X1 <- c(35, 40, 40, 42, 37, 45, 43, 37, 44, 42, 41, 39)
mean(X1)#体重的均值
## [1] 40.41667
sd(X1)#体重的标准差
## [1] 3.028901
X2 <- c(60, 74, 64, 71, 72, 68, 78, 66, 70, 65, 73, 75)
mean(X1)#胸围的均值
## [1] 40.41667
sd(X1)#胸围的标准差
## [1] 3.028901
X1 <- c(35, 40, 40, 42, 37, 45, 43, 37, 44, 42, 41, 39)
X2 <- c(60, 74, 64, 71, 72, 68, 78, 66, 70, 65, 73, 75)
plot(X1, X2)#体重与胸围的散点图
hist(X1)#体重的直方图
##我使用如下方法将数据保存为excel文件
##定义数据
data <- data.frame(
Name = c('Alice', 'Becka', 'Gail', 'Karen', 'Kathy', 'Mary', 'Sandy', 'Sharon', 'Tammy', 'Alfred', 'Duke', 'Guido', 'James', 'Jeffrey', 'John', 'Philip', 'Robert', 'Thomas', 'William'),
Sex = c('F', 'F', 'F', 'F', 'F', 'F', 'F', 'F', 'F', 'M', 'M', 'M', 'M', 'M', 'M', 'M', 'M', 'M', 'M'),
Age = c(13, 13, 14, 12, 12, 15, 11, 15, 14, 14, 14, 15, 12, 13, 12, 16, 12, 11, 15),
Height = c(56.5, 65.3, 64.3, 56.3, 59.8, 66.5, 51.3, 62.5, 62.8, 69.0, 63.5, 67.0, 57.3, 62.5, 59.0, 72.0, 64.8, 57.5, 66.5),
Weight = c(84.0, 98.0, 90.0, 77.0, 84.5, 112.0, 50.5, 112.5, 102.5, 112.5, 102.5, 133.0, 83.0, 84.0, 99.5, 150.0, 128.0, 85.0, 112.0)
)
library(openxlsx)
data <- read.xlsx("C:/Users/4EVER_yuan/Desktop/非参数统计/非参第一次作业/2.3/data.xlsx")##导入上述Excel文件并对Weight和Height进行线性回归
linear_model <- lm(Weight ~ Height, data)# 线性回归
summary(linear_model)# 打印回归结果
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Weight ~ Height, data = data)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -17.6807 -6.0642 0.5115 9.2846 18.3698
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -143.0269 32.2746 -4.432 0.000366 ***
## Height 3.8990 0.5161 7.555 7.89e-07 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 11.23 on 17 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7705, Adjusted R-squared: 0.757
## F-statistic: 57.08 on 1 and 17 DF, p-value: 7.887e-07
#2.2 数字,字符与向量
##2.2.1 向量
#三种向量的赋值方式
x <- c(10.4, 5.6, 3.1, 6.4, 21.7)
assign("x", c(10.4, 5.6, 3.1, 6.4, 21.7))
#向量的运算
x <- c(-1, 0, 2)
y <- c(3, 8, 2)
v <- 2*x + y + 1
v#加减运算
## [1] 2 9 7
x*y#乘
## [1] -3 0 4
x/y#除
## [1] -0.3333333 0.0000000 1.0000000
x^2#平方
## [1] 1 0 4
y^x#乘方
## [1] 0.3333333 1.0000000 4.0000000
#与向量运算有关的函数
x <- c(10, 6, 4, 7, 8)
max(x)#向量X的最大值
## [1] 10
min(x)#向量X的最小值
## [1] 4
range(x)#向量X的最大值
## [1] 4 10
sum(x)#向量X 各分量之和
## [1] 35
length(x)#向量X各分量个数
## [1] 5
median(x)#向量X的中位数
## [1] 7
mean(x)#向量X的均值
## [1] 7
var(x)#向量X的方差
## [1] 5
sort(x)#向量X的各分量从小到大排列(顺序统计量)
## [1] 4 6 7 8 10
##2.2.2产生有规律的数列
#等差数列
3.14129:6
## [1] 3.14129 4.14129 5.14129
2:5.566#a:b表示从a开始,逐项加1或减1
## [1] 2 3 4 5
#注意:等差运算优先级大于加减运算,下面的1:n-1表示的是向量1:n减1,而向量1到n-1需用括号表示为1:(n-1)
n<-5
1:n-1
## [1] 0 1 2 3 4
1:(n-1)
## [1] 1 2 3 4
#等间隔函数
#seq(from=value1,to=value2,by=value3)表示从value1开始,到value2结束,中间间隔为value3
#seq(length=value1,from=value2,by=value3)表示向量长度value1,从value2开始,中间间隔为value3
#下列两个seq函数输出的向量相同
seq(from=1,to=2,by=.2)
## [1] 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
seq(length=6,from=1,by=.2)
## [1] 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
#重复函数
#s->rep(x,times=3)表示将变量X重复三倍,再放在变量S中
x <- c(1, 4, 6.25)
s <- rep(x,times=3)
s
## [1] 1.00 4.00 6.25 1.00 4.00 6.25 1.00 4.00 6.25
##2.2.3逻辑向量
x <- 1:7
s <- x>4
s
## [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE
#逻辑运算符有<,>,<=,>=,==(表示等于),!=(表示不等于)
#判断一个逻辑向量是否全部是真值的函数是all,如:
all(c(1,2,3,4,5,6,7)>3)
## [1] FALSE
#判断一个逻辑向量是否其中有真值的函数是any,如:
any(c(1,2,3,4,5,6,7)>3)
## [1] TRUE
##2.2.4缺失数据
#用NA表示某处的数据缺省或缺失,如:
z <- c(1:3,NA)
z
## [1] 1 2 3 NA
#函数is.na()是检测缺失数据的函数,如:
z <- c(1:3,NA)
ind <- is.na(z)
ind
## [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE
#若要将缺失数据改为0,则用下列命令:
z[is.na(z)] <- 0
z
## [1] 1 2 3 0
#此外类似的函数还有is.nan()函数用来检测数据是否确定,is.finite()函数用来检测数据是否有限,is.infinite()函数用来检测数据是否为无穷。例子如下:
x <- c(0/1,1/0,0/0,NA)
x
## [1] 0 Inf NaN NA
is.nan(x)
## [1] FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE
is.finite(x)
## [1] TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
is.infinite(x)
## [1] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE
##2.25字符型向量
#向量元素可以取字符串值,中间用空格分开,例如:
y <-c ("er", "sdf", "eir", "jk", "dim")
y
## [1] "er" "sdf" "eir" "jk" "dim"
#paste函数可以用来把自变量连成一个字符串,中间用逗号隔开,例如:
paste("My","Job")
## [1] "My Job"
#连接的自变量也可以是向量,这是各对应元素连接起来,长度不相同时较短的向量被重复使用。自变量可以是数值向量,连接时自动转换成适当的字符串表示,分割字符可以用sep参数指定,例如:
labs<-paste("X", 1:6, sep = "")
labs
## [1] "X1" "X2" "X3" "X4" "X5" "X6"
#关于paste函数还有以下几个用法:
paste(1:10) #与as.character(1:10)结果一致
## [1] "1" "2" "3" "4" "5" "6" "7" "8" "9" "10"
paste("Today is", date())
## [1] "Today is Thu Apr 18 18:16:32 2024"
##2.26复数向量
#对于复数计算,采用complex(re=x,im=y)函数,其中Re()计算复数的实部,Im()计算复数的虚部。下面将绘制复数z = x + isin(x)的散点图和折线图
x <- seq(-pi, pi, by=pi/10)
y <- sin(x)
z <- complex(re=x, im=y)
plot(z)
lines(z)
#此外,Mod()用来计算复数的模。Arg()用来计算复数的幅角
#2.2.7向量下标的计算
#我们可以指定访问向量元素和向量子集
x <- c(1,4,7)
x[2]
## [1] 4
(c(1, 3, 5) + 5)[2]
## [1] 8
#也可以单独修改一个元素的值
x <- c(1,4,7)
x[2] <- 125
x
## [1] 1 125 7
#1.逻辑向量
#v为和x等长的逻辑向量,x[v]表示取出x中所有v为真值的元素,例如:
x <- c(1,4,7)
x[x<5]
## [1] 1 4
#可以将向量中缺失数据赋为0,例如:
z <- c(-1, 1:3, NA)
z[is.na(z)] <- 0
z
## [1] -1 1 2 3 0
#也可以将向量中的缺失数据赋给另外一个向量
z <- c(-1, 1:3, NA)
y <- z[!is.na(z)]#表示把z中的非缺失数据赋给y
y
## [1] -1 1 2 3
#相似的,还有:
z <- c(-1, 1:3, NA)
(z+1)[(!is.na(z)) & z>0] -> x#表示把z中的非缺失并且大于零的数据各+1后赋给x
x
## [1] 2 3 4
#3下标的正整数运算
#v为一个向量,下标取值在1到length(v)之间,取值允许重复,例如:
v <- 10:20
v[c(1,3,5,9)]
## [1] 10 12 14 18
v[1:5]
## [1] 10 11 12 13 14
v[c(1,2,3,2,1)]
## [1] 10 11 12 11 10
c("a","b","c")[rep(c(2,1,3), times=3)]
## [1] "b" "a" "c" "b" "a" "c" "b" "a" "c"
#3下标的负整数运算
#v为一个向量,下标取值在-length(x)到-1之间,如:
v <- 10:20
v[-(1:5)]
## [1] 15 16 17 18 19 20
#4取字符型值的下标向量
ages <- c(Li=33, Zhang=29, Liu=18)
ages
## Li Zhang Liu
## 33 29 18
ages["Zhang"]
## Zhang
## 29
#向量元素名可以后加,如:
fruit <- c(5, 10, 1, 20)
names(fruit) <- c("orange", "banana", "apple", "peach")
fruit
## orange banana apple peach
## 5 10 1 20
##2.3 对象和它的模式与属性 ##2.3.1固有属性:mode和length
#R语言都有两个基本的属性:mode(类型)和length(长度)属性。此外,R语言还有一种特别的null(空值型),只有一个特殊的NULL值为这种类型,表示没有值(不同于NA,NA是一种特殊值,而NULL是没有值)。
mode(c(1,3,5)>5)
## [1] "logical"
#要判断某对象是否某类型,可以用is.numeric(x)来检验对象x是否为数值型,is.character(x)来检测对象x是否为字符型等
z <- 0:8
is.numeric(x)
## [1] TRUE
#长度属性表示R对象元素的个数,例如:
length(2:4)
## [1] 3
z <- 0:8
length(z)
## [1] 9
#R可以强制进行类型转换,例如:
z <- 0:8
z
## [1] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
digits <- as.character(z)
digits
## [1] "0" "1" "2" "3" "4" "5" "6" "7" "8"
d <- as.numeric(digits)
d
## [1] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
##2.3.2 修改对象的长度
#对象可以取0长度或者正整数为长度。R允许对超出对象长度的下标赋值,这是对象长度自动伸长以包括此下标,未赋值的元素取缺失值NA,例如:
x <- numeric(0)
x[3] <- 17
x
## [1] NA NA 17
#对于 x <- 1:3,要增加对象的长度只需做赋值运算就好,例如:
x <- 1:3
x
## [1] 1 2 3
x <- 1:4
x
## [1] 1 2 3 4
#对于 x <- 1:3,要缩短对象的长度只需赋一个长度短的子集就好,如:
x <- 1:3
x
## [1] 1 2 3
x <- x[1:2]
x
## [1] 1 2
##2.3.3 attributes()函数和attr()函数
#attributes(object)返回对象object的各特殊属性组成的列表,不包括固有属性mode和length,例如:
x <- c(apple=2.5,orange=2.1)
x
## apple orange
## 2.5 2.1
attributes(x)
## $names
## [1] "apple" "orange"
#也可以把attr()函数写作赋值的左边以改变属性值或定义新的属性,例如:
x <- c(apple=2.5,orange=2.1)
x
## apple orange
## 2.5 2.1
attr(x,"names") <- c("apple","grapes")
x
## apple grapes
## 2.5 2.1
attr(x,"type") <- "fruit"
x
## apple grapes
## 2.5 2.1
## attr(,"type")
## [1] "fruit"
attr(x,"type")
## [1] "fruit"
attributes(x)
## $names
## [1] "apple" "grapes"
##
## $type
## [1] "fruit"
##2.3.4 对象的class属性
#在R中可以用特殊的class属性来支持面对对象的编程风格,对象的class属性用来区分对象的类,可以写出通用函数根据对象的类的不同进行不同的操作,比如print()函数对于向量和矩阵的显示方法就不同,Plot()函数对于不同类的自变量作不同的图形。
#为了暂时去掉一个有类的对象的class属性,可以使用unclass(object)函数。
##2.4.1 factor()函数
sex <- c("M","F","M","M", "F")
sexf <- factor(sex)
sexf
## [1] M F M M F
## Levels: F M
sex.level <- levels(sexf); sex.level
## [1] "F" "M"
sex.tab <- table(sexf); sex.tab
## sexf
## F M
## 2 3
##2.4.2 tapply()函数
sex <- c("M","F","M","M", "F")
height <- c(174, 165, 180, 171, 160)
tapply(height, sex, mean)
## F M
## 162.5 175.0
##2.4.3 gl()函数
#gl(n, k,length)表示把从1到n的各个数每个数各重复k遍,length表示长度,不写此参数时默认是n*k。
gl(3,5,15)
## [1] 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
## Levels: 1 2 3
gl(3,5)
## [1] 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
## Levels: 1 2 3
gl(3,1,15)
## [1] 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
## Levels: 1 2 3
##2.5 多维数组和矩阵 ##2.5.1生成数组或矩阵
z<-1:12
dim(z)<-c(3,4)
z
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] 1 4 7 10
## [2,] 2 5 8 11
## [3,] 3 6 9 12
dim(z)<-12
z
## [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
##2.5.2 数组下标
X <- array(1:20,dim=c(4,5))
X
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
## [1,] 1 5 9 13 17
## [2,] 2 6 10 14 18
## [3,] 3 7 11 15 19
## [4,] 4 8 12 16 20
A<-matrix(1:15, nrow=3,ncol=5,byrow=TRUE)
A
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
## [1,] 1 2 3 4 5
## [2,] 6 7 8 9 10
## [3,] 11 12 13 14 15
##2.5.3 数组的四则运算
a <- 1:24
dim(a) <- c(2,3,4)
a[2, 1, 2]
## [1] 8
a[1, 2:3, 2:3]
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 9 15
## [2,] 11 17
a[1, , ]
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] 1 7 13 19
## [2,] 3 9 15 21
## [3,] 5 11 17 23
b <- matrix(c(1,1,1,2,2,3,1,3,4,2,1,4), ncol=3, byrow=T)
b
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 1 1
## [2,] 2 2 3
## [3,] 1 3 4
## [4,] 2 1 4
##2.5.4 矩阵的运算
A<-matrix(1:6,nrow=2); A
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 3 5
## [2,] 2 4 6
t(A)
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 1 2
## [2,] 3 4
## [3,] 5 6
x <- 1:5; y <- 2*1:5
x %*% y
## [,1]
## [1,] 110
det(matrix(1:4, ncol=2))
## [1] -2
x <- 1:5; y <- 2*1:5
x %o% y
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
## [1,] 2 4 6 8 10
## [2,] 4 8 12 16 20
## [3,] 6 12 18 24 30
## [4,] 8 16 24 32 40
## [5,] 10 20 30 40 50
A <- array(1:9,dim=(c(3,3)))
B <- array(9:1,dim=(c(3,3)))
C <- A * B; C
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 9 24 21
## [2,] 16 25 16
## [3,] 21 24 9
v<-c(1,4,5)
diag(v)
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 0 0
## [2,] 0 4 0
## [3,] 0 0 5
A <- t(array(c(1:8, 10),dim=c(3,3)))
b <- c(1,1,1)
x <- solve(A,b); x
## [1] -1.000000e+00 1.000000e+00 3.330669e-16
B <- solve(A); B
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] -0.6666667 -1.333333 1
## [2,] -0.6666667 3.666667 -2
## [3,] 1.0000000 -2.000000 1
Sm<-crossprod(A,A)
ev<-eigen(Sm); ev
## eigen() decomposition
## $values
## [1] 303.19533618 0.76590739 0.03875643
##
## $vectors
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] -0.4646675 0.833286355 0.2995295
## [2,] -0.5537546 -0.009499485 -0.8326258
## [3,] -0.6909703 -0.552759994 0.4658502
svdA<-svd(A); svdA
## $d
## [1] 17.4125052 0.8751614 0.1968665
##
## $u
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] -0.2093373 0.96438514 0.1616762
## [2,] -0.5038485 0.03532145 -0.8630696
## [3,] -0.8380421 -0.26213299 0.4785099
##
## $v
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] -0.4646675 -0.833286355 0.2995295
## [2,] -0.5537546 0.009499485 -0.8326258
## [3,] -0.6909703 0.552759994 0.4658502
x<-c(0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8)
y<-c(0.9, 1.9, 2.8, 3.3, 4.2)
lsfit.sol <- lsfit(x, y)
lsfit.sol
## $coefficients
## Intercept X
## 1.02 4.00
##
## $residuals
## [1] -0.12 0.08 0.18 -0.12 -0.02
##
## $intercept
## [1] TRUE
##
## $qr
## $qt
## [1] -5.85849810 2.52982213 0.23749843 -0.02946714 0.10356728
##
## $qr
## Intercept X
## [1,] -2.2360680 -0.8944272
## [2,] 0.4472136 0.6324555
## [3,] 0.4472136 -0.1954395
## [4,] 0.4472136 -0.5116673
## [5,] 0.4472136 -0.8278950
##
## $qraux
## [1] 1.447214 1.120788
##
## $rank
## [1] 2
##
## $pivot
## [1] 1 2
##
## $tol
## [1] 1e-07
##
## attr(,"class")
## [1] "qr"
##2.5.5 与矩阵(数组)运算有关的函数
A<-matrix(1:6,nrow=2); A
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 3 5
## [2,] 2 4 6
dim(A)
## [1] 2 3
nrow(A)
## [1] 2
ncol(A)
## [1] 3
x1 <- rbind(c(1,2), c(3,4)); x1
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 1 2
## [2,] 3 4
x2 <- 10+x1
x3 <- cbind(x1, x2); x3
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] 1 2 11 12
## [2,] 3 4 13 14
x4 <- rbind(x1, x2); x4
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 1 2
## [2,] 3 4
## [3,] 11 12
## [4,] 13 14
cbind(1, x1)
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 1 2
## [2,] 1 3 4
A<-matrix(1:6,nrow=2); A
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 3 5
## [2,] 2 4 6
as.vector(A)
## [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6
X <- matrix(1:6, ncol=2,dimnames=list(c("one","two","three"), c("First","Second")),byrow=T); X
## First Second
## one 1 2
## two 3 4
## three 5 6
X<-matrix(1:6, ncol=2, byrow=T)
dimnames(X) <- list(c("one", "two", "three"), c("First", "Second"))
X<-matrix(1:6, ncol=2, byrow=T)
colnames(X) <- c("First", "Second")
rownames(X) <- c("one", "two", "three")
A<-matrix(1:6,nrow=2); A
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 3 5
## [2,] 2 4 6
apply(A,1,sum)
## [1] 9 12
apply(A,2,mean)
## [1] 1.5 3.5 5.5
##2.6列表与数据框 ##2.6.1列表
Lst <- list(name="Fred", wife="Mary", no.children=3,
child.ages=c(4,7,9))
Lst
## $name
## [1] "Fred"
##
## $wife
## [1] "Mary"
##
## $no.children
## [1] 3
##
## $child.ages
## [1] 4 7 9
Lst[[2]]
## [1] "Mary"
Lst[[4]][2]
## [1] 7
##2.6.2 数据框(data.frame)
df<-data.frame(
Name=c("Alice", "Becka", "James", "Jeffrey", "John"),
Sex=c("F", "F", "M", "M", "M"),
Age=c(13, 13, 12, 13, 12),
Height=c(56.5, 65.3, 57.3, 62.5, 59.0),
Weight=c(84.0, 98.0, 83.0, 84.0, 99.5)
); df
## Name Sex Age Height Weight
## 1 Alice F 13 56.5 84.0
## 2 Becka F 13 65.3 98.0
## 3 James M 12 57.3 83.0
## 4 Jeffrey M 13 62.5 84.0
## 5 John M 12 59.0 99.5
Lst<-list(
Name=c("Alice", "Becka", "James", "Jeffrey", "John"),
Sex=c("F", "F", "M", "M", "M"),
Age=c(13, 13, 12, 13, 12),
Height=c(56.5, 65.3, 57.3, 62.5, 59.0),
Weight=c(84.0, 98.0, 83.0, 84.0, 99.5)
); Lst
## $Name
## [1] "Alice" "Becka" "James" "Jeffrey" "John"
##
## $Sex
## [1] "F" "F" "M" "M" "M"
##
## $Age
## [1] 13 13 12 13 12
##
## $Height
## [1] 56.5 65.3 57.3 62.5 59.0
##
## $Weight
## [1] 84.0 98.0 83.0 84.0 99.5
df[1:2, 3:5]
## Age Height Weight
## 1 13 56.5 84
## 2 13 65.3 98
df[["Height"]]
## [1] 56.5 65.3 57.3 62.5 59.0
attach(df)
r <- Height/Weight; r
## [1] 0.6726190 0.6663265 0.6903614 0.7440476 0.5929648
df$r <- Height/Weight
##2.7读写数据文件(略过) ##2.8控制流 ##2.8.1分支语句(略过) ##2.8.2中止语句与空语句
#中止语句是break语句,break语句的作用是中止循环,是循环跳到循环以外。空语句是next语句,next语句是继续执行,而不执行某个实质性的内容。
##2.8.3循环语句
n<-4; x<-array(0, dim=c(n,n))
for (i in 1:n){
for (j in 1:n){
x[i,j]<-1/(i+j-1)
}
}
x
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] 1.0000000 0.5000000 0.3333333 0.2500000
## [2,] 0.5000000 0.3333333 0.2500000 0.2000000
## [3,] 0.3333333 0.2500000 0.2000000 0.1666667
## [4,] 0.2500000 0.2000000 0.1666667 0.1428571
f<-1; f[2]<-1; i<-1
while (f[i]+f[i+1]<1000) {
f[i+2]<-f[i]+f[i+1]
i<-i+1;
}
f
## [1] 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987
f<-1; f[2]<-1; i<-1
repeat {
f[i+2]<-f[i]+f[i+1]
i<-i+1
if (f[i]+f[i+1]>=1000) break
}
##2.9编写自己的函数 ##2.9.1简单的例子
fzero <- function(f, a, b, eps=1e-5){
if (f(a)*f(b)>0)
list(fail="finding root is fail!")
else{
repeat {
if (abs(b-a)<eps) break
x <- (a+b)/2
if (f(a)*f(x)<0) b<-x else a<-x
}
list(root=(a+b)/2, fun=f(x))
}
}
f<-function(x) x^3-x-1
fzero(f, 1, 2, 1e-6)
## $root
## [1] 1.324718
##
## $fun
## [1] -1.857576e-06
twosam <- function(y1, y2) {
n1 <- length(y1); n2 <- length(y2)
yb1 <- mean(y1); yb2 <- mean(y2)
s1 <- var(y1); s2 <- var(y2)
s <- ((n1-1)*s1 + (n2-1)*s2)/(n1+n2-2)
(yb1 - yb2)/sqrt(s*(1/n1 + 1/n2))
}
A <- c(79.98, 80.04, 80.02, 80.04, 80.03, 80.03,
80.04, 79.97, 80.05, 80.03, 80.02, 80.00, 80.02)
B <- c(80.02, 79.94, 79.98, 79.97, 79.97, 80.03,
79.95, 79.97)
twosam(A,B)
## [1] 3.472245
##2.9.3有名参数与省缺
Newtons<-function (fun, x, ep=1e-5, it_max=100){
index<-0; k<-1
while (k<=it_max){
x1 <- x; obj <- fun(x);
x <- x - solve(obj$J, obj$f);
norm <- sqrt((x-x1) %*% (x-x1))
if (norm<ep){
index<-1; break
}
k<-k+1
}
obj <- fun(x);
list(root=x, it=k, index=index, FunVal= obj$f)
}
funs<-function(x){
f<-c(x[1]^2+x[2]^2-5, (x[1]+1)*x[2]-(3*x[1]+1))
J<-matrix(c(2*x[1], 2*x[2], x[2]-3, x[1]+1),
nrow=2, byrow=T)
list(f=f, J=J)
}
Newtons(funs, c(0,1))
## $root
## [1] 1 2
##
## $it
## [1] 6
##
## $index
## [1] 1
##
## $FunVal
## [1] 1.598721e-14 6.217249e-15
##2.9.4递归函数
area <- function(f, a, b, eps = 1.0e-06, lim = 10) {
fun1 <- function(f, a, b, fa, fb, a0, eps, lim, fun) {
d <- (a + b)/2; h <- (b - a)/4; fd <- f(d)
a1 <- h * (fa + fd); a2 <- h * (fd + fb)
if(abs(a0 - a1 - a2) < eps || lim == 0)
return(a1 + a2)
else {
return(fun(f, a, d, fa, fd, a1, eps, lim - 1, fun)
+ fun(f, d, b, fd, fb, a2, eps, lim - 1, fun))
}
}
fa <- f(a); fb <- f(b); a0 <- ((fa + fb) * (b - a))/2
fun1(f, a, b, fa, fb, a0, eps, lim, fun1)
}
f <- function(x) 1/x
quad<-area(f,1,5); quad
## [1] 1.609452
##第三章 数据描述性分析 ##3.1描述性统计量 ##3.1.1位置的度量
w <- c(75.0, 64.0, 47.4, 66.9, 62.2, 62.2, 58.7, 63.5,66.6, 64.0, 57.0, 69.0, 56.9, 50.0, 72.0)
w.mean <- mean(w); w.mean
## [1] 62.36
x <- 1:12; dim(x)<-c(3,4)
mean(x)
## [1] 6.5
apply(x,1,mean)
## [1] 5.5 6.5 7.5
apply(x,2,mean)
## [1] 2 5 8 11
mean(as.data.frame(x))
## Warning in mean.default(as.data.frame(x)): argument is not numeric or logical:
## returning NA
## [1] NA
x <- c(75, 64, 47.4, 66.9, 62.2, 62.2, 58.7, 63.5)
sort(x)
## [1] 47.4 58.7 62.2 62.2 63.5 64.0 66.9 75.0
sort(x, decreasing = TRUE)
## [1] 75.0 66.9 64.0 63.5 62.2 62.2 58.7 47.4
x.na <- c(75.0,64.0,47.4,NA,66.9,62.2,62.2,58.7,63.5)
sort(x.na)
## [1] 47.4 58.7 62.2 62.2 63.5 64.0 66.9 75.0
sort(x.na, na.last = TRUE)
## [1] 47.4 58.7 62.2 62.2 63.5 64.0 66.9 75.0 NA
sort(x.na, na.last = FALSE)
## [1] NA 47.4 58.7 62.2 62.2 63.5 64.0 66.9 75.0
x <- c(75, 64, 47.4, 66.9, 62.2, 62.2, 58.7, 63.5)
median(x)
## [1] 62.85
w <- c(75.0, 64.0, 47.4, 66.9, 62.2, 62.2, 58.7, 63.5,66.6, 64.0, 57.0, 69.0, 56.9, 50.0, 72.0)
quantile(w)
## 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
## 47.40 57.85 63.50 66.75 75.00
##3.1.2分散程度的度量
cv <- 100*sd(w)/mean(w); cv
## [1] 12.05071
css <- sum((w-mean(w))^2); css
## [1] 790.616
uss <- sum(w^2); uss
## [1] 59122.16
##3.1.3分布形状的度量
#主要包括样本的偏度系数和峰度系数
#例3.2
data_outline <- function(x){
n <- length(x)
m <- mean(x)
v <- var(x)
s <- sd(x)
me <- median(x)
cv <- 100*s/m
css <- sum((x-m)^2)
uss <- sum(x^2)
R <- max(x)-min(x)
R1 <- quantile(x,3/4)-quantile(x,1/4)
sm <- s/sqrt(n)
g1 <- n/((n-1)*(n-2))*sum((x-m)^3)/s^3
g2 <- ((n*(n+1))/((n-1)*(n-2)*(n-3))*sum((x-m)^4)/s^4
- (3*(n-1)^2)/((n-2)*(n-3)))
data.frame(N=n, Mean=m, Var=v, std_dev=s,
Median=me, std_mean=sm, CV=cv, CSS=css, USS=uss,
R=R, R1=R1, Skewness=g1, Kurtosis=g2, row.names=1)
}
w <- c(75.0, 64.0, 47.4, 66.9, 62.2, 62.2, 58.7, 63.5,
66.6, 64.0, 57.0, 69.0, 56.9, 50.0, 72.0)
data_outline(w)
## N Mean Var std_dev Median std_mean CV CSS USS R R1
## 1 15 62.36 56.47257 7.514823 63.5 1.940319 12.05071 790.616 59122.16 27.6 8.9
## Skewness Kurtosis
## 1 -0.4299561 0.09653947
##3.2数据的分布 ##3.2.2直方图、经验分布图与QQ图
w <- c(75.0, 64.0, 47.4, 66.9, 62.2, 62.2, 58.7, 63.5,66.6, 64.0, 57.0, 69.0, 56.9, 50.0, 72.0)
hist(w, freq = FALSE)
lines(density(w), col = "blue")
x <- 44:76
lines(x, dnorm(x, mean(w), sd(w)), col = "red")
plot(ecdf(w),verticals = TRUE, do.p = FALSE)
x <- 44:78
lines(x, pnorm(x, mean(w), sd(w)))
w <- c(75.0, 64.0, 47.4, 66.9, 62.2, 62.2, 58.7, 63.5,
66.6, 64.0, 57.0, 69.0, 56.9, 50.0, 72.0)
qqnorm(w); qqline(w)
##3.2.3茎叶图、箱线图及五数总括
x<-c(25, 45, 50, 54, 55, 61, 64, 68, 72, 75, 75,78, 79, 81, 83, 84, 84, 84, 85, 86, 86, 86,87, 89, 89, 89, 90, 91, 91, 92, 100)
stem(x)
##
## The decimal point is 1 digit(s) to the right of the |
##
## 2 | 5
## 3 |
## 4 | 5
## 5 | 045
## 6 | 148
## 7 | 25589
## 8 | 1344456667999
## 9 | 0112
## 10 | 0
stem(x, scale = 2)
##
## The decimal point is 1 digit(s) to the right of the |
##
## 2 | 5
## 3 |
## 3 |
## 4 |
## 4 | 5
## 5 | 04
## 5 | 5
## 6 | 14
## 6 | 8
## 7 | 2
## 7 | 5589
## 8 | 13444
## 8 | 56667999
## 9 | 0112
## 9 |
## 10 | 0
stem(x, scale = .5)
##
## The decimal point is 1 digit(s) to the right of the |
##
## 2 | 5
## 4 | 5045
## 6 | 14825589
## 8 | 13444566679990112
## 10 | 0
boxplot(x)
c(79.98, 80.04, 80.02, 80.04, 80.03, 80.03, 80.04,79.97, 80.05, 80.03, 80.02, 80.00, 80.02)
## [1] 79.98 80.04 80.02 80.04 80.03 80.03 80.04 79.97 80.05 80.03 80.02 80.00
## [13] 80.02
B <- c(80.02, 79.94, 79.98, 79.97, 79.97, 80.03, 79.95,79.97)
boxplot(A, B, notch=T, names=c("A", "B"), col=c(2,3))
## Warning in (function (z, notch = FALSE, width = NULL, varwidth = FALSE, : some
## notches went outside hinges ('box'): maybe set notch=FALSE
boxplot(count ~ spray, data = InsectSprays,
col = "lightgray")
boxplot(count ~ spray, data = InsectSprays,
notch = TRUE, col = 2:7, add = TRUE)
## Warning in (function (z, notch = FALSE, width = NULL, varwidth = FALSE, : some
## notches went outside hinges ('box'): maybe set notch=FALSE
x<-c(25, 45, 50, 54, 55, 61, 64, 68, 72, 75, 75,78, 79, 81, 83, 84, 84, 84, 85, 86, 86, 86,87, 89, 89, 89, 90, 91, 91, 92, 100)
fivenum(x)
## [1] 25 70 84 88 100
##3.2.4正态性检验与分布拟合检验
w <- c(75.0, 64.0, 47.4, 66.9, 62.2, 62.2, 58.7, 63.5,66.6, 64.0, 57.0, 69.0, 56.9, 50.0, 72.0)
shapiro.test(w)
##
## Shapiro-Wilk normality test
##
## data: w
## W = 0.96862, p-value = 0.8371
x<-rt(100,5)
ks.test(x, "pf",2,5)
##
## Asymptotic one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
##
## data: x
## D = 0.42, p-value = 9.992e-16
## alternative hypothesis: two-sided
##3.3 R软件中的绘图命令 ##3.3.1高水平绘图函数
df<-data.frame(
Age=c(13, 13, 14, 12, 12, 15, 11, 15, 14, 14, 14,15, 12, 13, 12, 16, 12, 11, 15 ),
Height=c(56.5, 65.3, 64.3, 56.3, 59.8, 66.5, 51.3,62.5, 62.8, 69.0, 63.5, 67.0, 57.3, 62.5,59.0, 72.0, 64.8, 57.5, 66.5),
Weight=c( 84.0, 98.0, 90.0, 77.0, 84.5, 112.0,50.5, 112.5, 102.5, 112.5, 102.5, 133.0,83.0, 84.0, 99.5, 150.0, 128.0, 85.0,112.0))
plot(df)
attach(df)
## The following objects are masked from df (pos = 3):
##
## Age, Height, Weight
plot(~Age+Height)
plot(Weight~Age+Height)
x<-y<-seq(-2*pi, 2*pi, pi/15)
f<-function(x,y) sin(x)*sin(y)
z<-outer(x, y, f)
contour(x,y,z,col="blue")
persp(x,y,z,theta=30, phi=30, expand=0.7,col="lightblue")
##3.4多元数据的数据特征和相关分析
##3.4.1二元数据的数字特征与相关分析
ore<-data.frame(
x=c(67, 54, 72, 64, 39, 22, 58, 43, 46, 34),
y=c(24, 15, 23, 19, 16, 11, 20, 16, 17, 13)
)
ore.m<-mean(ore)
## Warning in mean.default(ore): argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
ore.s<-cov(ore)
ore.r<-cor(ore)
attach(ore)
## The following objects are masked _by_ .GlobalEnv:
##
## x, y
cor.test(x,y)
##
## Pearson's product-moment correlation
##
## data: x and y
## t = Inf, df = 59, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true correlation is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 1 1
## sample estimates:
## cor
## 1
##3.4.2二元数据的相关性检验
#编写Ruben函数
ruben.test <- function(n, r, alpha=0.05){
u <- qnorm(1-alpha/2)
r_star <- r/sqrt(1-r^2)
a <- 2*n-3-u^2
b <- r_star*sqrt((2*n-3)*(2*n-5))
c <- (2*n-5-u^2)*r_star^2-2*u^2
y1 <- (b-sqrt(b^2-a*c))/a
y2 <- (b+sqrt(b^2-a*c))/a
data.frame(n = n, r = r, conf = 1-alpha,
L = y1/sqrt(1+y1^2), U = y2/sqrt(1+y2^2))
}
ruben.test(6, 0.8)#当n=6,r=0.8时
## n r conf L U
## 1 6 0.8 0.95 -0.09503772 0.9727884
ruben.test(25, 0.7)#当n=25,r=0.7时
## n r conf L U
## 1 25 0.7 0.95 0.4108176 0.8535657
##
第二题 题目解答
#将前三名学生的年龄输入向量first3
AGE<-c(18,23,22,21,20,19,20,20,20)
AGE
## [1] 18 23 22 21 20 19 20 20 20
first3<-AGE[1:3]
first3
## [1] 18 23 22
#将剩余学生的年龄输入向量except3
except3<-AGE[-(1:3)]
except3
## [1] 21 20 19 20 20 20
#在except3的第三个位置后插入新生的年龄19
except3 <- c(except3[1:2], 19, except3[3:length(except3)])
except3
## [1] 21 20 19 19 20 20 20
#将上行代码中更新过的学生中的第2名学生的年龄更改为22
except3[2]<-22
except3
## [1] 21 22 19 19 20 20 20
##
第三题 题目解答
#将1到3每个数字分别重复两遍
a1<-rep(1:3,rep(2,3))
a1
## [1] 1 1 2 2 3 3
#将数值1,8,10,11赋予横向向量a2
a2<-c(1,8,10,11)
a2
## [1] 1 8 10 11
#从1开始,到30结束,以a2的长度4为间隔的数列
a3<-seq(1,30,length(a2))
a3
## [1] 1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29
#从1开始,到5结束,间隔为2的数列
a4<-seq(1,5,2)
a4
## [1] 1 3 5
#将a1和a4以及两个0拼接起来组成新的a4
a4<-c(a1,a4,rep(0,2))
a4
## [1] 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 3 5 0 0
#将2到10赋予a5
a5<-2:10
a5
## [1] 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
#将a2,a3中除1至3项的其他项以及a4拼接在一起
a6<-c(a2,a3[-(1:3)],a4)
a6
## [1] 1 8 10 11 13 17 21 25 29 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 3 5 0 0
#将10个1和8个0拼接赋予a7
a7<-c(rep(1,10),rep(0,8))
a7
## [1] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
rep(1:4,rep(2,4))
## [1] 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
rep(1:4,each=2)
## [1] 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
#上述两个代码运行结果一致
##
第四题 题目解答
library(MASS)
##
## Attaching package: 'MASS'
## The following object is masked _by_ '.GlobalEnv':
##
## area
geyser
## waiting duration
## 1 80 4.0166667
## 2 71 2.1500000
## 3 57 4.0000000
## 4 80 4.0000000
## 5 75 4.0000000
## 6 77 2.0000000
## 7 60 4.3833333
## 8 86 4.2833333
## 9 77 2.0333333
## 10 56 4.8333333
## 11 81 1.8333333
## 12 50 5.4500000
## 13 89 1.6166667
## 14 54 4.8666667
## 15 90 4.3833333
## 16 73 1.7666667
## 17 60 4.6666667
## 18 83 2.0000000
## 19 65 4.7333333
## 20 82 4.2166667
## 21 84 1.9000000
## 22 54 4.9666667
## 23 85 2.0000000
## 24 58 4.0000000
## 25 79 2.0000000
## 26 57 4.0000000
## 27 88 2.8333333
## 28 68 4.5000000
## 29 76 4.0666667
## 30 78 3.7166667
## 31 74 3.5166667
## 32 85 4.4666667
## 33 75 2.2166667
## 34 65 4.8833333
## 35 76 2.6000000
## 36 58 4.1500000
## 37 91 2.2000000
## 38 50 4.7666667
## 39 87 1.8333333
## 40 48 4.6000000
## 41 93 2.2666667
## 42 54 4.1333333
## 43 86 2.0000000
## 44 53 4.0000000
## 45 78 2.0000000
## 46 52 4.0000000
## 47 83 1.8833333
## 48 60 4.2666667
## 49 87 2.0833333
## 50 49 4.4666667
## 51 80 2.5000000
## 52 60 4.0000000
## 53 92 1.7666667
## 54 43 4.3333333
## 55 89 2.1833333
## 56 60 4.4833333
## 57 84 3.8833333
## 58 69 3.3333333
## 59 74 3.7333333
## 60 71 4.0000000
## 61 108 1.9500000
## 62 50 5.2666667
## 63 77 2.0000000
## 64 57 4.0000000
## 65 80 2.0000000
## 66 61 4.0000000
## 67 82 2.0000000
## 68 48 4.0000000
## 69 81 3.5333333
## 70 73 2.1666667
## 71 62 4.5000000
## 72 79 2.0166667
## 73 54 4.1500000
## 74 80 4.2000000
## 75 73 4.3333333
## 76 81 1.9333333
## 77 62 4.6500000
## 78 81 3.8166667
## 79 71 4.0333333
## 80 79 4.1666667
## 81 81 4.6666667
## 82 74 1.8166667
## 83 59 4.0000000
## 84 81 3.0000000
## 85 66 4.0000000
## 86 87 2.0000000
## 87 53 4.4500000
## 88 80 2.0500000
## 89 50 4.2500000
## 90 87 1.9166667
## 91 51 4.6666667
## 92 82 1.7333333
## 93 58 4.3833333
## 94 81 1.7666667
## 95 49 4.6000000
## 96 92 1.8666667
## 97 50 4.4500000
## 98 88 1.6333333
## 99 62 5.0333333
## 100 93 1.8166667
## 101 56 5.1000000
## 102 89 1.6333333
## 103 51 4.2833333
## 104 79 2.0000000
## 105 58 4.0000000
## 106 82 2.0000000
## 107 52 4.5333333
## 108 88 2.0000000
## 109 52 4.0000000
## 110 78 2.9333333
## 111 69 4.7333333
## 112 75 3.9000000
## 113 77 1.9500000
## 114 53 4.1166667
## 115 80 1.8000000
## 116 55 4.6666667
## 117 87 1.8333333
## 118 53 4.7000000
## 119 85 2.1166667
## 120 61 4.7833333
## 121 93 1.8166667
## 122 54 4.1000000
## 123 76 4.6500000
## 124 80 4.0000000
## 125 81 2.0000000
## 126 59 4.0000000
## 127 86 4.0000000
## 128 78 4.2166667
## 129 71 4.1333333
## 130 77 3.9333333
## 131 76 3.7500000
## 132 94 4.4166667
## 133 75 2.4666667
## 134 50 4.1666667
## 135 83 3.8000000
## 136 82 4.3166667
## 137 72 3.8666667
## 138 77 4.6833333
## 139 75 1.7000000
## 140 65 4.9666667
## 141 79 4.2666667
## 142 72 4.5833333
## 143 78 4.0000000
## 144 77 4.0000000
## 145 79 4.0000000
## 146 75 4.0000000
## 147 78 1.9833333
## 148 64 4.6000000
## 149 80 0.8333333
## 150 49 4.9166667
## 151 88 1.7333333
## 152 54 4.5833333
## 153 85 1.7000000
## 154 51 4.7500000
## 155 96 1.8333333
## 156 50 4.5000000
## 157 80 1.8666667
## 158 78 4.4500000
## 159 81 4.4500000
## 160 72 4.0000000
## 161 75 4.8000000
## 162 78 4.0000000
## 163 87 4.0000000
## 164 69 2.0000000
## 165 55 4.0000000
## 166 83 1.9333333
## 167 49 4.5833333
## 168 82 2.0000000
## 169 57 3.7000000
## 170 84 2.8666667
## 171 57 4.8333333
## 172 84 3.4500000
## 173 73 4.3833333
## 174 78 1.8000000
## 175 57 4.4000000
## 176 79 2.4833333
## 177 57 4.5166667
## 178 90 2.1000000
## 179 62 4.3500000
## 180 87 4.3666667
## 181 78 1.7833333
## 182 52 4.9166667
## 183 98 1.8166667
## 184 48 4.0000000
## 185 78 4.0000000
## 186 79 4.0000000
## 187 65 3.8666667
## 188 84 1.8500000
## 189 50 4.7000000
## 190 83 2.0166667
## 191 60 4.4666667
## 192 80 1.8666667
## 193 50 4.1666667
## 194 88 1.9000000
## 195 50 4.2500000
## 196 84 3.2500000
## 197 74 4.2166667
## 198 76 1.8833333
## 199 65 4.9833333
## 200 89 1.8500000
## 201 49 4.0000000
## 202 88 1.9666667
## 203 51 4.7666667
## 204 78 4.0000000
## 205 85 2.0000000
## 206 65 4.0000000
## 207 75 4.0000000
## 208 77 2.3833333
## 209 69 4.4166667
## 210 92 4.2166667
## 211 68 4.3666667
## 212 87 2.0000000
## 213 61 4.4500000
## 214 81 1.7500000
## 215 55 4.5000000
## 216 93 1.6166667
## 217 53 4.7000000
## 218 84 2.5666667
## 219 70 3.7000000
## 220 73 4.2333333
## 221 93 1.9333333
## 222 50 4.3500000
## 223 87 4.0000000
## 224 77 4.0000000
## 225 74 4.0000000
## 226 72 4.2166667
## 227 82 4.0000000
## 228 74 4.1333333
## 229 80 1.8833333
## 230 49 4.4666667
## 231 91 1.9500000
## 232 53 4.2166667
## 233 86 1.7166667
## 234 49 4.4500000
## 235 79 4.2500000
## 236 89 3.9666667
## 237 87 4.3833333
## 238 76 1.9666667
## 239 59 4.4500000
## 240 80 4.2666667
## 241 89 1.9166667
## 242 45 4.4166667
## 243 93 3.0000000
## 244 72 4.0000000
## 245 71 2.0000000
## 246 54 4.0000000
## 247 79 3.2833333
## 248 74 1.8333333
## 249 65 4.6166667
## 250 78 1.8333333
## 251 57 4.6166667
## 252 87 4.6000000
## 253 72 4.2500000
## 254 84 1.9333333
## 255 47 4.9833333
## 256 84 1.9666667
## 257 57 4.3000000
## 258 87 4.2000000
## 259 68 4.5333333
## 260 86 4.4000000
## 261 75 4.6166667
## 262 73 2.0000000
## 263 53 4.0000000
## 264 82 4.0000000
## 265 93 3.9166667
## 266 77 2.0000000
## 267 54 4.5000000
## 268 96 1.8000000
## 269 48 4.0000000
## 270 89 2.7500000
## 271 63 4.7333333
## 272 84 3.9666667
## 273 76 1.9500000
## 274 62 4.9666667
## 275 83 1.8500000
## 276 50 4.8000000
## 277 85 4.0000000
## 278 78 4.0000000
## 279 78 4.0000000
## 280 81 4.0000000
## 281 78 4.0000000
## 282 76 4.0000000
## 283 74 4.0000000
## 284 81 2.0000000
## 285 66 4.0000000
## 286 84 1.9333333
## 287 48 4.3333333
## 288 93 1.6666667
## 289 47 4.7666667
## 290 87 1.9500000
## 291 51 4.6833333
## 292 78 1.9333333
## 293 54 4.4166667
## 294 87 2.1333333
## 295 52 4.0833333
## 296 85 2.0666667
## 297 58 4.0000000
## 298 88 4.0000000
## 299 79 2.0000000
attach(geyser)
#将70min以下的数据挑选出来
data1<-geyser[which(waiting<70),1]
data1
## [1] 57 60 56 50 54 60 65 54 58 57 68 65 58 50 48 54 53 52 60 49 60 43 60 69 50
## [26] 57 61 48 62 54 62 59 66 53 50 51 58 49 50 62 56 51 58 52 52 69 53 55 53 61
## [51] 54 59 50 65 64 49 54 51 50 69 55 49 57 57 57 57 62 52 48 65 50 60 50 50 65
## [76] 49 51 65 69 68 61 55 53 50 49 53 49 59 45 54 65 57 47 57 68 53 54 48 63 62
## [101] 50 66 48 47 51 54 52 58
#将70min以下,且不等于57min的数据挑选出来
data2<-geyser[which((waiting<70)&(waiting!=57)),1]
data2
## [1] 60 56 50 54 60 65 54 58 68 65 58 50 48 54 53 52 60 49 60 43 60 69 50 61 48
## [26] 62 54 62 59 66 53 50 51 58 49 50 62 56 51 58 52 52 69 53 55 53 61 54 59 50
## [51] 65 64 49 54 51 50 69 55 49 62 52 48 65 50 60 50 50 65 49 51 65 69 68 61 55
## [76] 53 50 49 53 49 59 45 54 65 47 68 53 54 48 63 62 50 66 48 47 51 54 52 58
#将70min以下的喷泉的喷涌时间挑选出来
data3<-geyser[which(waiting<70),2]
data3
## [1] 4.000000 4.383333 4.833333 5.450000 4.866667 4.666667 4.733333 4.966667
## [9] 4.000000 4.000000 4.500000 4.883333 4.150000 4.766667 4.600000 4.133333
## [17] 4.000000 4.000000 4.266667 4.466667 4.000000 4.333333 4.483333 3.333333
## [25] 5.266667 4.000000 4.000000 4.000000 4.500000 4.150000 4.650000 4.000000
## [33] 4.000000 4.450000 4.250000 4.666667 4.383333 4.600000 4.450000 5.033333
## [41] 5.100000 4.283333 4.000000 4.533333 4.000000 4.733333 4.116667 4.666667
## [49] 4.700000 4.783333 4.100000 4.000000 4.166667 4.966667 4.600000 4.916667
## [57] 4.583333 4.750000 4.500000 2.000000 4.000000 4.583333 3.700000 4.833333
## [65] 4.400000 4.516667 4.350000 4.916667 4.000000 3.866667 4.700000 4.466667
## [73] 4.166667 4.250000 4.983333 4.000000 4.766667 4.000000 4.416667 4.366667
## [81] 4.450000 4.500000 4.700000 4.350000 4.466667 4.216667 4.450000 4.450000
## [89] 4.416667 4.000000 4.616667 4.616667 4.983333 4.300000 4.533333 4.000000
## [97] 4.500000 4.000000 4.733333 4.966667 4.800000 4.000000 4.333333 4.766667
## [105] 4.683333 4.416667 4.083333 4.000000
#将时间大于70min的喷泉的等待时间的挑选出来
data4<-geyser[which(duration>70),1]
data4
## numeric(0)