Temperature Regressions

Preliminary Regressions

Overall Effect

Version 1:

Extreme Heat defined as COUNTY-YEAR in which there are 150 or more days greater than 80 degrees F Extreme Cold defined as COUNTY-YEAR in which there are 100 or more days less than 30 degrees F

## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: BIRTH_WT_LESS2500_PCT"
## Twoways effects Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "twoways", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 782, T = 1-531, N = 10492
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -0.6046423 -0.0432770 -0.0098921  0.0166105  0.9219344 
## 
## Coefficients:
##            Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)
## EXT_HEAT -0.0158368  0.0130966 -1.2092   0.2266
## EXT_COLD -0.0063717  0.0073269 -0.8696   0.3845
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    145.5
## Residual Sum of Squares: 145.47
## R-Squared:      0.00022797
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.0813
## F-statistic: 1.1059 on 2 and 9700 DF, p-value: 0.33095
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 782, T = 1-531, N = 10492
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -0.6031420 -0.0435681 -0.0099527  0.0170345  0.9217461 
## 
## Coefficients:
##            Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)
## EXT_HEAT -0.0157098  0.0129469 -1.2134   0.2250
## EXT_COLD -0.0092085  0.0070637 -1.3036   0.1924
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    145.82
## Residual Sum of Squares: 145.78
## R-Squared:      0.00032662
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.080302
## F-statistic: 1.58591 on 2 and 9708 DF, p-value: 0.20481
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: HYPERTENSION_PCT"
## Twoways effects Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "twoways", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12106
## 
## Residuals:
##        Min.     1st Qu.      Median     3rd Qu.        Max. 
## -0.47517435 -0.04340556 -0.00030785  0.04349863  0.64343098 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)  
## EXT_HEAT  0.02070314  0.00820404  2.5235  0.01163 *
## EXT_COLD -0.00027162  0.00471275 -0.0576  0.95404  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    81.405
## Residual Sum of Squares: 81.359
## R-Squared:      0.00056399
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.071678
## F-statistic: 3.18523 on 2 and 11289 DF, p-value: 0.041406
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12106
## 
## Residuals:
##        Min.     1st Qu.      Median     3rd Qu.        Max. 
## -0.48673980 -0.04549021 -0.00089923  0.04560698  0.63326637 
## 
## Coefficients:
##            Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)   
## EXT_HEAT  0.0122045  0.0083046  1.4696 0.141697   
## EXT_COLD -0.0124985  0.0046573 -2.6836 0.007293 **
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    85.769
## Residual Sum of Squares: 85.698
## R-Squared:      0.000828
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.070636
## F-statistic: 4.68082 on 2 and 11297 DF, p-value: 0.0092894
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: DIABETES_PCT"
## Twoways effects Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "twoways", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12115
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -0.4231025 -0.0517109 -0.0059758  0.0384418  0.7147023 
## 
## Coefficients:
##            Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)
## EXT_HEAT -0.0056156  0.0103629 -0.5419   0.5879
## EXT_COLD -0.0032351  0.0059325 -0.5453   0.5855
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    129.05
## Residual Sum of Squares: 129.05
## R-Squared:      5.2495e-05
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.072169
## F-statistic: 0.296558 on 2 and 11298 DF, p-value: 0.74338
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12115
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -0.4245823 -0.0527218 -0.0059796  0.0405615  0.6991911 
## 
## Coefficients:
##            Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)
## EXT_HEAT -0.0080156  0.0103251 -0.7763   0.4376
## EXT_COLD -0.0073188  0.0057696 -1.2685   0.2046
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    131.68
## Residual Sum of Squares: 131.65
## R-Squared:      0.00019559
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.071257
## F-statistic: 1.10589 on 2 and 11306 DF, p-value: 0.33095
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: TOTAL_COST_PERCAP"
## Twoways effects Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "twoways", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -2617.537  -207.341   -29.286    91.610 28531.633 
## 
## Coefficients:
##          Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)
## EXT_HEAT  -10.499     75.943 -0.1383   0.8900
## EXT_COLD   37.440     43.584  0.8590   0.3903
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    6983300000
## Residual Sum of Squares: 6982900000
## R-Squared:      6.6872e-05
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.072102
## F-statistic: 0.378052 on 2 and 11306 DF, p-value: 0.6852
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -2502.827  -255.136   -55.888   135.958 28345.314 
## 
## Coefficients:
##          Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)
## EXT_HEAT   56.881     77.312  0.7357   0.4619
## EXT_COLD  -37.071     43.316 -0.8558   0.3921
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    7440200000
## Residual Sum of Squares: 7439400000
## R-Squared:      0.00011257
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.071295
## F-statistic: 0.636869 on 2 and 11314 DF, p-value: 0.52897
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: TOTAL_COST_LOG"
## Twoways effects Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "twoways", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##        Min.     1st Qu.      Median     3rd Qu.        Max. 
## -16.3232693  -0.2638019   0.0084061   0.3393383   4.1788643 
## 
## Coefficients:
##            Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)
## EXT_HEAT -0.0026564  0.0855501 -0.0311   0.9752
## EXT_COLD -0.0028140  0.0490974 -0.0573   0.9543
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    8861.3
## Residual Sum of Squares: 8861.3
## R-Squared:      3.771e-07
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.072174
## F-statistic: 0.00213175 on 2 and 11306 DF, p-value: 0.99787
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -16.751926  -0.368985   0.029699   0.440354   4.544502 
## 
## Coefficients:
##           Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)
## EXT_HEAT  0.131999   0.088943  1.4841   0.1378
## EXT_COLD -0.058483   0.049832 -1.1736   0.2406
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    9849.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 9846.1
## R-Squared:      0.0003163
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.071077
## F-statistic: 1.7899 on 2 and 11314 DF, p-value: 0.16702
## [1] "-------------------------------------"

Version 2:

Extreme Heat is the variable BIN_GT90 (the number of days a COUNTY-YEAR was greater than 90 degrees F) Extreme Cold is the variable BIN_LT30 (the number of days a COUNTY-YEAR was less than 30 degrees F)

## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: BIRTH_WT_LESS2500_PCT"
## Twoways effects Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "twoways", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 782, T = 1-531, N = 10492
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -0.6017874 -0.0433072 -0.0098565  0.0165755  0.9224912 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)
## EXT_HEAT -1.0998e-04  2.3767e-04 -0.4628   0.6436
## EXT_COLD -6.4399e-05  1.5510e-04 -0.4152   0.6780
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    145.5
## Residual Sum of Squares: 145.5
## R-Squared:      3.7896e-05
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.081505
## F-statistic: 0.183802 on 2 and 9700 DF, p-value: 0.8321
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 782, T = 1-531, N = 10492
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -0.6001990 -0.0434743 -0.0098868  0.0166721  0.9202887 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)
## EXT_HEAT  4.8995e-05  2.1064e-04  0.2326   0.8161
## EXT_COLD -2.0854e-04  1.2974e-04 -1.6073   0.1080
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    145.82
## Residual Sum of Squares: 145.78
## R-Squared:      0.00027664
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.080356
## F-statistic: 1.3432 on 2 and 9708 DF, p-value: 0.26106
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: HYPERTENSION_PCT"
## Twoways effects Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "twoways", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12106
## 
## Residuals:
##        Min.     1st Qu.      Median     3rd Qu.        Max. 
## -0.47267145 -0.04367846 -0.00038455  0.04353826  0.64365942 
## 
## Coefficients:
##            Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)
## EXT_HEAT 1.2048e-04 1.4903e-04  0.8084   0.4189
## EXT_COLD 3.1021e-05 9.9352e-05  0.3122   0.7549
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    81.405
## Residual Sum of Squares: 81.399
## R-Squared:      6.4495e-05
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.072214
## F-statistic: 0.364067 on 2 and 11289 DF, p-value: 0.69485
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12106
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -0.4868986 -0.0449132 -0.0012803  0.0459477  0.6332664 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT -2.9003e-05  1.3422e-04 -0.2161   0.8289    
## EXT_COLD -7.2742e-04  8.5046e-05 -8.5533   <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    85.769
## Residual Sum of Squares: 85.216
## R-Squared:      0.0064481
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.064614
## F-statistic: 36.6582 on 2 and 11297 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: DIABETES_PCT"
## Twoways effects Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "twoways", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12115
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -0.4226522 -0.0518010 -0.0061426  0.0383906  0.7171708 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)
## EXT_HEAT -0.00022814  0.00018761 -1.2161   0.2240
## EXT_COLD -0.00020428  0.00012484 -1.6363   0.1018
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    129.05
## Residual Sum of Squares: 129.01
## R-Squared:      0.00035119
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.071849
## F-statistic: 1.98455 on 2 and 11298 DF, p-value: 0.13749
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12115
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -0.4253259 -0.0529012 -0.0059006  0.0398653  0.7088846 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT -0.00022423  0.00016658 -1.3461    0.1783    
## EXT_COLD -0.00064934  0.00010539 -6.1614 7.454e-10 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    131.68
## Residual Sum of Squares: 131.23
## R-Squared:      0.003419
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.067803
## F-statistic: 19.3941 on 2 and 11306 DF, p-value: 3.9054e-09
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: TOTAL_COST_PERCAP"
## Twoways effects Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "twoways", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -2623.675  -207.099   -29.389    91.483 28516.764 
## 
## Coefficients:
##          Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)
## EXT_HEAT -0.74239    1.37821 -0.5387   0.5901
## EXT_COLD  1.34679    0.91745  1.4680   0.1421
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    6983300000
## Residual Sum of Squares: 6981800000
## R-Squared:      0.00022361
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.071934
## F-statistic: 1.26433 on 2 and 11306 DF, p-value: 0.28247
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -2493.007  -250.831   -56.256   132.796 28383.523 
## 
## Coefficients:
##          Estimate Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT  6.00071    1.25073  4.7978 1.625e-06 ***
## EXT_COLD -1.46399    0.79202 -1.8484   0.06457 .  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    7440200000
## Residual Sum of Squares: 7.422e+09
## R-Squared:      0.0024547
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.068786
## F-statistic: 13.9204 on 2 and 11314 DF, p-value: 9.1597e-07
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: TOTAL_COST_LOG"
## Twoways effects Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "twoways", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##        Min.     1st Qu.      Median     3rd Qu.        Max. 
## -16.3139059  -0.2636799   0.0091663   0.3398700   4.1762442 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)
## EXT_HEAT  0.00117804  0.00155263  0.7587   0.4480
## EXT_COLD -0.00035029  0.00103356 -0.3389   0.7347
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    8861.3
## Residual Sum of Squares: 8860.8
## R-Squared:      6.3455e-05
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.072106
## F-statistic: 0.358736 on 2 and 11306 DF, p-value: 0.69857
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -16.629284  -0.370516   0.030245   0.433590   4.544502 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT  0.01259791  0.00143469  8.7809 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD -0.00342905  0.00090851 -3.7744 0.0001612 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    9849.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 9765.9
## R-Squared:      0.0084627
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.062349
## F-statistic: 48.2822 on 2 and 11314 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"

Version 3:

Extreme Heat is the variable BIN_GT80 (the number of days a COUNTY-YEAR was greater than 80 degrees F) Extreme Cold is the variable BIN_LT30 (the number of days a COUNTY-YEAR was less than 30 degrees F)

## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: BIRTH_WT_LESS2500_PCT"
## Twoways effects Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "twoways", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 782, T = 1-531, N = 10492
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -0.602265 -0.043235 -0.009786  0.016566  0.921378 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)
## EXT_HEAT  7.6854e-05  1.7112e-04  0.4491   0.6534
## EXT_COLD -5.2446e-05  1.5597e-04 -0.3363   0.7367
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    145.5
## Residual Sum of Squares: 145.5
## R-Squared:      3.6614e-05
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.081507
## F-statistic: 0.177583 on 2 and 9700 DF, p-value: 0.83729
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 782, T = 1-531, N = 10492
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -0.6003828 -0.0435511 -0.0098022  0.0166918  0.9195612 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)
## EXT_HEAT  0.00011367  0.00013660  0.8321   0.4054
## EXT_COLD -0.00020005  0.00013012 -1.5375   0.1242
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    145.82
## Residual Sum of Squares: 145.77
## R-Squared:      0.00034238
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.080285
## F-statistic: 1.66246 on 2 and 9708 DF, p-value: 0.18973
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: HYPERTENSION_PCT"
## Twoways effects Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "twoways", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12106
## 
## Residuals:
##        Min.     1st Qu.      Median     3rd Qu.        Max. 
## -0.47522856 -0.04382828 -0.00043908  0.04380248  0.64398518 
## 
## Coefficients:
##            Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)
## EXT_HEAT 0.00017749 0.00010912  1.6265   0.1039
## EXT_COLD 0.00004849 0.00010009  0.4845   0.6281
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    81.405
## Residual Sum of Squares: 81.385
## R-Squared:      0.00024091
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.072024
## F-statistic: 1.36013 on 2 and 11289 DF, p-value: 0.25667
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12106
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -0.4871088 -0.0448990 -0.0013663  0.0457173  0.6346440 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT  1.6994e-04  8.8327e-05  1.9240  0.05437 .  
## EXT_COLD -7.0641e-04  8.5431e-05 -8.2688  < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    85.769
## Residual Sum of Squares: 85.188
## R-Squared:      0.0067694
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.06427
## F-statistic: 38.4977 on 2 and 11297 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: DIABETES_PCT"
## Twoways effects Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "twoways", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12115
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -0.4223027 -0.0518645 -0.0061477  0.0384592  0.7181167 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)
## EXT_HEAT  0.00010120  0.00013729  0.7371   0.4611
## EXT_COLD -0.00018453  0.00012580 -1.4669   0.1424
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    129.05
## Residual Sum of Squares: 129.02
## R-Squared:      0.00026842
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.071937
## F-statistic: 1.51673 on 2 and 11298 DF, p-value: 0.21947
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12115
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -0.426220 -0.052935 -0.006199  0.039846  0.710638 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT  0.00014787  0.00010959  1.3493    0.1773    
## EXT_COLD -0.00062210  0.00010588 -5.8755 4.334e-09 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    131.68
## Residual Sum of Squares: 131.23
## R-Squared:      0.0034198
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.067802
## F-statistic: 19.3983 on 2 and 11306 DF, p-value: 3.889e-09
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: TOTAL_COST_PERCAP"
## Twoways effects Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "twoways", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -2619.367  -207.653   -29.140    91.236 28518.400 
## 
## Coefficients:
##          Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)
## EXT_HEAT  0.31652    1.00788  0.3140   0.7535
## EXT_COLD  1.40921    0.92440  1.5245   0.1274
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    6983300000
## Residual Sum of Squares: 6981900000
## R-Squared:      0.00020667
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.071952
## F-statistic: 1.16854 on 2 and 11306 DF, p-value: 0.31086
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -2457.607  -247.237   -59.062   133.732 28398.380 
## 
## Coefficients:
##          Estimate Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT  5.12326    0.82223  6.2309 4.801e-10 ***
## EXT_COLD -1.14181    0.79517 -1.4359     0.151    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    7440200000
## Residual Sum of Squares: 7411600000
## R-Squared:      0.0038435
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.067298
## F-statistic: 21.8267 on 2 and 11314 DF, p-value: 3.4595e-10
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: TOTAL_COST_LOG"
## Twoways effects Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "twoways", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##        Min.     1st Qu.      Median     3rd Qu.        Max. 
## -16.3187149  -0.2631419   0.0084538   0.3387943   4.1797476 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)
## EXT_HEAT -0.00076665  0.00113543 -0.6752   0.4996
## EXT_COLD -0.00048126  0.00104138 -0.4621   0.6440
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    8861.3
## Residual Sum of Squares: 8860.9
## R-Squared:      5.2862e-05
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.072117
## F-statistic: 0.298844 on 2 and 11306 DF, p-value: 0.74168
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -16.651207  -0.362120   0.015565   0.439903   4.536772 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT  0.00864929  0.00094354  9.1669 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD -0.00299647  0.00091248 -3.2839  0.001027 ** 
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    9849.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 9760
## R-Squared:      0.0090653
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.061703
## F-statistic: 51.7515 on 2 and 11314 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"

Community Vulnerability

Version 1:

Extreme Heat defined as COUNTY-YEAR in which there are 150 or more days greater than 80 degrees F Extreme Cold defined as COUNTY-YEAR in which there are 100 or more days less than 30 degrees F

## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: BIRTH_WT_LESS2500_PCT"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 782, T = 1-531, N = 10492
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -0.6011227 -0.0437229 -0.0098555  0.0171160  0.9208231 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                  Estimate Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)  
## EXT_HEAT       -0.0275858  0.0154656 -1.7837  0.07451 .
## EXT_COLD       -0.0136410  0.0097400 -1.4005  0.16139  
## urban           0.0060921  0.0051359  1.1862  0.23558  
## EXT_HEAT:urban  0.0219726  0.0156491  1.4041  0.16033  
## EXT_COLD:urban  0.0079471  0.0119341  0.6659  0.50548  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    145.82
## Residual Sum of Squares: 145.69
## R-Squared:      0.00089787
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.080019
## F-statistic: 1.74433 on 5 and 9705 DF, p-value: 0.12081
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: HYPERTENSION_PCT"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12106
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -0.4642277 -0.0453185 -0.0011709  0.0457948  0.6327874 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                  Estimate Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT        0.0025453  0.0099512  0.2558   0.79812    
## EXT_COLD       -0.0115012  0.0063603 -1.8083   0.07059 .  
## urban           0.0149494  0.0033454  4.4686 7.951e-06 ***
## EXT_HEAT:urban  0.0176049  0.0101296  1.7380   0.08224 .  
## EXT_COLD:urban -0.0016222  0.0078233 -0.2074   0.83573    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    85.769
## Residual Sum of Squares: 85.469
## R-Squared:      0.003499
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.068058
## F-statistic: 7.93121 on 5 and 11294 DF, p-value: 1.8048e-07
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: DIABETES_PCT"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12115
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -0.425002 -0.053185 -0.006023  0.040677  0.698487 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate  Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT       -1.3383e-02  1.2349e-02 -1.0837 0.278503    
## EXT_COLD       -7.2084e-03  7.8836e-03 -0.9144 0.360552    
## urban           1.4255e-02  4.1446e-03  3.4395 0.000585 ***
## EXT_HEAT:urban  9.7601e-03  1.2570e-02  0.7765 0.437477    
## EXT_COLD:urban -2.9138e-05  9.6977e-03 -0.0030 0.997603    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    131.68
## Residual Sum of Squares: 131.47
## R-Squared:      0.0015849
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.070052
## F-statistic: 3.58846 on 5 and 11303 DF, p-value: 0.0030348
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: TOTAL_COST_PERCAP"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -2502.827  -257.734   -54.535   135.871 28345.314 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                Estimate Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT         35.819     92.484  0.3873   0.69854    
## EXT_COLD         41.295     59.005  0.6999   0.48403    
## urban           242.811     31.084  7.8114 6.155e-15 ***
## EXT_HEAT:urban   35.958     94.146  0.3819   0.70251    
## EXT_COLD:urban -138.894     72.649 -1.9118   0.05592 .  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    7440200000
## Residual Sum of Squares: 7394900000
## R-Squared:      0.0060911
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.065172
## F-statistic: 13.8637 on 5 and 11311 DF, p-value: 1.5649e-13
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: TOTAL_COST_LOG"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -16.400726  -0.362721   0.032235   0.434497   4.533010 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                 Estimate Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT        0.171562   0.106208  1.6153   0.10627    
## EXT_COLD        0.129256   0.067760  1.9075   0.05648 .  
## urban           0.358672   0.035697 10.0477 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_HEAT:urban -0.076982   0.108116 -0.7120   0.47646    
## EXT_COLD:urban -0.335407   0.083430 -4.0202 5.852e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    9849.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 9752.4
## R-Squared:      0.0098277
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.061168
## F-statistic: 22.453 on 5 and 11311 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"

Version 2:

Extreme Heat is the variable BIN_GT90 (the number of days a COUNTY-YEAR was greater than 90 degrees F) Extreme Cold is the variable BIN_LT30 (the number of days a COUNTY-YEAR was less than 30 degrees F)

## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: BIRTH_WT_LESS2500_PCT"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 782, T = 1-531, N = 10492
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -0.5997107 -0.0439416 -0.0099546  0.0169327  0.9191916 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate  Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)  
## EXT_HEAT       -0.00015908  0.00023507 -0.6767  0.49859  
## EXT_COLD       -0.00029786  0.00014475 -2.0578  0.03964 *
## urban          -0.00428914  0.00816156 -0.5255  0.59923  
## EXT_HEAT:urban  0.00029660  0.00016003  1.8534  0.06386 .
## EXT_COLD:urban  0.00018351  0.00012110  1.5154  0.12971  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    145.82
## Residual Sum of Squares: 145.68
## R-Squared:      0.0010126
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.079895
## F-statistic: 1.96737 on 5 and 9705 DF, p-value: 0.080097
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: HYPERTENSION_PCT"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12106
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -0.4690992 -0.0450484 -0.0014948  0.0459194  0.6328956 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT       -1.7171e-04  1.4919e-04 -1.1510    0.2498    
## EXT_COLD       -7.2243e-04  9.4371e-05 -7.6552 2.088e-14 ***
## urban           1.1573e-02  5.3484e-03  2.1638    0.0305 *  
## EXT_HEAT:urban  1.6729e-04  1.0352e-04  1.6160    0.1061    
## EXT_COLD:urban  1.8574e-05  7.9137e-05  0.2347    0.8144    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    85.769
## Residual Sum of Squares: 85.013
## R-Squared:      0.0088114
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.062364
## F-statistic: 20.0801 on 5 and 11294 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: DIABETES_PCT"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12115
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -0.4259647 -0.0531562 -0.0058564  0.0401829  0.7079503 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT       -2.2598e-04  1.8521e-04 -1.2201   0.22245    
## EXT_COLD       -6.1111e-04  1.1698e-04 -5.2239 1.783e-07 ***
## urban           1.7321e-02  6.6348e-03  2.6106   0.00905 ** 
## EXT_HEAT:urban -5.4246e-05  1.2847e-04 -0.4222   0.67286    
## EXT_COLD:urban -4.5327e-05  9.8199e-05 -0.4616   0.64439    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    131.68
## Residual Sum of Squares: 131.06
## R-Squared:      0.0046695
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.066746
## F-statistic: 10.6054 on 5 and 11303 DF, p-value: 3.5097e-10
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: TOTAL_COST_PERCAP"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -2494.819  -253.584   -55.337   134.814 28385.680 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                  Estimate Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT         5.389658   1.388053  3.8829 0.0001038 ***
## EXT_COLD        -0.643942   0.877244 -0.7341 0.4629325    
## urban          270.022628  49.771780  5.4252 5.908e-08 ***
## EXT_HEAT:urban   0.056909   0.963944  0.0590 0.9529232    
## EXT_COLD:urban  -1.161014   0.736614 -1.5761 0.1150196    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    7440200000
## Residual Sum of Squares: 7381400000
## R-Squared:      0.0079079
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.063225
## F-statistic: 18.0319 on 5 and 11311 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: TOTAL_COST_LOG"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -16.342686  -0.364636   0.030351   0.429715   4.528274 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT        0.01321620  0.00158929  8.3158 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD       -0.00104259  0.00100442 -1.0380   0.29929    
## urban           0.50650811  0.05698756  8.8880 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_HEAT:urban -0.00233840  0.00110369 -2.1187   0.03414 *  
## EXT_COLD:urban -0.00403491  0.00084341 -4.7841  1.74e-06 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    9849.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 9676.8
## R-Squared:      0.017506
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.052939
## F-statistic: 40.3078 on 5 and 11311 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"

Version 3:

Extreme Heat is the variable BIN_GT80 (the number of days a COUNTY-YEAR was greater than 80 degrees F) Extreme Cold is the variable BIN_LT30 (the number of days a COUNTY-YEAR was less than 30 degrees F)

## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: BIRTH_WT_LESS2500_PCT"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 782, T = 1-531, N = 10492
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -0.600229 -0.043842 -0.010085  0.016880  0.918312 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate  Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)  
## EXT_HEAT        3.0646e-05  1.4524e-04  0.2110  0.83289  
## EXT_COLD       -2.7245e-04  1.4445e-04 -1.8861  0.05931 .
## urban          -5.4612e-03  9.6313e-03 -0.5670  0.57071  
## EXT_HEAT:urban  1.2662e-04  8.9809e-05  1.4099  0.15860  
## EXT_COLD:urban  1.6274e-04  1.2146e-04  1.3399  0.18032  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    145.82
## Residual Sum of Squares: 145.69
## R-Squared:      0.00091529
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.08
## F-statistic: 1.77821 on 5 and 9705 DF, p-value: 0.1136
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: HYPERTENSION_PCT"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12106
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -0.4730059 -0.0452151 -0.0016393  0.0456301  0.6341907 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate  Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT        1.2523e-04  9.3696e-05  1.3366  0.18139    
## EXT_COLD       -6.8550e-04  9.4454e-05 -7.2575  4.2e-13 ***
## urban           1.2998e-02  6.4401e-03  2.0183  0.04358 *  
## EXT_HEAT:urban  4.1455e-05  5.8937e-05  0.7034  0.48184    
## EXT_COLD:urban -9.4139e-06  8.0162e-05 -0.1174  0.90652    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    85.769
## Residual Sum of Squares: 85.01
## R-Squared:      0.0088471
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.062326
## F-statistic: 20.1622 on 5 and 11294 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: DIABETES_PCT"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12115
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -0.426002 -0.053151 -0.006259  0.040165  0.710103 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT        1.8124e-04  1.1630e-04  1.5584  0.119158    
## EXT_COLD       -5.6851e-04  1.1709e-04 -4.8554 1.217e-06 ***
## urban           2.3454e-02  7.9920e-03  2.9346  0.003346 ** 
## EXT_HEAT:urban -1.0404e-04  7.3136e-05 -1.4226  0.154890    
## EXT_COLD:urban -8.7527e-05  9.9471e-05 -0.8799  0.378919    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    131.68
## Residual Sum of Squares: 131.06
## R-Squared:      0.0047348
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.066676
## F-statistic: 10.7544 on 5 and 11303 DF, p-value: 2.4711e-10
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: TOTAL_COST_PERCAP"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -2460.825  -250.088   -58.291   134.173 28400.617 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                 Estimate Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT         4.71638    0.87108  5.4144 6.274e-08 ***
## EXT_COLD        -0.31756    0.87747 -0.3619    0.7174    
## urban          261.98691   59.90970  4.3730 1.236e-05 ***
## EXT_HEAT:urban   0.13361    0.54840  0.2436    0.8075    
## EXT_COLD:urban  -1.18773    0.74568 -1.5928    0.1112    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    7440200000
## Residual Sum of Squares: 7371500000
## R-Squared:      0.009235
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.061803
## F-statistic: 21.0861 on 5 and 11311 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: TOTAL_COST_LOG"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -16.385815  -0.356026   0.017344   0.433815   4.522258 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT        0.00842340  0.00099783  8.4417 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD       -0.00081616  0.00100515 -0.8120    0.4168    
## urban           0.47397013  0.06862744  6.9064 5.237e-12 ***
## EXT_HEAT:urban -0.00041181  0.00062820 -0.6555    0.5121    
## EXT_COLD:urban -0.00372394  0.00085419 -4.3596 1.314e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    9849.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 9672.9
## R-Squared:      0.017899
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.052518
## F-statistic: 41.2295 on 5 and 11311 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"

Main Regressions

Table 1

Raw output

## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: BIRTH_WT_LESS2500_PCT"
## [1] "Model 1"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 782, T = 1-531, N = 10492
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -0.6001990 -0.0434743 -0.0098868  0.0166721  0.9202887 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)
## EXT_HEAT  4.8995e-05  2.1064e-04  0.2326   0.8161
## EXT_COLD -2.0854e-04  1.2974e-04 -1.6073   0.1080
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    145.82
## Residual Sum of Squares: 145.78
## R-Squared:      0.00027664
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.080356
## F-statistic: 1.3432 on 2 and 9708 DF, p-value: 0.26106
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 2"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1404, T = 1-18, N = 10492
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -0.6670049 -0.0309945 -0.0033735  0.0159441  0.8895728 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)
## EXT_HEAT -6.3140e-07  2.0493e-04 -0.0031   0.9975
## EXT_COLD -1.6678e-04  1.2581e-04 -1.3257   0.1850
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    126.88
## Residual Sum of Squares: 126.86
## R-Squared:      0.00019387
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.15441
## F-statistic: 0.880918 on 2 and 9086 DF, p-value: 0.41444
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: HYPERTENSION_PCT"
## [1] "Model 1"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12106
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -0.4868986 -0.0449132 -0.0012803  0.0459477  0.6332664 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT -2.9003e-05  1.3422e-04 -0.2161   0.8289    
## EXT_COLD -7.2742e-04  8.5046e-05 -8.5533   <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    85.769
## Residual Sum of Squares: 85.216
## R-Squared:      0.0064481
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.064614
## F-statistic: 36.6582 on 2 and 11297 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 2"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1498, T = 1-18, N = 12106
## 
## Residuals:
##        Min.     1st Qu.      Median     3rd Qu.        Max. 
## -0.45799280 -0.03644803 -0.00099604  0.03560384  0.55068281 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT -3.6298e-05  1.1565e-04 -0.3139   0.7536    
## EXT_COLD -7.0853e-04  7.3316e-05 -9.6641   <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    59.451
## Residual Sum of Squares: 58.931
## R-Squared:      0.0087406
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.13136
## F-statistic: 46.7601 on 2 and 10606 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: DIABETES_PCT"
## [1] "Model 1"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12115
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -0.4253259 -0.0529012 -0.0059006  0.0398653  0.7088846 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT -0.00022423  0.00016658 -1.3461    0.1783    
## EXT_COLD -0.00064934  0.00010539 -6.1614 7.454e-10 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    131.68
## Residual Sum of Squares: 131.23
## R-Squared:      0.003419
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.067803
## F-statistic: 19.3941 on 2 and 11306 DF, p-value: 3.9054e-09
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 2"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1498, T = 1-18, N = 12115
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -0.4423326 -0.0389211 -0.0024009  0.0322020  0.6994992 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT -2.2581e-04  1.4443e-04 -1.5635     0.118    
## EXT_COLD -6.6863e-04  9.1415e-05 -7.3143 2.774e-13 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    92.361
## Residual Sum of Squares: 91.888
## R-Squared:      0.00512
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.13537
## F-statistic: 27.3142 on 2 and 10615 DF, p-value: 1.4724e-12
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: TOTAL_COST_LOG"
## [1] "Model 1"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -16.629284  -0.370516   0.030245   0.433590   4.544502 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT  0.01259791  0.00143469  8.7809 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD -0.00342905  0.00090851 -3.7744 0.0001612 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    9849.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 9765.9
## R-Squared:      0.0084627
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.062349
## F-statistic: 48.2822 on 2 and 11314 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 2"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1499, T = 1-18, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -14.049216  -0.179557   0.012743   0.201909   3.346117 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT  0.01280726  0.00084261 15.1994 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD -0.00356224  0.00053382 -6.6731  2.63e-11 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    3224.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 3138.2
## R-Squared:      0.026652
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.1108
## F-statistic: 145.427 on 2 and 10622 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"

##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Model 1                                                    Model 2                           
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              EXT_HEAT                                                                                                     0.013                                                      0.013   
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          (0.001)                                                    (0.001)  
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              EXT_COLD                                                                                                    -0.003                                                     -0.004   
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          (0.001)                                                    (0.001)  
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              N                                                                                                        12123                                                      12123       
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              R2                                                                                                           0.008                                                      0.027   
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 
## Column names: names, Model 1, Model 2

Clean output

## [1] "Regression output for outcome: % of births < 2500 g"

## [1] "Regression output for outcome: % hypertensioin"

## [1] "Regression output for outcome: % diabetes"

## [1] "Regression output for outcome: total cost (log)"

Table 2A

Raw output

## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: TOTAL_COST_LOG"
## [1] "Model 4"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -16.629284  -0.370516   0.030245   0.433590   4.544502 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT  0.01259791  0.00143469  8.7809 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD -0.00342905  0.00090851 -3.7744 0.0001612 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    9849.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 9765.9
## R-Squared:      0.0084627
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.062349
## F-statistic: 48.2822 on 2 and 11314 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 6"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -16.343260  -0.366246   0.031299   0.431716   4.534861 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT  0.01189482  0.00143177  8.3078 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD -0.00312683  0.00090594 -3.4515 0.0005595 ***
## urban     0.30091022  0.03342385  9.0029 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    9849.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 9696.4
## R-Squared:      0.015516
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.054885
## F-statistic: 59.433 on 3 and 11313 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 7"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -16.669588  -0.370000   0.026332   0.411897   4.391265 
## 
## Coefficients:
##              Estimate  Std. Error  t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT   0.01257868  0.00139853   8.9942 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD  -0.00318306  0.00088567  -3.5940 0.0003271 ***
## LOOKALIKE -1.04448180  0.04286871 -24.3647 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    9849.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 9279
## R-Squared:      0.057898
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.0094719
## F-statistic: 231.753 on 3 and 11313 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 8"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -15.807833  -0.236961   0.037994   0.329756   2.524358 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT        9.9189e-03  1.1151e-03  8.8954 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD       -3.0026e-03  7.0585e-04 -4.2538 2.118e-05 ***
## total_patients  2.9831e-05  3.4604e-07 86.2068 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    9849.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 5894
## R-Squared:      0.40157
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.35878
## F-statistic: 2530.53 on 3 and 11313 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"

Clean output

## [1] "Regression output for outcome: Total cost (log)"

Table 2B

Raw output

## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: TOTAL_COST_LOG"
## [1] "Model 9"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -15.522569  -0.237966   0.037882   0.329449   2.497687 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT        9.2177e-03  1.1102e-03  8.3027 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD       -2.7011e-03  7.0221e-04 -3.8466 0.0001204 ***
## urban           3.0015e-01  2.5907e-02 11.5857 < 2.2e-16 ***
## total_patients  2.9830e-05  3.4402e-07 86.7090 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    9849.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 5824.9
## R-Squared:      0.40859
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.36624
## F-statistic: 1953.81 on 4 and 11312 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 10"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -15.548845  -0.241743   0.033292   0.323158   2.722854 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate  Std. Error  t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT        9.2328e-03  1.0938e-03   8.4412 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD       -2.5407e-03  6.9188e-04  -3.6722 0.0002416 ***
## urban           3.2648e-01  2.5563e-02  12.7714 < 2.2e-16 ***
## total_patients  2.8847e-05  3.4306e-07  84.0899 < 2.2e-16 ***
## LOOKALIKE      -6.2848e-01  3.3922e-02 -18.5269 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    9849.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 5653.4
## R-Squared:      0.42601
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.38485
## F-statistic: 1678.98 on 5 and 11311 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"

Clean output

## [1] "Regression output for outcome: Total cost (log)"

Table 2C

Raw output

## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: TOTAL_COST_LOG"
## [1] "Model 11"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -5.334749 -0.337285  0.019865  0.382511  4.129474 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT        0.01019845  0.00123912  8.2304 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD       -0.00273438  0.00078199 -3.4967 0.0004729 ***
## age_0_10_PCT   18.43711135  0.33633836 54.8172 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_11_20_PCT  15.43272745  0.36627316 42.1345 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_21_34_PCT  15.85676176  0.35687862 44.4318 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_35_49_PCT  16.95914643  0.41811412 40.5610 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_50_64_PCT  13.03034028  0.37076905 35.1441 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_65plus_PCT 20.90143004  0.37068777 56.3855 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    9849.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 7220.8
## R-Squared:      0.26687
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.21409
## F-statistic: 514.524 on 8 and 11308 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 12"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-567, N = 11951
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -5.594116 -0.365841  0.025173  0.426722  4.351013 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                     Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT          0.01170199  0.00126369  9.2602 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD         -0.00268138  0.00080017 -3.3510 0.0008079 ***
## race_asian_PCT   16.01402492  0.32192096 49.7452 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_nh_opi_PCT  22.00803918  1.27000323 17.3291 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_black_PCT   15.61884510  0.31482449 49.6113 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_ai_an_PCT   14.94420478  0.34588374 43.2059 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_white_PCT   16.48540688  0.31168885 52.8906 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_mixed_PCT   16.78461453  0.35421644 47.3852 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_unknown_PCT 16.36148387  0.31475927 51.9809 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    9442.6
## Residual Sum of Squares: 7364.5
## R-Squared:      0.22008
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.163
## F-statistic: 349.126 on 9 and 11135 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 13"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -6.424062 -0.373746  0.024762  0.424379  4.488908 
## 
## Coefficients:
##               Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT    0.01153695  0.00128965  8.9458 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD   -0.00273946  0.00081671 -3.3543 0.0007984 ***
## male_PCT   15.44937461  0.32866315 47.0067 < 2.2e-16 ***
## female_PCT 16.84410227  0.32454205 51.9011 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    9849.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 7887.5
## R-Squared:      0.19917
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.14183
## F-statistic: 703.357 on 4 and 11312 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 14"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-567, N = 11951
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -5.260340 -0.332039  0.021194  0.378053  4.008503 
## 
## Coefficients: (2 dropped because of singularities)
##                    Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT         0.01030098  0.00121450  8.4816 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD        -0.00267735  0.00076606 -3.4949  0.000476 ***
## age_0_10_PCT    17.99971069  0.33540280 53.6660 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_11_20_PCT   15.59232885  0.36627886 42.5696 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_21_34_PCT   15.79552057  0.36370488 43.4295 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_35_49_PCT   16.19532869  0.42582350 38.0330 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_50_64_PCT   13.20100002  0.39695796 33.2554 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_65plus_PCT  20.74075581  0.36891217 56.2214 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_asian_PCT  -0.44563008  0.10471067 -4.2558 2.100e-05 ***
## race_nh_opi_PCT  6.54173498  1.18875150  5.5030 3.816e-08 ***
## race_black_PCT  -0.41238219  0.08149335 -5.0603 4.252e-07 ***
## race_ai_an_PCT  -1.06963179  0.15476331 -6.9114 5.061e-12 ***
## race_white_PCT   0.19969152  0.06294147  3.1727  0.001515 ** 
## race_mixed_PCT   0.23296523  0.17217368  1.3531  0.176057    
## male_PCT         0.48329214  0.14909332  3.2415  0.001192 ** 
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    9442.6
## Residual Sum of Squares: 6737.2
## R-Squared:      0.28651
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.23387
## F-statistic: 297.928 on 15 and 11129 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"

Clean output

## [1] "Regression output for outcome: Total cost (log)"

Table 3A

Raw output

## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: TOTAL_COST_LOG"
## [1] "Model 4"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1499, T = 1-18, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -14.049216  -0.179557   0.012743   0.201909   3.346117 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT  0.01280726  0.00084261 15.1994 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD -0.00356224  0.00053382 -6.6731  2.63e-11 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    3224.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 3138.2
## R-Squared:      0.026652
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.1108
## F-statistic: 145.427 on 2 and 10622 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 6"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1499, T = 1-18, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -13.847012  -0.174407   0.012142   0.200111   3.287634 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT  0.01186395  0.00083442 14.2182 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD -0.00315008  0.00052796 -5.9665 2.501e-09 ***
## urban     0.41368049  0.02548796 16.2304 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    3224.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 3062.3
## R-Squared:      0.05021
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.084018
## F-statistic: 187.155 on 3 and 10621 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 7"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1499, T = 1-18, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -14.050468  -0.178847   0.012654   0.201477   3.344626 
## 
## Coefficients:
##              Estimate  Std. Error  t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT   0.01277763  0.00083833  15.2418 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD  -0.00345096  0.00053121  -6.4964 8.593e-11 ***
## LOOKALIKE -0.75920038  0.07238807 -10.4879 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    3224.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 3106.1
## R-Squared:      0.03663
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.099518
## F-statistic: 134.612 on 3 and 10621 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 8"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1499, T = 1-18, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##        Min.     1st Qu.      Median     3rd Qu.        Max. 
## -13.7398923  -0.1595367   0.0059717   0.1842064   3.1492821 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT        1.0069e-02  7.9596e-04 12.6507 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD       -3.1244e-03  5.0224e-04 -6.2209  5.13e-10 ***
## total_patients  2.9632e-05  7.9612e-07 37.2202 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    3224.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 2776.1
## R-Squared:      0.13896
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.017276
## F-statistic: 571.368 on 3 and 10621 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"

Clean output

## [1] "Regression output for outcome: Total cost (log)"

Table 3B

Raw output

## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: TOTAL_COST_LOG"
## [1] "Model 9"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1499, T = 1-18, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##        Min.     1st Qu.      Median     3rd Qu.        Max. 
## -13.5890338  -0.1566860   0.0075498   0.1837038   3.1093916 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT        9.4107e-03  7.9054e-04 11.9042 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD       -2.8102e-03  4.9843e-04 -5.6381 1.763e-08 ***
## urban           3.3069e-01  2.4168e-02 13.6832 < 2.2e-16 ***
## total_patients  2.8599e-05  7.9283e-07 36.0720 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    3224.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 2728
## R-Squared:      0.15388
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.034211
## F-statistic: 482.847 on 4 and 10620 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 10"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1499, T = 1-18, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##        Min.     1st Qu.      Median     3rd Qu.        Max. 
## -13.5909328  -0.1565985   0.0073096   0.1830530   3.1077984 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate  Std. Error  t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT        9.3805e-03  7.8579e-04  11.9376 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD       -2.6994e-03  4.9553e-04  -5.4475 5.223e-08 ***
## urban           3.2782e-01  2.4024e-02  13.6456 < 2.2e-16 ***
## total_patients  2.8673e-05  7.8810e-07  36.3825 < 2.2e-16 ***
## LOOKALIKE      -7.6809e-01  6.7441e-02 -11.3890 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    3224.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 2695.1
## R-Squared:      0.16409
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.045775
## F-statistic: 416.901 on 5 and 10619 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"

Clean output

## [1] "Regression output for outcome: Total cost (log)"

Table 3C

Raw output

## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: TOTAL_COST_LOG"
## [1] "Model 11"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1499, T = 1-18, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -6.557465 -0.118636  0.012539  0.137044  2.222844 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate  Std. Error  t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT        0.00703861  0.00053097  13.2562 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD       -0.00220164  0.00033344  -6.6028 4.226e-11 ***
## age_0_10_PCT   14.14027331  0.17071264  82.8309 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_11_20_PCT  17.78166624  0.20922385  84.9887 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_21_34_PCT  13.77047707  0.19215055  71.6650 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_35_49_PCT  15.76782991  0.25581426  61.6378 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_50_64_PCT  11.22953123  0.21228524  52.8983 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_65plus_PCT 23.44035211  0.19614441 119.5056 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    3224.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 1218.4
## R-Squared:      0.62209
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.56848
## F-statistic: 2184.45 on 8 and 10616 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 12"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1490, T = 1-18, N = 11951
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -6.453276 -0.174897  0.010983  0.195217  2.512526 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                     Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT          0.01160207  0.00061550  18.850 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD         -0.00262308  0.00038953  -6.734 1.737e-11 ***
## race_asian_PCT   15.04657717  0.29572131  50.881 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_nh_opi_PCT  15.85434484  0.92719049  17.099 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_black_PCT   14.34867832  0.19332787  74.219 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_ai_an_PCT   15.30369802  0.33813327  45.259 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_white_PCT   15.23178803  0.16745204  90.962 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_mixed_PCT   15.96715366  0.19792912  80.671 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_unknown_PCT 15.50125767  0.16914592  91.644 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    3127.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 1622.2
## R-Squared:      0.48127
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.40693
## F-statistic: 1077.48 on 9 and 10452 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 13"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1499, T = 1-18, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -6.5794676 -0.1776145  0.0098336  0.1969060  2.7122176 
## 
## Coefficients:
##               Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT    0.01160674  0.00062673 18.5194 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD   -0.00273904  0.00039707 -6.8981 5.571e-12 ***
## male_PCT   15.72137238  0.19281437 81.5363 < 2.2e-16 ***
## female_PCT 14.59896411  0.18470149 79.0409 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    3224.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 1735
## R-Squared:      0.46187
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.38576
## F-statistic: 2278.75 on 4 and 10620 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 14"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1490, T = 1-18, N = 11951
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -6.563551 -0.117597  0.011627  0.136218  1.899351 
## 
## Coefficients: (2 dropped because of singularities)
##                    Estimate  Std. Error  t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT         0.00714494  0.00052103  13.7131 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD        -0.00214235  0.00032689  -6.5537 5.879e-11 ***
## age_0_10_PCT    14.13031847  0.19082566  74.0483 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_11_20_PCT   17.80323828  0.22870780  77.8427 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_21_34_PCT   14.03623244  0.20785132  67.5302 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_35_49_PCT   15.57299302  0.26448524  58.8804 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_50_64_PCT   11.46731911  0.23387907  49.0310 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_65plus_PCT  23.49743951  0.21401789 109.7919 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_asian_PCT  -0.87743816  0.24250559  -3.6182  0.000298 ***
## race_nh_opi_PCT  2.07639823  0.76770618   2.7047  0.006848 ** 
## race_black_PCT  -0.33694390  0.10728257  -3.1407  0.001690 ** 
## race_ai_an_PCT  -0.03946386  0.25206786  -0.1566  0.875594    
## race_white_PCT  -0.08881089  0.04790833  -1.8538  0.063801 .  
## race_mixed_PCT   0.21275864  0.09702336   2.1929  0.028339 *  
## male_PCT         0.25207193  0.15948670   1.5805  0.114018    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    3127.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 1137.2
## R-Squared:      0.63635
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.58399
## F-statistic: 1218.61 on 15 and 10446 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 15"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1490, T = 1-18, N = 11951
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -6.0163629 -0.1015020  0.0080623  0.1217322  1.7660822 
## 
## Coefficients: (2 dropped because of singularities)
##                    Estimate  Std. Error  t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT         5.5266e-03  4.7101e-04  11.7333 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD        -1.7506e-03  2.9485e-04  -5.9370 2.995e-09 ***
## age_0_10_PCT     1.4378e+01  1.7218e-01  83.5062 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_11_20_PCT    1.7329e+01  2.0738e-01  83.5646 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_21_34_PCT    1.3927e+01  1.8753e-01  74.2652 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_35_49_PCT    1.5833e+01  2.3867e-01  66.3385 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_50_64_PCT    1.2214e+01  2.1166e-01  57.7069 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_65plus_PCT   2.2483e+01  1.9490e-01 115.3554 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_asian_PCT  -1.0478e+00  2.1860e-01  -4.7932 1.664e-06 ***
## race_nh_opi_PCT  1.7924e+00  6.9172e-01   2.5912  0.009577 ** 
## race_black_PCT  -1.9744e-01  9.6875e-02  -2.0381  0.041566 *  
## race_ai_an_PCT  -2.3651e-01  2.2744e-01  -1.0399  0.298427    
## race_white_PCT  -1.2303e-01  4.3218e-02  -2.8467  0.004425 ** 
## race_mixed_PCT   1.1382e-01  8.7473e-02   1.3012  0.193224    
## male_PCT        -1.7296e-01  1.4403e-01  -1.2009  0.229834    
## urban            7.3221e-02  1.4427e-02   5.0753 3.936e-07 ***
## total_patients   2.2263e-05  4.7910e-07  46.4681 < 2.2e-16 ***
## LOOKALIKE       -6.0513e-01  4.1976e-02 -14.4162 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    3127.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 922.89
## R-Squared:      0.70489
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.6623
## F-statistic: 1385.75 on 18 and 10443 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"

Clean output

## [1] "Regression output for outcome: Total cost (log)"

Table 4

Raw output

## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: TOTAL_COST_LOG"
## [1] "Model 1"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -16.629284  -0.370516   0.030245   0.433590   4.544502 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT  0.01259791  0.00143469  8.7809 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD -0.00342905  0.00090851 -3.7744 0.0001612 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    9849.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 9765.9
## R-Squared:      0.0084627
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.062349
## F-statistic: 48.2822 on 2 and 11314 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 2"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1499, T = 1-18, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -14.049216  -0.179557   0.012743   0.201909   3.346117 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT  0.01280726  0.00084261 15.1994 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD -0.00356224  0.00053382 -6.6731  2.63e-11 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    3224.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 3138.2
## R-Squared:      0.026652
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.1108
## F-statistic: 145.427 on 2 and 10622 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: MEDICAL_COST_LOG"
## [1] "Model 1"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 807, T = 1-593, N = 12121
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -15.389304  -0.343127   0.021795   0.413096   4.458000 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT  0.01013158  0.00141159  7.1774 7.547e-13 ***
## EXT_COLD -0.00315479  0.00089388 -3.5293 0.0004183 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    9509
## Residual Sum of Squares: 9452.2
## R-Squared:      0.005969
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.065033
## F-statistic: 33.9635 on 2 and 11312 DF, p-value: 1.9676e-15
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 2"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1499, T = 1-18, N = 12121
## 
## Residuals:
##        Min.     1st Qu.      Median     3rd Qu.        Max. 
## -13.2768374  -0.1581680   0.0067297   0.1785319   2.9404092 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT  0.01036761  0.00078066 13.2806 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD -0.00336227  0.00049457 -6.7984 1.115e-11 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    2753.1
## Residual Sum of Squares: 2693.2
## R-Squared:      0.021749
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.11642
## F-statistic: 118.053 on 2 and 10620 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: CLINICAL_COST_LOG"
## [1] "Model 1"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 805, T = 1-580, N = 12014
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -15.00094  -0.51020   0.08167   0.65177   4.63039 
## 
## Coefficients:
##            Estimate Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT  0.0177368  0.0019463  9.1131 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD -0.0063673  0.0012339 -5.1602 2.509e-07 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    17831
## Residual Sum of Squares: 17647
## R-Squared:      0.010321
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.060856
## F-statistic: 58.4384 on 2 and 11207 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 2"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1491, T = 1-18, N = 12014
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -13.023564  -0.259872   0.042305   0.323970   4.251315 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT  0.01880637  0.00119394 15.7515 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD -0.00640071  0.00075705 -8.4548 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    6382.5
## Residual Sum of Squares: 6183.1
## R-Squared:      0.031239
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.10614
## F-statistic: 169.63 on 2 and 10521 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: ENABLING_COST_LOG"
## [1] "Model 1"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("COUNTY", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 805, T = 1-584, N = 12013
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -13.965502  -0.443964   0.057163   0.532746   5.961979 
## 
## Coefficients:
##            Estimate Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT  0.0143230  0.0016539  8.6600 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD -0.0044162  0.0010465 -4.2202  2.46e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    12833
## Residual Sum of Squares: 12721
## R-Squared:      0.0087069
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.062593
## F-statistic: 49.2134 on 2 and 11206 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 2"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1492, T = 1-18, N = 12013
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -11.070840  -0.231927   0.033788   0.283412   2.905627 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT  0.01448896  0.00102733 14.1035 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD -0.00434751  0.00065005 -6.6879 2.379e-11 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    4679.1
## Residual Sum of Squares: 4567.3
## R-Squared:      0.023901
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.11464
## F-statistic: 128.784 on 2 and 10519 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"

Clean output

## [1] "Regression output for outcome: Total cost (log)"

## [1] "Regression output for outcome: Medical cost (log)"

## [1] "Regression output for outcome: Clinical cost (log)"

## [1] "Regression output for outcome: Enabling and other services cost (log)"

Table 5

Raw output

## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: TOTAL_COST_LOG"
## [1] "Model 11"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1499, T = 1-18, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -6.557465 -0.118636  0.012539  0.137044  2.222844 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate  Std. Error  t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT        0.00703861  0.00053097  13.2562 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD       -0.00220164  0.00033344  -6.6028 4.226e-11 ***
## age_0_10_PCT   14.14027331  0.17071264  82.8309 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_11_20_PCT  17.78166624  0.20922385  84.9887 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_21_34_PCT  13.77047707  0.19215055  71.6650 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_35_49_PCT  15.76782991  0.25581426  61.6378 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_50_64_PCT  11.22953123  0.21228524  52.8983 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_65plus_PCT 23.44035211  0.19614441 119.5056 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    3224.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 1218.4
## R-Squared:      0.62209
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.56848
## F-statistic: 2184.45 on 8 and 10616 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 12"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1490, T = 1-18, N = 11951
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -6.453276 -0.174897  0.010983  0.195217  2.512526 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                     Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT          0.01160207  0.00061550  18.850 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD         -0.00262308  0.00038953  -6.734 1.737e-11 ***
## race_asian_PCT   15.04657717  0.29572131  50.881 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_nh_opi_PCT  15.85434484  0.92719049  17.099 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_black_PCT   14.34867832  0.19332787  74.219 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_ai_an_PCT   15.30369802  0.33813327  45.259 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_white_PCT   15.23178803  0.16745204  90.962 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_mixed_PCT   15.96715366  0.19792912  80.671 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_unknown_PCT 15.50125767  0.16914592  91.644 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    3127.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 1622.2
## R-Squared:      0.48127
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.40693
## F-statistic: 1077.48 on 9 and 10452 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 13"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1499, T = 1-18, N = 12123
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -6.5794676 -0.1776145  0.0098336  0.1969060  2.7122176 
## 
## Coefficients:
##               Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT    0.01160674  0.00062673 18.5194 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD   -0.00273904  0.00039707 -6.8981 5.571e-12 ***
## male_PCT   15.72137238  0.19281437 81.5363 < 2.2e-16 ***
## female_PCT 14.59896411  0.18470149 79.0409 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    3224.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 1735
## R-Squared:      0.46187
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.38576
## F-statistic: 2278.75 on 4 and 10620 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 14"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1490, T = 1-18, N = 11951
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -6.563551 -0.117597  0.011627  0.136218  1.899351 
## 
## Coefficients: (2 dropped because of singularities)
##                    Estimate  Std. Error  t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT         0.00714494  0.00052103  13.7131 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD        -0.00214235  0.00032689  -6.5537 5.879e-11 ***
## age_0_10_PCT    14.13031847  0.19082566  74.0483 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_11_20_PCT   17.80323828  0.22870780  77.8427 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_21_34_PCT   14.03623244  0.20785132  67.5302 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_35_49_PCT   15.57299302  0.26448524  58.8804 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_50_64_PCT   11.46731911  0.23387907  49.0310 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_65plus_PCT  23.49743951  0.21401789 109.7919 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_asian_PCT  -0.87743816  0.24250559  -3.6182  0.000298 ***
## race_nh_opi_PCT  2.07639823  0.76770618   2.7047  0.006848 ** 
## race_black_PCT  -0.33694390  0.10728257  -3.1407  0.001690 ** 
## race_ai_an_PCT  -0.03946386  0.25206786  -0.1566  0.875594    
## race_white_PCT  -0.08881089  0.04790833  -1.8538  0.063801 .  
## race_mixed_PCT   0.21275864  0.09702336   2.1929  0.028339 *  
## male_PCT         0.25207193  0.15948670   1.5805  0.114018    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    3127.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 1137.2
## R-Squared:      0.63635
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.58399
## F-statistic: 1218.61 on 15 and 10446 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 15"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1490, T = 1-18, N = 11951
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -6.0163629 -0.1015020  0.0080623  0.1217322  1.7660822 
## 
## Coefficients: (2 dropped because of singularities)
##                    Estimate  Std. Error  t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT         5.5266e-03  4.7101e-04  11.7333 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD        -1.7506e-03  2.9485e-04  -5.9370 2.995e-09 ***
## age_0_10_PCT     1.4378e+01  1.7218e-01  83.5062 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_11_20_PCT    1.7329e+01  2.0738e-01  83.5646 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_21_34_PCT    1.3927e+01  1.8753e-01  74.2652 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_35_49_PCT    1.5833e+01  2.3867e-01  66.3385 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_50_64_PCT    1.2214e+01  2.1166e-01  57.7069 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_65plus_PCT   2.2483e+01  1.9490e-01 115.3554 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_asian_PCT  -1.0478e+00  2.1860e-01  -4.7932 1.664e-06 ***
## race_nh_opi_PCT  1.7924e+00  6.9172e-01   2.5912  0.009577 ** 
## race_black_PCT  -1.9744e-01  9.6875e-02  -2.0381  0.041566 *  
## race_ai_an_PCT  -2.3651e-01  2.2744e-01  -1.0399  0.298427    
## race_white_PCT  -1.2303e-01  4.3218e-02  -2.8467  0.004425 ** 
## race_mixed_PCT   1.1382e-01  8.7473e-02   1.3012  0.193224    
## male_PCT        -1.7296e-01  1.4403e-01  -1.2009  0.229834    
## urban            7.3221e-02  1.4427e-02   5.0753 3.936e-07 ***
## total_patients   2.2263e-05  4.7910e-07  46.4681 < 2.2e-16 ***
## LOOKALIKE       -6.0513e-01  4.1976e-02 -14.4162 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    3127.2
## Residual Sum of Squares: 922.89
## R-Squared:      0.70489
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.6623
## F-statistic: 1385.75 on 18 and 10443 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: MEDICAL_COST_LOG"
## [1] "Model 11"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1499, T = 1-18, N = 12121
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -5.9765604 -0.1198920  0.0063171  0.1375270  1.9778087 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate  Std. Error  t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT        0.00550053  0.00050840  10.8193 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD       -0.00218851  0.00031927  -6.8548 7.536e-12 ***
## age_0_10_PCT   13.45409464  0.16345665  82.3099 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_11_20_PCT  16.34422463  0.20033378  81.5850 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_21_34_PCT  13.25538574  0.18398959  72.0442 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_35_49_PCT  14.28669842  0.24495387  58.3240 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_50_64_PCT  10.64171523  0.20328738  52.3481 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_65plus_PCT 21.07052480  0.18786007 112.1607 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    2753.1
## Residual Sum of Squares: 1116.8
## R-Squared:      0.59433
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.53677
## F-statistic: 1943.75 on 8 and 10614 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 12"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1490, T = 1-18, N = 11950
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -5.9388839 -0.1559961  0.0057597  0.1734782  2.4061676 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                     Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT          0.00926293  0.00056830 16.2993 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD         -0.00253123  0.00035966 -7.0379 2.074e-12 ***
## race_asian_PCT   14.10739525  0.27307334 51.6616 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_nh_opi_PCT  14.79943894  0.85609194 17.2872 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_black_PCT   13.42397000  0.17850435 75.2025 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_ai_an_PCT   13.88674773  0.31220470 44.4796 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_white_PCT   14.15409891  0.15461291 91.5454 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_mixed_PCT   14.62292382  0.18275219 80.0150 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_unknown_PCT 14.34186886  0.15617588 91.8315 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    2664.3
## Residual Sum of Squares: 1382.8
## R-Squared:      0.48099
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.4066
## F-statistic: 1076.17 on 9 and 10451 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 13"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1499, T = 1-18, N = 12121
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -6.0287727 -0.1572744  0.0063577  0.1748416  2.6096065 
## 
## Coefficients:
##               Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT    0.00925567  0.00057898 15.9861 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD   -0.00260016  0.00036682 -7.0884 1.443e-12 ***
## male_PCT   14.53007985  0.17813504 81.5678 < 2.2e-16 ***
## female_PCT 13.66046049  0.17063738 80.0555 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    2753.1
## Residual Sum of Squares: 1480.4
## R-Squared:      0.46226
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.38619
## F-statistic: 2281.91 on 4 and 10618 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 14"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1490, T = 1-18, N = 11950
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -5.9695288 -0.1202670  0.0067709  0.1365570  1.9970973 
## 
## Coefficients: (2 dropped because of singularities)
##                    Estimate  Std. Error  t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT         0.00559715  0.00049815  11.2359 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD        -0.00216349  0.00031254  -6.9224 4.703e-12 ***
## age_0_10_PCT    13.44876322  0.18245121  73.7116 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_11_20_PCT   16.35900012  0.21866505  74.8131 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_21_34_PCT   13.51211260  0.19873110  67.9919 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_35_49_PCT   14.11894676  0.25287198  55.8344 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_50_64_PCT   10.80573979  0.22361121  48.3238 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_65plus_PCT  21.16904043  0.20466519 103.4325 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_asian_PCT  -0.62843865  0.23187420  -2.7103  0.006734 ** 
## race_nh_opi_PCT  1.79459467  0.73398908   2.4450  0.014502 *  
## race_black_PCT  -0.23690282  0.10257074  -2.3097  0.020927 *  
## race_ai_an_PCT  -0.30162398  0.24099741  -1.2516  0.210756    
## race_white_PCT  -0.04195329  0.04580485  -0.9159  0.359733    
## race_mixed_PCT   0.05244390  0.09276229   0.5654  0.571842    
## male_PCT         0.12582348  0.15251624   0.8250  0.409399    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    2664.3
## Residual Sum of Squares: 1039.4
## R-Squared:      0.60987
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.5537
## F-statistic: 1088.55 on 15 and 10445 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 15"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1490, T = 1-18, N = 11950
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -5.4452844 -0.1074045  0.0041418  0.1215174  1.9106805 
## 
## Coefficients: (2 dropped because of singularities)
##                    Estimate  Std. Error  t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT         4.0686e-03  4.5125e-04   9.0162 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD        -1.8191e-03  2.8248e-04  -6.4396  1.25e-10 ***
## age_0_10_PCT     1.3700e+01  1.6496e-01  83.0494 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_11_20_PCT    1.5880e+01  1.9867e-01  79.9274 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_21_34_PCT    1.3400e+01  1.7967e-01  74.5835 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_35_49_PCT    1.4384e+01  2.2865e-01  62.9070 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_50_64_PCT    1.1522e+01  2.0278e-01  56.8186 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_65plus_PCT   2.0226e+01  1.8677e-01 108.2938 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_asian_PCT  -7.6822e-01  2.0944e-01  -3.6679 0.0002458 ***
## race_nh_opi_PCT  1.5242e+00  6.6269e-01   2.3001 0.0214647 *  
## race_black_PCT  -1.2235e-01  9.2809e-02  -1.3183 0.1874297    
## race_ai_an_PCT  -4.4783e-01  2.1790e-01  -2.0552 0.0398819 *  
## race_white_PCT  -7.0290e-02  4.1405e-02  -1.6976 0.0896100 .  
## race_mixed_PCT  -3.1985e-02  8.3803e-02  -0.3817 0.7027100    
## male_PCT        -2.6019e-01  1.3801e-01  -1.8852 0.0594242 .  
## urban            4.9121e-02  1.3822e-02   3.5539 0.0003812 ***
## total_patients   2.1604e-05  4.5899e-07  47.0685 < 2.2e-16 ***
## LOOKALIKE       -4.3843e-01  4.0215e-02 -10.9022 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    2664.3
## Residual Sum of Squares: 846.97
## R-Squared:      0.68211
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.63623
## F-statistic: 1244.74 on 18 and 10442 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: CLINICAL_COST_LOG"
## [1] "Model 11"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1491, T = 1-18, N = 12014
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -8.146507 -0.191731  0.032669  0.250555  4.603970 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT        0.01096575  0.00097859 11.2056 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD       -0.00492544  0.00061534 -8.0045 1.327e-15 ***
## age_0_10_PCT   11.46868233  0.31719344 36.1567 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_11_20_PCT  17.34052279  0.38901658 44.5753 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_21_34_PCT  11.79790944  0.36635079 32.2039 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_35_49_PCT  12.04814070  0.49522106 24.3288 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_50_64_PCT   8.16317352  0.39987460 20.4143 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_65plus_PCT 25.15602781  0.36244652 69.4062 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    6382.5
## Residual Sum of Squares: 4063
## R-Squared:      0.36341
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.27272
## F-statistic: 750.343 on 8 and 10515 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 12"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1481, T = 1-18, N = 11850
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min.  1st Qu.   Median  3rd Qu.     Max. 
## -7.65758 -0.25673  0.04054  0.31539  4.02556 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                     Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT          0.01799536  0.00108767 16.5449 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD         -0.00536300  0.00068876 -7.7865 7.547e-15 ***
## race_asian_PCT   13.69881850  0.52869061 25.9108 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_nh_opi_PCT  15.76300211  1.64271087  9.5957 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_black_PCT   11.65643414  0.34208934 34.0742 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_ai_an_PCT   14.11570583  0.59676055 23.6539 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_white_PCT   13.09955672  0.29512280 44.3868 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_mixed_PCT   14.03197583  0.34869267 40.2417 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_unknown_PCT 13.18439149  0.29807393 44.2320 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    6244.7
## Residual Sum of Squares: 4971.9
## R-Squared:      0.20382
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.089384
## F-statistic: 294.674 on 9 and 10360 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 13"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1491, T = 1-18, N = 12014
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -8.114092 -0.255639  0.041054  0.317260  3.847058 
## 
## Coefficients:
##              Estimate Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT    0.0177101  0.0010864 16.3022 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD   -0.0056244  0.0006889 -8.1643 3.601e-16 ***
## male_PCT   14.5892424  0.3374272 43.2367 < 2.2e-16 ***
## female_PCT 11.6254164  0.3221741 36.0843 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    6382.5
## Residual Sum of Squares: 5115.6
## R-Squared:      0.1985
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.08466
## F-statistic: 651.27 on 4 and 10519 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 14"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1481, T = 1-18, N = 11850
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -7.463995 -0.189671  0.031255  0.246028  3.875677 
## 
## Coefficients: (2 dropped because of singularities)
##                   Estimate Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT         0.0113139  0.0009741 11.6147 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD        -0.0046413  0.0006119 -7.5850 3.611e-14 ***
## age_0_10_PCT    10.5053885  0.3607803 29.1185 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_11_20_PCT   16.0036507  0.4315806 37.0815 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_21_34_PCT   11.0510254  0.4003010 27.6068 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_35_49_PCT   10.9213132  0.5205091 20.9820 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_50_64_PCT    7.2908814  0.4436899 16.4324 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_65plus_PCT  24.3915606  0.4022263 60.6414 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_asian_PCT  -0.1715930  0.4613603 -0.3719  0.709954    
## race_nh_opi_PCT  4.6323564  1.4399645  3.2170  0.001299 ** 
## race_black_PCT  -0.3587583  0.2033087 -1.7646  0.077661 .  
## race_ai_an_PCT   1.1867022  0.4714060  2.5174  0.011839 *  
## race_white_PCT   0.1786105  0.0909939  1.9629  0.049686 *  
## race_mixed_PCT   0.4732690  0.1810595  2.6139  0.008965 ** 
## male_PCT         1.9260550  0.3093037  6.2271 4.937e-10 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    6244.7
## Residual Sum of Squares: 3903.1
## R-Squared:      0.37497
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.28472
## F-statistic: 414.11 on 15 and 10354 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 15"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1481, T = 1-18, N = 11850
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -7.599795 -0.177580  0.028087  0.234812  3.903744 
## 
## Coefficients: (2 dropped because of singularities)
##                    Estimate  Std. Error  t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT         9.4278e-03  9.3737e-04  10.0577 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD        -4.1619e-03  5.8762e-04  -7.0827 1.506e-12 ***
## age_0_10_PCT     1.0769e+01  3.4661e-01  31.0697 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_11_20_PCT    1.5527e+01  4.1693e-01  37.2426 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_21_34_PCT    1.0915e+01  3.8441e-01  28.3937 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_35_49_PCT    1.1164e+01  5.0010e-01  22.3236 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_50_64_PCT    8.2126e+00  4.2752e-01  19.2101 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_65plus_PCT   2.3125e+01  3.8991e-01  59.3074 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_asian_PCT  -4.2649e-01  4.4278e-01  -0.9632  0.335472    
## race_nh_opi_PCT  4.1838e+00  1.3814e+00   3.0288  0.002462 ** 
## race_black_PCT  -1.6156e-01  1.9547e-01  -0.8265  0.408526    
## race_ai_an_PCT   8.9337e-01  4.5290e-01   1.9725  0.048574 *  
## race_white_PCT   1.3566e-01  8.7378e-02   1.5526  0.120550    
## race_mixed_PCT   3.4038e-01  1.7380e-01   1.9585  0.050198 .  
## male_PCT         1.3949e+00  2.9729e-01   4.6919 2.741e-06 ***
## urban            1.1937e-01  2.8651e-02   4.1663 3.120e-05 ***
## total_patients   2.6266e-05  9.5239e-07  27.5796 < 2.2e-16 ***
## LOOKALIKE       -9.0817e-01  8.5978e-02 -10.5629 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    6244.7
## Residual Sum of Squares: 3590.3
## R-Squared:      0.42506
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.34186
## F-statistic: 425.151 on 18 and 10351 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Regression summary for outcome variable: ENABLING_COST_LOG"
## [1] "Model 11"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1492, T = 1-18, N = 12013
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -6.804292 -0.198951  0.027382  0.240950  2.564532 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT        0.00859165  0.00084810 10.1305 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD       -0.00316864  0.00053204 -5.9556 2.674e-09 ***
## age_0_10_PCT   10.67559342  0.27212336 39.2307 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_11_20_PCT  15.00782440  0.33463987 44.8477 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_21_34_PCT  10.27619783  0.31378518 32.7491 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_35_49_PCT  14.27582445  0.42583897 33.5240 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_50_64_PCT   7.09737492  0.34301999 20.6908 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_65plus_PCT 21.09239374  0.31274807 67.4421 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    4679.1
## Residual Sum of Squares: 3043.6
## R-Squared:      0.34954
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.25679
## F-statistic: 706.175 on 8 and 10513 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 12"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1482, T = 1-18, N = 11847
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -7.090859 -0.229075  0.032827  0.279506  2.744825 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                     Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT          0.01354676  0.00091338 14.8315 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD         -0.00352072  0.00057729 -6.0988 1.107e-09 ***
## race_asian_PCT   11.66903818  0.44295963 26.3433 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_nh_opi_PCT  11.77235058  1.37330085  8.5723 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_black_PCT   11.15794404  0.28636133 38.9646 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_ai_an_PCT   13.12802295  0.50065015 26.2219 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_white_PCT   12.43976278  0.24752482 50.2566 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_mixed_PCT   13.13267375  0.29235937 44.9196 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_unknown_PCT 12.43140622  0.24993956 49.7377 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    4538.5
## Residual Sum of Squares: 3498.9
## R-Squared:      0.22907
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.11815
## F-statistic: 341.906 on 9 and 10356 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 13"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1492, T = 1-18, N = 12013
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min.  1st Qu.   Median  3rd Qu.     Max. 
## -7.07883 -0.22883  0.03109  0.27451  2.80795 
## 
## Coefficients:
##               Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT    0.01347928  0.00091870 14.6721 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD   -0.00365275  0.00058135 -6.2832 3.449e-10 ***
## male_PCT   13.19022045  0.28256184 46.6808 < 2.2e-16 ***
## female_PCT 11.23918720  0.27032790 41.5761 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    4679.1
## Residual Sum of Squares: 3650
## R-Squared:      0.21994
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.10905
## F-statistic: 741.315 on 4 and 10517 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 14"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1482, T = 1-18, N = 11847
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -6.817167 -0.197912  0.028357  0.235462  2.588693 
## 
## Coefficients: (2 dropped because of singularities)
##                    Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT         0.00871806  0.00084235 10.3497 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD        -0.00305579  0.00052794 -5.7882 7.323e-09 ***
## age_0_10_PCT    10.08638349  0.30849735 32.6952 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_11_20_PCT   14.50630592  0.37009905 39.1957 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_21_34_PCT   10.17884932  0.34309914 29.6674 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_35_49_PCT   13.40782105  0.44515898 30.1192 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_50_64_PCT    6.83704954  0.38271232 17.8647 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_65plus_PCT  20.65136392  0.34637858 59.6208 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_asian_PCT  -1.06205143  0.39782475 -2.6696  0.007605 ** 
## race_nh_opi_PCT  1.39316552  1.23935888  1.1241  0.260996    
## race_black_PCT  -0.29883417  0.17409569 -1.7165  0.086102 .  
## race_ai_an_PCT   0.75944144  0.40706385  1.8657  0.062118 .  
## race_white_PCT   0.17160323  0.07801730  2.1996  0.027861 *  
## race_mixed_PCT   0.44236349  0.15615896  2.8328  0.004623 ** 
## male_PCT         1.09680418  0.26065675  4.2078 2.600e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    4538.5
## Residual Sum of Squares: 2911.3
## R-Squared:      0.35854
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.26582
## F-statistic: 385.671 on 15 and 10350 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"
## [1] "Model 15"
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = formula, data = d_reg, effect = "individual", model = "within", 
##     index = c("BHCMISID", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 1482, T = 1-18, N = 11847
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min.   1st Qu.    Median   3rd Qu.      Max. 
## -6.842379 -0.191183  0.026526  0.225816  2.512946 
## 
## Coefficients: (2 dropped because of singularities)
##                    Estimate  Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## EXT_HEAT         7.2030e-03  8.1655e-04  8.8212 < 2.2e-16 ***
## EXT_COLD        -2.6973e-03  5.1064e-04 -5.2823 1.302e-07 ***
## age_0_10_PCT     1.0324e+01  2.9850e-01 34.5853 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_11_20_PCT    1.4121e+01  3.6009e-01 39.2156 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_21_34_PCT    1.0126e+01  3.3191e-01 30.5088 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_35_49_PCT    1.3593e+01  4.3079e-01 31.5551 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_50_64_PCT    7.5843e+00  3.7141e-01 20.4202 < 2.2e-16 ***
## age_65plus_PCT   1.9696e+01  3.3816e-01 58.2448 < 2.2e-16 ***
## race_asian_PCT  -1.2697e+00  3.8459e-01 -3.3015 0.0009649 ***
## race_nh_opi_PCT  1.1056e+00  1.1975e+00  0.9232 0.3559124    
## race_black_PCT  -1.4617e-01  1.6859e-01 -0.8670 0.3859541    
## race_ai_an_PCT   5.3935e-01  3.9389e-01  1.3693 0.1709437    
## race_white_PCT   1.3131e-01  7.5482e-02  1.7396 0.0819597 .  
## race_mixed_PCT   3.4027e-01  1.5098e-01  2.2537 0.0242347 *  
## male_PCT         6.7316e-01  2.5240e-01  2.6670 0.0076649 ** 
## urban            7.2294e-02  2.4999e-02  2.8919 0.0038371 ** 
## total_patients   2.0862e-05  8.2785e-07 25.1999 < 2.2e-16 ***
## LOOKALIKE       -7.0731e-01  7.4496e-02 -9.4946 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    4538.5
## Residual Sum of Squares: 2716.9
## R-Squared:      0.40137
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.31464
## F-statistic: 385.41 on 18 and 10347 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## [1] "-------------------------------------"

Clean output

## [1] "Regression output for outcome: Total cost (log)"