discussion
Discussion
Discussion outline. Summarise key findings. One paragraph each for detailed discussion about findings. Discussion about species area, relationships and contribution of small patches of habitats. Discussion of methodology issues and difficulties. Discussion of data limitations. Discussion of potential further work.
Species area relationships
Fattorinii 2015
Consider urban fragments as a set of habitat islands in a matrix of non-suitable habitats in urban areas therefore could use the equilibrium theory of Ireland by geography to investigate effects characteristics such as areas, shape, isolation, hydrogen age, should influence species richness find many species in support of this, but varies a lot according to patch size characteristics of the matrix. Additionally, some predictions were disproved
Hypothesis rise. Firstly, larger islands should have more species because of larger populations being able to be supported a greater habitat diversity, bigger targets for colonisation. Secondly, Riches should increase with more rounded shapes to reduce edge effects. Thirdly, it should be increased with isolation, decreased with isolation because of colonisation rates decreasing that way for should decrease from peripheral centre because it’s nearer to surrounding semi natural landscape fifthly species which should increase with native habitats because of larger probability including nation habitats and 60 native habitat secularisation should be increased.
From literature review undertaken find evidence that size does increase richness seriation potentially increases, richness, isolation decreases richness peripheral native species size and gradient vary
Birdshire, 2020
Undertook field studies at 12 sites found that diversity decreased with urbanisation and increased with Flower richness
Pin 2021
Stack species, distribution modelling and satellite data from the national ecological Observatory network rather mythological about the performance of prediction models however, did find reasonable predictions of species identification at the scale of main area of 27 km²
Winter, 2019
Extensively discussed already.
Zillow 2022
Reviewed Natua 2000. Need to come back to this one
Rodriguez 2016
Canonical correspondence analysis and generalised living models to look at bird species assemblies and how they are affected by the Habitat features richness was related to the portion of trees negatively by noise worth mentioning this as these are other factors that could be included in further research. Also, Green areas appeared to increase species richness. This was based on fieldwork and included density and building density people near the observation areas, Pet City observation areas vegetation cover by trees number of trees to run 3 m and open areas and noise.
merkin 2023
Studied Green infrastructure with association with biodiversity found that Woodlands and country parks tended to have higher richness than doorstep, greens and village greens, suggesting that by the devices highest away from urban senses, based on literature, reviews, NBn
Com Elliot, 2022
Investigated changes in native communities in 25, restored urban forest, overtime, bracket 72 years). Reference systems in the control system. They hypothesise that abundance and richness should increase with planting age use structural equation modelling to investigate the influence of forest structure, which, in this case was complexity index tree height can be open the basil area tree, rich species, Riches and density, patch area, perimeter, length, landscape composition Nearest road and water they did find species. Richness of birds increase with age of restoration, planting and community. Composition restored was more of a richness than abundance, which was more influenced by canopy. Openness also looked at invasive species, which is something I haven’t really brought into this discussion at all
Stein, 2014, Mette analysis of 192 studies, examining the relationship between spatial hydrogen and spatial richness of animals and plants found separate effects of hydrogen and lank cover of vegetation climate so enterography, particularly with vegetation topography recommend the use of equal areas to the units, spatial grain and spatial extent as key factors which informed the strength of a relationship Highlighting the need to control the spatial scale and size, this probably needs to go somewhere at the beginning.
Egerer 2023
Study of Toni Forest developments as a experiential project for university students, much more focused on educational methods. Does reference LEWIS 20,22 and Blyth, 2017
Citizen science data
In this research extensive use has been made of NBN data, but despite its large record volume, this analysis reveals how patchy and spatially selective the data is. For example only 4195 of 941839 (0.45%) of land cover parcels generated any NBN observations, and the number of observations per TF varied from x00 to over 45000. Additionally, the publicly available data is largely missing for the most recent two years. eBird data is more complete for bird observations for recent years, but again is patchy, with usable data from only x TFbs.
Other datasets could have been used given time - for example iNaturalist, or GBIF (Newsome, 2020; Beninde et al., 2023), and this may be the subject of future work.
Butterfly richness
Butterfly SR and diversity was not found to be associated with butterfly diversity estimated at the TFb level, nor plant richness and diversity calculated from NPMS data for 13 TFs which had both butterfly surveys and NPMS surveys within 5km.