Background

We are interested in the effect of class- vs. race-based societal zero-sum thinking on perceived impact of economic policy and support for that policy. To that end, we measure societal zero-sum beliefs of both race and class, introduce economically progressive policy (either increase in minimum wage or student debt forgiveness), ask about this policy’s impact on racial/economic equality, two racial groups (white people and black people), two class groups (working class and upper class), and relative impact of policy on working class vs. racial minorities.

Demographics

Race

race N Perc
Asian 15 7.5
Black or African American 19 9.5
Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin 6 3.0
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 1 0.5
Other (please specify) 1 0.5
White 140 70.0
multiracial 18 9.0

Gender

gender N Perc
man 101 50.5
woman 97 48.5
NA 2 1.0

Age

age_mean age_sd
38.64 10.54

Education

edu N Perc
noHS 1 0.5
GED 47 23.5
2yearColl 22 11.0
4yearColl 88 44.0
MA 26 13.0
PHD 14 7.0
NA 2 1.0

Income

County-level data

We also asked them which county they live in. And then, with census data, we got their county’s GINI coefficient, median income, and population density.

GINI

Median income

Population density

Politics

Ideology

Participants were asked about the extent to which they subscribe to the following ideologies on a scale of 0-100 (select NA if unfamiliar): Conservatism, Liberalism, Democratic Socialism, Libertarianism, Progressivism, Right-Wing Nationalism (removed from plot because it’s too heavily skewed).

Party ID

party_id N Perc
Democrat 92 46
Independent 58 29
Republican 50 25

Vote in 2020

vote_2020 N Perc
Joe Biden 109 54.5
Donald Trump 46 23.0
I did not vote 35 17.5
Third-party candidate 10 5.0

Vote in 2024

vote_2024 N Perc
Joe Biden 99 49.5
Donald Trump 49 24.5
I will not vote 28 14.0
Other 16 8.0
Robert F. Kennedy Jr.  6 3.0
Cornel West 1 0.5
Jill Stein 1 0.5

Measures

Class-based Zero-Sum Beliefs

Adapted from Davidai & Ongis, 2019: https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/sciadv.aay3761

  1. The more working class people are able to get into positions of power, the more upper class people lose their status in society
  2. The easier it is for working class students to gain admission to college, the more it becomes difficult for upper class students to get admitted
  3. The more resources the government spends on predominantly working class regions in the U.S., the less it spends on predominantly upper class regions
  4. The more influence working class people have in politics, the less influence upper class people have in politics
  5. When working class people move up in society, they do so at the expense of upper class people
  6. The easier it is for working class people to get high-paying jobs, the more difficult it becomes for upper class people to get the same jobs

    alpha = 0.9

Race-based Zero-Sum Beliefs

Adapted from Davidai & Ongis, 2019: https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/sciadv.aay3761

  1. The more racial minorities are able to get into positions of power, the more white people lose their status in society
  2. The easier it is for racial minorities to gain admission to college, the more it becomes difficult for white students to get admitted
  3. The more resources the government spends on predominantly racial minority regions in the U.S., the less it spends on predominantly white regions
  4. The more influence racial minorities have in politics, the less influence white people have in politics
  5. When racial minorities move up in society, they do so at the expense of white people
  6. The easier it is for racial minorities to get high-paying jobs, the more difficult it becomes for white people to get the same jobs

    alpha = 0.93

Policy

Participants were shown one of the following policies.

Minimum wage: Congress has not increased the federal minimum wage, currently set at 7.25 Dollars, since 2009. Some Congresspeople are proposing a policy that would gradually raise the federal minimum wage to 15 Dollars an hour by 2025. After 2025, the minimum wage would be adjusted each year to keep pace with growth in the median wage, a measure of wages for typical workers.

Student debt forgiveness: Some Congresspeople are proposing a policy that would help to address the student loan debt crisis by forgiving up to 50,000 Dollars in loans per borrower. Approximately 42 million Americans, or about 1 in 6 American adults, owe a cumulative 1.6 trillion Dollars in student loans. Student loans are now the second-largest slice of household debt after mortgages, bigger than credit card debt.

Policy support

To what extent do you oppose or support this policy? (1 = Strongly Oppose to 7 = Strongly Support)

Relative impact

What is the relative impact of this policy on racial minorities as opposed to the working class? (1 = More impact on racial minorities to 7 = More impact on the working class)

Impact on racial/economic equality

How do you think this policy will impact… (-3 = Greatly reduce equality to 3 = Greatly increase equality)

1. Raciel equality
2. Economic equality

Impact on groups

On average, how do you think this policy will impact each of the following groups? (-3 = Extremely Harmful to 3 = Extremely Helpful)

1. White people
2. Black people
3. The working class
4. The upper class

Analysis

Correlation Matrix

I’ll start with a big correlation matrix.

Relative impact as DV

Reminder: Relative impact ranges from 1 (More impact on racial minorities) to 7 (More impact on the working class)

(#tab:unnamed-chunk-23)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 4.27 [3.78, 4.76] 17.18 194 < .001
Zs class 0.04 [-0.10, 0.18] 0.56 194 .575
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-24)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 4.18 [3.53, 4.83] 12.67 178 < .001
Zs class 0.04 [-0.11, 0.20] 0.53 178 .596
Ideo con 0.00 [-0.01, 0.01] 0.16 178 .874
Ideo lib 0.00 [-0.01, 0.01] 0.39 178 .698
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-25)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 4.02 [3.57, 4.47] 17.58 194 < .001
Zs race 0.12 [-0.01, 0.24] 1.84 194 .067
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-26)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 3.91 [3.28, 4.55] 12.17 178 < .001
Zs race 0.16 [0.01, 0.30] 2.10 178 .037
Ideo con 0.00 [-0.01, 0.01] -0.56 178 .579
Ideo lib 0.00 [-0.01, 0.01] 0.39 178 .696
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-27)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 4.14 [3.65, 4.64] 16.39 193 < .001
Zs race 0.20 [0.01, 0.39] 2.11 193 .036
Zs class -0.12 [-0.33, 0.08] -1.17 193 .242
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-28)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 4.03 [3.38, 4.68] 12.17 177 < .001
Zs race 0.27 [0.05, 0.48] 2.48 177 .014
Zs class -0.16 [-0.38, 0.06] -1.41 177 .160
Ideo con 0.00 [-0.01, 0.01] -0.59 177 .555
Ideo lib 0.00 [0.00, 0.01] 0.60 177 .547
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-29)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 3.52 [2.65, 4.39] 7.96 192 < .001
Zs race 0.27 [0.07, 0.48] 2.65 192 .009
Zs class -0.16 [-0.38, 0.05] -1.52 192 .130
Support 0.10 [-0.01, 0.21] 1.72 192 .088
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-30)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 3.55 [2.54, 4.56] 6.94 176 < .001
Zs race 0.30 [0.08, 0.52] 2.71 176 .007
Zs class -0.18 [-0.40, 0.05] -1.56 176 .120
Support 0.08 [-0.05, 0.22] 1.22 176 .226
Ideo con 0.00 [-0.01, 0.01] -0.21 176 .834
Ideo lib 0.00 [-0.01, 0.01] 0.19 176 .849

Policy support as DV

(#tab:unnamed-chunk-31)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 5.96 [5.28, 6.64] 17.24 198 < .001
Zs class -0.22 [-0.42, -0.02] -2.21 198 .028
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-32)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 6.82 [6.23, 7.41] 22.76 198 < .001
Zs race -0.49 [-0.66, -0.32] -5.80 198 < .001
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-33)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 6.42 [5.77, 7.06] 19.66 197 < .001
Zs race -0.75 [-0.99, -0.51] -6.10 197 < .001
Zs class 0.39 [0.12, 0.66] 2.86 197 .005
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-34)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 5.69 [4.96, 6.43] 15.31 181 < .001
Zs race -0.39 [-0.62, -0.15] -3.23 181 .001
Zs class 0.20 [-0.04, 0.45] 1.62 181 .107
Ideo con -0.02 [-0.03, -0.01] -4.07 181 < .001
Ideo lib 0.02 [0.01, 0.03] 4.48 181 < .001
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-35)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 7.13 [6.34, 7.91] 17.98 187 < .001
Zs race -0.29 [-0.56, -0.03] -2.16 187 .032
Ideo con -0.03 [-0.05, -0.01] -3.58 187 < .001
Zs race \(\times\) Ideo con 0.00 [0.00, 0.01] 0.44 187 .657

Impact on economic equality as DV

(#tab:unnamed-chunk-36)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 1.16 [0.71, 1.62] 5.08 196 < .001
Zs class -0.01 [-0.15, 0.12] -0.21 196 .836
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-37)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 0.79 [0.26, 1.32] 2.95 182 .004
Zs class 0.04 [-0.08, 0.17] 0.67 182 .501
Ideo con -0.01 [-0.02, 0.00] -2.86 182 .005
Ideo lib 0.01 [0.01, 0.02] 3.77 182 < .001
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-38)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 1.66 [1.25, 2.07] 7.97 196 < .001
Zs race -0.17 [-0.28, -0.05] -2.88 196 .004
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-39)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 1.03 [0.51, 1.55] 3.89 182 < .001
Zs race -0.06 [-0.18, 0.06] -0.94 182 .350
Ideo con -0.01 [-0.01, 0.00] -2.17 182 .031
Ideo lib 0.01 [0.01, 0.02] 3.93 182 < .001
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-40)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 1.38 [0.93, 1.83] 6.08 195 < .001
Zs race -0.34 [-0.51, -0.18] -4.08 195 < .001
Zs class 0.27 [0.08, 0.45] 2.84 195 .005
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-41)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 0.89 [0.36, 1.43] 3.30 181 .001
Zs race -0.18 [-0.35, -0.01] -2.06 181 .041
Zs class 0.18 [0.00, 0.36] 1.95 181 .053
Ideo con -0.01 [-0.01, 0.00] -2.13 181 .034
Ideo lib 0.01 [0.00, 0.02] 3.63 181 < .001
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-42)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept -0.95 [-1.60, -0.29] -2.85 194 .005
Zs race -0.07 [-0.23, 0.08] -0.93 194 .353
Zs class 0.13 [-0.03, 0.29] 1.56 194 .120
Support 0.36 [0.28, 0.44] 8.62 194 < .001
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-43)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept -0.88 [-1.62, -0.15] -2.38 180 .018
Zs race -0.06 [-0.22, 0.10] -0.72 180 .471
Zs class 0.11 [-0.05, 0.28] 1.38 180 .171
Support 0.31 [0.22, 0.41] 6.37 180 < .001
Ideo con 0.00 [-0.01, 0.00] -0.41 180 .681
Ideo lib 0.01 [0.00, 0.01] 1.78 180 .076

Impact on racial equality as DV

(#tab:unnamed-chunk-44)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 0.66 [0.28, 1.04] 3.42 195 < .001
Zs class 0.03 [-0.08, 0.14] 0.50 195 .615
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-45)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 0.42 [-0.06, 0.89] 1.74 181 .083
Zs class 0.06 [-0.06, 0.17] 1.01 181 .316
Ideo con 0.00 [-0.01, 0.00] -1.48 181 .141
Ideo lib 0.01 [0.00, 0.01] 2.41 181 .017
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-46)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 1.15 [0.80, 1.49] 6.53 195 < .001
Zs race -0.13 [-0.22, -0.03] -2.55 195 .012
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-47)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 0.74 [0.27, 1.20] 3.12 181 .002
Zs race -0.08 [-0.19, 0.03] -1.42 181 .156
Ideo con 0.00 [-0.01, 0.00] -0.56 181 .576
Ideo lib 0.01 [0.00, 0.01] 2.62 181 .010
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-48)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 0.85 [0.48, 1.23] 4.51 194 < .001
Zs race -0.31 [-0.45, -0.17] -4.41 194 < .001
Zs class 0.28 [0.13, 0.43] 3.59 194 < .001
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-49)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 0.56 [0.09, 1.03] 2.34 180 .020
Zs race -0.24 [-0.40, -0.09] -3.15 180 .002
Zs class 0.24 [0.08, 0.40] 2.97 180 .003
Ideo con 0.00 [-0.01, 0.00] -0.49 180 .625
Ideo lib 0.01 [0.00, 0.01] 2.20 180 .029
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-50)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept -0.72 [-1.31, -0.12] -2.39 193 .018
Zs race -0.13 [-0.26, 0.01] -1.79 193 .075
Zs class 0.19 [0.04, 0.33] 2.58 193 .011
Support 0.24 [0.17, 0.32] 6.37 193 < .001
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-51)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept -0.90 [-1.57, -0.23] -2.64 179 .009
Zs race -0.14 [-0.29, 0.00] -1.91 179 .058
Zs class 0.19 [0.04, 0.34] 2.50 179 .013
Support 0.25 [0.16, 0.34] 5.65 179 < .001
Ideo con 0.00 [0.00, 0.01] 1.11 179 .268
Ideo lib 0.00 [0.00, 0.01] 0.47 179 .640

Impact on white people as DV

(#tab:unnamed-chunk-52)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 1.29 [0.82, 1.75] 5.46 196 < .001
Zs class -0.04 [-0.17, 0.10] -0.56 196 .574
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-53)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 1.68 [1.25, 2.10] 7.79 196 < .001
Zs race -0.16 [-0.28, -0.04] -2.64 196 .009
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-54)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 2.02 [1.42, 2.63] 6.60 185 < .001
Zs race -0.21 [-0.41, 0.00] -1.95 185 .053
Ideo con -0.02 [-0.03, 0.00] -2.49 185 .014
Zs race \(\times\) Ideo con 0.00 [0.00, 0.01] 1.47 185 .143
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-55)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 1.47 [1.00, 1.94] 6.21 195 < .001
Zs race -0.29 [-0.47, -0.12] -3.29 195 .001
Zs class 0.20 [0.00, 0.39] 2.02 195 .045
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-56)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept -0.56 [-1.29, 0.18] -1.49 194 .137
Zs race -0.05 [-0.22, 0.12] -0.58 194 .560
Zs class 0.08 [-0.10, 0.26] 0.84 194 .404
Support 0.31 [0.22, 0.41] 6.64 194 < .001
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-57)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept -0.67 [-1.51, 0.17] -1.57 178 .118
Zs race -0.03 [-0.21, 0.16] -0.27 178 .785
Zs class 0.04 [-0.15, 0.23] 0.43 178 .669
Support 0.32 [0.21, 0.43] 5.63 178 < .001
Ideo con 0.00 [0.00, 0.01] 0.62 178 .535
Ideo lib 0.00 [-0.01, 0.01] 0.39 178 .696

Impact on black people as DV

(#tab:unnamed-chunk-58)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 1.83 [1.39, 2.28] 8.17 198 < .001
Zs class -0.08 [-0.21, 0.04] -1.29 198 .198
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-59)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 2.06 [1.66, 2.47] 10.03 198 < .001
Zs race -0.15 [-0.27, -0.04] -2.66 198 .008
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-60)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 1.35 [0.71, 1.99] 4.16 187 < .001
Zs race -0.03 [-0.20, 0.14] -0.36 187 .720
Ideo lib 0.02 [0.00, 0.03] 2.68 187 .008
Zs race \(\times\) Ideo lib 0.00 [-0.01, 0.00] -1.61 187 .109
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-61)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 1.97 [1.52, 2.42] 8.63 197 < .001
Zs race -0.21 [-0.38, -0.05] -2.51 197 .013
Zs class 0.09 [-0.10, 0.28] 0.96 197 .339
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-62)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 0.45 [-0.28, 1.18] 1.23 196 .221
Zs race -0.04 [-0.21, 0.13] -0.44 196 .663
Zs class 0.00 [-0.18, 0.18] -0.01 196 .993
Support 0.24 [0.14, 0.33] 5.03 196 < .001
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-63)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 0.74 [-0.11, 1.58] 1.73 180 .086
Zs race 0.00 [-0.18, 0.19] 0.03 180 .979
Zs class -0.03 [-0.21, 0.16] -0.26 180 .793
Support 0.20 [0.09, 0.31] 3.50 180 < .001
Ideo con 0.00 [-0.01, 0.00] -1.18 180 .240
Ideo lib 0.00 [-0.01, 0.01] 0.16 180 .872

Impact on upper class as DV

(#tab:unnamed-chunk-64)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept -1.05 [-1.53, -0.57] -4.31 188 < .001
Zs class 0.25 [0.11, 0.38] 3.52 188 < .001
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-65)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept -0.33 [-1.02, 0.36] -0.95 178 .344
Zs class -0.04 [-0.26, 0.18] -0.35 178 .728
Ideo con -0.02 [-0.03, 0.00] -2.49 178 .014
Zs class \(\times\) Ideo con 0.01 [0.00, 0.01] 3.02 178 .003

(#tab:unnamed-chunk-67)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept -0.63 [-1.08, -0.18] -2.76 188 .006
Zs race 0.11 [-0.01, 0.24] 1.77 188 .078
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-68)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept -0.99 [-1.48, -0.50] -3.97 187 < .001
Zs race -0.10 [-0.28, 0.08] -1.12 187 .264
Zs class 0.33 [0.13, 0.53] 3.22 187 .002
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-69)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept -1.21 [-2.06, -0.37] -2.83 186 .005
Zs race -0.08 [-0.28, 0.12] -0.75 186 .456
Zs class 0.32 [0.11, 0.52] 2.99 186 .003
Support 0.03 [-0.07, 0.14] 0.64 186 .525
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-70)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept -1.39 [-2.35, -0.43] -2.85 171 .005
Zs race -0.08 [-0.29, 0.13] -0.73 171 .469
Zs class 0.30 [0.08, 0.52] 2.75 171 .007
Support 0.10 [-0.03, 0.23] 1.54 171 .125
Ideo con 0.00 [0.00, 0.01] 0.79 171 .431
Ideo lib -0.01 [-0.01, 0.00] -1.54 171 .125

Impact on working class as DV

(#tab:unnamed-chunk-71)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 2.01 [1.52, 2.50] 8.06 197 < .001
Zs class -0.13 [-0.27, 0.02] -1.72 197 .086
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-72)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 2.44 [2.00, 2.88] 10.91 197 < .001
Zs race -0.26 [-0.38, -0.13] -4.09 197 < .001
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-73)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 2.24 [1.76, 2.73] 9.10 196 < .001
Zs race -0.38 [-0.56, -0.20] -4.11 196 < .001
Zs class 0.18 [-0.02, 0.39] 1.79 196 .074
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-74)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept -0.23 [-0.94, 0.49] -0.62 195 .537
Zs race -0.09 [-0.26, 0.08] -1.06 195 .292
Zs class 0.03 [-0.15, 0.21] 0.34 195 .731
Support 0.39 [0.29, 0.48] 8.34 195 < .001
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-75)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept -0.13 [-0.97, 0.71] -0.30 179 .761
Zs race -0.07 [-0.26, 0.11] -0.79 179 .432
Zs class 0.01 [-0.18, 0.20] 0.13 179 .893
Support 0.37 [0.26, 0.48] 6.56 179 < .001
Ideo lib 0.00 [-0.01, 0.01] 0.23 179 .817
Ideo con 0.00 [-0.01, 0.01] -0.41 179 .683

Mediation model 1

Race zero-sum -> Perceived impact on racial equality -> Policy support

a = -0.13 (p = 0.011)
b = 0.77 (p = 0)
direct = -0.49 (p = 0)
indirect = -0.39 (p = 0)