | -0.032 | -0.016 | -0.019 | -0.023 | -0.044 | -0.018 | -0.030 |
| 14 | Unemployed | -0.055 | -0.056 | -0.062 | -0.057 | -0.058 | -0.052 | -0.045 | -0.058 | -0.059 | -0.051 |
| 15 | Employed | -0.044 | -0.046 | -0.051 | -0.045 | -0.050 | -0.047 | -0.043 | -0.039 | -0.047 | -0.037 |
| 16 | Mostly Urban | -0.024 | -0.022 | -0.030 | -0.031 | -0.018 | -0.022 | -0.032 | -0.023 | -0.023 | -0.038 |
| 17 | Suburban | -0.027 | -0.048 | -0.047 | -0.051 | -0.054 | -0.049 | -0.052 | -0.043 | -0.036 | -0.038 |
| 18 | Religion: Christian | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.010 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 19 | Religiosity: Attends | -0.006 | -0.002 | -0.005 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | -0.008 | 0 |
| 20 | Social Media: Yes | -0.022 | -0.016 | -0.010 | -0.016 | -0.028 | -0.020 | -0.024 | -0.035 | -0.017 | -0.015 |
| 22 | Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.209 | 0.208 | 0.193 | 0.200 | 0.200 | 0.209 | 0.223 | 0.192 | 0.206 | 0.197 |
| 23 | Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.246 | 0.239 | 0.249 | 0.249 | 0.268 | 0.247 | 0.257 | 0.236 | 0.251 | 0.255 |
| 24 | Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.167 | 0.159 | 0.171 | 0.149 | 0.174 | 0.176 | 0.172 | 0.159 | 0.173 | 0.163 |
| 25 | Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.068 | 0.068 | 0.071 | 0.064 | 0.087 | 0.065 | 0.082 | 0.060 | 0.080 | 0.071 |
| 26 | Age x Facts Baseline | -0.010 | -0.005 | -0.004 | 0 | -0.006 | 0 | -0.021 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 27 | Age x Emotions | -0.046 | -0.055 | -0.067 | -0.071 | -0.056 | -0.063 | -0.027 | -0.054 | -0.067 | -0.057 |
| 28 | Age x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.007 | 0 | 0 |
| 29 | Age x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.005 | 0 | 0 |
| 31 | Gender: Man x Facts Baseline | -0.018 | -0.004 | -0.010 | 0 | -0.019 | 0 | 0 | -0.020 | -0.018 | -0.014 |
| 32 | Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.024 | 0.001 | 0.021 | 0.035 | 0.033 | 0.017 | 0.042 | 0.033 | 0.021 | 0.025 |
| 33 | Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.037 | -0.026 | 0 | -0.006 | 0 | -0.012 | -0.029 | -0.023 | -0.009 | -0.014 |
| 34 | Gender: Man x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.007 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 | -0.011 | 0 |
| 35 | Gender: Man x Combo | -0.016 | -0.010 | -0.0004 | 0 | 0 | -0.0001 | -0.001 | -0.014 | 0 | 0 |
| 36 | Some College x Facts Baseline | -0.032 | -0.027 | -0.033 | -0.029 | -0.028 | -0.016 | -0.027 | -0.007 | -0.036 | -0.0004 |
| 37 | Some College x Emotions | 0 | 0 | 0.009 | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 38 | Some College x No-course Baseline | -0.002 | -0.004 | -0.017 | -0.004 | -0.012 | -0.016 | 0 | -0.004 | 0 | -0.015 |
| 39 | Some College x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.003 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 40 | Some College x Combo | -0.025 | -0.026 | 0 | -0.029 | 0 | 0 | -0.042 | -0.004 | -0.005 | -0.014 |
| 41 | Bachelor Degree x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | -0.011 | 0 |
| 43 | Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 44 | Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.004 | 0 | -0.003 | 0 | 0 | -0.012 |
| 45 | Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.024 | -0.041 | -0.014 | -0.045 | -0.032 | -0.010 | -0.054 | -0.044 | -0.008 | -0.044 |
| 46 | Graduate Degree x Facts Baseline | -0.037 | -0.027 | -0.027 | -0.039 | -0.020 | -0.032 | -0.050 | -0.031 | -0.020 | -0.018 |
| 48 | Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.050 | -0.073 | -0.056 | -0.073 | -0.044 | -0.058 | -0.029 | -0.047 | -0.041 | -0.042 |
| 49 | Graduate Degree x Reasoning | -0.011 | -0.017 | -0.030 | -0.015 | 0 | 0 | -0.035 | 0 | -0.024 | -0.007 |
| 50 | Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.048 | 0 | 0.003 | 0.025 | 0.069 | 0.014 | 0.024 | 0.054 | 0.043 | 0.019 |
| 51 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Facts Baseline | -0.017 | -0.036 | -0.012 | -0.020 | -0.054 | -0.013 | -0.033 | -0.014 | -0.041 | -0.026 |
| 52 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.022 | -0.008 | -0.001 | 0 | -0.016 | 0 | -0.014 | -0.007 | -0.030 | 0 |
| 53 | Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0.0003 | 0.0002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.009 | 0 | 0 |
| 55 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.028 | -0.025 | 0 | -0.023 | -0.028 | -0.035 | -0.043 | -0.015 | -0.017 | -0.021 |
| 56 | Unemployed x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0 | -0.009 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 57 | Unemployed x Emotions | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | -0.006 | 0 | -0.018 | 0 | -0.009 | 0 |
| 58 | Unemployed x No-course Baseline | -0.017 | -0.016 | -0.004 | -0.018 | 0 | -0.025 | -0.001 | -0.005 | -0.003 | -0.012 |
| 59 | Unemployed x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.022 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.007 | 0 |
| 60 | Unemployed x Combo | -0.024 | -0.012 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.007 | -0.004 | 0 | -0.009 |
| 61 | Employed x Facts Baseline | -0.007 | -0.020 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.024 | -0.009 | -0.010 | -0.018 | -0.012 |
| 62 | Employed x Emotions | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | -0.015 | -0.012 | -0.019 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 63 | Employed x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00004 | 0.019 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 64 | Employed x Reasoning | -0.040 | -0.041 | -0.052 | -0.043 | -0.055 | -0.040 | -0.043 | -0.024 | -0.052 | -0.071 |
| 66 | Mostly Urban x Facts Baseline | -0.024 | -0.013 | -0.034 | -0.036 | -0.033 | -0.033 | -0.027 | -0.038 | -0.020 | -0.019 |
| 67 | Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.0001 | 0 | 0 | 0.0001 | 0 | 0.006 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 68 | Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | -0.023 | 0 | -0.008 | -0.005 | -0.028 | -0.012 | -0.015 | -0.018 | -0.028 | -0.011 |
| 69 | Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.064 | -0.068 | -0.053 | -0.028 | -0.065 | -0.067 | -0.052 | -0.077 | -0.076 | -0.055 |
| 71 | Suburban x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.005 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 72 | Suburban x Emotions | -0.074 | -0.032 | -0.050 | -0.045 | -0.046 | -0.048 | -0.041 | -0.062 | -0.067 | -0.078 |
| 73 | Suburban x No-course Baseline | -0.057 | -0.016 | -0.026 | -0.017 | -0.054 | -0.016 | -0.021 | -0.032 | -0.022 | -0.043 |
| 74 | Suburban x Reasoning | -0.064 | -0.042 | -0.042 | -0.025 | -0.048 | -0.027 | -0.041 | -0.048 | -0.052 | -0.045 |
| 75 | Suburban x Combo | 0 | 0.005 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 76 | Religion: Christian x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0.010 | 0.004 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0 | 0.005 |
| 77 | Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0 | -0.013 | -0.019 | 0 | 0 | -0.025 | 0 | -0.013 | -0.014 | -0.005 |
| 78 | Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.022 | -0.003 | -0.022 | -0.036 | -0.013 | -0.019 | -0.018 | -0.017 | -0.015 | -0.023 |
| 79 | Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.028 | 0.005 | 0.031 | 0 | 0 | 0.018 | 0.017 | 0.006 | 0.014 | 0.006 |
| 80 | Religion: Christian x Combo | -0.007 | -0.008 | 0 | 0 | -0.005 | -0.001 | -0.012 | -0.013 | 0 | -0.016 |
| 81 | Religiosity: Attends x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0.017 | 0 | 0.003 | 0 | 0.006 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 82 | Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | 0 | -0.003 | 0 | -0.020 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 | -0.010 |
| 83 | Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.028 | -0.051 | -0.011 | -0.039 | -0.063 | -0.054 | -0.048 | -0.045 | -0.043 | -0.023 |
| 84 | Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 85 | Religiosity: Attends x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.006 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 86 | Social Media: Yes x Facts Baseline | 0 | -0.001 | -0.015 | -0.020 | -0.005 | -0.010 | -0.009 | 0 | -0.025 | -0.039 |
| 87 | Social Media: Yes x Emotions | -0.070 | -0.048 | -0.052 | 0 | -0.037 | -0.041 | -0.037 | -0.015 | -0.038 | -0.048 |
| 89 | Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0.0002 | 0.008 | 0.0002 | 0 | 0.002 | 0.029 | 0 | 0 |
| 90 | Social Media: Yes x Combo | -0.037 | -0.015 | -0.139 | -0.032 | -0.037 | -0.022 | -0.039 | -0.026 | -0.047 | -0.040 |
| 91 | Social Media Hours x Facts Baseline | 0.025 | 0.069 | 0.042 | 0.052 | 0.030 | 0.028 | 0.031 | 0.063 | 0.032 | 0.042 |
| 92 | Social Media Hours x Emotions | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.004 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 93 | Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.007 | -0.016 | -0.024 | 0 | -0.004 | -0.013 | -0.020 | -0.005 | -0.010 | 0 |
| 94 | Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.067 | 0.100 | 0.086 | 0.075 | 0.047 | 0.091 | 0.073 | 0.088 | 0.088 | 0.078 |
| 95 | Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.036 | -0.016 | -0.010 | -0.004 | -0.028 | -0.020 | -0.018 | -0.025 | -0.029 | -0.031 |
| 96 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Facts Baseline | 0.053 | 0 | 0.035 | 0.036 | 0.057 | 0.043 | 0.019 | 0.017 | 0.047 | 0.038 |
| 97 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | 0 | -0.014 | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | -0.003 |
| 98 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | 0.032 | 0.016 | 0.042 | 0.019 | 0.012 | 0.015 | 0 | 0.017 | 0 | 0.036 |
| 99 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0 | 0.014 | 0.029 | 0.008 | 0.046 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.035 | 0.028 | 0.024 |
| 101 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x Facts Baseline | 0.060 | 0.043 | 0.030 | 0.024 | 0.038 | 0.038 | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.034 | 0.033 |
| 102 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | 0 | 0 | -0.00001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 103 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0.013 | 0.006 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 104 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 |
| 106 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Facts Baseline | 0.046 | 0.058 | 0.017 | 0.026 | 0.041 | 0.041 | 0.053 | 0.023 | 0.022 | 0.057 |
| 107 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | 0 | 0.018 | 0 | 0.009 | 0.003 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 108 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.023 | -0.005 | -0.013 | -0.027 | -0.024 | -0.059 | -0.023 | -0.032 | -0.030 | -0.019 |
| 109 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | 0.007 | 0.014 | 0.034 | 0.054 | 0.045 | 0.023 | 0.016 | 0.015 | 0.023 | 0.038 |
| 111 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0.021 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0002 | 0 |
| 112 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | 0.0005 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.006 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0004 | 0.016 |
| 114 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | 0.012 | 0.023 | 0.038 | 0.038 | 0.040 | 0.038 | 0 | 0.024 | 0.002 | 0.021 |
Coefficients at optimal lambda: Misinfo Accuracy score
| Covariate | Coefficient | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | -0.1821 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 0.1768 |
| 3 | Emotions | -0.3979 |
| 4 | Combo | -0.4682 |
| 5 | Age | -0.4524 |
| 6 | Gender: Man | -0.07585 |
| 7 | Some College | -0.005934 |
| 8 | Bachelor Degree | -0.0223 |
| 9 | Graduate Degree | -0.05451 |
| 10 | Married/Domestic Partnership | -0.0001302 |
| 11 | Unemployed | -0.02713 |
| 12 | Employed | -0.05577 |
| 13 | Mostly Urban | -0.04547 |
| 14 | Suburban | -0.02739 |
| 15 | Religion: Christian | -0.04553 |
| 16 | Social Media Hours | -0.01907 |
| 17 | Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.202 |
| 18 | Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.248 |
| 19 | Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.1661 |
| 20 | Age x Facts Baseline | 0.07106 |
| 21 | Age x No-course Baseline | -0.05887 |
| 22 | Gender: Man x Emotions | -0.0061 |
| 23 | Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | 0.02709 |
| 24 | Gender: Man x Reasoning | -0.011 |
| 25 | Some College x Emotions | -0.02202 |
| 26 | Some College x Reasoning | -0.004456 |
| 27 | Bachelor Degree x Facts Baseline | -0.008584 |
| 28 | Graduate Degree x Facts Baseline | -0.02751 |
| 29 | Graduate Degree x Emotions | -0.03331 |
| 30 | Graduate Degree x Reasoning | -0.05406 |
| 31 | Graduate Degree x Combo | -0.01552 |
| 32 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Facts Baseline | 0.02627 |
| 33 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.02721 |
| 34 | Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | -0.003414 |
| 35 | Unemployed x Facts Baseline | -0.02033 |
| 36 | Unemployed x Reasoning | -0.009511 |
| 37 | Employed x Facts Baseline | -0.002854 |
| 38 | Employed x Emotions | -0.006599 |
| 39 | Employed x Combo | -0.04626 |
| 40 | Mostly Urban x Emotions | -0.02726 |
| 41 | Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.009456 |
| 42 | Mostly Urban x Combo | -0.05796 |
| 43 | Suburban x No-course Baseline | -0.05366 |
| 44 | Suburban x Reasoning | -0.02627 |
| 45 | Suburban x Combo | -0.04107 |
| 46 | Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.008494 |
| 47 | Religion: Christian x Reasoning | -0.01823 |
| 48 | Religion: Christian x Combo | 0.009187 |
| 49 | Religiosity: Attends x Facts Baseline | -0.003814 |
| 50 | Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.001925 |
| 51 | Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.04108 |
| 52 | Social Media: Yes x Emotions | -0.009404 |
| 53 | Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | -0.03941 |
| 54 | Social Media Hours x Facts Baseline | -0.04117 |
| 55 | Social Media Hours x Emotions | 0.04141 |
| 56 | Social Media Hours x Reasoning | -0.008161 |
| 57 | Social Media Hours x Combo | 0.07863 |
| 58 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Facts Baseline | -0.0199 |
| 59 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | 0.03417 |
| 60 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0.01714 |
| 61 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | 0.01992 |
| 62 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | 0.03492 |
| 63 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | 0.03574 |
| 64 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.02655 |
| 65 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | 0.02452 |
| 66 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | 0.02212 |
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Selected covariates (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
Selected covariates and Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.2702*** | -0.2909*** | -0.2784*** | -0.2711*** | -0.2734*** | -0.2845*** |
| (0.0450) | (0.0439) | (0.0419) | (0.0397) | (0.0396) | (0.0393) | |
| Reasoning | -0.1864*** | -0.2232*** | -0.2009*** | -0.1829*** | -0.1881*** | -0.2109*** |
| (0.0463) | (0.0449) | (0.0431) | (0.0403) | (0.0402) | (0.0400) | |
| Combo | -0.2489*** | -0.2756*** | -0.2619*** | -0.2512*** | -0.2551*** | -0.2687*** |
| (0.0461) | (0.0450) | (0.0429) | (0.0403) | (0.0402) | (0.0401) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.3877*** | 0.3521*** | 0.3446*** | 0.3273*** | 0.3223*** | 0.3024*** |
| (0.0467) | (0.0454) | (0.0431) | (0.0397) | (0.0395) | (0.0392) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0312 | 0.0988 | 0.1598 | 0.2690 | 0.2756 | 0.2984 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0307 | 0.0889 | 0.1585 | 0.2678 | 0.2736 | 0.2891 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.3410 | 1.3001 | 1.2495 | 1.1655 | 1.1609 | 1.1484 |
Click to view the full table
Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Selected covariates (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
Selected covariates and Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-course Baseline | 0.3877*** | 0.3521*** | 0.3446*** | 0.3273*** | 0.3223*** | 0.3024*** |
| (0.0467) | (0.0454) | (0.0431) | (0.0397) | (0.0395) | (0.0392) | |
| Reasoning | -0.1864*** | -0.2232*** | -0.2009*** | -0.1829*** | -0.1881*** | -0.2109*** |
| (0.0463) | (0.0449) | (0.0431) | (0.0403) | (0.0402) | (0.0400) | |
| Emotions | -0.2702*** | -0.2909*** | -0.2784*** | -0.2711*** | -0.2734*** | -0.2845*** |
| (0.0450) | (0.0439) | (0.0419) | (0.0397) | (0.0396) | (0.0393) | |
| Combo | -0.2489*** | -0.2756*** | -0.2619*** | -0.2512*** | -0.2551*** | -0.2687*** |
| (0.0461) | (0.0450) | (0.0429) | (0.0403) | (0.0402) | (0.0401) | |
| Age | -0.0746** | -0.0577* | ||||
| (0.0377) | (0.0385) | |||||
| Gender: Man | -0.0288 | -0.0347 | ||||
| (0.0327) | (0.0294) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0864** | -0.0624** | ||||
| (0.0403) | (0.0359) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0941*** | -0.0657** | ||||
| (0.0403) | (0.0358) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0618* | -0.0597* | ||||
| (0.0452) | (0.0402) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | -0.0589* | -0.0479* | ||||
| (0.0372) | (0.0339) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0709** | -0.0551* | ||||
| (0.0413) | (0.0362) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0700* | -0.0921** | ||||
| (0.0477) | (0.0423) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0706** | -0.0137 | ||||
| (0.0386) | (0.0342) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0456 | -0.0081 | ||||
| (0.0384) | (0.0341) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | -0.0573** | -0.0199 | ||||
| (0.0308) | (0.0300) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.2940*** | 0.1056*** | ||||
| (0.0450) | (0.0395) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.3555*** | 0.1252*** | ||||
| (0.0435) | (0.0405) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.2786*** | 0.0829** | ||||
| (0.0446) | (0.0407) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.1369*** | 0.0406 | ||||
| (0.0403) | (0.0364) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | 0.0084 | -0.0006 | ||||
| (0.0337) | (0.0310) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0045 | 0.0027 | ||||
| (0.0329) | (0.0308) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0524* | 0.0407* | ||||
| (0.0332) | (0.0302) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0052 | -0.0130 | ||||
| (0.0609) | (0.0521) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | 0.0004 | -0.0019 | ||||
| (0.0573) | (0.0535) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0711* | -0.0439 | ||||
| (0.0497) | (0.0497) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0001 | -0.0087 | ||||
| (0.0589) | (0.0589) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0154 | 0.0031 | ||||
| (0.0460) | (0.0398) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | 0.0224 | -0.0012 | ||||
| (0.0453) | (0.0407) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0661* | 0.0735** | ||||
| (0.0444) | (0.0403) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0030 | 0.0259 | ||||
| (0.0454) | (0.0405) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | 0.0306 | 0.0060 | ||||
| (0.0565) | (0.0481) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | 0.0541 | 0.0511 | ||||
| (0.0564) | (0.0501) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | 0.0867* | 0.0728* | ||||
| (0.0548) | (0.0489) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | 0.0172 | 0.0225 | ||||
| (0.0563) | (0.0502) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0320 | 0.0034 | ||||
| (0.0565) | (0.0488) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0.0197 | 0.0104 | ||||
| (0.0553) | (0.0495) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0542 | 0.0402 | ||||
| (0.0545) | (0.0486) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0232 | -0.0035 | ||||
| (0.0560) | (0.0500) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0166 | -0.0154 | ||||
| (0.0539) | (0.0478) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0263 | -0.0005 | ||||
| (0.0611) | (0.0564) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0573 | 0.0610 | ||||
| (0.0566) | (0.0507) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0985* | 0.0792* | ||||
| (0.0624) | (0.0535) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0515 | 0.0278 | ||||
| (0.0536) | (0.0467) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | 0.0471 | 0.0325 | ||||
| (0.0521) | (0.0471) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | 0.0257 | -0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0500) | (0.0460) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0077 | -0.0023 | ||||
| (0.0529) | (0.0479) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | -0.0166 | 0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0582) | (0.0496) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.0174 | 0.0173 | ||||
| (0.0577) | (0.0506) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | -0.0113 | -0.0001 | ||||
| (0.0560) | (0.0500) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | -0.0120 | 0.0128 | ||||
| (0.0585) | (0.0517) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.0265 | 0.0550 | ||||
| (0.0659) | (0.0569) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | -0.0389 | 0.0261 | ||||
| (0.0667) | (0.0586) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | -0.0030 | 0.0494 | ||||
| (0.0639) | (0.0577) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0143 | 0.0586 | ||||
| (0.0655) | (0.0582) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | -0.0062 | -0.0082 | ||||
| (0.0540) | (0.0462) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0509 | -0.0698* | ||||
| (0.0543) | (0.0481) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.0545 | 0.0071 | ||||
| (0.0535) | (0.0479) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0456 | 0.0146 | ||||
| (0.0536) | (0.0482) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | -0.0626 | -0.0334 | ||||
| (0.0534) | (0.0463) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0788* | -0.0933** | ||||
| (0.0527) | (0.0471) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0682* | -0.0829** | ||||
| (0.0515) | (0.0462) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0093 | -0.0089 | ||||
| (0.0525) | (0.0470) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0363 | 0.0306 | ||||
| (0.0456) | (0.0412) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0396 | 0.0283 | ||||
| (0.0420) | (0.0421) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | -0.0257 | -0.0165 | ||||
| (0.0507) | (0.0483) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | -0.0251 | -0.0481 | ||||
| (0.0665) | (0.0507) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0462 | -0.0003 | ||||
| (0.0605) | (0.0535) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.0142 | 0.0299 | ||||
| (0.0615) | (0.0547) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0980* | -0.0443 | ||||
| (0.0618) | (0.0545) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.0683 | 0.0016 | ||||
| (0.0603) | (0.0536) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.0793 | -0.0364 | ||||
| (0.0625) | (0.0555) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0315 | 0.0328 | ||||
| (0.0605) | (0.0558) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0970** | -0.0410 | ||||
| (0.0586) | (0.0546) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | -0.0732 | 0.0054 | ||||
| (0.0611) | (0.0571) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.1401** | -0.0880* | ||||
| (0.0631) | (0.0546) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0018 | 0.0489 | ||||
| (0.0620) | (0.0558) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0852* | -0.0279 | ||||
| (0.0589) | (0.0538) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0830* | -0.0036 | ||||
| (0.0612) | (0.0566) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0543 | -0.0371 | ||||
| (0.0586) | (0.0500) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | 0.0298 | 0.0474 | ||||
| (0.0560) | (0.0502) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0404 | -0.0143 | ||||
| (0.0545) | (0.0488) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0466 | -0.0029 | ||||
| (0.0560) | (0.0514) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0470 | -0.0184 | ||||
| (0.0443) | (0.0396) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.0150 | 0.0248 | ||||
| (0.0486) | (0.0440) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | -0.0328 | -0.0062 | ||||
| (0.0452) | (0.0413) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | -0.0283 | -0.0150 | ||||
| (0.0458) | (0.0420) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.0628* | -0.0638* | ||||
| (0.0462) | (0.0408) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0141 | -0.0090 | ||||
| (0.0448) | (0.0423) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0217 | -0.0144 | ||||
| (0.0459) | (0.0427) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0199 | -0.0219 | ||||
| (0.0495) | (0.0425) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0846** | -0.0832** | ||||
| (0.0466) | (0.0414) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.0377 | 0.0164 | ||||
| (0.0472) | (0.0433) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0582 | -0.0395 | ||||
| (0.0473) | (0.0446) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.0939** | -0.0698** | ||||
| (0.0475) | (0.0417) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.3954*** | 0.1025** | 0.0820** | |||
| (0.0383) | (0.0465) | (0.0462) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.2259*** | 0.0831** | 0.0744** | |||
| (0.0380) | (0.0428) | (0.0430) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0309 | -0.0441 | -0.0472 | |||
| (0.0530) | (0.0646) | (0.0654) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0474 | -0.0168 | -0.0219 | |||
| (0.0543) | (0.0656) | (0.0650) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0720* | -0.0586 | -0.0568 | |||
| (0.0522) | (0.0636) | (0.0638) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0398 | -0.0107 | -0.0158 | |||
| (0.0539) | (0.0647) | (0.0657) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0187 | 0.0225 | 0.0379 | |||
| (0.0530) | (0.0589) | (0.0588) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0509 | -0.0174 | -0.0245 | |||
| (0.0535) | (0.0608) | (0.0609) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0669* | 0.0250 | 0.0401 | |||
| (0.0511) | (0.0586) | (0.0587) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0957** | -0.0779* | -0.0695 | |||
| (0.0524) | (0.0590) | (0.0591) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.4984*** | 0.4245*** | 0.3921*** | |||
| (0.0357) | (0.0461) | (0.0465) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.3177*** | 0.2665*** | 0.2700*** | |||
| (0.0358) | (0.0429) | (0.0428) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0134 | 0.0446 | 0.0662 | |||
| (0.0484) | (0.0634) | (0.0635) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0135 | 0.0038 | 0.0176 | |||
| (0.0500) | (0.0645) | (0.0641) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0748* | -0.0353 | -0.0256 | |||
| (0.0489) | (0.0632) | (0.0640) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0584 | -0.0375 | -0.0219 | |||
| (0.0492) | (0.0628) | (0.0633) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0575 | 0.0592 | 0.0477 | |||
| (0.0485) | (0.0579) | (0.0573) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0668* | -0.0500 | -0.0614 | |||
| (0.0480) | (0.0585) | (0.0581) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0792* | -0.0870* | -0.0992** | |||
| (0.0483) | (0.0581) | (0.0580) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0291 | 0.0117 | 0.0034 | |||
| (0.0476) | (0.0574) | (0.0574) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0312 | 0.0988 | 0.1598 | 0.2690 | 0.2756 | 0.2984 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0307 | 0.0889 | 0.1585 | 0.2678 | 0.2736 | 0.2891 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.3410 | 1.3001 | 1.2495 | 1.1655 | 1.1609 | 1.1484 |
\[\textit{Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}\]
Non-zero Coefficients: Misinfo binarized Accuracy score
Non-zero Coefficients by fold: Misinfo binarized Accuracy score
| covariate | fold1 | fold2 | fold3 | fold4 | fold5 | fold6 | fold7 | fold8 | fold9 | fold10 | |
| 1 | Intercept | 0.427 | 0.425 | 0.426 | 0.425 | 0.422 | 0.428 | 0.425 | 0.426 | 0.421 | 0.422 |
| 3 | Facts Baseline | 0.041 | 0.039 | 0.039 | 0.036 | 0.047 | 0.036 | 0.038 | 0.038 | 0.041 | 0.046 |
| 4 | No-course Baseline | 0.118 | 0.120 | 0.120 | 0.118 | 0.122 | 0.120 | 0.122 | 0.121 | 0.123 | 0.124 |
| 6 | Emotions | -0.019 | -0.015 | -0.023 | -0.021 | -0.020 | -0.022 | -0.014 | -0.020 | -0.019 | -0.016 |
| 7 | Combo | -0.006 | -0.006 | -0.002 | -0.010 | -0.006 | -0.010 | -0.006 | -0.008 | -0.003 | -0.005 |
| 8 | Age | -0.016 | -0.017 | -0.016 | -0.014 | -0.016 | -0.016 | -0.018 | -0.015 | -0.016 | -0.015 |
| 10 | Some College | -0.006 | -0.00004 | -0.006 | -0.002 | -0.004 | -0.006 | -0.002 | -0.002 | -0.004 | -0.004 |
| 11 | Bachelor Degree | -0.008 | -0.007 | -0.010 | -0.006 | -0.005 | -0.009 | -0.006 | -0.005 | -0.008 | -0.005 |
| 12 | Graduate Degree | -0.006 | -0.004 | -0.004 | -0.003 | -0.006 | -0.002 | -0.004 | 0 | -0.010 | -0.003 |
| 13 | Married/Domestic Partnership | -0.002 | -0.001 | -0.003 | -0.005 | -0.002 | -0.002 | -0.001 | -0.006 | -0.002 | -0.003 |
| 14 | Unemployed | -0.011 | -0.009 | -0.009 | -0.010 | -0.009 | -0.009 | -0.008 | -0.010 | -0.011 | -0.007 |
| 15 | Employed | -0.007 | -0.009 | -0.008 | -0.007 | -0.007 | -0.007 | -0.004 | -0.006 | -0.008 | -0.006 |
| 16 | Mostly Urban | -0.009 | -0.005 | -0.007 | -0.008 | -0.006 | -0.009 | -0.011 | -0.009 | -0.009 | -0.010 |
| 17 | Suburban | -0.006 | -0.009 | -0.009 | -0.010 | -0.010 | -0.009 | -0.010 | -0.007 | -0.007 | -0.005 |
| 18 | Religion: Christian | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.00001 | 0 |
| 19 | Religiosity: Attends | -0.001 | -0.002 | -0.003 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.0003 | -0.0002 | -0.002 | -0.001 |
| 20 | Social Media: Yes | -0.004 | -0.004 | -0.001 | -0.003 | -0.006 | -0.005 | -0.007 | -0.007 | -0.003 | -0.004 |
| 22 | Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.043 | 0.041 | 0.039 | 0.042 | 0.041 | 0.043 | 0.044 | 0.039 | 0.040 | 0.043 |
| 23 | Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.054 | 0.053 | 0.053 | 0.054 | 0.058 | 0.054 | 0.057 | 0.052 | 0.056 | 0.055 |
| 24 | Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.038 | 0.032 | 0.036 | 0.033 | 0.039 | 0.039 | 0.038 | 0.034 | 0.039 | 0.037 |
| 25 | Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.019 | 0.013 | 0.018 | 0.013 | 0.016 | 0.015 |
| 27 | Age x Emotions | -0.006 | -0.011 | -0.010 | -0.012 | -0.009 | -0.011 | -0.003 | -0.009 | -0.011 | -0.012 |
| 28 | Age x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.0002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.004 | 0 | 0 |
| 29 | Age x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.00004 | 0 | -0.004 | 0 | 0 |
| 31 | Gender: Man x Facts Baseline | -0.001 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 | -0.002 | -0.0002 | 0 | -0.001 | -0.002 | -0.002 |
| 32 | Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.009 | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.011 | 0.009 | 0.005 | 0.011 | 0.010 | 0.009 | 0.006 |
| 33 | Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.005 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.003 | -0.002 | -0.00001 | -0.00000 |
| 34 | Gender: Man x Reasoning | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 35 | Gender: Man x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0.00003 |
| 36 | Some College x Facts Baseline | -0.004 | -0.004 | -0.003 | -0.003 | -0.003 | -0.001 | -0.005 | -0.001 | -0.002 | 0 |
| 37 | Some College x Emotions | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.0002 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 40 | Some College x Combo | -0.005 | -0.008 | 0 | -0.008 | -0.0001 | 0 | -0.010 | -0.003 | -0.003 | -0.007 |
| 41 | Bachelor Degree x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.00002 | 0 | 0 |
| 43 | Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0.0001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 44 | Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 | -0.004 | 0 | -0.0002 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 |
| 45 | Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.008 | -0.013 | -0.008 | -0.015 | -0.013 | -0.007 | -0.016 | -0.013 | -0.007 | -0.015 |
| 46 | Graduate Degree x Facts Baseline | -0.011 | -0.012 | -0.010 | -0.012 | -0.010 | -0.013 | -0.015 | -0.016 | -0.004 | -0.009 |
| 47 | Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | -0.005 | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | -0.002 |
| 48 | Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.008 | -0.015 | -0.009 | -0.014 | -0.008 | -0.013 | -0.003 | -0.010 | -0.004 | -0.007 |
| 49 | Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 50 | Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.015 | 0.004 | 0.007 | 0.009 | 0.015 | 0.004 | 0.010 | 0.011 | 0.016 | 0.008 |
| 51 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Facts Baseline | -0.002 | -0.005 | 0 | -0.002 | -0.007 | -0.001 | -0.007 | 0 | -0.004 | -0.003 |
| 52 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.007 | -0.002 | -0.00004 | 0 | -0.004 | 0 | -0.004 | -0.002 | -0.008 | 0 |
| 53 | Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.0001 | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0 |
| 55 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.008 | -0.007 | 0 | -0.005 | -0.006 | -0.009 | -0.012 | -0.004 | -0.005 | -0.007 |
| 56 | Unemployed x Facts Baseline | -0.0005 | 0 | -0.004 | 0 | -0.0001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 57 | Unemployed x Emotions | 0 | 0 | -0.004 | -0.0001 | -0.004 | -0.0003 | -0.006 | 0 | -0.00002 | -0.002 |
| 58 | Unemployed x No-course Baseline | -0.001 | -0.004 | -0.001 | -0.003 | 0 | -0.003 | -0.0004 | -0.0003 | 0 | -0.003 |
| 59 | Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.004 | 0 | 0.001 | 0.009 | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.0004 |
| 60 | Unemployed x Combo | -0.002 | -0.003 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.0002 | -0.004 |
| 61 | Employed x Facts Baseline | -0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.004 | -0.003 | 0 | -0.002 | 0 |
| 62 | Employed x Emotions | -0.004 | -0.003 | -0.007 | -0.002 | -0.009 | -0.008 | -0.012 | -0.002 | 0 | -0.002 |
| 63 | Employed x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0.0001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00001 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 |
| 64 | Employed x Reasoning | -0.013 | -0.015 | -0.014 | -0.013 | -0.017 | -0.015 | -0.018 | -0.012 | -0.015 | -0.022 |
| 66 | Mostly Urban x Facts Baseline | -0.005 | -0.006 | -0.010 | -0.009 | -0.009 | -0.005 | -0.005 | -0.008 | -0.005 | -0.003 |
| 67 | Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.006 | 0 | 0.0003 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| 68 | Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.0001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 69 | Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.007 | -0.013 | -0.008 | -0.004 | -0.009 | -0.007 | -0.005 | -0.011 | -0.011 | -0.007 |
| 70 | Mostly Urban x Combo | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.0004 | 0 | 0 |
| 72 | Suburban x Emotions | -0.014 | -0.009 | -0.013 | -0.010 | -0.011 | -0.012 | -0.011 | -0.014 | -0.013 | -0.018 |
| 73 | Suburban x No-course Baseline | -0.005 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.004 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 | -0.006 |
| 74 | Suburban x Reasoning | -0.016 | -0.014 | -0.013 | -0.009 | -0.013 | -0.009 | -0.012 | -0.017 | -0.015 | -0.016 |
| 75 | Suburban x Combo | 0 | 0.003 | 0 | 0.00000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 76 | Religion: Christian x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.00000 |
| 77 | Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0 | -0.002 | -0.004 | 0 | 0 | -0.003 | 0 | -0.001 | -0.00000 | -0.0004 |
| 78 | Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0004 | 0 | 0 | -0.004 | 0 | 0 | -0.00001 | 0 | 0 | -0.0005 |
| 79 | Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.007 | 0 | 0.008 | 0 | 0 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.0004 | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| 80 | Religion: Christian x Combo | -0.004 | -0.001 | 0 | -0.0003 | -0.0004 | -0.0003 | -0.002 | -0.002 | 0 | -0.006 |
| 81 | Religiosity: Attends x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0.003 | 0 | 0.00000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 82 | Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.002 | -0.002 | 0 | -0.005 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | -0.002 | -0.002 |
| 83 | Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.007 | -0.010 | -0.004 | -0.010 | -0.014 | -0.010 | -0.012 | -0.010 | -0.010 | -0.004 |
| 85 | Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.004 | -0.0001 | -0.0001 | 0 | -0.003 | -0.001 | -0.005 | -0.003 | -0.004 | -0.002 |
| 86 | Social Media: Yes x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.004 | 0 | -0.0001 | 0 | 0 | -0.004 | -0.008 |
| 87 | Social Media: Yes x Emotions | -0.014 | -0.011 | -0.012 | 0 | -0.007 | -0.008 | -0.006 | -0.006 | -0.009 | -0.009 |
| 89 | Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0 | 0 |
| 90 | Social Media: Yes x Combo | -0.007 | -0.001 | -0.023 | -0.007 | -0.006 | -0.001 | -0.005 | -0.005 | -0.009 | -0.008 |
| 91 | Social Media Hours x Facts Baseline | 0.009 | 0.019 | 0.013 | 0.015 | 0.010 | 0.008 | 0.010 | 0.018 | 0.012 | 0.010 |
| 92 | Social Media Hours x Emotions | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0004 | 0 |
| 93 | Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.002 | -0.003 | -0.004 | -0.001 | -0.002 | -0.004 | -0.006 | -0.00000 | -0.004 | -0.0003 |
| 94 | Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.019 | 0.022 | 0.022 | 0.020 | 0.013 | 0.023 | 0.018 | 0.022 | 0.023 | 0.019 |
| 95 | Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.011 | -0.007 | -0.006 | -0.006 | -0.011 | -0.009 | -0.010 | -0.009 | -0.010 | -0.011 |
| 96 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Facts Baseline | 0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0.006 | 0.00000 |
| 97 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | 0 | -0.0004 | -0.001 | -0.002 | -0.002 | -0.0004 | 0 | 0 | -0.0001 | -0.006 |
| 98 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | 0.001 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 99 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0.0001 | 0.005 | 0.008 | 0.002 | 0.011 | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.009 | 0.010 | 0.004 |
| 100 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0002 | 0.004 | 0 |
| 101 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x Facts Baseline | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| 103 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0.001 | 0.0005 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 |
| 104 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0002 | 0 | 0 | 0.002 |
| 106 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Facts Baseline | 0.005 | 0.018 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| 107 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | 0 | 0.008 | 0 | 0.003 | 0 | 0 | 0.00000 | 0.003 | 0 | 0 |
| 108 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.007 | -0.001 | -0.003 | -0.006 | -0.004 | -0.013 | -0.005 | -0.006 | -0.007 | -0.007 |
| 109 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.010 | 0.008 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| 111 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0.010 | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.00003 | 0.004 | 0 |
| 112 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.002 |
| 114 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.008 | 0.006 | 0.010 | 0.008 | 0 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.007 |
Coefficients at optimal lambda: Misinfo binarized Accuracy score
| Covariate | Coefficient | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.4682 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 0.5494 |
| 3 | Emotions | 0.4247 |
| 4 | Combo | 0.4021 |
| 5 | Age | 0.4145 |
| 6 | Gender: Man | -0.01589 |
| 7 | Bachelor Degree | -0.003577 |
| 8 | Graduate Degree | -0.007081 |
| 9 | Married/Domestic Partnership | -0.004508 |
| 10 | Unemployed | -0.003422 |
| 11 | Employed | -0.01011 |
| 12 | Mostly Urban | -0.007022 |
| 13 | Suburban | -0.007773 |
| 14 | Religion: Christian | -0.008647 |
| 15 | Social Media: Yes | -0.0007104 |
| 16 | Social Media Hours | -0.004683 |
| 17 | Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.04166 |
| 18 | Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.05436 |
| 19 | Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.037 |
| 20 | Age x Facts Baseline | 0.01516 |
| 21 | Age x No-course Baseline | -0.009795 |
| 22 | Gender: Man x Emotions | -0.000265 |
| 23 | Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | 0.007701 |
| 24 | Gender: Man x Reasoning | -0.0001267 |
| 25 | Some College x Emotions | -0.002492 |
| 26 | Bachelor Degree x Facts Baseline | -0.003297 |
| 27 | Graduate Degree x Facts Baseline | -0.01055 |
| 28 | Graduate Degree x Emotions | -0.01039 |
| 29 | Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.000184 |
| 30 | Graduate Degree x Reasoning | -0.008359 |
| 31 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Facts Baseline | 0.01037 |
| 32 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.002711 |
| 33 | Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | -0.001147 |
| 34 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | 0.001302 |
| 35 | Unemployed x Facts Baseline | -0.005398 |
| 36 | Unemployed x Reasoning | -0.0005899 |
| 37 | Unemployed x Combo | 0.002305 |
| 38 | Employed x No-course Baseline | -0.00374 |
| 39 | Employed x Combo | -0.01497 |
| 40 | Mostly Urban x Emotions | -0.006884 |
| 41 | Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.002173 |
| 42 | Mostly Urban x Combo | -0.008212 |
| 43 | Suburban x No-course Baseline | -0.01229 |
| 44 | Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0002127 |
| 45 | Suburban x Combo | -0.01269 |
| 46 | Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0004377 |
| 47 | Religion: Christian x Combo | 0.001727 |
| 48 | Religiosity: Attends x Facts Baseline | -0.001334 |
| 49 | Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.001168 |
| 50 | Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.008914 |
| 51 | Social Media: Yes x Facts Baseline | -0.002197 |
| 52 | Social Media: Yes x Emotions | -0.0003377 |
| 53 | Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | -0.007798 |
| 54 | Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0.0006444 |
| 55 | Social Media Hours x Facts Baseline | -0.00648 |
| 56 | Social Media Hours x Emotions | 0.01254 |
| 57 | Social Media Hours x Reasoning | -0.002362 |
| 58 | Social Media Hours x Combo | 0.02006 |
| 59 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Facts Baseline | -0.008632 |
| 60 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.001198 |
| 61 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | 0.005227 |
| 62 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | 0.002052 |
| 63 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | 0.005588 |
| 64 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.006359 |
| 65 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | 0.004143 |
| 66 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | 0.004575 |
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Selected covariates (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
Selected covariates and Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.0636*** | -0.0674*** | -0.0655*** | -0.0637*** | -0.0645*** | -0.0664*** |
| (0.0100) | (0.0098) | (0.0093) | (0.0090) | (0.0089) | (0.0089) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0381*** | -0.0453*** | -0.0417*** | -0.0373*** | -0.0391*** | -0.0435*** |
| (0.0103) | (0.0100) | (0.0095) | (0.0092) | (0.0091) | (0.0090) | |
| Combo | -0.0500*** | -0.0550*** | -0.0529*** | -0.0505*** | -0.0517*** | -0.0539*** |
| (0.0103) | (0.0101) | (0.0095) | (0.0092) | (0.0091) | (0.0091) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.0858*** | 0.0798*** | 0.0765*** | 0.0736*** | 0.0721*** | 0.0692*** |
| (0.0102) | (0.0100) | (0.0094) | (0.0090) | (0.0089) | (0.0089) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0302 | 0.0901 | 0.1632 | 0.2385 | 0.2516 | 0.2713 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0297 | 0.0801 | 0.1618 | 0.2373 | 0.2495 | 0.2616 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3001 | 0.2922 | 0.2789 | 0.2661 | 0.2639 | 0.2618 |
Click to view the full table
Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Selected covariates (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
Selected covariates and Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-course Baseline | 0.0858*** | 0.0798*** | 0.0765*** | 0.0736*** | 0.0721*** | 0.0692*** |
| (0.0102) | (0.0100) | (0.0094) | (0.0090) | (0.0089) | (0.0089) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0381*** | -0.0453*** | -0.0417*** | -0.0373*** | -0.0391*** | -0.0435*** |
| (0.0103) | (0.0100) | (0.0095) | (0.0092) | (0.0091) | (0.0090) | |
| Emotions | -0.0636*** | -0.0674*** | -0.0655*** | -0.0637*** | -0.0645*** | -0.0664*** |
| (0.0100) | (0.0098) | (0.0093) | (0.0090) | (0.0089) | (0.0089) | |
| Combo | -0.0500*** | -0.0550*** | -0.0529*** | -0.0505*** | -0.0517*** | -0.0539*** |
| (0.0103) | (0.0101) | (0.0095) | (0.0092) | (0.0091) | (0.0091) | |
| Age | -0.0130** | -0.0105* | ||||
| (0.0079) | (0.0080) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0154** | -0.0108* | ||||
| (0.0088) | (0.0080) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0149** | -0.0085 | ||||
| (0.0090) | (0.0081) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0217*** | -0.0208*** | ||||
| (0.0084) | (0.0074) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | -0.0079 | -0.0065 | ||||
| (0.0080) | (0.0074) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0154** | -0.0114* | ||||
| (0.0092) | (0.0082) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0123 | -0.0160** | ||||
| (0.0103) | (0.0093) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0203*** | -0.0081 | ||||
| (0.0085) | (0.0076) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0119* | -0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0084) | (0.0076) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0002 | -0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0070) | (0.0065) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | -0.0119** | -0.0038 | ||||
| (0.0065) | (0.0065) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0561*** | 0.0157** | ||||
| (0.0094) | (0.0084) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.0754*** | 0.0248*** | ||||
| (0.0093) | (0.0089) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.0628*** | 0.0192** | ||||
| (0.0096) | (0.0090) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0339*** | 0.0120* | ||||
| (0.0087) | (0.0081) | |||||
| Gender: Man | -0.0044 | -0.0069 | ||||
| (0.0071) | (0.0065) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | 0.0007 | -0.0010 | ||||
| (0.0077) | (0.0071) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0152** | 0.0127** | ||||
| (0.0073) | (0.0066) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0068 | -0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | -0.0055 | -0.0048 | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0142* | -0.0075 | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0001 | -0.0014 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | 0.0104 | 0.0055 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | 0.0085 | 0.0086 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | 0.0118 | 0.0096 | ||||
| (0.0122) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | -0.0007 | 0.0007 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0100 | 0.0033 | ||||
| (0.0125) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0.0020 | -0.0002 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0061 | 0.0029 | ||||
| (0.0122) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0118 | -0.0076 | ||||
| (0.0127) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0041 | 0.0037 | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0152 | 0.0089 | ||||
| (0.0120) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0134 | 0.0139* | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0097) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0300*** | 0.0257*** | ||||
| (0.0120) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0129 | 0.0088 | ||||
| (0.0116) | (0.0103) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | 0.0071 | 0.0048 | ||||
| (0.0116) | (0.0106) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | 0.0034 | -0.0030 | ||||
| (0.0111) | (0.0103) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0068 | -0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0106) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | -0.0012 | 0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0112) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.0112 | 0.0106 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | -0.0033 | -0.0008 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.0013 | 0.0064 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0119) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.0041 | 0.0083 | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | -0.0108 | 0.0016 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0132) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | -0.0073 | 0.0039 | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0051 | 0.0135 | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0130) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0066 | 0.0053 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0103) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0046 | -0.0083 | ||||
| (0.0120) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.0193* | 0.0093 | ||||
| (0.0119) | (0.0108) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0090 | 0.0029 | ||||
| (0.0119) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | -0.0040 | 0.0018 | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0187* | -0.0217** | ||||
| (0.0117) | (0.0106) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0114 | -0.0146* | ||||
| (0.0114) | (0.0104) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0061 | 0.0027 | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.0144* | -0.0132* | ||||
| (0.0096) | (0.0087) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0005 | 0.0014 | ||||
| (0.0097) | (0.0091) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0054 | -0.0024 | ||||
| (0.0100) | (0.0093) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0084 | -0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0105) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0068 | 0.0045 | ||||
| (0.0101) | (0.0093) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0086 | 0.0062 | ||||
| (0.0084) | (0.0087) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | -0.0068 | -0.0045 | ||||
| (0.0103) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | -0.0047 | -0.0092 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0109 | -0.0006 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0.0042 | 0.0125 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0175* | -0.0085 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.0067 | 0.0059 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.0167 | -0.0061 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0036 | 0.0096 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0126) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0170* | -0.0072 | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | -0.0137 | 0.0004 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.0349*** | -0.0227** | ||||
| (0.0139) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0016 | 0.0088 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0127) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0179* | -0.0070 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0193* | -0.0037 | ||||
| (0.0137) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0191* | -0.0143 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | 0.0028 | 0.0064 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0113) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0119 | -0.0064 | ||||
| (0.0121) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0147 | -0.0057 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0117) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0022 | 0.0030 | ||||
| (0.0101) | (0.0090) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | 0.0069 | 0.0027 | ||||
| (0.0101) | (0.0092) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0159* | 0.0182** | ||||
| (0.0099) | (0.0090) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0056 | 0.0110 | ||||
| (0.0101) | (0.0091) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0053 | -0.0002 | ||||
| (0.0100) | (0.0090) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.0041 | 0.0062 | ||||
| (0.0111) | (0.0100) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | -0.0049 | 0.0005 | ||||
| (0.0102) | (0.0093) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | -0.0052 | -0.0034 | ||||
| (0.0107) | (0.0099) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0231** | -0.0223*** | ||||
| (0.0100) | (0.0090) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.0077 | 0.0032 | ||||
| (0.0107) | (0.0098) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0138* | -0.0096 | ||||
| (0.0103) | (0.0096) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.0287*** | -0.0230*** | ||||
| (0.0107) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0813*** | 0.0327*** | 0.0294*** | |||
| (0.0084) | (0.0105) | (0.0106) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0595*** | 0.0312*** | 0.0287*** | |||
| (0.0083) | (0.0097) | (0.0098) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0128 | -0.0257** | -0.0272** | |||
| (0.0116) | (0.0146) | (0.0148) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0074 | -0.0118 | -0.0137 | |||
| (0.0120) | (0.0150) | (0.0150) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0048 | -0.0096 | -0.0106 | |||
| (0.0114) | (0.0144) | (0.0146) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0039 | -0.0058 | -0.0074 | |||
| (0.0120) | (0.0148) | (0.0150) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0038 | 0.0063 | 0.0103 | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0132) | (0.0132) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0149 | -0.0093 | -0.0102 | |||
| (0.0119) | (0.0139) | (0.0139) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0229** | -0.0087 | -0.0046 | |||
| (0.0112) | (0.0134) | (0.0135) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0192* | -0.0176* | -0.0155 | |||
| (0.0117) | (0.0135) | (0.0136) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0942*** | 0.0701*** | 0.0643*** | |||
| (0.0074) | (0.0097) | (0.0099) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0712*** | 0.0524*** | 0.0531*** | |||
| (0.0075) | (0.0091) | (0.0091) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0070 | 0.0240** | 0.0286** | |||
| (0.0100) | (0.0134) | (0.0135) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0066 | 0.0165 | 0.0182* | |||
| (0.0105) | (0.0140) | (0.0140) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0043 | 0.0039 | 0.0058 | |||
| (0.0103) | (0.0136) | (0.0138) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0039 | 0.0038 | 0.0068 | |||
| (0.0104) | (0.0134) | (0.0136) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0069 | 0.0085 | 0.0062 | |||
| (0.0104) | (0.0124) | (0.0123) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0149* | -0.0075 | -0.0105 | |||
| (0.0102) | (0.0127) | (0.0126) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0157* | -0.0097 | -0.0124 | |||
| (0.0103) | (0.0126) | (0.0126) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0034 | 0.0060 | 0.0042 | |||
| (0.0102) | (0.0124) | (0.0125) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0302 | 0.0901 | 0.1632 | 0.2385 | 0.2516 | 0.2713 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0297 | 0.0801 | 0.1618 | 0.2373 | 0.2495 | 0.2616 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3001 | 0.2922 | 0.2789 | 0.2661 | 0.2639 | 0.2618 |
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo Accuracy score}\]
Non-zero Coefficients: Non-Misinfo Accuracy score
Non-zero Coefficients by fold: Non-Misinfo Accuracy score
| covariate | fold1 | fold2 | fold3 | fold4 | fold5 | fold6 | fold7 | fold8 | fold9 | fold10 | |
| 1 | Intercept | 0.326 | 0.321 | 0.315 | 0.321 | 0.316 | 0.320 | 0.337 | 0.329 | 0.316 | 0.316 |
| 3 | Facts Baseline | 0.219 | 0.180 | 0.217 | 0.192 | 0.233 | 0.213 | 0.194 | 0.197 | 0.197 | 0.228 |
| 4 | No-course Baseline | 0.497 | 0.500 | 0.499 | 0.512 | 0.500 | 0.511 | 0.475 | 0.496 | 0.483 | 0.505 |
| 5 | Reasoning | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.006 | -0.00001 | 0 | 0 |
| 6 | Emotions | 0 | 0 | -0.0004 | 0 | -0.009 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 7 | Combo | -0.026 | -0.041 | -0.006 | -0.021 | -0.017 | -0.011 | -0.042 | -0.045 | -0.024 | -0.024 |
| 8 | Age | -0.055 | -0.059 | -0.055 | -0.042 | -0.053 | -0.048 | -0.052 | -0.044 | -0.060 | -0.048 |
| 10 | Some College | -0.026 | -0.002 | -0.011 | -0.009 | -0.002 | -0.008 | -0.011 | -0.015 | -0.015 | -0.009 |
| 12 | Graduate Degree | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.005 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 13 | Married/Domestic Partnership | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.023 | -0.009 | -0.001 | -0.019 | -0.006 | -0.002 | -0.011 |
| 14 | Unemployed | -0.045 | -0.048 | -0.032 | -0.034 | -0.038 | -0.037 | -0.032 | -0.056 | -0.039 | -0.037 |
| 15 | Employed | -0.070 | -0.068 | -0.077 | -0.072 | -0.082 | -0.083 | -0.068 | -0.063 | -0.064 | -0.066 |
| 16 | Mostly Urban | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.00001 | 0 | 0 |
| 17 | Suburban | -0.020 | -0.037 | -0.024 | -0.016 | -0.029 | -0.024 | -0.028 | -0.016 | -0.023 | -0.003 |
| 20 | Social Media: Yes | -0.001 | 0 | -0.005 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.004 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 21 | Social Media Hours | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.005 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 22 | Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.103 | 0.102 | 0.117 | 0.105 | 0.111 | 0.116 | 0.118 | 0.106 | 0.113 | 0.109 |
| 23 | Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.169 | 0.164 | 0.173 | 0.165 | 0.178 | 0.174 | 0.178 | 0.168 | 0.164 | 0.168 |
| 24 | Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.099 | 0.088 | 0.102 | 0.083 | 0.092 | 0.098 | 0.100 | 0.093 | 0.085 | 0.092 |
| 25 | Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.040 | 0.034 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.055 | 0.050 | 0.046 | 0.038 | 0.037 | 0.038 |
| 27 | Age x Emotions | -0.079 | -0.059 | -0.070 | -0.098 | -0.082 | -0.087 | -0.063 | -0.099 | -0.068 | -0.070 |
| 28 | Age x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.010 | 0 |
| 29 | Age x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.00000 | 0 | 0 |
| 30 | Age x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.007 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 31 | Gender: Man x Facts Baseline | -0.009 | 0 | -0.007 | 0 | -0.009 | -0.005 | 0 | 0 | -0.017 | -0.012 |
| 32 | Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.036 | 0.021 | 0.039 | 0.045 | 0.038 | 0 | 0.045 | 0.036 | 0.020 | 0.042 |
| 33 | Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.009 | -0.003 | -0.001 | 0 | -0.005 | -0.016 | -0.017 | -0.037 | -0.014 | 0 |
| 34 | Gender: Man x Reasoning | 0.016 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0004 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 35 | Gender: Man x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.005 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 36 | Some College x Facts Baseline | -0.007 | -0.006 | -0.011 | 0 | -0.012 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 38 | Some College x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.0001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.003 |
| 39 | Some College x Reasoning | 0 | -0.004 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.003 | 0 | 0 | -0.0004 | 0 |
| 42 | Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.020 | 0.055 | 0.024 | 0.032 | 0.053 | 0.024 | 0.037 | 0.041 | 0.046 | 0.043 |
| 45 | Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.021 | -0.042 | -0.037 | -0.023 | -0.015 | -0.050 | -0.040 | -0.042 | -0.018 | -0.007 |
| 47 | Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0 | -0.005 | 0 | 0 | -0.012 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 48 | Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.014 | -0.026 | -0.011 | -0.042 | -0.013 | 0 | -0.007 | -0.022 | -0.003 | -0.011 |
| 49 | Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.005 | 0 | -0.006 | 0 |
| 50 | Graduate Degree x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.014 | 0 | 0 |
| 52 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.045 | -0.060 | -0.052 | -0.004 | -0.022 | -0.009 | -0.031 | -0.058 | -0.038 | -0.022 |
| 53 | Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.017 | 0.014 | 0.026 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 54 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | -0.017 | -0.023 | -0.034 | -0.036 | -0.006 | -0.021 | -0.009 | -0.034 | -0.024 | -0.031 |
| 55 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.050 | -0.051 | -0.019 | -0.041 | -0.043 | -0.065 | -0.038 | -0.048 | -0.055 | -0.042 |
| 56 | Unemployed x Facts Baseline | -0.060 | -0.061 | -0.062 | -0.064 | -0.044 | -0.032 | -0.048 | -0.031 | -0.054 | -0.052 |
| 57 | Unemployed x Emotions | -0.029 | -0.023 | -0.047 | -0.032 | -0.048 | -0.041 | -0.030 | -0.012 | -0.045 | -0.041 |
| 58 | Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0 | -0.0003 | 0 | -0.012 | 0 | -0.009 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.009 |
| 61 | Employed x Facts Baseline | -0.081 | -0.079 | -0.061 | -0.056 | -0.038 | -0.059 | -0.065 | -0.078 | -0.077 | -0.081 |
| 65 | Employed x Combo | 0 | 0 | -0.007 | -0.009 | -0.001 | -0.002 | -0.014 | -0.029 | -0.010 | -0.028 |
| 68 | Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.003 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 69 | Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.055 | -0.060 | -0.061 | -0.054 | -0.073 | -0.059 | -0.061 | -0.086 | -0.056 | -0.063 |
| 70 | Mostly Urban x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0.018 | 0 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 72 | Suburban x Emotions | -0.074 | -0.033 | -0.058 | -0.056 | -0.066 | -0.067 | -0.056 | -0.096 | -0.074 | -0.094 |
| 73 | Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.026 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 74 | Suburban x Reasoning | -0.040 | -0.023 | -0.044 | -0.047 | -0.048 | -0.022 | -0.044 | -0.037 | -0.041 | -0.062 |
| 75 | Suburban x Combo | 0 | 0.018 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.004 | 0 | 0.00004 | 0 | 0 |
| 76 | Religion: Christian x Facts Baseline | 0 | -0.015 | 0 | 0 | -0.014 | -0.014 | 0 | 0 | -0.0004 | 0 |
| 77 | Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0 | -0.019 | 0 | -0.011 | -0.006 | -0.014 | 0 | 0 | -0.005 | 0 |
| 78 | Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.017 | -0.011 | -0.017 | -0.00003 | -0.010 | -0.023 | -0.028 | -0.015 | -0.013 | -0.018 |
| 79 | Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.043 | 0.004 | 0.034 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.034 | 0.015 | 0.013 | 0.013 | 0.034 |
| 80 | Religion: Christian x Combo | 0.006 | 0 | 0.023 | 0.022 | 0 | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| 81 | Religiosity: Attends x Facts Baseline | 0.034 | 0.064 | 0.059 | 0.069 | 0.043 | 0.077 | 0.059 | 0.018 | 0.038 | 0.029 |
| 82 | Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.021 | 0 | 0 | -0.012 | -0.017 | -0.011 | -0.003 | 0 | -0.003 | -0.005 |
| 83 | Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.031 | -0.010 | 0 | -0.010 | -0.044 | -0.020 | -0.013 | -0.032 | -0.019 | -0.006 |
| 84 | Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.014 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 85 | Religiosity: Attends x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.020 | 0 | 0 | 0.017 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 86 | Social Media: Yes x Facts Baseline | 0 | -0.008 | 0 | -0.002 | -0.005 | -0.010 | -0.007 | -0.0001 | -0.010 | -0.050 |
| 87 | Social Media: Yes x Emotions | -0.018 | -0.0003 | 0 | 0 | -0.005 | -0.003 | 0 | -0.003 | 0 | -0.003 |
| 88 | Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | -0.004 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.009 | -0.0001 | 0 | -0.0001 | 0 | 0 |
| 89 | Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.009 | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0 | 0 |
| 90 | Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0 | 0 | -0.059 | 0.004 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 91 | Social Media Hours x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0.007 | 0.010 | 0.019 | 0.012 | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.031 | 0 | 0.014 |
| 93 | Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.005 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.006 |
| 94 | Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.032 | 0.066 | 0.061 | 0.034 | 0.013 | 0.043 | 0.034 | 0.055 | 0.047 | 0.049 |
| 95 | Social Media Hours x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.0002 | -0.0003 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 96 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Facts Baseline | 0.104 | 0.105 | 0.100 | 0.108 | 0.133 | 0.115 | 0.116 | 0.096 | 0.118 | 0.106 |
| 98 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | 0.053 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.017 | 0.011 | 0.029 | 0.010 | 0.046 | 0.010 | 0.031 |
| 99 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.004 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 100 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.008 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.0005 |
| 101 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x Facts Baseline | 0.044 | 0.031 | 0.012 | 0.033 | 0.031 | 0.025 | 0.0001 | 0 | 0.050 | 0.028 |
| 103 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.006 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.007 | -0.007 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 |
| 104 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.006 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 105 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | 0.032 | 0.042 | 0.041 | 0.058 | 0.057 | 0.039 | 0.046 | 0.039 | 0.038 | 0.045 |
| 106 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Facts Baseline | 0.053 | 0.069 | 0.033 | 0.065 | 0.053 | 0.060 | 0.069 | 0.021 | 0.058 | 0.070 |
| 107 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.008 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.012 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 108 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | 0.014 | 0.021 | 0.025 | 0.012 | 0.017 | 0.021 | 0 | 0.018 | 0.018 | 0.009 |
| 109 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | 0.0003 | 0.0002 | 0.028 | 0.033 | 0.029 | 0.017 | 0.021 | 0.018 | 0.026 | 0.014 |
| 111 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Facts Baseline | 0.033 | 0.049 | 0.029 | 0.028 | 0.028 | 0.015 | 0.038 | 0.013 | 0.046 | 0.027 |
| 112 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | 0 | 0 | 0.022 | 0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.013 | 0.003 | 0 |
| 113 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0001 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 114 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | 0 | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.0004 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 |
Coefficients at optimal lambda: Non-Misinfo Accuracy score
| Covariate | Coefficient | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.549 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 0.842 |
| 3 | Emotions | 0.3107 |
| 4 | Combo | 0.3101 |
| 5 | Age | 0.2743 |
| 6 | Gender: Man | -0.0524 |
| 7 | Bachelor Degree | -0.01126 |
| 8 | Unemployed | -0.005232 |
| 9 | Employed | -0.0405 |
| 10 | Mostly Urban | -0.07124 |
| 11 | Religion: Christian | -0.02247 |
| 12 | Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.1095 |
| 13 | Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.1687 |
| 14 | Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.09151 |
| 15 | Age x Facts Baseline | 0.04251 |
| 16 | Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0763 |
| 17 | Gender: Man x Emotions | -0.001011 |
| 18 | Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | 0.03132 |
| 19 | Gender: Man x Reasoning | -0.007488 |
| 20 | Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.03604 |
| 21 | Graduate Degree x Facts Baseline | -0.02862 |
| 22 | Graduate Degree x Reasoning | -0.01323 |
| 23 | Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | -0.03536 |
| 24 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | 0.002377 |
| 25 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.02515 |
| 26 | Unemployed x Facts Baseline | -0.04751 |
| 27 | Unemployed x Emotions | -0.04954 |
| 28 | Unemployed x No-course Baseline | -0.03291 |
| 29 | Employed x Emotions | -0.06704 |
| 30 | Mostly Urban x Facts Baseline | -0.00657 |
| 31 | Mostly Urban x Combo | -0.06073 |
| 32 | Suburban x No-course Baseline | -0.06534 |
| 33 | Suburban x Combo | -0.03771 |
| 34 | Religion: Christian x Reasoning | -0.01329 |
| 35 | Religion: Christian x Combo | 0.01867 |
| 36 | Religiosity: Attends x Facts Baseline | 0.006433 |
| 37 | Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | 0.04747 |
| 38 | Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.004891 |
| 39 | Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.01554 |
| 40 | Social Media: Yes x Emotions | -0.006212 |
| 41 | Social Media Hours x Emotions | 0.007629 |
| 42 | Social Media Hours x Combo | 0.04291 |
| 43 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | 0.1085 |
| 44 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0.02448 |
| 45 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | 0.02192 |
| 46 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Facts Baseline | 0.04334 |
| 47 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | 0.05245 |
| 48 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | 0.01528 |
| 49 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | 0.01735 |
| 50 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | 0.02618 |
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Selected covariates (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
Selected covariates and Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.2236*** | -0.2444*** | -0.2313*** | -0.2246*** | -0.2272*** | -0.2401*** |
| (0.0490) | (0.0482) | (0.0474) | (0.0459) | (0.0459) | (0.0455) | |
| Reasoning | -0.2158*** | -0.2488*** | -0.2288*** | -0.2122*** | -0.2180*** | -0.2391*** |
| (0.0504) | (0.0497) | (0.0483) | (0.0466) | (0.0465) | (0.0463) | |
| Combo | -0.2582*** | -0.2819*** | -0.2675*** | -0.2609*** | -0.2625*** | -0.2757*** |
| (0.0496) | (0.0489) | (0.0476) | (0.0463) | (0.0462) | (0.0460) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.3123*** | 0.2817*** | 0.2757*** | 0.2627*** | 0.2578*** | 0.2391*** |
| (0.0491) | (0.0484) | (0.0469) | (0.0451) | (0.0450) | (0.0449) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0207 | 0.0622 | 0.0953 | 0.1572 | 0.1619 | 0.1808 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0203 | 0.0519 | 0.0938 | 0.1558 | 0.1596 | 0.1699 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.4494 | 1.4258 | 1.3940 | 1.3454 | 1.3424 | 1.3342 |
Click to view the full table
Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Selected covariates (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
Selected covariates and Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-course Baseline | 0.3123*** | 0.2817*** | 0.2757*** | 0.2627*** | 0.2578*** | 0.2391*** |
| (0.0491) | (0.0484) | (0.0469) | (0.0451) | (0.0450) | (0.0449) | |
| Reasoning | -0.2158*** | -0.2488*** | -0.2288*** | -0.2122*** | -0.2180*** | -0.2391*** |
| (0.0504) | (0.0497) | (0.0483) | (0.0466) | (0.0465) | (0.0463) | |
| Emotions | -0.2236*** | -0.2444*** | -0.2313*** | -0.2246*** | -0.2272*** | -0.2401*** |
| (0.0490) | (0.0482) | (0.0474) | (0.0459) | (0.0459) | (0.0455) | |
| Combo | -0.2582*** | -0.2819*** | -0.2675*** | -0.2609*** | -0.2625*** | -0.2757*** |
| (0.0496) | (0.0489) | (0.0476) | (0.0463) | (0.0462) | (0.0460) | |
| Age | -0.0339 | -0.0213 | ||||
| (0.0400) | (0.0389) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0445 | -0.0265 | ||||
| (0.0439) | (0.0414) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | 0.0138 | 0.0223 | ||||
| (0.0401) | (0.0381) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.1552*** | -0.1437*** | ||||
| (0.0443) | (0.0410) | |||||
| Employed | -0.2127*** | -0.2308*** | ||||
| (0.0499) | (0.0463) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0383 | -0.0090 | ||||
| (0.0414) | (0.0389) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.3009*** | 0.1547*** | ||||
| (0.0459) | (0.0436) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.2997*** | 0.1202*** | ||||
| (0.0492) | (0.0472) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.2601*** | 0.1074** | ||||
| (0.0501) | (0.0475) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.1766*** | 0.1011** | ||||
| (0.0472) | (0.0446) | |||||
| Gender: Man | -0.0250 | -0.0302 | ||||
| (0.0353) | (0.0336) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0153 | 0.0042 | ||||
| (0.0444) | (0.0418) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0010 | 0.0008 | ||||
| (0.0484) | (0.0479) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0085 | 0.0350 | ||||
| (0.0422) | (0.0394) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | -0.0316 | -0.0367 | ||||
| (0.0377) | (0.0356) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0718** | 0.0693** | ||||
| (0.0365) | (0.0360) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | -0.0454* | -0.0163 | ||||
| (0.0290) | (0.0337) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0198 | 0.0103 | ||||
| (0.0365) | (0.0346) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0355 | -0.0413 | ||||
| (0.0632) | (0.0597) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | -0.0034 | -0.0028 | ||||
| (0.0625) | (0.0561) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.1146** | -0.0893* | ||||
| (0.0586) | (0.0615) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0241 | -0.0332 | ||||
| (0.0542) | (0.0538) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | 0.0162 | -0.0008 | ||||
| (0.0601) | (0.0549) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | 0.0141 | 0.0157 | ||||
| (0.0618) | (0.0578) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | 0.0434 | 0.0280 | ||||
| (0.0608) | (0.0577) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | 0.0173 | 0.0204 | ||||
| (0.0612) | (0.0578) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0325 | 0.0120 | ||||
| (0.0566) | (0.0528) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | -0.0682 | -0.0802* | ||||
| (0.0577) | (0.0544) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.0667 | -0.0911** | ||||
| (0.0554) | (0.0533) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0873* | -0.0843* | ||||
| (0.0576) | (0.0545) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.0761 | 0.0983** | ||||
| (0.0623) | (0.0569) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.1292** | 0.1324** | ||||
| (0.0644) | (0.0593) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | 0.0605 | 0.0681 | ||||
| (0.0614) | (0.0578) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.1089** | 0.1321** | ||||
| (0.0621) | (0.0579) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.1135* | 0.1406** | ||||
| (0.0690) | (0.0634) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.1478** | 0.2044*** | ||||
| (0.0712) | (0.0656) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.1480** | 0.1848*** | ||||
| (0.0689) | (0.0660) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.1123* | 0.1483** | ||||
| (0.0685) | (0.0641) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | -0.0132 | 0.0109 | ||||
| (0.0569) | (0.0526) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0732 | -0.0811* | ||||
| (0.0576) | (0.0541) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0852* | -0.0916** | ||||
| (0.0569) | (0.0539) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0556 | 0.0419 | ||||
| (0.0570) | (0.0539) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.1224** | -0.0985** | ||||
| (0.0614) | (0.0589) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.1266** | -0.1152** | ||||
| (0.0667) | (0.0630) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.1804*** | -0.1302** | ||||
| (0.0645) | (0.0615) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.1980*** | -0.1504*** | ||||
| (0.0637) | (0.0609) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.1083* | -0.0910* | ||||
| (0.0682) | (0.0651) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0396 | -0.0161 | ||||
| (0.0705) | (0.0665) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.1148** | -0.0564 | ||||
| (0.0670) | (0.0650) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | -0.0606 | -0.0109 | ||||
| (0.0668) | (0.0659) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.0939* | -0.0652 | ||||
| (0.0681) | (0.0649) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0480 | -0.0333 | ||||
| (0.0725) | (0.0674) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.1681*** | -0.1126** | ||||
| (0.0681) | (0.0643) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.1652*** | -0.1105** | ||||
| (0.0687) | (0.0669) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0909* | -0.0811* | ||||
| (0.0640) | (0.0593) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.0505 | -0.0508 | ||||
| (0.0663) | (0.0616) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.1068** | -0.0833* | ||||
| (0.0645) | (0.0609) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.1405** | -0.1097** | ||||
| (0.0645) | (0.0620) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0172 | -0.0019 | ||||
| (0.0485) | (0.0453) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | 0.0458 | 0.0228 | ||||
| (0.0501) | (0.0472) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0744* | 0.0811** | ||||
| (0.0486) | (0.0464) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0132 | 0.0282 | ||||
| (0.0497) | (0.0470) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0218 | 0.0028 | ||||
| (0.0605) | (0.0559) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0.0099 | 0.0079 | ||||
| (0.0619) | (0.0581) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0820* | 0.0669 | ||||
| (0.0609) | (0.0574) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0463 | -0.0285 | ||||
| (0.0619) | (0.0584) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0390 | -0.0391 | ||||
| (0.0586) | (0.0553) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | -0.0065 | -0.0311 | ||||
| (0.0702) | (0.0682) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | -0.0114 | -0.0096 | ||||
| (0.0614) | (0.0610) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0037 | -0.0104 | ||||
| (0.0628) | (0.0600) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | -0.0147 | -0.0138 | ||||
| (0.0565) | (0.0520) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.1036** | -0.1113** | ||||
| (0.0609) | (0.0568) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | -0.0072 | -0.0451 | ||||
| (0.0583) | (0.0550) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0518 | 0.0305 | ||||
| (0.0588) | (0.0557) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0079 | 0.0144 | ||||
| (0.0492) | (0.0470) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.0671 | 0.0736* | ||||
| (0.0536) | (0.0503) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0.0118 | 0.0338 | ||||
| (0.0512) | (0.0497) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | 0.0632 | 0.0677* | ||||
| (0.0495) | (0.0467) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.1131** | -0.1129*** | ||||
| (0.0497) | (0.0458) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0676* | -0.0634* | ||||
| (0.0508) | (0.0491) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0981** | -0.0937** | ||||
| (0.0493) | (0.0485) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0637 | -0.0636* | ||||
| (0.0514) | (0.0477) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0202 | 0.0189 | ||||
| (0.0466) | (0.0464) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0438 | 0.0389 | ||||
| (0.0397) | (0.0472) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0.0167 | 0.0223 | ||||
| (0.0412) | (0.0467) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0.0497 | 0.0321 | ||||
| (0.0645) | (0.0558) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0064 | -0.0049 | ||||
| (0.0500) | (0.0470) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.0401 | 0.0196 | ||||
| (0.0525) | (0.0496) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0292 | -0.0159 | ||||
| (0.0535) | (0.0521) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.0397 | -0.0183 | ||||
| (0.0498) | (0.0468) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.2925*** | 0.0848** | 0.0641* | |||
| (0.0420) | (0.0498) | (0.0497) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.2075*** | 0.0781* | 0.0625* | |||
| (0.0427) | (0.0483) | (0.0485) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0507 | 0.0194 | 0.0228 | |||
| (0.0585) | (0.0720) | (0.0736) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0036 | -0.0326 | -0.0207 | |||
| (0.0615) | (0.0737) | (0.0735) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.1291** | -0.1422** | -0.1317** | |||
| (0.0582) | (0.0719) | (0.0720) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0525 | -0.0356 | -0.0211 | |||
| (0.0598) | (0.0722) | (0.0728) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0769* | -0.0310 | -0.0109 | |||
| (0.0597) | (0.0671) | (0.0673) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0264 | 0.0124 | 0.0164 | |||
| (0.0619) | (0.0704) | (0.0706) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0302 | 0.0070 | 0.0329 | |||
| (0.0586) | (0.0674) | (0.0676) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0274 | 0.0206 | 0.0328 | |||
| (0.0599) | (0.0677) | (0.0679) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.3614*** | 0.2991*** | 0.2789*** | |||
| (0.0400) | (0.0492) | (0.0492) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.2856*** | 0.2382*** | 0.2415*** | |||
| (0.0397) | (0.0462) | (0.0462) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0697* | 0.0674 | 0.0861 | |||
| (0.0542) | (0.0694) | (0.0697) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0622 | 0.0862 | 0.0990* | |||
| (0.0560) | (0.0695) | (0.0695) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0886* | 0.0047 | 0.0078 | |||
| (0.0556) | (0.0708) | (0.0711) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0450 | -0.0185 | -0.0092 | |||
| (0.0559) | (0.0695) | (0.0696) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0014 | 0.0243 | 0.0168 | |||
| (0.0538) | (0.0623) | (0.0623) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0568 | -0.0559 | -0.0682 | |||
| (0.0555) | (0.0655) | (0.0655) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0017 | 0.0028 | -0.0134 | |||
| (0.0556) | (0.0652) | (0.0650) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0442 | -0.0533 | -0.0601 | |||
| (0.0557) | (0.0648) | (0.0650) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0207 | 0.0622 | 0.0953 | 0.1572 | 0.1619 | 0.1808 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0203 | 0.0519 | 0.0938 | 0.1558 | 0.1596 | 0.1699 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.4494 | 1.4258 | 1.3940 | 1.3454 | 1.3424 | 1.3342 |
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score}\]
Non-zero Coefficients: Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score
Non-zero Coefficients by fold: Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score
| covariate | fold1 | fold2 | fold3 | fold4 | fold5 | fold6 | fold7 | fold8 | fold9 | fold10 | |
| 1 | Intercept | 0.582 | 0.579 | 0.582 | 0.581 | 0.581 | 0.582 | 0.584 | 0.582 | 0.580 | 0.580 |
| 3 | Facts Baseline | 0.048 | 0.043 | 0.044 | 0.043 | 0.052 | 0.046 | 0.045 | 0.044 | 0.042 | 0.050 |
| 4 | No-course Baseline | 0.109 | 0.109 | 0.105 | 0.113 | 0.106 | 0.110 | 0.105 | 0.109 | 0.103 | 0.108 |
| 6 | Emotions | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | -0.002 | -0.009 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | 0 |
| 7 | Combo | -0.0001 | 0 | 0 | -0.0001 | 0 | 0 | -0.004 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 |
| 8 | Age | -0.012 | -0.012 | -0.013 | -0.010 | -0.012 | -0.011 | -0.011 | -0.011 | -0.013 | -0.010 |
| 9 | Gender: Man | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0005 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 10 | Some College | -0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 11 | Bachelor Degree | 0.0001 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.00001 | 0.0002 |
| 12 | Graduate Degree | 0 | -0.0001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 13 | Married/Domestic Partnership | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.003 | 0 | 0 | -0.0003 | -0.0003 | 0 | 0 |
| 14 | Unemployed | -0.005 | -0.008 | -0.002 | -0.005 | -0.002 | -0.006 | -0.003 | -0.007 | -0.003 | -0.005 |
| 15 | Employed | -0.012 | -0.013 | -0.014 | -0.016 | -0.014 | -0.018 | -0.014 | -0.013 | -0.011 | -0.015 |
| 17 | Suburban | -0.004 | -0.006 | -0.002 | -0.001 | -0.003 | -0.004 | -0.006 | -0.003 | -0.003 | 0 |
| 20 | Social Media: Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.00000 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 |
| 21 | Social Media Hours | 0 | 0.0003 | 0 | 0.003 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0.0002 |
| 22 | Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.015 | 0.018 | 0.017 | 0.019 | 0.017 | 0.019 | 0.018 | 0.016 | 0.018 | 0.019 |
| 23 | Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.038 | 0.038 | 0.037 | 0.038 | 0.040 | 0.036 | 0.037 | 0.036 | 0.038 | 0.037 |
| 24 | Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.024 | 0.019 | 0.024 | 0.019 | 0.023 | 0.021 | 0.022 | 0.020 | 0.020 | 0.022 |
| 25 | Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.009 | 0.008 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.013 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.008 |
| 27 | Age x Emotions | -0.020 | -0.015 | -0.017 | -0.023 | -0.020 | -0.020 | -0.013 | -0.021 | -0.016 | -0.017 |
| 28 | Age x No-course Baseline | 0 | -0.0001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 | -0.004 | 0 |
| 30 | Age x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 | -0.0004 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 31 | Gender: Man x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 |
| 32 | Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.007 | 0.018 | 0.014 | 0.011 | 0.016 |
| 33 | Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.0001 | -0.003 | -0.0004 | 0 |
| 34 | Gender: Man x Reasoning | 0.008 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0.004 | 0.0005 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0 |
| 36 | Some College x Facts Baseline | -0.008 | -0.005 | -0.005 | -0.0003 | -0.003 | -0.001 | -0.0001 | 0 | -0.002 | -0.004 |
| 37 | Some College x Emotions | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 |
| 41 | Bachelor Degree x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 42 | Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.007 | 0.015 | 0.008 | 0.010 | 0.013 | 0.006 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.012 | 0.011 |
| 43 | Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0004 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 44 | Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| 45 | Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.001 | -0.006 | -0.007 | -0.002 | -0.001 | -0.008 | -0.004 | -0.006 | -0.0001 | 0 |
| 46 | Graduate Degree x Facts Baseline | -0.004 | -0.00005 | -0.001 | -0.003 | -0.002 | -0.003 | -0.0003 | -0.001 | 0 | -0.001 |
| 47 | Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 48 | Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.012 | -0.017 | -0.011 | -0.018 | -0.012 | -0.009 | -0.014 | -0.014 | -0.008 | -0.009 |
| 49 | Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.004 | 0 | 0.0004 | 0 | 0 |
| 50 | Graduate Degree x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 |
| 52 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.010 | -0.011 | -0.009 | -0.0001 | -0.006 | -0.0001 | -0.009 | -0.013 | -0.007 | -0.006 |
| 53 | Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.0002 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 |
| 54 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | 0 | -0.001 | -0.004 | -0.005 | -0.005 | -0.004 | -0.004 | -0.005 | -0.003 | -0.007 |
| 55 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.014 | -0.012 | -0.005 | -0.013 | -0.014 | -0.016 | -0.018 | -0.013 | -0.016 | -0.018 |
| 56 | Unemployed x Facts Baseline | -0.011 | -0.011 | -0.013 | -0.012 | -0.010 | -0.002 | -0.012 | -0.007 | -0.011 | -0.008 |
| 57 | Unemployed x Emotions | -0.005 | -0.006 | -0.012 | -0.007 | -0.010 | -0.007 | -0.010 | -0.005 | -0.009 | -0.008 |
| 58 | Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 |
| 59 | Unemployed x Reasoning | 0 | 0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 61 | Employed x Facts Baseline | -0.012 | -0.011 | -0.008 | -0.005 | -0.003 | -0.002 | -0.010 | -0.011 | -0.012 | -0.008 |
| 63 | Employed x No-course Baseline | -0.004 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 65 | Employed x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.003 | 0 | -0.001 |
| 67 | Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0001 | 0.004 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 69 | Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.013 | -0.014 | -0.017 | -0.013 | -0.019 | -0.012 | -0.013 | -0.018 | -0.015 | -0.014 |
| 70 | Mostly Urban x Combo | 0 | 0.0004 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 72 | Suburban x Emotions | -0.009 | -0.007 | -0.013 | -0.010 | -0.014 | -0.009 | -0.007 | -0.016 | -0.015 | -0.017 |
| 73 | Suburban x No-course Baseline | -0.0001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.005 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 74 | Suburban x Reasoning | -0.002 | 0 | -0.006 | -0.002 | -0.005 | 0 | -0.002 | -0.0001 | -0.005 | -0.008 |
| 75 | Suburban x Combo | 0.004 | 0.010 | 0.0004 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.006 | 0.0005 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| 76 | Religion: Christian x Facts Baseline | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 77 | Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0 | -0.0004 | 0 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 78 | Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.005 | -0.005 | -0.003 | -0.002 | -0.004 | -0.007 | -0.008 | -0.005 | -0.002 | -0.005 |
| 79 | Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.008 | 0 | 0.006 | 0 | 0 | 0.004 | 0 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| 80 | Religion: Christian x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 81 | Religiosity: Attends x Facts Baseline | 0.008 | 0.012 | 0.010 | 0.017 | 0.008 | 0.015 | 0.010 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| 82 | Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.008 | 0 | -0.003 | -0.004 | -0.005 | -0.003 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | -0.002 |
| 83 | Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.007 | 0 | 0 | -0.001 | -0.001 | 0 |
| 84 | Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.007 | 0 | 0 | 0.00003 | 0.003 |
| 85 | Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.002 | -0.002 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.003 | -0.002 |
| 86 | Social Media: Yes x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.0001 | 0 | -0.0001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.004 |
| 87 | Social Media: Yes x Emotions | -0.007 | -0.007 | -0.005 | 0 | -0.006 | -0.005 | -0.003 | -0.006 | -0.005 | -0.004 |
| 90 | Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0 | 0 | -0.007 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 91 | Social Media Hours x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.008 | 0 | 0.004 |
| 93 | Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 |
| 94 | Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.004 | 0.010 | 0.009 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.008 | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| 95 | Social Media Hours x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 96 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Facts Baseline | 0.016 | 0.016 | 0.020 | 0.015 | 0.023 | 0.015 | 0.022 | 0.015 | 0.018 | 0.016 |
| 97 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.00000 | 0 |
| 98 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | 0.012 | 0 | 0.005 | 0.0004 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| 99 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0.006 | 0.0003 | 0.007 | 0 | 0.008 | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| 101 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x Facts Baseline | 0.0001 | 0 | 0 | 0.0001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00000 | 0 |
| 102 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 105 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | 0.005 | 0.009 | 0.011 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.007 | 0.010 | 0.008 | 0.006 | 0.009 |
| 106 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Facts Baseline | 0.003 | 0.011 | 0.002 | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.014 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.010 |
| 107 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.007 | 0 | -0.007 | -0.0003 | -0.003 | 0 | -0.004 | -0.001 | -0.003 | -0.001 |
| 108 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.0001 | 0 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0 | 0.0002 | 0.002 | 0 |
| 109 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.008 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| 111 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Facts Baseline | 0.002 | 0.008 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.009 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| 112 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.001 |
| 113 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.003 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 114 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | 0 | 0.0003 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0.00004 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Coefficients at optimal lambda: Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score
| Covariate | Coefficient | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.6324 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 0.6948 |
| 3 | Emotions | 0.5787 |
| 4 | Combo | 0.5754 |
| 5 | Age | 0.5761 |
| 6 | Gender: Man | -0.01182 |
| 7 | Employed | -0.004722 |
| 8 | Mostly Urban | -0.01409 |
| 9 | Religion: Christian | -0.003291 |
| 10 | Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.01761 |
| 11 | Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.03714 |
| 12 | Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.02098 |
| 13 | Age x Facts Baseline | 0.008984 |
| 14 | Age x No-course Baseline | -0.01775 |
| 15 | Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | 0.01335 |
| 16 | Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0007643 |
| 17 | Some College x Emotions | -0.002855 |
| 18 | Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.01042 |
| 19 | Bachelor Degree x Combo | 0.003078 |
| 20 | Graduate Degree x Facts Baseline | -0.002674 |
| 21 | Graduate Degree x Emotions | -0.001163 |
| 22 | Graduate Degree x Reasoning | -0.01213 |
| 23 | Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | -0.007017 |
| 24 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | 0.001195 |
| 25 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.003872 |
| 26 | Unemployed x Facts Baseline | -0.01399 |
| 27 | Unemployed x Emotions | -0.009438 |
| 28 | Unemployed x No-course Baseline | -0.007932 |
| 29 | Employed x Emotions | -0.008062 |
| 30 | Mostly Urban x Combo | -0.01385 |
| 31 | Suburban x No-course Baseline | -0.01158 |
| 32 | Suburban x Combo | -0.002111 |
| 33 | Religion: Christian x Facts Baseline | 0.002793 |
| 34 | Religion: Christian x Reasoning | -0.004226 |
| 35 | Religion: Christian x Combo | 0.001672 |
| 36 | Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | 0.009032 |
| 37 | Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.002005 |
| 38 | Religiosity: Attends x Combo | 0.00033 |
| 39 | Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | -0.003681 |
| 40 | Social Media Hours x Emotions | 0.004101 |
| 41 | Social Media Hours x Combo | 0.005157 |
| 42 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | 0.01697 |
| 43 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0.002989 |
| 44 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | 0.002885 |
| 45 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Facts Baseline | 0.008057 |
| 46 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | 0.006381 |
| 47 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.002156 |
| 48 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | 0.004374 |
| 49 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | 0.002208 |
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Selected covariates (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
Selected covariates and Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | -0.0546*** | -0.0584*** | -0.0564*** | -0.0548*** | -0.0557*** | -0.0578*** |
| (0.0115) | (0.0114) | (0.0111) | (0.0110) | (0.0109) | (0.0109) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0495*** | -0.0561*** | -0.0530*** | -0.0487*** | -0.0511*** | -0.0551*** |
| (0.0118) | (0.0117) | (0.0113) | (0.0111) | (0.0110) | (0.0110) | |
| Combo | -0.0535*** | -0.0580*** | -0.0557*** | -0.0539*** | -0.0547*** | -0.0569*** |
| (0.0116) | (0.0115) | (0.0111) | (0.0110) | (0.0109) | (0.0109) | |
| No-course Baseline | 0.0655*** | 0.0598*** | 0.0575*** | 0.0554*** | 0.0538*** | 0.0505*** |
| (0.0114) | (0.0113) | (0.0109) | (0.0107) | (0.0106) | (0.0106) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0176 | 0.0530 | 0.0919 | 0.1267 | 0.1362 | 0.1532 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0172 | 0.0426 | 0.0905 | 0.1253 | 0.1338 | 0.1420 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3422 | 0.3378 | 0.3292 | 0.3229 | 0.3213 | 0.3198 |
Click to view the full table
Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Selected covariates (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
Selected covariates and Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-course Baseline | 0.0655*** | 0.0598*** | 0.0575*** | 0.0554*** | 0.0538*** | 0.0505*** |
| (0.0114) | (0.0113) | (0.0109) | (0.0107) | (0.0106) | (0.0106) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0495*** | -0.0561*** | -0.0530*** | -0.0487*** | -0.0511*** | -0.0551*** |
| (0.0118) | (0.0117) | (0.0113) | (0.0111) | (0.0110) | (0.0110) | |
| Emotions | -0.0546*** | -0.0584*** | -0.0564*** | -0.0548*** | -0.0557*** | -0.0578*** |
| (0.0115) | (0.0114) | (0.0111) | (0.0110) | (0.0109) | (0.0109) | |
| Combo | -0.0535*** | -0.0580*** | -0.0557*** | -0.0539*** | -0.0547*** | -0.0569*** |
| (0.0116) | (0.0115) | (0.0111) | (0.0110) | (0.0109) | (0.0109) | |
| Age | -0.0047 | -0.0031 | ||||
| (0.0091) | (0.0090) | |||||
| Unemployed | -0.0326*** | -0.0295*** | ||||
| (0.0103) | (0.0097) | |||||
| Employed | -0.0426*** | -0.0455*** | ||||
| (0.0115) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Suburban | -0.0113 | -0.0049 | ||||
| (0.0094) | (0.0090) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0555*** | 0.0230*** | ||||
| (0.0099) | (0.0096) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0.0623*** | 0.0211** | ||||
| (0.0110) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% | 0.0558*** | 0.0204** | ||||
| (0.0114) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0381*** | 0.0201** | ||||
| (0.0107) | (0.0102) | |||||
| Gender: Man | -0.0026 | -0.0049 | ||||
| (0.0081) | (0.0078) | |||||
| Some College | -0.0113 | -0.0078 | ||||
| (0.0100) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree | -0.0012 | 0.0040 | ||||
| (0.0100) | (0.0095) | |||||
| Graduate Degree | -0.0106 | -0.0099 | ||||
| (0.0106) | (0.0106) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership | 0.0066 | 0.0076 | ||||
| (0.0092) | (0.0088) | |||||
| Mostly Urban | -0.0064 | 0.0035 | ||||
| (0.0098) | (0.0093) | |||||
| Religion: Christian | -0.0056 | -0.0069 | ||||
| (0.0087) | (0.0082) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0154** | 0.0138** | ||||
| (0.0084) | (0.0082) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | -0.0089** | -0.0024 | ||||
| (0.0052) | (0.0062) | |||||
| Social Media Hours | 0.0085 | 0.0066 | ||||
| (0.0089) | (0.0085) | |||||
| Age x No-course Baseline | -0.0124 | -0.0125 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Age x Reasoning | -0.0025 | -0.0013 | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Age x Emotions | -0.0304** | -0.0243* | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0152) | |||||
| Age x Combo | -0.0099 | -0.0111 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Unemployed x No-course Baseline | 0.0159 | 0.0194* | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Unemployed x Reasoning | 0.0322** | 0.0325** | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0141) | |||||
| Unemployed x Emotions | 0.0150 | 0.0167 | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0141) | |||||
| Unemployed x Combo | 0.0275** | 0.0323*** | ||||
| (0.0147) | (0.0139) | |||||
| Employed x No-course Baseline | 0.0161 | 0.0205* | ||||
| (0.0158) | (0.0148) | |||||
| Employed x Reasoning | 0.0287** | 0.0393*** | ||||
| (0.0167) | (0.0157) | |||||
| Employed x Emotions | 0.0304** | 0.0385*** | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0157) | |||||
| Employed x Combo | 0.0260* | 0.0328** | ||||
| (0.0159) | (0.0151) | |||||
| Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0.0008 | 0.0056 | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0124) | |||||
| Suburban x Reasoning | -0.0084 | -0.0101 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Suburban x Emotions | -0.0103 | -0.0126 | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Suburban x Combo | 0.0231** | 0.0209* | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0234** | -0.0172* | ||||
| (0.0132) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.0145 | -0.0132 | ||||
| (0.0145) | (0.0141) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0378*** | -0.0283** | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0139) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.0371*** | -0.0296** | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0137) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.0182 | -0.0125 | ||||
| (0.0158) | (0.0154) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.0028 | 0.0016 | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0156) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.0184 | -0.0068 | ||||
| (0.0157) | (0.0156) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | -0.0061 | 0.0016 | ||||
| (0.0156) | (0.0157) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | -0.0190 | -0.0111 | ||||
| (0.0160) | (0.0154) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Reasoning | -0.0030 | -0.0011 | ||||
| (0.0168) | (0.0160) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | -0.0383*** | -0.0268** | ||||
| (0.0161) | (0.0155) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | -0.0282** | -0.0182 | ||||
| (0.0162) | (0.0159) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0179 | -0.0142 | ||||
| (0.0151) | (0.0142) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.0059 | -0.0067 | ||||
| (0.0155) | (0.0148) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0223* | -0.0167 | ||||
| (0.0152) | (0.0145) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0276** | -0.0218* | ||||
| (0.0151) | (0.0146) | |||||
| Gender: Man x No-course Baseline | -0.0048 | -0.0003 | ||||
| (0.0113) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Reasoning | 0.0121 | 0.0076 | ||||
| (0.0118) | (0.0112) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Emotions | 0.0210** | 0.0234** | ||||
| (0.0115) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Gender: Man x Combo | 0.0037 | 0.0077 | ||||
| (0.0116) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Some College x No-course Baseline | 0.0126 | 0.0091 | ||||
| (0.0137) | (0.0127) | |||||
| Some College x Reasoning | 0.0176 | 0.0187* | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Some College x Emotions | 0.0117 | 0.0093 | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Some College x Combo | 0.0067 | 0.0074 | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0074 | 0.0021 | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0.0146 | 0.0135 | ||||
| (0.0144) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0184* | 0.0146 | ||||
| (0.0141) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | -0.0110 | -0.0075 | ||||
| (0.0143) | (0.0136) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x No-course Baseline | -0.0077 | -0.0083 | ||||
| (0.0140) | (0.0135) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Reasoning | 0.0203* | 0.0144 | ||||
| (0.0150) | (0.0150) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Emotions | 0.0082 | 0.0083 | ||||
| (0.0135) | (0.0134) | |||||
| Graduate Degree x Combo | 0.0116 | 0.0080 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0125) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0.0091 | 0.0055 | ||||
| (0.0129) | (0.0122) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Reasoning | -0.0179* | -0.0197* | ||||
| (0.0136) | (0.0129) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Emotions | -0.0175* | -0.0225** | ||||
| (0.0130) | (0.0127) | |||||
| Married/Domestic Partnership x Combo | -0.0270** | -0.0256** | ||||
| (0.0134) | (0.0128) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x No-course Baseline | 0.0038 | 0.0029 | ||||
| (0.0131) | (0.0123) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Reasoning | -0.0220* | -0.0236** | ||||
| (0.0142) | (0.0135) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Emotions | 0.0078 | -0.0009 | ||||
| (0.0137) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Mostly Urban x Combo | 0.0157 | 0.0114 | ||||
| (0.0138) | (0.0131) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x No-course Baseline | -0.0060 | -0.0015 | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0109) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Reasoning | 0.0120 | 0.0141 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0118) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Emotions | 0.0035 | 0.0078 | ||||
| (0.0123) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Religion: Christian x Combo | 0.0112 | 0.0118 | ||||
| (0.0121) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.0210** | -0.0198** | ||||
| (0.0112) | (0.0105) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0091 | -0.0078 | ||||
| (0.0119) | (0.0115) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0238** | -0.0214** | ||||
| (0.0119) | (0.0116) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0235** | -0.0223** | ||||
| (0.0121) | (0.0110) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0060 | 0.0050 | ||||
| (0.0099) | (0.0096) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0051 | 0.0041 | ||||
| (0.0099) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | -0.0031 | -0.0017 | ||||
| (0.0094) | (0.0107) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0.0087 | 0.0059 | ||||
| (0.0116) | (0.0100) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x No-course Baseline | -0.0050 | -0.0046 | ||||
| (0.0115) | (0.0111) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Reasoning | 0.0014 | -0.0030 | ||||
| (0.0126) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Emotions | -0.0092 | -0.0059 | ||||
| (0.0124) | (0.0121) | |||||
| Social Media Hours x Combo | -0.0142 | -0.0093 | ||||
| (0.0121) | (0.0114) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0671*** | 0.0359*** | 0.0330*** | |||
| (0.0098) | (0.0120) | (0.0121) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0493*** | 0.0251** | 0.0214** | |||
| (0.0101) | (0.0117) | (0.0118) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0027 | -0.0125 | -0.0133 | |||
| (0.0138) | (0.0171) | (0.0175) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0073 | -0.0263* | -0.0243* | |||
| (0.0145) | (0.0177) | (0.0179) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0266** | -0.0382** | -0.0367** | |||
| (0.0138) | (0.0175) | (0.0176) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0059 | -0.0151 | -0.0123 | |||
| (0.0141) | (0.0174) | (0.0177) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0145 | -0.0080 | -0.0031 | |||
| (0.0141) | (0.0161) | (0.0162) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0028 | 0.0139 | 0.0139 | |||
| (0.0146) | (0.0171) | (0.0173) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0068 | -0.0002 | 0.0061 | |||
| (0.0140) | (0.0165) | (0.0165) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0052 | 0.0039 | 0.0072 | |||
| (0.0141) | (0.0164) | (0.0165) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0701*** | 0.0447*** | 0.0414*** | |||
| (0.0088) | (0.0109) | (0.0109) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | 0.0598*** | 0.0440*** | 0.0448*** | |||
| (0.0090) | (0.0107) | (0.0107) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0163* | 0.0266** | 0.0304** | |||
| (0.0119) | (0.0153) | (0.0154) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0195* | 0.0361** | 0.0376*** | |||
| (0.0125) | (0.0156) | (0.0157) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0110 | 0.0143 | 0.0144 | |||
| (0.0124) | (0.0160) | (0.0160) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | 0.0037 | 0.0149 | 0.0165 | |||
| (0.0124) | (0.0156) | (0.0156) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0025 | 0.0099 | 0.0076 | |||
| (0.0123) | (0.0142) | (0.0143) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | -0.0114 | -0.0155 | -0.0178 | |||
| (0.0127) | (0.0151) | (0.0152) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0006 | 0.0021 | -0.0015 | |||
| (0.0127) | (0.0151) | (0.0152) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0075 | -0.0088 | -0.0105 | |||
| (0.0127) | (0.0150) | (0.0151) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0176 | 0.0530 | 0.0919 | 0.1267 | 0.1362 | 0.1532 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0172 | 0.0426 | 0.0905 | 0.1253 | 0.1338 | 0.1420 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 0.3422 | 0.3378 | 0.3292 | 0.3229 | 0.3213 | 0.3198 |
\[\textit{Accuracy Discernment Score}\]
Non-zero Coefficients: Accuracy Discernment Score
Non-zero Coefficients by fold: Accuracy Discernment Score
| covariate | fold1 | fold2 | fold3 | fold4 | fold5 | fold6 | fold7 | fold8 | fold9 | fold10 | |
| 1 | Intercept | 0.722 | 0.711 | 0.720 | 0.727 | 0.730 | 0.724 | 0.722 | 0.717 | 0.727 | 0.726 |
| 4 | No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | -0.008 | 0 | -0.008 | -0.015 | -0.024 | -0.004 | -0.024 | -0.019 |
| 6 | Emotions | 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0 | 0.001 | 0.015 | 0.029 | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| 11 | Bachelor Degree | 0.037 | 0.035 | 0.038 | 0.029 | 0.035 | 0.022 | 0.036 | 0.038 | 0.038 | 0.034 |
| 16 | Mostly Urban | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 19 | Religiosity: Attends | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.0003 | 0 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 20 | Social Media: Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0003 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 22 | Social Media Share: 80-100% | -0.035 | -0.022 | -0.015 | -0.023 | -0.020 | -0.023 | -0.024 | -0.011 | -0.022 | -0.018 |
| 23 | Social Media Share: 60-80% | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.00002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 |
| 25 | Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.002 | 0 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0 | 0.008 | 0 | 0.002 | 0 | 0 |
| 26 | Age x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.019 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 28 | Age x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.022 | 0 | 0 |
| 34 | Gender: Man x Reasoning | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0001 | 0 |
| 42 | Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.011 | 0.039 | 0.017 | 0.021 | 0.017 | 0.016 | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.021 | 0.015 |
| 46 | Graduate Degree x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.009 | 0 | 0.014 | 0 | 0.008 | 0 |
| 50 | Graduate Degree x Combo | -0.005 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 51 | Married/Domestic Partnership x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0.014 | 0.0002 | 0 | 0.016 | 0 | 0 | 0.005 | 0.009 | 0 |
| 53 | Married/Domestic Partnership x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 60 | Unemployed x Combo | 0.011 | 0 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0 | 0.005 | 0.0003 | 0.0004 | 0 | 0.012 |
| 61 | Employed x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0 | -0.0002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 65 | Employed x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.009 | -0.001 | -0.001 | -0.008 | -0.006 | -0.003 |
| 66 | Mostly Urban x Facts Baseline | 0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 73 | Suburban x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0001 |
| 80 | Religion: Christian x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0.0002 | 0 | 0.005 |
| 81 | Religiosity: Attends x Facts Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0.026 | 0.016 | 0.0002 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0 | 0.017 | 0 |
| 85 | Religiosity: Attends x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00001 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 90 | Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0.011 | 0 | 0 | 0.026 | 0.012 | 0.013 | 0.011 | 0.010 | 0.012 | 0 |
| 91 | Social Media Hours x Facts Baseline | 0 | -0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 99 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | 0 | -0.015 | 0 | -0.021 | -0.008 | 0 | 0 | -0.025 | -0.003 | -0.003 |
| 100 | Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.006 | -0.004 | 0 | 0 | -0.004 | 0 | -0.017 | -0.008 | 0 | -0.008 |
| 101 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x Facts Baseline | -0.003 | -0.008 | -0.013 | -0.003 | -0.007 | -0.001 | -0.032 | -0.017 | 0 | -0.007 |
| 103 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.024 | -0.009 | -0.006 | -0.008 | -0.029 | -0.022 | -0.013 | -0.004 | -0.018 | 0 |
| 107 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Emotions | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.002 | 0 | -0.008 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 108 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x No-course Baseline | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0 | 0.023 | 0 | 0.008 | 0 | 0 |
| 110 | Social Media Share: 40-60% x Combo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.006 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 111 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Facts Baseline | 0.013 | 0 | 0.005 | 0 | 0.006 | 0 | 0.014 | 0.002 | 0.0002 | 0.0004 |
Coefficients at optimal lambda: Accuracy Discernment Score
| Covariate | Coefficient | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 0.733 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 0.6603 |
| 3 | Emotions | 0.7053 |
| 4 | Combo | 0.7802 |
| 5 | Age | 0.7247 |
| 6 | Graduate Degree | 0.03271 |
| 7 | Social Media Share: 60-80% | -0.02217 |
| 8 | Age x Facts Baseline | 0.0006975 |
| 9 | Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.01519 |
| 10 | Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | 0.003328 |
| 11 | Social Media Hours x Facts Baseline | 0.003988 |
| 12 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | -0.007343 |
| 13 | Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | -0.01461 |
| 14 | Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | 0.0007399 |
Short table (treatment coefficients only)
|
No covariates (1) |
Selected covariates (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
Selected covariates and Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotions | 0.0466 | 0.0429 | 0.0471 | 0.0465 | 0.0462 | 0.0428 |
| (0.0432) | (0.0431) | (0.0430) | (0.0430) | (0.0430) | (0.0429) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0293 | -0.0294 | -0.0278 | -0.0293 | -0.0299 | -0.0301 |
| (0.0450) | (0.0449) | (0.0449) | (0.0448) | (0.0449) | (0.0448) | |
| Combo | -0.0094 | -0.0135 | -0.0055 | -0.0097 | -0.0074 | -0.0123 |
| (0.0443) | (0.0442) | (0.0442) | (0.0440) | (0.0440) | (0.0439) | |
| No-course Baseline | -0.0754** | -0.0749** | -0.0689* | -0.0645* | -0.0645* | -0.0658* |
| (0.0448) | (0.0448) | (0.0448) | (0.0448) | (0.0448) | (0.0448) | |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0009 | 0.0090 | 0.0076 | 0.0117 | 0.0134 | 0.0200 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0005 | 0.0051 | 0.0060 | 0.0101 | 0.0107 | 0.0139 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.3070 | 1.3039 | 1.3034 | 1.3007 | 1.3003 | 1.2982 |
Click to view the full table
Full table (covariates and interactions)
|
No covariates (1) |
Selected covariates (2) |
Sharing rates (3) |
Accuracy scores (4) |
Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (5) |
Selected covariates and Sharing rates and Accuracy scores (6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-course Baseline | -0.0754** | -0.0749** | -0.0689* | -0.0645* | -0.0645* | -0.0658* |
| (0.0448) | (0.0448) | (0.0448) | (0.0448) | (0.0448) | (0.0448) | |
| Reasoning | -0.0293 | -0.0294 | -0.0278 | -0.0293 | -0.0299 | -0.0301 |
| (0.0450) | (0.0449) | (0.0449) | (0.0448) | (0.0449) | (0.0448) | |
| Emotions | 0.0466 | 0.0429 | 0.0471 | 0.0465 | 0.0462 | 0.0428 |
| (0.0432) | (0.0431) | (0.0430) | (0.0430) | (0.0430) | (0.0429) | |
| Combo | -0.0094 | -0.0135 | -0.0055 | -0.0097 | -0.0074 | -0.0123 |
| (0.0443) | (0.0442) | (0.0442) | (0.0440) | (0.0440) | (0.0439) | |
| Bachelor Degree | 0.0376 | 0.0336 | ||||
| (0.0314) | (0.0312) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% | 0.0138 | 0.0408 | ||||
| (0.0317) | (0.0321) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% | 0.0536* | 0.0505* | ||||
| (0.0340) | (0.0336) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends | 0.0626** | 0.0639** | ||||
| (0.0326) | (0.0326) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes | 0.0044 | 0.0007 | ||||
| (0.0358) | (0.0348) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% | -0.0494* | -0.0224 | ||||
| (0.0331) | (0.0339) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x No-course Baseline | 0.0141 | 0.0173 | ||||
| (0.0453) | (0.0450) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Reasoning | 0.0296 | 0.0330 | ||||
| (0.0452) | (0.0452) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Emotions | 0.0700* | 0.0689* | ||||
| (0.0434) | (0.0432) | |||||
| Bachelor Degree x Combo | 0.0053 | 0.0002 | ||||
| (0.0446) | (0.0445) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x No-course Baseline | -0.0826** | -0.0975** | ||||
| (0.0457) | (0.0462) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Reasoning | -0.1008** | -0.1189*** | ||||
| (0.0462) | (0.0469) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Emotions | -0.0507 | -0.0539 | ||||
| (0.0449) | (0.0454) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 80-100% x Combo | -0.0906** | -0.1029** | ||||
| (0.0472) | (0.0477) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x No-course Baseline | -0.0600 | -0.0546 | ||||
| (0.0479) | (0.0477) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Reasoning | -0.0556 | -0.0536 | ||||
| (0.0478) | (0.0476) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Emotions | -0.0229 | -0.0255 | ||||
| (0.0473) | (0.0470) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 20-40% x Combo | -0.0544 | -0.0536 | ||||
| (0.0480) | (0.0476) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x No-course Baseline | -0.0387 | -0.0401 | ||||
| (0.0428) | (0.0429) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Reasoning | -0.0539 | -0.0560 | ||||
| (0.0472) | (0.0474) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Emotions | -0.0724* | -0.0773** | ||||
| (0.0464) | (0.0460) | |||||
| Religiosity: Attends x Combo | -0.0363 | -0.0347 | ||||
| (0.0448) | (0.0445) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x No-course Baseline | 0.0031 | 0.0043 | ||||
| (0.0416) | (0.0410) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Reasoning | 0.0036 | 0.0065 | ||||
| (0.0456) | (0.0443) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Emotions | 0.0379 | 0.0332 | ||||
| (0.0490) | (0.0469) | |||||
| Social Media: Yes x Combo | 0.0744* | 0.0760* | ||||
| (0.0536) | (0.0514) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x No-course Baseline | -0.0418 | -0.0568 | ||||
| (0.0486) | (0.0495) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Reasoning | 0.0209 | 0.0019 | ||||
| (0.0478) | (0.0489) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Emotions | 0.0345 | 0.0376 | ||||
| (0.0456) | (0.0466) | |||||
| Social Media Share: 60-80% x Combo | 0.0725* | 0.0588 | ||||
| (0.0463) | (0.0470) | |||||
| Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.1029*** | -0.0177 | -0.0174 | |||
| (0.0400) | (0.0497) | (0.0499) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0184 | -0.0049 | -0.0051 | |||
| (0.0410) | (0.0477) | (0.0474) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0816* | 0.0635 | 0.0826 | |||
| (0.0571) | (0.0709) | (0.0714) | ||||
| Reasoning x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0437 | -0.0158 | -0.0026 | |||
| (0.0579) | (0.0713) | (0.0713) | ||||
| Emotions x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0572 | -0.0836 | -0.0827 | |||
| (0.0549) | (0.0692) | (0.0696) | ||||
| Combo x Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0126 | -0.0249 | -0.0181 | |||
| (0.0567) | (0.0710) | (0.0713) | ||||
| No-course Baseline x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | -0.0583 | -0.0534 | -0.0545 | |||
| (0.0592) | (0.0682) | (0.0679) | ||||
| Reasoning x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0245 | 0.0297 | 0.0280 | |||
| (0.0582) | (0.0683) | (0.0680) | ||||
| Emotions x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0366 | -0.0181 | -0.0176 | |||
| (0.0558) | (0.0648) | (0.0646) | ||||
| Combo x Non-Misinfo Sharing Rate at Pre-treatment | 0.0683 | 0.0986* | 0.0942* | |||
| (0.0568) | (0.0665) | (0.0661) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -0.1370*** | -0.1254*** | -0.1204*** | |||
| (0.0373) | (0.0469) | (0.0467) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at Pre-treatment | -0.0321 | -0.0283 | -0.0312 | |||
| (0.0380) | (0.0446) | (0.0445) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | 0.0563 | 0.0227 | 0.0211 | |||
| (0.0524) | (0.0659) | (0.0655) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0756* | 0.0823 | 0.0844 | |||
| (0.0531) | (0.0658) | (0.0659) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | -0.0138 | 0.0400 | 0.0422 | |||
| (0.0509) | (0.0647) | (0.0647) | ||||
| Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | 0.0134 | 0.0190 | 0.0159 | |||
| (0.0521) | (0.0657) | (0.0655) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x No-course Baseline | -0.0560 | -0.0349 | -0.0302 | |||
| (0.0541) | (0.0628) | (0.0625) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Reasoning | 0.0100 | -0.0059 | -0.0050 | |||
| (0.0536) | (0.0632) | (0.0631) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Emotions | 0.0775* | 0.0898* | 0.0880* | |||
| (0.0521) | (0.0606) | (0.0605) | ||||
| Non-Misinfo Accuracy Score at pre-treatment x Combo | -0.0151 | -0.0650 | -0.0632 | |||
| (0.0534) | (0.0629) | (0.0626) | ||||
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Sharing rates |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
|
Misinfo and Non-Misinfo Accuracy scores |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| R2 | 0.0009 | 0.0090 | 0.0076 | 0.0117 | 0.0134 | 0.0200 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.0005 | 0.0051 | 0.0060 | 0.0101 | 0.0107 | 0.0139 |
| Num. obs. | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 | 8684 |
| RMSE | 1.3070 | 1.3039 | 1.3034 | 1.3007 | 1.3003 | 1.2982 |
t-statistic Ratio: OLS vs. Post-lasso OLS
t-stats ratio.
t-statistic Ratio: OLS vs. Post-lasso OLS.
The following tables show the ratio between the t-statistic of the post-lasso-OLS model (numerator) and the t-statistic of the OLS model (denominator).
# OLS
# Means by treatment condition
# Primary Misinfo Sharing rate
m1_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula('pre_spec_outcome_rates ~ 0 + treatment'),wide)
m1b_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('pre_spec_outcome_rates ~ 0 + treatment + ',covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m1c_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('pre_spec_outcome_rates ~ 0 + treatment + ',sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m1d_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('pre_spec_outcome_rates ~ 0 + treatment + ',accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m1e_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('pre_spec_outcome_rates ~ 0 + treatment + ',sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m1f_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('pre_spec_outcome_rates ~ 0 + treatment + ',all_covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
# Post Misinfo Sharing rate
m2_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula('misinfo_post ~ 0 + treatment'),wide)
m2b_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m2c_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m2d_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m2e_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m2f_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',all_covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
# Post Non-Misinfo Sharing rate
m3_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula('base_rate_post ~ 0 + treatment'),wide)
m3b_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_rate_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m3c_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_rate_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m3d_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_rate_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m3e_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_rate_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m3f_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_rate_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',all_covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
# Post Sharing discernment
m4_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula('new_disc_post ~ 0 + treatment'),wide)
m4b_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_disc_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m4c_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_disc_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m4d_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_disc_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m4e_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_disc_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m4f_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_disc_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',all_covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
# Post Misinfo Accuracy score
m5_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula('misinfo_avg_acc_score_post ~ 0 + treatment'),wide)
m5b_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_acc_score_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m5c_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_acc_score_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m5d_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_acc_score_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m5e_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_acc_score_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m5f_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_acc_score_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',all_covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
# Post Misinfo binarized Accuracy score
m6_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula('misinfo_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ 0 + treatment'),wide)
m6b_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m6c_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m6d_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m6e_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m6f_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',all_covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
# Post Non-Misinfo Accuracy score
m7_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula('base_avg_acc_score_post ~ 0 + treatment'),wide)
m7b_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_acc_score_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m7c_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_acc_score_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m7d_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_acc_score_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m7e_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_acc_score_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m7f_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_acc_score_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',all_covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
# Post Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score
m8_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula('base_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ 0 + treatment'),wide)
m8b_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m8c_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m8d_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m8e_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m8f_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',all_covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
# Post Accuracy discernment
m9_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula('new_acc_post ~ 0 + treatment'),wide)
m9b_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_acc_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m9c_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_acc_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m9d_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_acc_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m9e_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_acc_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m9f_wide <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_acc_post ~ 0 + treatment + ',all_covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
# Calculate robust standard errors for each model
models <- c("m1_wide","m2_wide","m3_wide","m4_wide","m5_wide","m6_wide","m7_wide","m8_wide","m9_wide",
"m1b_wide","m2b_wide","m3b_wide","m4b_wide","m5b_wide","m6b_wide","m7b_wide","m8b_wide","m9b_wide",
"m1c_wide","m2c_wide","m3c_wide","m4c_wide","m5c_wide","m6c_wide","m7c_wide","m8c_wide","m9c_wide",
"m1d_wide","m2d_wide","m3d_wide","m4d_wide","m5d_wide","m6d_wide","m7d_wide","m8d_wide","m9d_wide",
"m1e_wide","m2e_wide","m3e_wide","m4e_wide","m5e_wide","m6e_wide","m7e_wide","m8e_wide","m9e_wide",
"m1f_wide","m2f_wide","m3f_wide","m4f_wide","m5f_wide","m6f_wide","m7f_wide","m8f_wide","m9f_wide")
models_se <- list()
for (m in models) {
models_se[[length(models_se)+1]] <- coef(summary(get(m)))[,2][!names(coef(get(m))) %in% "(Intercept)"]
}
models_tstat <- list()
for (m in models) {
models_tstat[[length(models_tstat)+1]] <- coef(summary(get(m)))[,3][!names(coef(get(m))) %in% "(Intercept)"]
}
# Hypothesis testing
# Estimate Treatment effects (vs. Facts Baseline)
# Primary Misinfo Sharing rate
m1_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula('pre_spec_outcome_rates ~ treatment'),wide)
m1b_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('pre_spec_outcome_rates ~ treatment + ',covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m1c_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('pre_spec_outcome_rates ~ treatment + ',sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m1d_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('pre_spec_outcome_rates ~ treatment + ',accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m1e_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('pre_spec_outcome_rates ~ treatment + ',sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m1f_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('pre_spec_outcome_rates ~ treatment + ',all_covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
# Post Misinfo Sharing rate
m2_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula('misinfo_post ~ treatment'),wide)
m2b_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_post ~ treatment + ',covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m2c_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m2d_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_post ~ treatment + ',accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m2e_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m2f_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_post ~ treatment + ',all_covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
# Post Non-Misinfo Sharing rate
m3_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula('base_rate_post ~ treatment'),wide)
m3b_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_rate_post ~ treatment + ',covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m3c_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_rate_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m3d_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_rate_post ~ treatment + ',accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m3e_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_rate_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m3f_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_rate_post ~ treatment + ',all_covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
# Post Sharing discernment
m4_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula('new_disc_post ~ treatment'),wide)
m4b_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_disc_post ~ treatment + ',covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m4c_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_disc_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m4d_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_disc_post ~ treatment + ',accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m4e_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_disc_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m4f_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_disc_post ~ treatment + ',all_covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
# Post Misinfo Accuracy score
m5_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula('misinfo_avg_acc_score_post ~ treatment'),wide)
m5b_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m5c_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m5d_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m5e_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m5f_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',all_covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
# Post Misinfo binarized Accuracy score
m6_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula('misinfo_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ treatment'),wide)
m6b_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m6c_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m6d_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m6e_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m6f_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',all_covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
# Post Non-Misinfo Accuracy score
m7_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula('base_avg_acc_score_post ~ treatment'),wide)
m7b_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m7c_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m7d_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m7e_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m7f_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',all_covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
# Post Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score
m8_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula('base_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ treatment'),wide)
m8b_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m8c_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m8d_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m8e_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m8f_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',all_covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
# Post Accuracy discernment
m9_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula('new_acc_post ~ treatment'),wide)
m9b_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_acc_post ~ treatment + ',covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m9c_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_acc_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m9d_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_acc_post ~ treatment + ',accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m9e_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_acc_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m9f_wide_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_acc_post ~ treatment + ',all_covariates_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
# Calculate robust standard errors for each model
models <- c("m1_wide_te","m2_wide_te","m3_wide_te","m4_wide_te","m5_wide_te","m6_wide_te","m7_wide_te","m8_wide_te","m9_wide_te",
"m1b_wide_te","m2b_wide_te","m3b_wide_te","m4b_wide_te","m5b_wide_te","m6b_wide_te","m7b_wide_te","m8b_wide_te","m9b_wide_te",
"m1c_wide_te","m2c_wide_te","m3c_wide_te","m4c_wide_te","m5c_wide_te","m6c_wide_te","m7c_wide_te","m8c_wide_te","m9c_wide_te",
"m1d_wide_te","m2d_wide_te","m3d_wide_te","m4d_wide_te","m5d_wide_te","m6d_wide_te","m7d_wide_te","m8d_wide_te","m9d_wide_te",
"m1e_wide_te","m2e_wide_te","m3e_wide_te","m4e_wide_te","m5e_wide_te","m6e_wide_te","m7e_wide_te","m8e_wide_te","m9e_wide_te",
"m1f_wide_te","m2f_wide_te","m3f_wide_te","m4f_wide_te","m5f_wide_te","m6f_wide_te","m7f_wide_te","m8f_wide_te","m9f_wide_te")
models_se_te <- list()
for (m in models) {
models_se_te[[length(models_se_te)+1]] <- coef(summary(get(m)))[,2][!names(coef(get(m))) %in% "(Intercept)"]
}
models_tstat_te <- list()
for (m in models) {
models_tstat_te[[length(models_tstat_te)+1]] <- coef(summary(get(m)))[,3][!names(coef(get(m))) %in% "(Intercept)"]
}
# Lasso
# Primary Misinfo Sharing rate
m1_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula('pre_spec_outcome_rates ~ treatment'),wide)
m1b_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('pre_spec_outcome_rates ~ treatment + ',list_covariates_list[[1]])),wide)
m1c_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('pre_spec_outcome_rates ~ treatment + ',sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m1d_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('pre_spec_outcome_rates ~ treatment + ',accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m1e_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('pre_spec_outcome_rates ~ treatment + ',sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m1f_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('pre_spec_outcome_rates ~ treatment + ',list_covariates_list[[1]],' + ', sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
# Misinfo Sharing rate
m2_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula('misinfo_post ~ treatment'),wide)
m2b_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_post ~ treatment + ',list_covariates_list[[2]])),wide)
m2c_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m2d_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_post ~ treatment + ',accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m2e_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m2f_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_post ~ treatment + ',list_covariates_list[[2]],' + ', sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
# Non-Misinfo Sharing rate
m3_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula('base_rate_post ~ treatment'),wide)
m3b_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_rate_post ~ treatment + ',list_covariates_list[[3]])),wide)
m3c_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_rate_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m3d_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_rate_post ~ treatment + ',accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m3e_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_rate_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m3f_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_rate_post ~ treatment + ',list_covariates_list[[3]],' + ', sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
# Sharing Discernment Score
m4_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula('new_disc_post ~ treatment'),wide)
m4b_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_disc_post ~ treatment + ',list_covariates_list[[4]])),wide)
m4c_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_disc_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m4d_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_disc_post ~ treatment + ',accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m4e_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_disc_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m4f_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_disc_post ~ treatment + ',list_covariates_list[[4]],' + ', sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
# Misinfo Accuracy score
m5_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula('misinfo_avg_acc_score_post ~ treatment'),wide)
m5b_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',list_covariates_list[[5]])),wide)
m5c_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m5d_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m5e_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m5f_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',list_covariates_list[[5]],' + ', sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
# Misinfo binarized Accuracy score
m6_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula('misinfo_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ treatment'),wide)
m6b_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',list_covariates_list[[6]])),wide)
m6c_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m6d_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m6e_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m6f_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('misinfo_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',list_covariates_list[[6]],' + ', sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
# Non-Misinfo Accuracy score
m7_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula('base_avg_acc_score_post ~ treatment'),wide)
m7b_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',list_covariates_list[[7]])),wide)
m7c_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m7d_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m7e_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m7f_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',list_covariates_list[[7]],' + ', sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
# Non-Misinfo binarized Accuracy score
m8_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula('base_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ treatment'),wide)
m8b_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',list_covariates_list[[8]])),wide)
m8c_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m8d_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m8e_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m8f_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('base_avg_positive_acc_score_post ~ treatment + ',list_covariates_list[[8]],' + ', sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
# Post Accuracy discernment
m9_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula('new_acc_post ~ treatment'),wide)
m9b_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_acc_post ~ treatment + ',list_covariates_list[[9]])),wide)
m9c_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_acc_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m9d_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_acc_post ~ treatment + ',accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m9e_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_acc_post ~ treatment + ',sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
m9f_wide_lasso_te <- lm_robust(as.formula(paste0('new_acc_post ~ treatment + ',list_covariates_list[[9]],' + ', sharing_accuracy_demeaned_treatment)),wide)
# Post-lasso OLS models
models <- c("m1_wide_lasso_te","m2_wide_lasso_te","m3_wide_lasso_te","m4_wide_lasso_te","m5_wide_lasso_te","m6_wide_lasso_te","m7_wide_lasso_te","m8_wide_lasso_te","m9_wide_lasso_te",
"m1b_wide_lasso_te","m2b_wide_lasso_te","m3b_wide_lasso_te","m4b_wide_lasso_te","m5b_wide_lasso_te","m6b_wide_lasso_te","m7b_wide_lasso_te","m8b_wide_lasso_te","m9b_wide_lasso_te",
"m1c_wide_lasso_te","m2c_wide_lasso_te","m3c_wide_lasso_te","m4c_wide_lasso_te","m5c_wide_lasso_te","m6c_wide_lasso_te","m7c_wide_lasso_te","m8c_wide_lasso_te","m9c_wide_lasso_te",
"m1d_wide_lasso_te","m2d_wide_lasso_te","m3d_wide_lasso_te","m4d_wide_lasso_te","m5d_wide_lasso_te","m6d_wide_lasso_te","m7d_wide_lasso_te","m8d_wide_lasso_te","m9d_wide_lasso_te",
"m1e_wide_lasso_te","m2e_wide_lasso_te","m3e_wide_lasso_te","m4e_wide_lasso_te","m5e_wide_lasso_te","m6e_wide_lasso_te","m7e_wide_lasso_te","m8e_wide_lasso_te","m9e_wide_lasso_te",
"m1f_wide_lasso_te","m2f_wide_lasso_te","m3f_wide_lasso_te","m4f_wide_lasso_te","m5f_wide_lasso_te","m6f_wide_lasso_te","m7f_wide_lasso_te","m8f_wide_lasso_te","m9f_wide_lasso_te")
# OLS models
# models <- c("m1_wide_te","m2_wide_te","m3_wide_te","m4_wide_te","m5_wide_te","m6_wide_te","m7_wide_te","m8_wide_te","m9_wide_te",
# "m1b_wide_te","m2b_wide_te","m3b_wide_te","m4b_wide_te","m5b_wide_te","m6b_wide_te","m7b_wide_te","m8b_wide_te","m9b_wide_te",
# "m1c_wide_te","m2c_wide_te","m3c_wide_te","m4c_wide_te","m5c_wide_te","m6c_wide_te","m7c_wide_te","m8c_wide_te","m9c_wide_te",
# "m1d_wide_te","m2d_wide_te","m3d_wide_te","m4d_wide_te","m5d_wide_te","m6d_wide_te","m7d_wide_te","m8d_wide_te","m9d_wide_te",
# "m1e_wide_te","m2e_wide_te","m3e_wide_te","m4e_wide_te","m5e_wide_te","m6e_wide_te","m7e_wide_te","m8e_wide_te","m9e_wide_te",
# "m1f_wide_te","m2f_wide_te","m3f_wide_te","m4f_wide_te","m5f_wide_te","m6f_wide_te","m7f_wide_te","m8f_wide_te","m9f_wide_te")
models_tstat_lasso_te <- list()
for (m in models) {
models_tstat_lasso_te[[length(models_tstat_lasso_te)+1]] <- coef(summary(get(m)))[,3][!names(coef(get(m))) %in% "(Intercept)"]
}
# Calculate the ratio of standard errors
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m1 <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[1]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[1]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m1b <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[10]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[10]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m1c <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[19]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[19]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m1d <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[28]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[28]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m1e <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[37]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[37]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m1f <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[46]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[46]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m2 <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[2]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[2]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m2b <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[11]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[11]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m2c <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[20]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[20]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m2d <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[29]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[29]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m2e <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[38]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[38]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m2f <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[47]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[47]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m3 <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[3]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[3]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m3b <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[12]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[12]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m3c <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[21]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[21]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m3d <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[30]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[30]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m3e <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[39]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[39]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m3f <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[48]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[48]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m4 <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[4]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[4]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m4b <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[13]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[13]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m4c <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[22]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[22]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m4d <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[31]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[31]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m4e <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[40]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[40]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m4f <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[49]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[49]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m5 <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[5]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[5]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m5b <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[14]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[14]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m5c <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[23]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[23]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m5d <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[32]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[32]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m5e <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[41]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[41]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m5f <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[50]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[50]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m6 <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[6]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[6]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m6b <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[15]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[15]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m6c <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[24]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[24]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m6d <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[33]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[33]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m6e <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[42]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[42]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m6f <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[51]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[51]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m7 <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[7]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[7]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m7b <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[16]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[16]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m7c <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[25]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[25]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m7d <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[34]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[34]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m7e <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[43]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[43]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m7f <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[52]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[52]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m8 <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[8]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[8]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m8b <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[17]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[17]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m8c <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[26]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[26]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m8d <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[35]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[35]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m8e <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[44]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[44]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m8f <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[53]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[53]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m9 <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[9]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[9]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m9b <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[18]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[18]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m9c <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[27]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[27]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m9d <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[36]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[36]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m9e <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[45]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[45]][1:4]
ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m9f <- models_tstat_lasso_te[[54]][1:4]/models_tstat_te[[54]][1:4]
# generate html tables for each model of the 9 models
for (m in 1:length(headers)) {
t_ratio_df <- data.frame(
Variable = names(m1_wide_lasso_te$coefficients)[!names(m1_wide_lasso_te$coefficients) %in% "(Intercept)"],
Ratio_m1 = get(paste0("ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m",m)),
Ratio_m1b = get(paste0("ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m",m,"b")),
Ratio_m1c = get(paste0("ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m",m,"c")),
Ratio_m1d = get(paste0("ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m",m,"d")),
Ratio_m1e = get(paste0("ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m",m,"e")),
Ratio_m1f = get(paste0("ratio_tstat_lasso_te_m",m,"f"))
)
t_ratio_df$Variable <- c("No-course Baseline","Reasoning","Emotions","Combo")
names(t_ratio_df) <- c("Treatment",
"\u200B\u200B",
"\u200B\u200B\u200B",
"\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B",
"\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B",
"\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B",
"\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B")
rownames(t_ratio_df) <- NULL
multicolumn_headers <- c("<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'></td>
<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'>vs. model (1)</td>
<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'>vs. model (2)</td>
<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'>vs. model (3)</td>
<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'>vs. model (4)</td>
<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'>vs. model (5)</td>
<td colspan='2' style='text-align:center;'>vs. model (6)</td>")
# Generate the HTML table using stargazer
html_table <- capture.output(stargazer(t_ratio_df, type = "html",
summary = FALSE,
title = "Ratio of t-stats: Post-Lasso OLS vs. OLS",
digits = 4,
column.sep.width = "25pt",
dep.var.labels.include = FALSE))
# spacing between columns
html_table <- gsub("(<td[^>]*>)([^<]+)(</td>)", "\\1\\2 \\3", html_table)
lines_to_add <- c(
"<tr><td style='text-align:left'>Demographics</td><td></td><td></td><td>✓</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>✓</td>",
"<tr><td style='text-align:left'>Sharing rates</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>✓</td><td></td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td>",
"<tr><td style='text-align:left'>Accuracy scores</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td>"
)
# Insert the lines before the closing table tag
html_table <- sub("</table>", paste0(paste(lines_to_add, collapse = "\n"), "</table>"), html_table)
# Print the HTML table
# cat(html_table)
file_path <- paste0("tstat_lasso_te_ratio_table_",m,".html")
writeLines(html_table, file_path)
}\[\textit{Primary Misinfo Sharing Rate}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 3 | Emotions | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 4 | Combo | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
\[\textit{Misinfo Sharing
Rate}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 3 | Emotions | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 4 | Combo | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo Sharing
Rate}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 3 | Emotions | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 4 | Combo | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
\[\textit{Sharing Discernment
Score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 1 | 1.2188 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.2036 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 1 | 0.8298 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.7957 |
| 3 | Emotions | 1 | 0.9911 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.9988 |
| 4 | Combo | 1 | 0.8986 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.9204 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
\[\textit{Misinfo Accuracy
score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 3 | Emotions | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 4 | Combo | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
\[\textit{Misinfo binarized
Accuracy score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 3 | Emotions | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 4 | Combo | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo Accuracy
score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 3 | Emotions | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 4 | Combo | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
\[\textit{Non-Misinfo binarized
Accuracy score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 3 | Emotions | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 4 | Combo | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
\[\textit{Accuracy Discernment
Score}\]
| Treatment | | | | | | | |
| 1 | No-course Baseline | 1 | 1.0654 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.0447 |
| 2 | Reasoning | 1 | 1.1459 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.0683 |
| 3 | Emotions | 1 | 0.9230 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.9672 |
| 4 | Combo | 1 | 2.1322 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.7651 |
| Demographics | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| Sharing rates | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Accuracy scores | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||