The Consequences of a Broken Social Contract
Study 1
Dean Baltiansky
1 Purpose
The purpose of this study is to test the relationship between a broken social contract and anti-establishment sentiment. We can think of a broken social contract in two primary ways: (1) The values that are promised on paper are not reflected in practice; and (2) the values that are desired by the people are not reflected in practice. Importantly, because the legitimacy of social institutions rely on people’s trust in them, we are more interested in the subjective beliefs of these values than in the legal interpretation of them. So, we asked people to list values for these three perspectives.
2 Method
In a previous pilot study, we asked participants to list guiding
values from three perspectives: (1) What values do they believe guide
the US on paper; (2) what values do they believe guide the US in
practice; and (3) what values would guide a country they could design
themselves. After analyzing the text that they wrote in, we took the 48
most-mentioned values (all values that were mentioned by at least five
percent of people) and funneled them into this study.
These were the options: achievement, capitalism, change, compassion,
competition, democracy, diversity, education, empathy, equal
opportunity, equality, fairness, freedom, freedom of religion, freedom
of speech, greed, happiness, hard work, honesty, independence,
individualism, informality, integrity, justice, kindness, liberty, life,
money, nationalism, opportunity, patriotism, peace, power, privacy,
progress, prosperity, pursuit of happiness, religion, respect, right to
bear arms, rights, self determination, self government, strength,
strong, success, tolerance, unity.
For each perspective, after selecting five values, participants were
asked to assign weights of importance for each value (must total 100%).
This will help us take a weighted mean score per participant per
perspective.
Participants then completed the following measures: (1)
anti-establishment sentiment; (2) system-justification; (3) single-item
desire for radical change; (4) political ideology; and (5)
demographics.
3 Demographics
Race
| race | N | Perc |
|---|---|---|
| asian | 42 | 8.35 |
| black | 63 | 12.52 |
| hispanic | 16 | 3.18 |
| multiracial | 29 | 5.77 |
| white | 338 | 67.20 |
| NA | 15 | 2.98 |
Gender
| gender | N | Perc |
|---|---|---|
| man | 236 | 46.92 |
| woman | 253 | 50.30 |
| NA | 14 | 2.78 |
Education
| edu | N | Perc |
|---|---|---|
| GED | 116 | 23.06 |
| 2yearColl | 67 | 13.32 |
| 4yearColl | 213 | 42.35 |
| MA | 63 | 12.52 |
| PHD | 30 | 5.96 |
| NA | 14 | 2.78 |
Income
Age
| m | sd |
|---|---|
| 40.28343 | 12.2008 |
Political ideology
Participants were asked to rate their endorsement of the following
ideologies, with the option of selecting Not Applicable if they
were not sure what the ideology stands for: (1) Conservatism; (2)
Liberalism; (3) Democratic Socialism; (4) Libertarianism; (5)
Progressivism; and (6) Right-Wing Nationalism.
*Right-Wing Nationalism was removed from the visualization below because
it was heavily right-skewed and therefore distorted the interpretability
of the rest of the ideologies.
County-level data
We also asked them which county they live in. And then, with census data, we got their county’s GINI coefficient, median income, and population density.
GINI
Median income
Population density
4 Measures
US on paper
Participants were shown the following prompt:
First, we want you to think of the United States.
Since its independence and onwards, the formation of the US as a
sovereign country was based on a number of values, all of which were
inscribed in the constitution. This document, importantly, has evolved
since its inception.
ON PAPER (in the constitution), what are the values that the US stands
for? Please select five values.
| value | N |
|---|---|
| liberty | 316 |
| freedom of speech | 197 |
| rights | 189 |
| freedom | 186 |
| independence | 173 |
| pursuit of happiness | 151 |
| democracy | 144 |
| freedom of religion | 144 |
| right to bear arms | 115 |
| life | 99 |
| justice | 96 |
| equality | 88 |
| equal opportunity | 55 |
| self government | 51 |
| capitalism | 43 |
| patriotism | 42 |
| self determination | 42 |
| happiness | 36 |
| power | 35 |
| individualism | 30 |
| opportunity | 29 |
| prosperity | 27 |
| achievement | 21 |
| money | 18 |
| privacy | 18 |
| diversity | 16 |
| hard work | 16 |
| unity | 16 |
| nationalism | 13 |
| greed | 12 |
| fairness | 10 |
| honesty | 10 |
| progress | 9 |
| religion | 8 |
| strength | 8 |
| competition | 6 |
| empathy | 6 |
| peace | 6 |
| respect | 5 |
| strong | 5 |
| tolerance | 5 |
| compassion | 4 |
| success | 4 |
| change | 3 |
| integrity | 3 |
| kindness | 3 |
| education | 2 |
US in practice
Participants were shown the following prompt:
Now, we want you to think of the values that the United States stands
for in reality.
Regardless of what is written in the constitution, the US (across party
lines) stands for certain values and does not stand for others.
IN PRACTICE, what are the values that the US stands for? Select FIVE
values.
| value | N |
|---|---|
| capitalism | 254 |
| freedom | 154 |
| money | 145 |
| greed | 141 |
| right to bear arms | 127 |
| power | 125 |
| individualism | 101 |
| democracy | 99 |
| freedom of speech | 95 |
| independence | 87 |
| competition | 86 |
| nationalism | 84 |
| patriotism | 75 |
| freedom of religion | 71 |
| liberty | 67 |
| opportunity | 61 |
| justice | 58 |
| pursuit of happiness | 58 |
| prosperity | 56 |
| rights | 52 |
| achievement | 51 |
| strength | 50 |
| hard work | 48 |
| diversity | 44 |
| religion | 41 |
| success | 33 |
| equal opportunity | 32 |
| self determination | 28 |
| equality | 26 |
| life | 18 |
| self government | 16 |
| happiness | 14 |
| change | 13 |
| fairness | 13 |
| unity | 12 |
| education | 10 |
| progress | 10 |
| strong | 9 |
| integrity | 8 |
| tolerance | 8 |
| kindness | 7 |
| peace | 6 |
| privacy | 6 |
| compassion | 5 |
| respect | 4 |
| empathy | 3 |
| honesty | 2 |
| informality | 2 |
Ideal
Participants were shown the following prompt:
And now, we want you to imagine your ideal state.
Importantly, imagine this ideal state as if you are randomly born into
its population. You can end up in any level of its citizenry.
So, if you could design a state completely from scratch, what would be
its guiding values? Select FIVE values.
| value | N |
|---|---|
| freedom | 199 |
| compassion | 126 |
| equality | 116 |
| equal opportunity | 110 |
| pursuit of happiness | 110 |
| peace | 100 |
| justice | 95 |
| freedom of speech | 93 |
| kindness | 92 |
| happiness | 86 |
| opportunity | 82 |
| respect | 79 |
| freedom of religion | 75 |
| democracy | 74 |
| liberty | 70 |
| diversity | 67 |
| honesty | 64 |
| rights | 61 |
| education | 60 |
| independence | 58 |
| unity | 55 |
| empathy | 53 |
| fairness | 49 |
| integrity | 49 |
| prosperity | 47 |
| life | 44 |
| self determination | 38 |
| hard work | 37 |
| progress | 36 |
| tolerance | 35 |
| right to bear arms | 30 |
| achievement | 28 |
| individualism | 28 |
| success | 24 |
| self government | 22 |
| patriotism | 19 |
| capitalism | 17 |
| privacy | 14 |
| nationalism | 13 |
| religion | 10 |
| money | 9 |
| strength | 9 |
| change | 8 |
| greed | 7 |
| competition | 6 |
| informality | 5 |
| power | 3 |
| strong | 3 |
If you’re interested in these value lists broken down by ideology, go to the supplementary section
Anti-establishment
A combination of items from ISPP international surveys (used here: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/politicsandgovernance/article/viewFile/3949/3949)
and a recent IPSOS survey (https://www.ipsos.com/en/broken-system-sentiment-2022).
Participants indicated their agreement (1-7) with the following
statements:
1. The US’s economy is rigged to advantage the rich and powerful
2. Traditional politicians and parties don’t care about people like
me
3. Experts in this country don’t understand the lives of people like
me
4. Most of the time we can trust people in the government to do what is
right (R)
R indicates a reverse-scored item
Cronbach’s alpha = 0.786
System justification
Taken from Kay and Jost (2003; https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2003-09138-004)\
Participants indicated their agreement (1-7) with the following
statements:
1. In general, I find society to be fair
2. In general, the American political system operates as it should
3. American society needs to be radically restructured (R)
4. The United States is the best country in the world to live in
5. Most policies serve the greater good
6. Everyone has a fair shot at wealth and happiness
7. Our society is getting worse every year (R)
8. Society is set up so that people usually get what they deserve
R indicates a reverse-scored item
Cronbach’s alpha = 0.905
Support for radical change
Item used here (https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/0032321719874362), but also appears, in various forms, in other surveys.
Participants indicated their agreement (1-7) with the following
item:
The way this country works needs to be radically changed.
Similarity scores
Using Glove word embedding, we have 100-column vectors for each
value, representing their semantic meaning. The goal is to see how
similar each perspective is to one another per participant. How do we do
that?
For each participant and each type, we take the average of each column
weighted by the importance indicated by the participants. Then, we take
the cosine similarity between each of the two perspectives, per
participant. Let’s see how this looks in code:
df_similarities = tibble(PID = -999,simi_uspaper_uspractice = 0,simi_uspaper_ideal = 0,simi_uspractice_ideal = 0)
PIDs = unique(df_amd$PID)
for(i in PIDs){
mt_cosine <- df_amd %>%
select(PID:weight,X1:X100) %>%
pivot_longer(-c(PID,type,value,weight),
names_to = "names",
values_to = "values") %>%
mutate(weigthed_value = values*weight/100) %>%
select(-values) %>%
pivot_wider(names_from = names,
values_from = weigthed_value) %>%
group_by(PID,type) %>%
summarise_at(vars(X1:X100),function(x){sum(x,na.rm = T)}) %>%
ungroup() %>%
filter(PID == i) %>%
select(type,X1:X100) %>%
pivot_longer(X1:X100,
names_to = "names",
values_to = "values") %>%
pivot_wider(names_from = "type",
values_from = "values") %>%
select(-names) %>%
as.matrix() %>%
cosine()
cosine_ideal_paper = mt_cosine["ideal","uspaper"]
cosine_ideal_prac = mt_cosine["ideal","uspractice"]
cosine_paper_prac = mt_cosine["uspaper","uspractice"]
current_scores = tibble(PID = i,
simi_uspaper_uspractice = cosine_paper_prac,
simi_uspaper_ideal = cosine_ideal_paper,
simi_uspractice_ideal = cosine_ideal_prac)
df_similarities <- df_similarities %>%
bind_rows(current_scores)
}
df_amd <- df_amd %>%
left_join(df_similarities,by = "PID") %>%
select(PID:weight,simi_uspaper_uspractice:simi_uspractice_ideal,everything())Great. This gives us cosine similarity scores for each pair of the three perspectives, per participant. Let’s check out their distributions.
5 Analysis
Correlation plot
Let’s start with some correlations.
simi_uspaper_uspractice: Cosine similarity between the
US on paper and the US in practice
simi_uspaper_ideal: Cosine similarity between the US on
paper and participant’s ideal
simi_uspractice_ideal: Cosine similarity between the US
in practice and participant’s ideal
antiest: Anti-establishment sentiment
change: Support for radical change
GSJ: System Justification
Model 1
Does similarity between perceived guiding values of the US on paper and perceived guiding values of the US in practice predict anti-establishment sentiment?
Model 1A
No Controls
| Predictor | \(b\) | 95% CI | \(t\) | \(\mathit{df}\) | \(p\) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 0.00 | [-0.09, 0.09] | 0.00 | 501 | > .999 |
| Scalesimi uspaper uspractice | -0.23 | [-0.32, -0.15] | -5.32 | 501 | < .001 |
Model 1B
Controlling for ideology (conservatism) and party ID
| Predictor | \(b\) | 95% CI | \(t\) | \(\mathit{df}\) | \(p\) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 0.14 | [-1.71, 2.00] | 0.15 | 464 | .879 |
| Scalesimi uspaper uspractice | -0.17 | [-0.26, -0.08] | -3.84 | 464 | < .001 |
| Scaleideo con | -0.29 | [-0.41, -0.18] | -4.93 | 464 | < .001 |
| Party idDemocrat | -0.28 | [-2.13, 1.58] | -0.30 | 464 | .767 |
| Party idIndependent | 0.09 | [-1.77, 1.95] | 0.09 | 464 | .926 |
| Party idRepublican | -0.13 | [-2.00, 1.75] | -0.13 | 464 | .893 |
Model 1C
Controlling for ideology (conservatism), party ID, age, gender, education, income, race, county inequality, county median income, and county density.
| Predictor | \(b\) | 95% CI | \(t\) | \(\mathit{df}\) | \(p\) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 0.05 | [-0.28, 0.39] | 0.32 | 401 | .749 |
| Scalesimi uspaper uspractice | -0.18 | [-0.26, -0.09] | -3.91 | 401 | < .001 |
| Scaleideo con | -0.28 | [-0.40, -0.15] | -4.42 | 401 | < .001 |
| Party idIndependent | 0.29 | [0.07, 0.51] | 2.55 | 401 | .011 |
| Party idRepublican | 0.16 | [-0.15, 0.47] | 1.01 | 401 | .311 |
| Scaleage | -0.08 | [-0.18, 0.02] | -1.60 | 401 | .109 |
| Genderwoman | -0.05 | [-0.23, 0.13] | -0.51 | 401 | .613 |
| Scaleedu num | -0.17 | [-0.27, -0.07] | -3.47 | 401 | < .001 |
| Scaleincome num | -0.07 | [-0.17, 0.02] | -1.55 | 401 | .121 |
| Raceblack | -0.06 | [-0.46, 0.35] | -0.28 | 401 | .778 |
| Racehispanic | -0.12 | [-0.73, 0.49] | -0.40 | 401 | .692 |
| Racemultiracial | -0.08 | [-0.56, 0.39] | -0.35 | 401 | .729 |
| Racewhite | -0.16 | [-0.50, 0.18] | -0.93 | 401 | .353 |
| Scalecounty gini | -0.04 | [-0.16, 0.07] | -0.75 | 401 | .455 |
| Scalecounty medianincome | 0.05 | [-0.04, 0.14] | 1.06 | 401 | .291 |
| Scalecounty density | 0.00 | [-0.11, 0.11] | 0.06 | 401 | .956 |
The more closely aligned the perceived values are between the US on paper and the US in practice, the less likely people are to endorse anti-establishment sentiment. This holds when adjusting for ideological and demographic variables.
Model 2
Does similarity between perceived guiding values of the participant’s ideal and perceived guiding values of the US in practice predict anti-establishment sentiment?
Model 2A
No Controls
| Predictor | \(b\) | 95% CI | \(t\) | \(\mathit{df}\) | \(p\) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 0.00 | [-0.08, 0.08] | 0.00 | 501 | > .999 |
| Scalesimi uspractice ideal | -0.30 | [-0.38, -0.22] | -7.04 | 501 | < .001 |
Model 2B
Controlling for ideology (conservatism) and party ID
| Predictor | \(b\) | 95% CI | \(t\) | \(\mathit{df}\) | \(p\) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 0.11 | [-1.72, 1.95] | 0.12 | 464 | .903 |
| Scalesimi uspractice ideal | -0.23 | [-0.32, -0.14] | -5.02 | 464 | < .001 |
| Scaleideo con | -0.26 | [-0.38, -0.14] | -4.38 | 464 | < .001 |
| Party idDemocrat | -0.27 | [-2.11, 1.56] | -0.29 | 464 | .771 |
| Party idIndependent | 0.13 | [-1.71, 1.97] | 0.14 | 464 | .886 |
| Party idRepublican | -0.08 | [-1.94, 1.78] | -0.08 | 464 | .933 |
Model 2C
Controlling for ideology (conservatism), party ID, age, gender, education, income, race, county inequality, county median income, and county density.
| Predictor | \(b\) | 95% CI | \(t\) | \(\mathit{df}\) | \(p\) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 0.02 | [-0.31, 0.35] | 0.12 | 401 | .904 |
| Scalesimi uspractice ideal | -0.21 | [-0.31, -0.12] | -4.44 | 401 | < .001 |
| Scaleideo con | -0.25 | [-0.37, -0.12] | -3.93 | 401 | < .001 |
| Party idIndependent | 0.32 | [0.10, 0.54] | 2.89 | 401 | .004 |
| Party idRepublican | 0.18 | [-0.13, 0.49] | 1.13 | 401 | .260 |
| Scaleage | -0.08 | [-0.18, 0.02] | -1.50 | 401 | .134 |
| Genderwoman | -0.05 | [-0.23, 0.13] | -0.52 | 401 | .604 |
| Scaleedu num | -0.16 | [-0.26, -0.07] | -3.36 | 401 | < .001 |
| Scaleincome num | -0.06 | [-0.15, 0.03] | -1.26 | 401 | .209 |
| Raceblack | -0.06 | [-0.47, 0.34] | -0.32 | 401 | .752 |
| Racehispanic | -0.06 | [-0.67, 0.55] | -0.20 | 401 | .843 |
| Racemultiracial | 0.00 | [-0.48, 0.47] | -0.02 | 401 | .985 |
| Racewhite | -0.15 | [-0.49, 0.19] | -0.87 | 401 | .387 |
| Scalecounty gini | -0.05 | [-0.16, 0.07] | -0.79 | 401 | .432 |
| Scalecounty medianincome | 0.04 | [-0.05, 0.13] | 0.85 | 401 | .395 |
| Scalecounty density | 0.00 | [-0.11, 0.11] | -0.03 | 401 | .974 |
The more closely aligned the desired values and the perceived values of the US in practice, the less likely people are to endorse anti-establishment sentiment. This holds when adjusting for ideological and demographic variables.
6 Supplementary
Values Broken down by ideology
I’ll categorize anyone who is over 50 on a certain ideology as part of that ideological group.
US on paper
Conservatives
## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.| value | N |
|---|---|
| liberty | 82 |
| rights | 61 |
| independence | 57 |
| freedom of speech | 56 |
| freedom | 53 |
| freedom of religion | 48 |
| pursuit of happiness | 40 |
| right to bear arms | 39 |
| democracy | 37 |
| justice | 34 |
| life | 28 |
| equality | 19 |
| patriotism | 17 |
| equal opportunity | 15 |
| self government | 15 |
| opportunity | 12 |
| self determination | 11 |
| capitalism | 10 |
| happiness | 10 |
| power | 9 |
| individualism | 7 |
| prosperity | 6 |
| religion | 6 |
| achievement | 5 |
| privacy | 5 |
| hard work | 4 |
| honesty | 3 |
| money | 3 |
| progress | 3 |
| strength | 3 |
| strong | 3 |
| unity | 3 |
| compassion | 2 |
| competition | 2 |
| diversity | 2 |
| education | 2 |
| empathy | 2 |
| greed | 2 |
| nationalism | 2 |
| change | 1 |
| integrity | 1 |
| kindness | 1 |
| peace | 1 |
| respect | 1 |
| success | 1 |
| tolerance | 1 |
Liberals
## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.| value | N |
|---|---|
| liberty | 145 |
| freedom of speech | 85 |
| pursuit of happiness | 81 |
| rights | 76 |
| freedom | 75 |
| democracy | 70 |
| independence | 68 |
| freedom of religion | 65 |
| life | 53 |
| justice | 41 |
| equality | 38 |
| right to bear arms | 38 |
| self government | 25 |
| equal opportunity | 24 |
| capitalism | 20 |
| self determination | 20 |
| patriotism | 18 |
| happiness | 16 |
| opportunity | 15 |
| power | 14 |
| prosperity | 13 |
| achievement | 12 |
| individualism | 10 |
| money | 10 |
| privacy | 9 |
| unity | 9 |
| diversity | 8 |
| nationalism | 7 |
| hard work | 6 |
| progress | 6 |
| fairness | 5 |
| honesty | 5 |
| competition | 4 |
| greed | 4 |
| tolerance | 4 |
| respect | 3 |
| strong | 3 |
| success | 3 |
| compassion | 2 |
| empathy | 2 |
| peace | 2 |
| strength | 2 |
| change | 1 |
| education | 1 |
| integrity | 1 |
| religion | 1 |
Progressives
## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.| value | N |
|---|---|
| liberty | 114 |
| freedom of speech | 68 |
| freedom | 64 |
| independence | 62 |
| pursuit of happiness | 61 |
| rights | 60 |
| democracy | 54 |
| freedom of religion | 53 |
| right to bear arms | 42 |
| life | 40 |
| justice | 34 |
| equality | 30 |
| self government | 21 |
| capitalism | 17 |
| equal opportunity | 17 |
| individualism | 17 |
| self determination | 16 |
| patriotism | 14 |
| happiness | 12 |
| opportunity | 11 |
| diversity | 8 |
| power | 8 |
| privacy | 8 |
| prosperity | 8 |
| achievement | 7 |
| hard work | 7 |
| money | 7 |
| greed | 6 |
| nationalism | 6 |
| unity | 6 |
| peace | 4 |
| progress | 4 |
| respect | 4 |
| honesty | 3 |
| tolerance | 3 |
| compassion | 2 |
| competition | 2 |
| empathy | 2 |
| fairness | 2 |
| success | 2 |
| change | 1 |
| education | 1 |
| religion | 1 |
| strength | 1 |
Libertarians
## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.| value | N |
|---|---|
| liberty | 72 |
| freedom of speech | 58 |
| freedom | 43 |
| freedom of religion | 42 |
| rights | 40 |
| independence | 39 |
| democracy | 38 |
| pursuit of happiness | 35 |
| justice | 28 |
| life | 28 |
| right to bear arms | 27 |
| equality | 19 |
| individualism | 12 |
| patriotism | 11 |
| self determination | 11 |
| happiness | 10 |
| self government | 10 |
| achievement | 9 |
| equal opportunity | 9 |
| prosperity | 9 |
| opportunity | 8 |
| capitalism | 7 |
| money | 6 |
| power | 6 |
| hard work | 5 |
| honesty | 5 |
| privacy | 5 |
| greed | 4 |
| progress | 4 |
| diversity | 3 |
| fairness | 3 |
| religion | 3 |
| compassion | 2 |
| competition | 2 |
| empathy | 2 |
| unity | 2 |
| change | 1 |
| education | 1 |
| nationalism | 1 |
| peace | 1 |
| respect | 1 |
| strength | 1 |
| strong | 1 |
| success | 1 |
Right-Wing Nationals
## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.| value | N |
|---|---|
| liberty | 31 |
| freedom | 19 |
| freedom of religion | 17 |
| freedom of speech | 17 |
| independence | 17 |
| justice | 17 |
| democracy | 15 |
| rights | 14 |
| right to bear arms | 12 |
| life | 11 |
| equality | 9 |
| patriotism | 8 |
| pursuit of happiness | 8 |
| self government | 8 |
| achievement | 5 |
| equal opportunity | 5 |
| happiness | 4 |
| individualism | 4 |
| opportunity | 4 |
| self determination | 4 |
| strength | 4 |
| capitalism | 3 |
| hard work | 3 |
| progress | 3 |
| prosperity | 3 |
| religion | 3 |
| compassion | 2 |
| diversity | 2 |
| honesty | 2 |
| money | 2 |
| privacy | 2 |
| strong | 2 |
| change | 1 |
| competition | 1 |
| education | 1 |
| empathy | 1 |
| greed | 1 |
| kindness | 1 |
| nationalism | 1 |
| respect | 1 |
| success | 1 |
| unity | 1 |
US in practice
Conservatives
## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.| value | N |
|---|---|
| freedom | 60 |
| capitalism | 50 |
| democracy | 41 |
| independence | 37 |
| money | 34 |
| freedom of speech | 32 |
| freedom of religion | 29 |
| liberty | 29 |
| right to bear arms | 26 |
| power | 24 |
| pursuit of happiness | 24 |
| individualism | 23 |
| greed | 22 |
| rights | 21 |
| competition | 20 |
| opportunity | 20 |
| achievement | 19 |
| diversity | 18 |
| hard work | 18 |
| prosperity | 18 |
| justice | 17 |
| patriotism | 16 |
| equal opportunity | 13 |
| strength | 13 |
| equality | 10 |
| life | 9 |
| nationalism | 9 |
| success | 9 |
| self determination | 7 |
| self government | 7 |
| change | 6 |
| happiness | 6 |
| fairness | 4 |
| integrity | 4 |
| strong | 4 |
| tolerance | 4 |
| unity | 4 |
| compassion | 3 |
| kindness | 3 |
| progress | 3 |
| religion | 3 |
| respect | 2 |
| education | 1 |
| empathy | 1 |
| informality | 1 |
| privacy | 1 |
Liberals
## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.| value | N |
|---|---|
| capitalism | 138 |
| greed | 71 |
| money | 67 |
| right to bear arms | 67 |
| power | 58 |
| freedom | 56 |
| individualism | 50 |
| democracy | 44 |
| nationalism | 41 |
| patriotism | 41 |
| competition | 40 |
| freedom of speech | 37 |
| independence | 31 |
| liberty | 27 |
| religion | 27 |
| achievement | 25 |
| pursuit of happiness | 25 |
| justice | 24 |
| hard work | 23 |
| opportunity | 23 |
| diversity | 22 |
| prosperity | 22 |
| strength | 22 |
| rights | 20 |
| freedom of religion | 16 |
| success | 14 |
| self determination | 11 |
| equal opportunity | 10 |
| equality | 8 |
| fairness | 6 |
| life | 6 |
| self government | 6 |
| progress | 5 |
| unity | 5 |
| integrity | 4 |
| kindness | 4 |
| change | 3 |
| compassion | 3 |
| happiness | 3 |
| privacy | 3 |
| education | 2 |
| empathy | 2 |
| peace | 2 |
| strong | 2 |
| honesty | 1 |
| informality | 1 |
| respect | 1 |
| tolerance | 1 |
Progressives
## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.| value | N |
|---|---|
| capitalism | 121 |
| greed | 71 |
| money | 57 |
| power | 53 |
| right to bear arms | 48 |
| freedom | 42 |
| nationalism | 42 |
| individualism | 40 |
| democracy | 35 |
| competition | 34 |
| patriotism | 31 |
| independence | 26 |
| freedom of speech | 25 |
| religion | 24 |
| prosperity | 20 |
| rights | 19 |
| strength | 18 |
| diversity | 17 |
| justice | 17 |
| achievement | 16 |
| freedom of religion | 16 |
| liberty | 16 |
| pursuit of happiness | 16 |
| hard work | 13 |
| opportunity | 13 |
| self determination | 10 |
| success | 10 |
| equal opportunity | 6 |
| equality | 5 |
| fairness | 5 |
| strong | 5 |
| unity | 5 |
| life | 4 |
| self government | 4 |
| education | 3 |
| happiness | 3 |
| peace | 3 |
| privacy | 3 |
| progress | 3 |
| change | 2 |
| integrity | 2 |
| kindness | 2 |
| tolerance | 2 |
| compassion | 1 |
| empathy | 1 |
| respect | 1 |
Libertarians
## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.| value | N |
|---|---|
| capitalism | 52 |
| freedom | 43 |
| greed | 35 |
| money | 31 |
| freedom of speech | 26 |
| power | 26 |
| democracy | 23 |
| individualism | 22 |
| opportunity | 21 |
| right to bear arms | 21 |
| independence | 19 |
| liberty | 19 |
| achievement | 18 |
| pursuit of happiness | 18 |
| diversity | 17 |
| justice | 17 |
| prosperity | 17 |
| freedom of religion | 16 |
| nationalism | 15 |
| patriotism | 15 |
| rights | 15 |
| hard work | 14 |
| competition | 13 |
| equal opportunity | 11 |
| strength | 9 |
| success | 9 |
| change | 8 |
| religion | 8 |
| equality | 7 |
| life | 7 |
| self determination | 7 |
| fairness | 5 |
| happiness | 4 |
| integrity | 4 |
| kindness | 4 |
| self government | 4 |
| tolerance | 4 |
| unity | 4 |
| peace | 3 |
| progress | 3 |
| compassion | 2 |
| informality | 2 |
| respect | 2 |
| strong | 2 |
| education | 1 |
| honesty | 1 |
| privacy | 1 |
Right-Wing Nationals
## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.| value | N |
|---|---|
| freedom | 20 |
| democracy | 19 |
| independence | 14 |
| freedom of speech | 13 |
| money | 13 |
| liberty | 12 |
| capitalism | 11 |
| freedom of religion | 10 |
| achievement | 9 |
| diversity | 9 |
| justice | 9 |
| hard work | 8 |
| opportunity | 8 |
| competition | 7 |
| life | 7 |
| patriotism | 7 |
| right to bear arms | 7 |
| rights | 7 |
| equal opportunity | 6 |
| equality | 6 |
| greed | 6 |
| individualism | 6 |
| power | 6 |
| prosperity | 6 |
| pursuit of happiness | 6 |
| change | 4 |
| nationalism | 4 |
| success | 4 |
| compassion | 3 |
| fairness | 3 |
| self determination | 3 |
| self government | 3 |
| education | 2 |
| happiness | 2 |
| kindness | 2 |
| progress | 2 |
| respect | 2 |
| privacy | 1 |
| strength | 1 |
| tolerance | 1 |
| unity | 1 |
Ideal
Conservatives
## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.| value | N |
|---|---|
| freedom | 70 |
| freedom of speech | 41 |
| pursuit of happiness | 37 |
| justice | 34 |
| freedom of religion | 31 |
| independence | 29 |
| liberty | 29 |
| equal opportunity | 26 |
| right to bear arms | 24 |
| rights | 24 |
| democracy | 22 |
| opportunity | 22 |
| happiness | 20 |
| life | 18 |
| peace | 18 |
| respect | 18 |
| equality | 17 |
| hard work | 16 |
| honesty | 16 |
| compassion | 14 |
| fairness | 14 |
| integrity | 14 |
| unity | 14 |
| kindness | 13 |
| patriotism | 13 |
| capitalism | 12 |
| prosperity | 11 |
| self determination | 11 |
| self government | 11 |
| achievement | 8 |
| education | 8 |
| nationalism | 8 |
| individualism | 7 |
| religion | 7 |
| success | 7 |
| diversity | 6 |
| progress | 6 |
| empathy | 4 |
| strength | 4 |
| tolerance | 4 |
| change | 3 |
| competition | 3 |
| privacy | 3 |
| greed | 2 |
| money | 2 |
| strong | 2 |
| informality | 1 |
| power | 1 |
Liberals
## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.| value | N |
|---|---|
| freedom | 78 |
| compassion | 77 |
| equality | 73 |
| equal opportunity | 54 |
| peace | 52 |
| pursuit of happiness | 49 |
| diversity | 46 |
| respect | 42 |
| kindness | 41 |
| happiness | 39 |
| opportunity | 39 |
| justice | 35 |
| democracy | 34 |
| education | 31 |
| empathy | 31 |
| freedom of speech | 28 |
| fairness | 27 |
| liberty | 27 |
| freedom of religion | 25 |
| rights | 25 |
| unity | 24 |
| honesty | 23 |
| integrity | 21 |
| life | 21 |
| progress | 21 |
| tolerance | 21 |
| prosperity | 20 |
| hard work | 18 |
| independence | 14 |
| self determination | 11 |
| success | 11 |
| individualism | 10 |
| achievement | 9 |
| self government | 6 |
| change | 5 |
| greed | 4 |
| patriotism | 4 |
| money | 3 |
| nationalism | 3 |
| privacy | 3 |
| right to bear arms | 3 |
| strength | 3 |
| capitalism | 2 |
| religion | 2 |
| strong | 2 |
| competition | 1 |
| informality | 1 |
| power | 1 |
Progressives
## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.| value | N |
|---|---|
| freedom | 64 |
| equality | 63 |
| compassion | 59 |
| equal opportunity | 44 |
| diversity | 40 |
| pursuit of happiness | 40 |
| peace | 38 |
| justice | 35 |
| kindness | 34 |
| opportunity | 32 |
| respect | 31 |
| happiness | 30 |
| democracy | 29 |
| empathy | 29 |
| progress | 24 |
| liberty | 21 |
| rights | 21 |
| unity | 21 |
| education | 20 |
| freedom of speech | 20 |
| fairness | 18 |
| honesty | 18 |
| tolerance | 18 |
| freedom of religion | 17 |
| integrity | 17 |
| prosperity | 16 |
| life | 15 |
| independence | 13 |
| achievement | 11 |
| hard work | 11 |
| self determination | 11 |
| individualism | 7 |
| success | 7 |
| change | 6 |
| self government | 6 |
| patriotism | 4 |
| greed | 3 |
| nationalism | 3 |
| strength | 3 |
| competition | 2 |
| privacy | 2 |
| right to bear arms | 2 |
| strong | 2 |
| capitalism | 1 |
| money | 1 |
| religion | 1 |
Libertarians
## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.| value | N |
|---|---|
| freedom | 60 |
| freedom of speech | 28 |
| justice | 28 |
| peace | 28 |
| pursuit of happiness | 28 |
| equality | 27 |
| compassion | 25 |
| liberty | 23 |
| opportunity | 22 |
| happiness | 20 |
| equal opportunity | 19 |
| freedom of religion | 18 |
| independence | 18 |
| rights | 18 |
| kindness | 17 |
| honesty | 16 |
| life | 14 |
| democracy | 13 |
| hard work | 13 |
| integrity | 13 |
| individualism | 12 |
| respect | 12 |
| unity | 12 |
| right to bear arms | 11 |
| diversity | 10 |
| progress | 10 |
| self determination | 10 |
| self government | 10 |
| fairness | 9 |
| success | 8 |
| achievement | 7 |
| capitalism | 7 |
| patriotism | 7 |
| education | 6 |
| empathy | 6 |
| nationalism | 5 |
| privacy | 5 |
| prosperity | 5 |
| greed | 4 |
| strength | 4 |
| tolerance | 4 |
| money | 3 |
| change | 2 |
| competition | 2 |
| religion | 2 |
| strong | 2 |
| informality | 1 |
| power | 1 |
Right-Wing Nationals
## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.| value | N |
|---|---|
| freedom | 26 |
| freedom of speech | 14 |
| liberty | 14 |
| equal opportunity | 12 |
| justice | 12 |
| right to bear arms | 12 |
| freedom of religion | 11 |
| democracy | 10 |
| peace | 9 |
| pursuit of happiness | 9 |
| nationalism | 8 |
| patriotism | 8 |
| unity | 8 |
| honesty | 7 |
| life | 7 |
| rights | 7 |
| equality | 6 |
| fairness | 6 |
| hard work | 6 |
| integrity | 6 |
| compassion | 5 |
| happiness | 5 |
| independence | 5 |
| opportunity | 5 |
| diversity | 4 |
| individualism | 4 |
| kindness | 4 |
| prosperity | 4 |
| empathy | 3 |
| money | 3 |
| progress | 3 |
| success | 3 |
| tolerance | 3 |
| capitalism | 2 |
| change | 2 |
| education | 2 |
| religion | 2 |
| respect | 2 |
| self determination | 2 |
| self government | 2 |
| achievement | 1 |
| competition | 1 |
| greed | 1 |
| power | 1 |
| privacy | 1 |
| strength | 1 |
| strong | 1 |