LAB MANUAL

Statistical Tests and Assumptions

Research questions and corresponding statistical tests

The most popular research questions include:

1.whether two variables (n = 2) are correlated (i.e., associated)

2.whether multiple variables (n > 2) are correlated

3.whether two groups (n = 2) of samples differ from each other

4.whether multiple groups (n >= 2) of samples differ from each other

5.whether the variability of two samples differ

Each of these questions can be answered using the following statistical tests:

1.Correlation test between two variables

2.Correlation matrix between multiple variables

3.Comparing the means of two groups:

-Student’s t-test (parametric)

-Wilcoxon rank test (non-parametric)

4.Comparing the means of more than two groups

-ANOVA test (analysis of variance, parametric): extension of t-test to compare more than two groups.

-Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test (non-parametric): extension of Wilcoxon rank test to compare more than two groups

5.Comparing the variances:

-Comparing the variances of two groups: F-test (parametric)

-Comparison of the variances of more than two groups: Bartlett’s test #### 1.(parametric), Levene’s test (parametric) and Fligner-Killeen test #### 1.(non-parametric)

Statistical test requirements (assumptions)

Many of the statistical procedures including correlation, regression, t-test, and analysis of variance assume some certain characteristic about the data. Generally they assume that:

-the data are normally distributed

-and the variances of the groups to be compared are homogeneous (equal).

Before using parametric test, we should perform some preleminary tests to make sure that the test assumptions are met. In the situations where the assumptions are violated, non-paramatric tests are recommended.

How to assess the normality of the data?

1. With large enough sample sizes (n > 30) the violation of the normality assumption should not cause major problems (central limit theorem). This implies that we can ignore the distribution of the data and use parametric tests.

2. However, to be consistent, we can use Shapiro-Wilk’s significance test comparing the sample distribution to a normal one in order to ascertain whether data show or not a serious deviation from normality.

How to assess the equality of variances?

The standard Student’s t-test (comparing two independent samples) and the ANOVA test (comparing multiple samples) assume also that the samples to be compared have equal variances

- F-test to compare the variances of two samples

- Bartlett’s Test or Levene’s Test to compare the variances of multiple samples.