Final Project
2024-04-11
packages <- c("tidyverse", "infer", "fst", "modelsummary", "effects", "survey", "performance", "broom", "MASS", "aod", "interactions", "kableExtra", "flextable", "scales", "dplyr", "viridis", "knitr", "rmarkdown", "ggridges", "questionr")
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norway_data <- read_fst("norway_data.fst")df <- norway_datadf$weight <- df$dweight * df$pweight
survey_design <- svydesign(ids = ~1, data = df, weights = ~weight)df$happy <- ifelse(df$happy > 10, NA, df$happy)
df$happy <- scales::rescale(df$happy, na.rm = TRUE, to = c(0, 100))
df$happy <- scales::rescale(df$happy, na.rm = TRUE, to=c(100,0))df <- df %>%
mutate(
educ.ba = case_when(
essround < 5 & edulvla == 5 ~ "BA or more",
essround >= 5 & edulvlb > 600 ~ "BA or more",
TRUE ~ "No BA"
),
edulvla = ifelse(edulvla %in% c(77, 88, 99), NA_integer_, edulvla),
edulvlb = ifelse(edulvlb %in% c(5555, 7777, 8888), NA_integer_, edulvlb),
educ.ba = factor(educ.ba, levels = c("No BA", "BA or more")),
age = ifelse(agea == 999, NA, agea),
cohort = ifelse(yrbrn < 1930 | yrbrn > 2000, NA, yrbrn),
gen = case_when(
yrbrn %in% 1900:1945 ~ "1",
yrbrn %in% 1946:1964 ~ "2",
yrbrn %in% 1965:1979 ~ "3",
yrbrn %in% 1980:1996 ~ "4",
TRUE ~ as.character(cohort)
),
gen = factor(gen,
levels = c("1", "2", "3", "4"),
labels = c("Interwar", "Baby Boomers", "Gen X", "Millennials"))
)
table(df$gen)##
## Interwar Baby Boomers Gen X Millennials
## 2752 5177 4324 3240df <- df %>%
mutate(
educ.ba = case_when(
essround < 5 & edulvla == 5 ~ "BA or more",
essround >= 5 & edulvlb > 600 ~ "BA or more",
TRUE ~ "No BA"
),
edulvla = ifelse(edulvla %in% c(77, 88, 99), NA_integer_, edulvla),
edulvlb = ifelse(edulvlb %in% c(5555, 7777, 8888), NA_integer_, edulvlb),
educ.ba = factor(educ.ba, levels = c("No BA", "BA or more"))
) regression models
model1 <- lm(happy ~ educ.ba, data = df, weights = weight)
model2 <- lm(happy ~ educ.ba + gen, data = df, weights = weight)
model3 <- lm(happy ~ educ.ba + gen + educ.ba*gen, data = df, weights = weight)
modelsummary(
list(model1, model2, model3),
fmt = 1,
estimate = c( "{estimate} ({std.error}){stars}",
"{estimate} ({std.error}){stars}",
"{estimate} ({std.error}){stars}"),
statistic = NULL)| (1) | (2) | (3) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 20.2 (0.2)*** | 19.4 (0.3)*** | 19.6 (0.3)*** |
| educ.baBA or more | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.3) | −0.5 (0.7) |
| genBaby Boomers | 0.5 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.4) | |
| genGen X | 1.0 (0.4)* | 1.0 (0.5)* | |
| genMillennials | 0.7 (0.4)+ | 0.7 (0.5) | |
| educ.baBA or more × genBaby Boomers | 1.5 (0.8)+ | ||
| educ.baBA or more × genGen X | 0.3 (0.8) | ||
| educ.baBA or more × genMillennials | 0.2 (0.9) | ||
| Num.Obs. | 16043 | 15472 | 15472 |
| R2 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| R2 Adj. | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| AIC | 133635.4 | 128684.1 | 128684.5 |
| BIC | 133658.4 | 128729.9 | 128753.3 |
| Log.Lik. | −66814.692 | −64336.031 | −64333.260 |
| RMSE | 15.39 | 15.31 | 15.31 |
pdf1 <- modelsummary(list(model1, model2, model3), fmt = 1,
estimate = c("{estimate} ({std.error}){stars}",
"{estimate} ({std.error}){stars}",
"{estimate} ({std.error}){stars}"),
statistic = NULL,
coef_rename = c("genBaby Boomers" = "Baby Boomers", "genGen X" = "Gen X", "genMillennials" = "Millennials", "educ.baBA or more" = "BA or More"),
title = 'Table 1. Regression Models for Happiness')
pdf1| (1) | (2) | (3) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 20.2 (0.2)*** | 19.4 (0.3)*** | 19.6 (0.3)*** |
| BA or More | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.3) | −0.5 (0.7) |
| Baby Boomers | 0.5 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.4) | |
| Gen X | 1.0 (0.4)* | 1.0 (0.5)* | |
| Millennials | 0.7 (0.4)+ | 0.7 (0.5) | |
| BA or More:Baby Boomers | 1.5 (0.8)+ | ||
| BA or More:Gen X | 0.3 (0.8) | ||
| BA or More:Millennials | 0.2 (0.9) | ||
| Num.Obs. | 16043 | 15472 | 15472 |
| R2 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| R2 Adj. | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| AIC | 133635.4 | 128684.1 | 128684.5 |
| BIC | 133658.4 | 128729.9 | 128753.3 |
| Log.Lik. | −66814.692 | −64336.031 | −64333.260 |
| RMSE | 15.39 | 15.31 | 15.31 |
flextable::save_as_docx(pdf1, path = "table1final.docx",
width = 7.0, height = 7.0)
set_flextable_defaults(fonts_ignore=TRUE)
print(pdf1, preview = "pdf")## <table class="table" style="width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
## <caption>Table 1. Regression Models for Happiness</caption>
## <thead>
## <tr>
## <th style="text-align:left;"> </th>
## <th style="text-align:center;"> (1) </th>
## <th style="text-align:center;"> (2) </th>
## <th style="text-align:center;"> (3) </th>
## </tr>
## </thead>
## <tbody>
## <tr>
## <td style="text-align:left;"> (Intercept) </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 20.2 (0.2)*** </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 19.4 (0.3)*** </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 19.6 (0.3)*** </td>
## </tr>
## <tr>
## <td style="text-align:left;"> BA or More </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 0.1 (0.3) </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 0.1 (0.3) </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> −0.5 (0.7) </td>
## </tr>
## <tr>
## <td style="text-align:left;"> Baby Boomers </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 0.5 (0.4) </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 0.1 (0.4) </td>
## </tr>
## <tr>
## <td style="text-align:left;"> Gen X </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 1.0 (0.4)* </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 1.0 (0.5)* </td>
## </tr>
## <tr>
## <td style="text-align:left;"> Millennials </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 0.7 (0.4)+ </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 0.7 (0.5) </td>
## </tr>
## <tr>
## <td style="text-align:left;"> BA or More:Baby Boomers </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 1.5 (0.8)+ </td>
## </tr>
## <tr>
## <td style="text-align:left;"> BA or More:Gen X </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 0.3 (0.8) </td>
## </tr>
## <tr>
## <td style="text-align:left;box-shadow: 0px 1.5px"> BA or More:Millennials </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;box-shadow: 0px 1.5px"> </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;box-shadow: 0px 1.5px"> </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;box-shadow: 0px 1.5px"> 0.2 (0.9) </td>
## </tr>
## <tr>
## <td style="text-align:left;"> Num.Obs. </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 16043 </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 15472 </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 15472 </td>
## </tr>
## <tr>
## <td style="text-align:left;"> R2 </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 0.000 </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 0.000 </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 0.001 </td>
## </tr>
## <tr>
## <td style="text-align:left;"> R2 Adj. </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 0.000 </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 0.000 </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 0.000 </td>
## </tr>
## <tr>
## <td style="text-align:left;"> AIC </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 133635.4 </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 128684.1 </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 128684.5 </td>
## </tr>
## <tr>
## <td style="text-align:left;"> BIC </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 133658.4 </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 128729.9 </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 128753.3 </td>
## </tr>
## <tr>
## <td style="text-align:left;"> Log.Lik. </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> −66814.692 </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> −64336.031 </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> −64333.260 </td>
## </tr>
## <tr>
## <td style="text-align:left;"> RMSE </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 15.39 </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 15.31 </td>
## <td style="text-align:center;"> 15.31 </td>
## </tr>
## </tbody>
## </table>interaction plot
model3 <- lm(happy ~ + educ.ba + cohort + educ.ba*cohort, data = df, weights = weight)
plot3 <- interact_plot(model3, pred = cohort, modx = educ.ba, jnplot = TRUE)
plot3
ggsave(filename = "plot1.pdf", plot = plot3, device = "pdf", width = 10, height = 8)null distribution
norway_task1 <- norway_data %>%
mutate(
ID = case_when(
happy %in% 0:4 ~ "unhappy",
happy %in% 6:10 ~ "happy",
happy %in% c(77, 88) ~ NA_character_,
TRUE ~ NA_character_
),
educ.ba = case_when(
essround < 5 & edulvla == 5 ~ "BA or more",
essround >= 5 & edulvlb > 600 ~ "BA or more",
TRUE ~ "No BA"
),
edulvla = ifelse(edulvla %in% c(77, 88, 99), NA_integer_, edulvla),
edulvlb = ifelse(edulvlb %in% c(5555, 7777, 8888), NA_integer_, edulvlb),
educ.ba = factor(educ.ba, levels = c("No BA", "BA or more"))
) %>%
filter(!is.na(ID), !is.na(educ.ba)) mytab <- table(norway_task1$ID, norway_task1$educ.ba)
mytab##
## No BA BA or more
## happy 9425 5384
## unhappy 359 145rsums <- rowSums(mytab)
csums <- colSums(mytab)
N <- sum(mytab)
expected <- outer(rsums, csums) / N
expected## No BA BA or more
## happy 9461.9771 5347.0229
## unhappy 322.0229 181.9771alpha <- 0.05
df <- (nrow(mytab) - 1) * (ncol(mytab) - 1)
critical_value <- qchisq(1 - alpha, df)
observed <- mytab
chi_squared <- sum((observed - expected)^2 / expected)
p_value <- pchisq(chi_squared, df, lower.tail = FALSE)
cat("Critical Value:", critical_value, "\n")## Critical Value: 3.841459cat("Chi-Squared Statistic:", chi_squared, "\n")## Chi-Squared Statistic: 12.15985cat("P-Value:", p_value, "\n")## P-Value: 0.0004882927edu_stat <- norway_task1 %>%
specify(explanatory = ID,
response = educ.ba,
success = "BA or more") %>%
hypothesize(null = "independence") %>%
calculate(stat = "chisq") ## Warning: The statistic is based on a difference or ratio; by default, for
## difference-based statistics, the explanatory variable is subtracted in the
## order "happy" - "unhappy", or divided in the order "happy" / "unhappy" for
## ratio-based statistics. To specify this order yourself, supply `order =
## c("happy", "unhappy")` to the calculate() function.print(edu_stat$stat)## X-squared
## 11.83323null_edu <- norway_task1 %>%
specify(explanatory = ID,
response = educ.ba,
success = "BA or more") %>%
hypothesize(null = "independence") %>%
generate(reps = 1000, type = "permute") %>%
calculate(stat = "chisq")## Warning: The statistic is based on a difference or ratio; by default, for
## difference-based statistics, the explanatory variable is subtracted in the
## order "happy" - "unhappy", or divided in the order "happy" / "unhappy" for
## ratio-based statistics. To specify this order yourself, supply `order =
## c("happy", "unhappy")` to the calculate() function.null_edu## Response: educ.ba (factor)
## Explanatory: ID (factor)
## Null Hypothesis: independence
## # A tibble: 1,000 × 2
## replicate stat
## <int> <dbl>
## 1 1 2.13
## 2 2 0.108
## 3 3 0.110
## 4 4 0.108
## 5 5 2.14
## 6 6 0.497
## 7 7 0.267
## 8 8 3.05
## 9 9 0.646
## 10 10 6.26
## # ℹ 990 more rowsp_val <- null_edu %>%
get_pvalue(obs_stat = edu_stat, direction = "greater")
p_val## # A tibble: 1 × 1
## p_value
## <dbl>
## 1 0.001conf_int <- null_edu%>%
get_confidence_interval(level = 0.95, type = "percentile")
null_edu %>%
visualize(data, bins = 15, method = "simulation", dens_color = "black") +
shade_p_value(obs_stat = edu_stat, direction = "greater") +
shade_confidence_interval(endpoints = conf_int)
edu_stat <- 1000
conf_int <- null_edu %>%
get_confidence_interval(level = 0.95, type = "percentile")
null_edu %>%
visualize(bins = 10, method = "simulation", dens_color = "black") +
geom_vline(aes(xintercept = edu_stat), color = "red", linetype = "dashed", size = 1) +
shade_p_value(obs_stat = edu_stat, direction = "greater") +
shade_confidence_interval(endpoints = conf_int) +
coord_cartesian(xlim = c(0, max(null_edu$stat) * 1.1)) +
labs(title = "Null Distribution for Norway",
x = "Chi-Square",
y = "Count")## Warning: Using `size` aesthetic for lines was deprecated in ggplot2 3.4.0.
## ℹ Please use `linewidth` instead.
## This warning is displayed once every 8 hours.
## Call `lifecycle::last_lifecycle_warnings()` to see where this warning was
## generated.## Warning in min(diff(unique_loc)): no non-missing arguments to min; returning
## Inf
In the visualization of the null distibution the red line indicates evidence under the hypothesis testing to reject the null.
Critical Value (3.841459):
Chi-Squared Statistic (12.15985):
The Chi squared statistic value is greater than the critical value which indicates a deviation from what would be expected is there was no association between the variables. This also indicates that there is some evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
P-Value (0.0004882927)
This P value would provide evidence to reject the null hypothesis. This value is smaller than the significance level of (α = 0.05) which provides evidence to reject the null and support the alternative hypothesis