hw1
Misheel Unurjargal
2024-03-20
R Markdown
library(MASS)
library(ISLR)## Warning: package 'ISLR' was built under R version 4.3.3library(car)## Warning: package 'car' was built under R version 4.3.3## Loading required package: carData## Warning: package 'carData' was built under R version 4.3.3data(Boston)
data(Carseats)
data(Auto)
fit1 <- lm(medv ~ lstat, data = Boston)
summary(fit1)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = medv ~ lstat, data = Boston)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -15.168 -3.990 -1.318 2.034 24.500
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 34.55384 0.56263 61.41 <2e-16 ***
## lstat -0.95005 0.03873 -24.53 <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 6.216 on 504 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.5441, Adjusted R-squared: 0.5432
## F-statistic: 601.6 on 1 and 504 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16fit2 <- lm(medv ~ lstat + age, data = Boston)
summary(fit2)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = medv ~ lstat + age, data = Boston)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -15.981 -3.978 -1.283 1.968 23.158
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 33.22276 0.73085 45.458 < 2e-16 ***
## lstat -1.03207 0.04819 -21.416 < 2e-16 ***
## age 0.03454 0.01223 2.826 0.00491 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 6.173 on 503 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.5513, Adjusted R-squared: 0.5495
## F-statistic: 309 on 2 and 503 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16par(mfrow = c(2, 2))
plot(fit2)
fit3 <- lm(medv ~ lstat * age, data = Boston)
summary(fit3)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = medv ~ lstat * age, data = Boston)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -15.806 -4.045 -1.333 2.085 27.552
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 36.0885359 1.4698355 24.553 < 2e-16 ***
## lstat -1.3921168 0.1674555 -8.313 8.78e-16 ***
## age -0.0007209 0.0198792 -0.036 0.9711
## lstat:age 0.0041560 0.0018518 2.244 0.0252 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 6.149 on 502 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.5557, Adjusted R-squared: 0.5531
## F-statistic: 209.3 on 3 and 502 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16fit4 <- lm(medv ~ lstat + I(lstat^2), data = Boston)
summary(fit4)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = medv ~ lstat + I(lstat^2), data = Boston)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -15.2834 -3.8313 -0.5295 2.3095 25.4148
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 42.862007 0.872084 49.15 <2e-16 ***
## lstat -2.332821 0.123803 -18.84 <2e-16 ***
## I(lstat^2) 0.043547 0.003745 11.63 <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 5.524 on 503 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.6407, Adjusted R-squared: 0.6393
## F-statistic: 448.5 on 2 and 503 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16vif(fit4)## lstat I(lstat^2)
## 12.93657 12.93657fit5 <- lm(Sales ~ . + Income:Advertising + Price:Age, data = Carseats)
summary(fit5)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Sales ~ . + Income:Advertising + Price:Age, data = Carseats)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.9208 -0.7503 0.0177 0.6754 3.3413
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 6.5755654 1.0087470 6.519 2.22e-10 ***
## CompPrice 0.0929371 0.0041183 22.567 < 2e-16 ***
## Income 0.0108940 0.0026044 4.183 3.57e-05 ***
## Advertising 0.0702462 0.0226091 3.107 0.002030 **
## Population 0.0001592 0.0003679 0.433 0.665330
## Price -0.1008064 0.0074399 -13.549 < 2e-16 ***
## ShelveLocGood 4.8486762 0.1528378 31.724 < 2e-16 ***
## ShelveLocMedium 1.9532620 0.1257682 15.531 < 2e-16 ***
## Age -0.0579466 0.0159506 -3.633 0.000318 ***
## Education -0.0208525 0.0196131 -1.063 0.288361
## UrbanYes 0.1401597 0.1124019 1.247 0.213171
## USYes -0.1575571 0.1489234 -1.058 0.290729
## Income:Advertising 0.0007510 0.0002784 2.698 0.007290 **
## Price:Age 0.0001068 0.0001333 0.801 0.423812
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.011 on 386 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.8761, Adjusted R-squared: 0.8719
## F-statistic: 210 on 13 and 386 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16fit_auto <- lm(mpg ~ horsepower, data = Auto)
plot(mpg ~ horsepower, data = Auto)
abline(fit_auto, col = "red")
fit_carseats <- lm(Sales ~ Price + Urban + US, data = Carseats)
summary(fit_carseats)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Sales ~ Price + Urban + US, data = Carseats)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -6.9206 -1.6220 -0.0564 1.5786 7.0581
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 13.043469 0.651012 20.036 < 2e-16 ***
## Price -0.054459 0.005242 -10.389 < 2e-16 ***
## UrbanYes -0.021916 0.271650 -0.081 0.936
## USYes 1.200573 0.259042 4.635 4.86e-06 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 2.472 on 396 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2393, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2335
## F-statistic: 41.52 on 3 and 396 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16fit_carseats_updated <- update(fit_carseats, . ~ . - Urban)
confint(fit_carseats_updated, level = 0.95)## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 11.79032020 14.27126531
## Price -0.06475984 -0.04419543
## USYes 0.69151957 1.70776632set.seed(1)
x1 <- runif(100)
x2 <- 0.5 * x1 + rnorm(100) / 10
y <- 2 + 2 * x1 + 0.3 * x2 + rnorm(100)
correlation <- cor(x1, x2)
print(correlation)## [1] 0.8351212plot(x1, x2)
summary(lm(y ~ x1 + x2))##
## Call:
## lm(formula = y ~ x1 + x2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.8311 -0.7273 -0.0537 0.6338 2.3359
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.1305 0.2319 9.188 7.61e-15 ***
## x1 1.4396 0.7212 1.996 0.0487 *
## x2 1.0097 1.1337 0.891 0.3754
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.056 on 97 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2088, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1925
## F-statistic: 12.8 on 2 and 97 DF, p-value: 1.164e-05summary(lm(y ~ x1))##
## Call:
## lm(formula = y ~ x1)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.89495 -0.66874 -0.07785 0.59221 2.45560
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.1124 0.2307 9.155 8.27e-15 ***
## x1 1.9759 0.3963 4.986 2.66e-06 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.055 on 98 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2024, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1942
## F-statistic: 24.86 on 1 and 98 DF, p-value: 2.661e-06summary(lm(y ~ x2))##
## Call:
## lm(formula = y ~ x2)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.62687 -0.75156 -0.03598 0.72383 2.44890
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.3899 0.1949 12.26 < 2e-16 ***
## x2 2.8996 0.6330 4.58 1.37e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.072 on 98 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1763, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1679
## F-statistic: 20.98 on 1 and 98 DF, p-value: 1.366e-05x1 <- c(x1, 0.1)
x2 <- c(x2, 0.8)
y <- c(y, 6)
plot(lm(y ~ x1 + x2)) 
plot(lm(y ~ x1)) 
plot(lm(y ~ x2))
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