Materials
I will precisely follow the methods quoted directly from the original study in my experiment.
“We sampled 24 cartoon images of distinct scenes (12 indoor scenes, e.g., an aquarium; 12 outdoor scenes, e.g., a playground), 24 cartoon images of com- mon objects (e.g., a watch), and 24 images of cartoon characters from nonoverlapping movies or books (12 males, e.g., Pinocchio; 12 females, e.g., Alice) from the Google Images search engine. From this pool of selected images, we then constructed 24”events,” each consist- ing of a scene (e.g., an aquarium), a person (e.g., Alice), and an object (e.g., a wallet). The event assignment of the elements was randomized, with the exception that items with preexperimental associations (e.g., books and library) were not assigned to the same event. Every possible cue–test combination of each event was tested, resulting in six test trials per event (1 = cue: scene, test: person; 2 = cue: scene, test: object; 3 = cue: person, test: scene; 4 = cue: person, test: object; 5 = cue: object, test: scene; 6 = cue: object, test: person) and totaling 144 test trials.”
Procedure
In my experiment, I will adhere closely to the methods directly quoted from the original study. While the original study was conducted in-person on a 13-inch laptop screen—likely aiding in attention control and minimizing external distractions—I will ensure participants use only a laptop or desktop. Additionally, the experiment will automatically launch in fullscreen mode and notify me if a participant exits this mode.
“All participants were tested individually. The task procedure administered to children consisted of two encoding-test blocks, which occurred immediately after one another. Each block consisted of 12 encoding and 72 test trials, all presented on a 13-in. laptop screen. Prior to encoding, participants were told that they would see many different stories and that they should pay close attention to all of the different elements, including the scene, person, and object in each story. Then, participants viewed a series of events (12 s each; 0.5 s intertrial interval). A short audio-recorded narrative accompanied each event (e.g.,”Alice went to the aquarium, but she dropped her wallet there; the wallet was lost in the aquarium”; see Fig. 1a). Each narrative consisted of three sentences, with each sentence highlighting one pairwise association within the event. The order of the pairwise associations within each narrative was not fixed or counterbalanced across the events. The narrative was constructed this way to engage children in the task and to increase the likelihood that children would pay attention to all of the elements in an event. Prior to encoding, we provided one example (a playground, Elastigirl, a hat) in order to acquaint the participants with the encoding task.
Immediately after the encoding phase of each block, participants performed a self-paced four-alternative forced-choice task. We tested participants on every possible cue–retrieval combination of each studied event, resulting in 6 test trials per event, which totaled 72 test trials per block. On each trial, a cue and four options were presented simultaneously on the screen (see Fig. 2a). Among four options, one was a target—the correct item because it belonged to the same event as the cue. The three lures were same-category elements from different events. The lures always came from the events that contained same-sex characters, so that participants could not eliminate lures on the basis of general mnemonic heuristics (e.g., remembering that there was a female character who went to the aquarium). Across all 24 events, any two test trials that had overlapping cue items (e.g., AB1 and AC1) or in which tested items (e.g., BA1 and CA1) shared only one foil item (out of three) with respect to their event membership. For example, for the AB test trial of Event 1, the foils included the B elements from Events 2, 3, and 4, whereas for the AC trial of Event 1, the foils included the C elements from Events 3, 5, and 7 (one B and one C foil, both from Event 3). Furthermore, all items served as foils an equal number of times across all 144 test trials. Children were asked to point to one of the four options that belonged to the same story as the cue on the left side of the screen. Positions of the correct answer were counterbalanced across the entire test phase. There were no missing responses, as the response time was unrestricted. The memory task took approximately 40 min.
The adult task procedure was similar to the child task procedure but with a few differences. First, the whole procedure was administered in a single session comprising 24 encoding events and 144 test trials. Second, no narratives were implemented at the encoding phase to avoid potential ceiling performance in young adults. Third, each encoding trial was presented for 6 s (see Fig. 1b).”
Fig. 1.
Procedure of the child (a) and adult (b) multielement-event task. In the child task, participants viewed 24 events presented in two encoding sessions, each consisting of 12 events. Each event lasted 12 s and was accompanied by an audio-recorded narrative. The test phase of each block consisted of 72 test trials. In the adult task procedure, participants studied 24 events (6 s each) together and without the recorded narrative. The test phase consisted of 144 test trials. Note that the characters shown in each event were well-known cartoon characters (e.g., Alice, Pinocchio), which have been replaced in this illustration for copyright concerns.
Fig. 2.
A schematic depiction of the task design and the 2 × 2 contingency table used to estimate retrieval dependency. Examples of six retrieval types per event in the test phase are shown in (a). Each element of a studied event took a turn serving as the cue (item presented on the left side of the screen) and the tested element (one of the four options presented inside the red box). The schematic (b) shows how the proportion of joint retrieval for AB and AC pairs was computed for each participant. The contingency table shows the proportion of events that fell within each of the four categories: Both AB and AC pairs were retrieved correctly, both AB and AC pairs were retrieved incorrectly, AB was retrieved correctly and AC was retrieved incorrectly, and AB was retrieved incorrectly and AC was retrieved correctly. The proportion of events in the blue-outlined boxes (both pairs correct and both pairs incorrect) were added, and the sum was divided by the total number of events. Note that the characters shown in each event were well-known cartoon characters (e.g., Alice, Pinocchio), which have been replaced in this illustration for copyright concerns.
Methods Addendum (Post Data Collection)
Differences from pre-data collection methods plan
There were no differences from pre-data collection methods plan.
