Coxcomb plots and 'spiecharts' in R

I was contacted recently by a housing organisation who wanted an attractive visualisation of their finances, arranged in a circular form. Because there were two 4 continuous variables to include, all of which were proportions of each other, the client suggested a plot similar to a pie chart, but with each segment extending out a different radius from the segment. I realised later that what I had been asked to make was a modified coxcomb plot, invented by Florence Nightingale to represent statistics on cause of death during the Crimean War. In fact, I had been asked to make a “spie chart.” This post demonstrates, for the first time to my knowledge, how it can be done using ggplot2:

Reading and looking at the data

This is the original dataset I was given:

f <- read.csv("F2.csv")
f[1:10, 1:12]

## Error: undefined columns selected

Without worrying too much about the details, the basics of the dataset are as follows:

• One observation per row, these will later be bars on the box plot
• Two components of data - captital and revenue
• Different orders of magnitude: some data is in absolute monetary terms, some in percentages

Base on the above points, a prerequisite was to create preliminary plots and manipulate the data so it would better fit in a coxcomb plot.

The first stage, however, is to demonstrate how the addition of coord_polar to a barchart can conver it into a pie chart:

(p <- ggplot(f, aes(x = H, y = Allocation)) + geom_bar(color = "black", stat = "identity", 
    width = 1))

p + coord_polar()

The above example works well, but notice that all the bars are of equal widths. What we want is to be proportional to a value (variable “Value”) of each observation. To do this we use the age-old function cumsum, as described in an answer to a stackexchange question.

w <- f$Value
pos <- 0.5 * (cumsum(w) + cumsum(c(0, w[-length(w)])))

(p <- ggplot(f, aes(x = pos)) + geom_bar(aes(y = Allocation), width = w, color = "black", 
    stat = "identity"))

p + coord_polar(theta = "x") + scale_x_continuous(labels = f$H, breaks = pos)

Finally a spie chart has been created. After that revelation, it was essentially about adding the 'bells and whistles', including a 10% line to represent how much more or less than their share each observation was paying.

Adding the 10 %

f$Deposit/f$Value

##  [1] 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
## [18] 0.1 0.1 0.1

# add 10% in there
p <- ggplot(f)
p + geom_bar(aes(x = pos, y = Allocation), width = w, color = "black", stat = "identity") + 
    geom_bar(aes(x = pos, y = 0.1), width = w, color = "black", stat = "identity", 
        fill = "green") + coord_polar()

# make proportional to area
f$Allo <- sqrt(f$Allocation)

p <- ggplot(f)
p + geom_bar(aes(x = pos, y = Allo, width = w), color = "black", stat = "identity") + 
    geom_bar(aes(x = pos, y = sqrt(0.1), width = w), color = "black", stat = "identity", 
        fill = "green") + coord_polar()

# add capital
capital <- (f$Captial + f$Deposit)/(f$Value) * f$Allocation
capital <- sqrt(capital)

p + geom_bar(aes(x = pos, y = Allo, width = w), color = "black", stat = "identity") + 
    geom_bar(aes(x = pos, y = capital, width = w), color = "black", stat = "identity", 
        fill = "red") + geom_bar(aes(x = pos, y = sqrt(0.1), width = w), color = "black", 
    stat = "identity", fill = "green") + coord_polar() + scale_x_continuous(labels = f$H, 
    breaks = pos)

# add ablines
p + geom_bar(aes(x = pos, y = Allo, width = w), color = "grey40", stat = "identity", 
    fill = "lightgrey") + geom_bar(aes(x = pos, y = capital, width = w), color = "grey40", 
    stat = "identity", fill = "red") + geom_bar(aes(x = pos, y = sqrt(0.1), 
    width = w), color = "grey40", stat = "identity", fill = "green") + geom_abline(intercept = 1, 
    slope = 0, linetype = 2) + geom_abline(intercept = sqrt(1.1), slope = 0, 
    linetype = 3) + geom_abline(intercept = sqrt(0.9), slope = 0, linetype = 3)

# calculate vertical ablines of divisions
v1 <- 0.51 * f$Value[1]
v2 <- cumsum(f$Value)[17] + f$Value[18] * 0.31
v3 <- cumsum(f$Value)[17] + f$Value[18] * 0.64

p + geom_bar(aes(x = pos, y = Allo, width = w), color = "grey40", stat = "identity", 
    fill = "lightgrey") + geom_vline(x = v1, linetype = 5) + geom_vline(x = v2, 
    linetype = 5) + geom_vline(x = v3, linetype = 5) + coord_polar()

# putting it all together
p <- ggplot(f)
p + geom_bar(aes(x = pos, y = Allo, width = w), color = "grey40", stat = "identity", 
    fill = "lightgrey") + geom_bar(aes(x = pos, y = capital, width = w), color = "grey40", 
    stat = "identity", fill = "red") + geom_bar(aes(x = pos, y = sqrt(0.1), 
    width = w), color = "grey40", stat = "identity", fill = "green") + geom_abline(intercept = 1, 
    slope = 0, linetype = 2) + geom_abline(intercept = sqrt(1.1), slope = 0, 
    linetype = 3) + geom_abline(intercept = sqrt(0.9), slope = 0, linetype = 3) + 
    geom_vline(x = v1, linetype = 5) + geom_vline(x = v2, linetype = 5) + geom_vline(x = v3, 
    linetype = 5) + coord_polar() + scale_x_continuous(labels = f$H, breaks = pos) + 
    theme_classic()

The above looks great, but ideally, for an 'infographic' feel, it would have no annoying axes clogging up the visuals. This was done by creating an entirely new ggpot theme.

Create theme with no axes

theme_infog <- theme_classic() + theme(axis.line = element_blank(), axis.title = element_blank(), 
    axis.ticks = element_blank(), axis.text.y = element_blank())
last_plot() + theme_infog

Creating a ring

To add the revenue element to the graph is not a task to be taken likely. This was how I tackled the problem, by creating a tall, variable-width bar chart first, and later adding the original spie chart after:

f$Cap.r <- f$Cap/mean(f$Cap) * 0.1 + 1.2
f$Cont.r <- f$Contribution/mean(f$Cap) * 0.1 + 1.2
f$Rep.r <- f$Cont.r + f$Repayments/mean(f$Cap) * 0.1
f$H <- c("a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j", "k", "l", "m", "n", 
    "o", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t")

p <- ggplot(f)
p + geom_bar(aes(x = pos, y = Allo, width = w), color = "grey40", stat = "identity", 
    fill = "lightgrey")

# we need the axes to be bigger for starters - try 1.3 to 1.5

p + geom_bar(aes(x = pos, y = Cap.r, width = w), color = "grey40", stat = "identity", 
    fill = "white") + geom_bar(aes(x = pos, y = Rep.r, width = w), color = "grey40", 
    stat = "identity", fill = "grey80") + geom_bar(aes(x = pos, y = Cont.r, 
    width = w), color = "grey40", stat = "identity", fill = "grey30") + geom_bar(aes(x = pos, 
    y = 1.196, width = w), color = "white", stat = "identity", fill = "white")

last_plot() + geom_bar(aes(x = pos, y = Allo, width = w), color = "grey40", 
    stat = "identity", fill = "grey80") + geom_bar(aes(x = pos, y = capital, 
    width = w), color = "grey40", stat = "identity", fill = "grey30") + geom_bar(aes(x = pos, 
    y = sqrt(0.1), width = w), color = "grey40", stat = "identity", fill = "black") + 
    geom_abline(intercept = 1, slope = 0, linetype = 5) + geom_abline(intercept = sqrt(1.1), 
    slope = 0, linetype = 3) + geom_abline(intercept = sqrt(0.9), slope = 0, 
    linetype = 3) + coord_polar() + scale_x_continuous(labels = f$H, breaks = pos) + 
    theme_infog

Just inner

After all that it was decided it looked nicer with only the inner ring anyway. Here is the finished product:

p <- ggplot(f)
p + geom_bar(aes(x = pos, y = Allo, width = w), color = "grey40", stat = "identity", 
    fill = "grey80") + geom_bar(aes(x = pos, y = capital, width = w), color = "grey40", 
    stat = "identity", fill = "grey30") + geom_bar(aes(x = pos, y = sqrt(0.1), 
    width = w), color = "grey40", stat = "identity", fill = "black") + geom_abline(intercept = 1, 
    slope = 0, linetype = 5) + geom_abline(intercept = sqrt(1.1), slope = 0, 
    linetype = 3) + geom_abline(intercept = sqrt(0.9), slope = 0, linetype = 3) + 
    coord_polar() + scale_x_continuous(labels = f$H, breaks = pos) + theme_infog

ggsave("just-inner.png", width = 7, height = 7, dpi = 800)