class: title_slide, middle, center <div style="position:absolute; top:250px; left:-5px; z-index:0;"> <svg width="1000" height="500"> <rect width="920" height="450" style="fill:#C4D1E5; stroke-width:6;stroke:#FFFFFF" /> </svg> </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:50px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .numeric.white[**02**] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:100px; left:230px; z-index:1;"> .large[**ANTH201**- Introduction to Biological Anthropology] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:165px; left:230px; z-index:1;"> .large.white[<u>.large[D]EVELOPMENT OF .large[E]VOLUTIONARY .large[T]HEORY</u>] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:270px; left:140px; z-index:2;"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK01/1_2_title.jpg" width="640px" /> </div> --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#bg.png") background-size: contain <div style="position:absolute; top:-60px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .numeric.white[.small[.small[**02**]]] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:45px; left:250px; z-index:1;"> .double.white[.large[A]NTHROPOLOGY AS .large[S]CIENCE] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:150px; left:60px; z-index:0; padding:0px 60px 10px 0px"> .large[**Boasian Anthropology**] - .large[Late 19<sup>th</sup> to Early 20<sup>th</sup> Century] - .large[Shaped the current Anthropology .d_blue[(in North America)]] - .large[Reject biological effects in culture<br>  - (Cultural) behaviours through .dotted[social learning]] - .large[Reject the notion to .dotted[rank] cultures with evolutionary process<br>  - *Historical Particularism*] - .large[Culture can only be understood from its own standard<br>  - Enforce objective observation] - .large[Emphasize the use of *Scientific* approach] --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#bg.png") background-size: contain <div style="position:absolute; top:-60px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .numeric.white[.small[.small[**02**]]] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:45px; left:250px; z-index:1;"> .double.white[.large[A]NTHROPOLOGY AS .large[S]CIENCE] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:150px; left:60px; z-index:0; padding:0px 60px 10px 0px"> .large[**Scientific Method**] - .large[Everyone can participate in science] - .large[Understand how the **physical** and **natural** world works<br>  - things that we can sense] - .large[Explanation must be .dotted[**testable**] and .dotted[**refutable**]<br>  - rejections are common in science] - .large[Based on **empirical** evidences (observations)<br>  - logic alone is not scientific] - .large[**Collective** Engagement<br>  - Involvement of the Scientific Community<br>  - knowledge builds upon knowledge] --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#bg.png") background-size: contain <div style="position:absolute; top:-60px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .numeric.white[.small[.small[**02**]]] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:45px; left:250px; z-index:1;"> .double.white[.large[A]NTHROPOLOGY AS .large[S]CIENCE] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:190px; left:100px; z-index:2;"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK01/chart.png" width="700px" /> .d_blue.right.small[Image from A Human Voyage] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:150px; left:60px; z-index:0; padding:0px 60px 10px 0px"> .large[**Scientific Method**] --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#bg.png") background-size: contain <div style="position:absolute; top:-60px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .numeric.white[.small[.small[**02**]]] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:45px; left:250px; z-index:1;"> .double.white[.large[A]NTHROPOLOGY AS .large[S]CIENCE] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:150px; left:60px; z-index:0; padding:0px 60px 10px 0px"> .large[**Scientific Interpretation**] - .large[Hypothesis] - .large[Logical thinking or ideas (*a priori* feeling) explaining the observed phenomenon which is being tested or require further testing.<br>  - must be **testable** and **refutable**<br>  - based on collectible data (measurable **variables**)<br>  - be fully aware of **assumptions**] - .large[usually can only address a narrow set of phenomena<br>  - a particular population or social group<br>  - a primate species] - .large[Changing and Expanding from feedback] --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#bg.png") background-size: contain <div style="position:absolute; top:-60px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .numeric.white[.small[.small[**02**]]] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:45px; left:250px; z-index:1;"> .double.white[.large[A]NTHROPOLOGY AS .large[S]CIENCE] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:150px; left:60px; z-index:0; padding:0px 60px 10px 0px"> .large[**Scientific Interpretation**] - .large[Theory] - .large[Scientific explanation address wider range of phenomenon.<br>  - Supported by tested hypothesis with evidences<br>  - **Evolution** is a biological theory] - .large[There are always competing theories<br>  - better theories tend to outlast others<br>  - Geocentrism v. Heliocentrism] - .large[Different hypothesis will expand from theories<br>  - further support the theory<br>  - bring theory into questions] --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#bg.png") background-size: contain <div style="position:absolute; top:-60px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .numeric.white[.small[.small[**02**]]] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:45px; left:250px; z-index:1;"> .double.white[.large[A]NTHROPOLOGY AS .large[S]CIENCE] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:150px; left:60px; z-index:0; padding:0px 60px 10px 0px"> .large[**Scientific Interpretation**] - .large[Laws] - .large[Not an *explanation* of phenomenon] - .large[**Prediction** of outcomes under certain conditions<br>  - Newton's **Law of gravity**<br>  - **Law of Superposition**] - .large[The outcome of a law will always be true] - .large[Some theories still remain *law-like*] - .large[Evolution is still a theory<br>  - very difficult to verify predictions<br>  - contradicting with other world views] --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#bg.png") background-size: contain <div style="position:absolute; top:-60px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .numeric.white[.small[.small[**02**]]] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:45px; left:250px; z-index:1;"> .double.white[.large[A]NTHROPOLOGY AS .large[S]CIENCE] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:150px; left:60px; z-index:0; padding:0px 60px 10px 0px"> .large[**Different Knowledge Systems**] - .large[Science is one of many different ways to understand the world.] - .large[Experience, Traditions, and Religions] - .large[Reflect the wide varieties of cultures and societies] - .large[Different knowledge systems don't always conflict<br>  - afterlife (heaven / hell)<br>  - *karma*] - .large[Different knowledge systems provide different perspectives to understand human conditions.] --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#bg.png") background-size: contain <div style="position:absolute; top:-60px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .numeric.white[.small[.small[**02**]]] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:45px; left:250px; z-index:1;"> .double.white[.large[S]CIENCE & .large[P]ARADIGM .large[S]HIFTS] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:150px; left:60px; z-index:0; padding:0px 60px 10px 0px"> .large[**Evolutionary Thoughts Before Darwin**] - .large[In classical worldview] - .large[Natural world is **stasis**; All things remain the same.] - .large[All living forms are immutable] - .large[The Essence of Reality] - .large[Sense and Forms] - .large[Essentialism - essence always remain intact] - .large[A hierarchical world structure] - .large[Ranking all things from mineral to supernatural beings] --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#bg.png") background-size: contain <div style="position:absolute; top:-60px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .numeric.white[.small[.small[**02**]]] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:45px; left:250px; z-index:1;"> .double.white[.large[S]CIENCE & .large[P]ARADIGM .large[S]HIFTS] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:170px; left:560px; z-index:1;"> .right.d_blue[Image from Wiki] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK01/Great_Chain_of_Being.png" width="330px" /> </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:150px; left:60px; z-index:0; padding:0px 60px 10px 0px"> .large[**Evolutionary Thoughts in Classical World**] - .large[The Great Chain of Being] - .large[All things are stasis] - .large[Remain in their place<br>  - purposeful order<br>  - reflect *'perfectness'* <br>  - **teleology**] - .large[*The History of Animals*] - .large[Earliest Zoological study] - .large[Dominant until Renaissance] --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#bg.png") background-size: contain <div style="position:absolute; top:-60px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .numeric.white[.small[.small[**02**]]] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:45px; left:250px; z-index:1;"> .double.white[.large[S]CIENCE & .large[P]ARADIGM .large[S]HIFTS] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:170px; left:500px; z-index:1;"> .right.d_blue[Image from Wiki] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK01/Geocentrism.jpg" width="390px" /> </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:150px; left:60px; z-index:0; padding:0px 60px 10px 0px"> .large[**Evolutionary Thoughts after Renaissance**] - .large[Paradigm Shift in Astronomy] - .large[Ptolemy - **Geocentrism**] - .large[Copernicus - **Heliocentrism**] - .large[Altering the Mindset] - .large[Galileo - Modern Science] - .large[Question general notions] - .large[Understanding the world<br> from a new perspective<br>   - scientific revolution<br>   - new paradigm] --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#bg.png") background-size: contain <div style="position:absolute; top:-60px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .numeric.white[.small[.small[**02**]]] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:45px; left:250px; z-index:1;"> .double.white[.large[S]CIENCE & .large[P]ARADIGM .large[S]HIFTS] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:200px; left:10px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:150px; left:60px; z-index:0; padding:0px 60px 10px 0px"> .large[**Developing Evolutionary Thinking**] - .large[Rising awareness of diversity] - .large[Folk Taxonomies: Pocket Gopher and Salamander] - .large[Aristotle and *The History of Animals* <br>   - *genus* & *species*] - .large[**Linnaeus** (1707-1778) and *Systema naturae* (1735)] - .large[Assign each species in unique catagory<br>   - Class. Order, Genus, Species<br>   - **binomial nomenclature**<br>   - Demonstrate the relationship of species] --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#bg.png") background-size: contain <div style="position:absolute; top:-60px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .numeric.white[.small[.small[**02**]]] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:45px; left:250px; z-index:1;"> .double.white[.large[S]CIENCE & .large[P]ARADIGM .large[S]HIFTS] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:170px; left:500px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:150px; left:60px; z-index:0; padding:0px 60px 10px 0px"> .large[**Developing Evolutionary Thinking**] - .large[Paradigm Shift in Notions of Time] - .large[*How **old** is the world?* <br> The world is *created* on .dotted[23<sup>rd</sup> of October, 4004 BC]] - .large[Hutton (1726-1797) and **gradualism** <br>  - Formation of (geological) landscape is a slow<br>   process.<br>  - Further developed into **uniformitarianism**<br>   (Lyell, 1797-1875)] - .large[Longer history of the world would allow gradual changes to occur in living organisms] --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#bg.png") background-size: contain <div style="position:absolute; top:-60px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .numeric.white[.small[.small[**02**]]] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:45px; left:250px; z-index:1;"> .double.white[.large[S]CIENCE & .large[P]ARADIGM .large[S]HIFTS] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:200px; left:10px; z-index:1;"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK01/cuviertab.gif" width="370px" /> <br>.right.d_blue[Cuvier, 1812] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:150px; left:60px; z-index:0; padding:0px 60px 10px 0px"> .large[**Developing Evolutionary Thinking**] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:175px; left:370px; z-index:0; padding:0px 40px 10px 0px"> - .large[Paradigm Shift in Notions of Time] - .large[Different life forms in different geological layers and living populations] - .large[Cuvier (1769 - 1832)] - .large[**Principle of Correlation of parts**] - .large[Concept of **Extinction** <br>   - living populations] - .large[**Catastrophism**] --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#bg.png") background-size: contain <div style="position:absolute; top:-60px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .numeric.white[.small[.small[**02**]]] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:45px; left:250px; z-index:1;"> .double.white[.large[S]CIENCE & .large[P]ARADIGM .large[S]HIFTS] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:360px; left:180px; z-index:1;"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK01/zoogeography.jpg" width="560px" /> </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:150px; left:60px; z-index:0; padding:0px 60px 10px 0px"> .large[**Developing Evolutionary Thinking**] - .large[The Acceptance of Mutability] - .large[Buffon (1707-1788), volumes of collected works] - .large[Theory of heredity: **Pangenesis**] - .large[Link between geology and biology: **Zoogeography**] --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#bg.png") background-size: contain <div style="position:absolute; top:-60px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .numeric.white[.small[.small[**02**]]] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:45px; left:250px; z-index:1;"> .double.white[.large[S]CIENCE & .large[P]ARADIGM .large[S]HIFTS] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:645px; left:380px; z-index:1;"> .d_blue[Belon (1555)] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:370px; left:490px; z-index:1;"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK01/BelonBirdSkel.jpg" width="380px" /> </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:150px; left:60px; z-index:0; padding:0px 60px 10px 0px"> .large[**Developing Evolutionary Thinking**] - .large[The Acceptance of Mutability] - .large[Buffon: Concept of **Microevolutions**<br>   - organisms transformed as the environmental<br>  conditions differ between geological regions] - .large[No **Macroevolution**<br>   - No new species<br>   - Only .dotted[extinct] or .dotted[extant]<br>   - Dominating opinion] --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#bg.png") background-size: contain <div style="position:absolute; top:-60px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .numeric.white[.small[.small[**02**]]] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:45px; left:250px; z-index:1;"> .double.white[.large[S]CIENCE & .large[P]ARADIGM .large[S]HIFTS] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:400px; left:170px; z-index:1;"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK01/lamarckism.jpg" width="560px" /> </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:150px; left:60px; z-index:0; padding:0px 60px 10px 0px"> .large[**Developing Evolutionary Thinking**] - .large[**Lamarck** (1744 - 1829)] - .large[Similarities between different species .small.d_blue[(homologous structures)]] - .large[**Law of Use and Disuse**] - .large[**Law of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics**] --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#bg.png") background-size: contain <div style="position:absolute; top:-60px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .numeric.white[.small[.small[**02**]]] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:45px; left:250px; z-index:1;"> .double.white[.large[S]CIENCE & .large[P]ARADIGM .large[S]HIFTS] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:400px; left:13px; z-index:1;"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK01/Ibis.jpg" width="880px" /> </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:150px; left:60px; z-index:0; padding:0px 60px 10px 0px"> .large[**Developing Evolutionary Thinking**] - .large[The Acceptance of Mutability] - .large[The debate over Sacred Ibis .small[(*Threskiornis aethiopicus*)]] - .large[Fixity of species (Immutable)] - .large[Laws and Principles of biology] - .large[The Great Debate (1830)] --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#bg.png") background-size: contain <div style="position:absolute; top:-60px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .numeric.white[.small[.small[**02**]]] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:45px; left:250px; z-index:1;"> .double.white[.large[S]CIENCE & .large[P]ARADIGM .large[S]HIFTS] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:615px; left:680px; z-index:2;"> .d_blue[Mary Nelson;<br>CC BY-NC 4.0 License] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:360px; left:420px; z-index:1;"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK01/lamarck.png" width="460px" /> </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:150px; left:60px; z-index:0; padding:0px 60px 10px 0px"> .large[**Developing Evolutionary Thinking**] - .large[The Acceptance of Mutability] - .large[Lack of Support for **Lamarck**] - .large[The Mechanism for inheritance <br>   - How was the acquired characteristics passed<br>  onto offspring?] --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#bg.png") background-size: contain <div style="position:absolute; top:-60px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .numeric.white[.small[.small[**02**]]] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:45px; left:250px; z-index:1;"> .double.white[.large[D]ARWIN & .large[N]ATURAL .large[S]ELECTION] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:350px; left:140px; z-index:1;"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK01/map.png" width="620px" /> </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:150px; left:60px; z-index:0; padding:0px 60px 10px 0px"> .large[**Darwin (1809 - 1882) & the Voyage of HMS Beagle (1831)**] - .large[Collecting specimens (unknown species and fossils)] - .large[Extant and Extinct Species in same region<br>   - Challenging Cuvier's Catastrophism] - .large[Geological varieties and distance] --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#bg.png") background-size: contain <div style="position:absolute; top:-60px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .numeric.white[.small[.small[**02**]]] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:45px; left:250px; z-index:1;"> .double.white[.large[D]ARWIN & .large[N]ATURAL .large[S]ELECTION] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:350px; left:140px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:150px; left:60px; z-index:0; padding:0px 60px 10px 0px"> .large[**Influences from Social Studies**] - .large[<u>**An Essay on the Principle of Population**</u> (Malthus, 1798)] - .large[*"a population always grows at a rate in excess of growth in the resources necessary to sustain it."*] - .large[Implication from this observation <br>  - Size of population needs to be controlled<br>  - Unequal status within population<br>  - *Survival of the fittest*] - .large[(Micro or Macro) Evolution is not a random event] - .large[Internal Competition (for reproduction)] - .large[Similar conclusion is proposed by Wallace(1823-1923)] --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#bg.png") background-size: contain <div style="position:absolute; top:-60px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .numeric.white[.small[.small[**02**]]] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:45px; left:250px; z-index:1;"> .double.white[.large[D]ARWIN & .large[N]ATURAL .large[S]ELECTION] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:350px; left:140px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:150px; left:60px; z-index:0; padding:0px 60px 10px 0px"> .large[**Darwin (1809 - 1882) & Wallace (1823 - 1923)**] - .large["The Origin of Species" (1859)] - .large[Radical paradigm shift can ruin careers/reputations<br>  - Lamarck *v.* Cuvier<br>  - *Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation*,<br>   (Chamber, 1844)] - .large[Wallace .d_blue[(inspired by *Vestiges*)]<br>  - began his voyagge in 1848<br>  - reached a concept simialr to Darwin<br>  - wrote to Darwin in 1858<br>  - A joint paper published<br> .small[*On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection*]] --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#bg.png") background-size: contain <div style="position:absolute; top:-60px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .numeric.white[.small[.small[**02**]]] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:45px; left:250px; z-index:1;"> .double.white[.large[D]ARWIN & .large[N]ATURAL .large[S]ELECTION] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:350px; left:140px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:150px; left:60px; z-index:0; padding:0px 60px 10px 0px"> .large[**The Mechanism of Natural Selection**] - .large[Struggle for existence] - .large[Individuals with favoured traits will survive<br>.small[ *"The offspring, also, will thus have a better chance<br>  of surviving, for, of the many individuals of any<br>  species which are periodically born, but a small<br>  number can survive. I have called this principle, by<br>  which slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the<br>  term **Natural Selection**."* (Darwin, 1859)]] - .large[Survivor will have better chance to **reproduce**.] --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#bg.png") background-size: contain <div style="position:absolute; top:-60px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .numeric.white[.small[.small[**02**]]] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:45px; left:250px; z-index:1;"> .double.white[.large[D]ARWIN & .large[N]ATURAL .large[S]ELECTION] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:350px; left:140px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:150px; left:60px; z-index:0; padding:0px 60px 10px 0px"> .large[**The Mechanism of Natural Selection**] - .large[Evolution as descent with modification] - .large[*Modified* descent gradually become **new species**.] - .large[The inheritance of traits are random, nonspecific .small[<br>  - Different from **Law of Inheritance Acquired Characteristics**]] - .large[Selective Breeding (Artificial Selection)<br>  - traits favoured by human are reproduced<br>  - gradually 'creating' breeds with all desired traits<br>  - selection do not increase chance of survival] - .large[Condition in environment determine the suitable traits<br>  - only individuals with 'fitting' traits will reproduce] --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#bg.png") background-size: contain <div style="position:absolute; top:-60px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .numeric.white[.small[.small[**02**]]] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:45px; left:250px; z-index:1;"> .double.white[.large[D]ARWIN & .large[N]ATURAL .large[S]ELECTION] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:350px; left:50px; z-index:1;"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK01/pangenesis.svg" width="800px" /> </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:150px; left:60px; z-index:0; padding:0px 60px 10px 0px"> .large[**Missing Aspect in Natural Selection**] - .large[How did traits pass onto offspring?] - .large[**Pangenesis** and Blending Inheritance] --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#bg.png") background-size: contain <div style="position:absolute; top:-60px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .numeric.white[.small[.small[**02**]]] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:45px; left:250px; z-index:1;"> .double.white[.large[D]ARWIN & .large[N]ATURAL .large[S]ELECTION] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:290px; left:200px; z-index:1;"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK01/blending.svg" width="500px" /> </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:150px; left:60px; z-index:0; padding:0px 60px 10px 0px"> .large[**Missing Aspect in Natural Selection**] - .large[How did traits pass onto offspring?] - .large[Pangenesis and **Blending Inheritance**] --- background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,#bg.png") background-size: contain <div style="position:absolute; top:-60px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .numeric.white[.small[.small[**02**]]] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:45px; left:250px; z-index:1;"> .double.white[.large[D]ARWIN & .large[N]ATURAL .large[S]ELECTION] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:150px; left:60px; z-index:0; padding:0px 60px 10px 0px"> .large[**Impact of Darwin's theory**] - .large[Critics on Darwin's Theory] - .large[Hereditary mechanism was heavily criticized] - .large[Disputed by empirical tests] - .large[Most scholars believe that organism are mutable] - .large[Not all agree with natural selection] - .large[The 'Re-discovery' of Mendel's Work after 1900] - .large[Boosted Darwin's theory] - .large[Shaped most biological studies]