class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide .title[ # An Introduction to
[ comment ]
and RStudio for Educational Researchers ] .subtitle[ ## Workshop Introduction ] .author[ ### Jorge Sinval ] .date[ ### 2025-11-18 ] --- <style> .orange { color: #EB811B; } .kbd { display: inline-block; padding: .2em .5em; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.75; color: #555; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #fcfcfc; border: solid 1px #ccc; border-bottom-color: #bbb; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: inset 0 -1px 0 #bbb } </style>
# Conventions * Normal text -- * `Code or symbol` -- * **Reference to something important** -- * .orange[Reference to something important] -- * Code blocks will appear with the name of the programing language next to the chunk: -- ```r "This is a block of R code" ``` -- * Bellow will appear (with two hashes `##`) the result produced by the code: ``` ## [1] "This is a block of R code" ``` ??? 7.2 Keyboard shortcuts After opening slides generated from xaringan or remark.js, you may press the key h (Help) or ? on your keyboard to learn all possible keyboard shortcuts, which may help you better present your slides. To go the previous slide, you may press Up/Left arrows, PageUp, or k. To go the next slide, you may press Right/Down arrows, PageDown, Space, or j. You may press Home to go to the first slide, or End to go to the last slide, if you have these keys. Typing a number and pressing Return (or Enter), you can jump to a specific slide with that page number. Press b to black out a slide, and m to “mirror” a slide (reverse everything on the slide). These techniques can be useful when you do not want the audience to read the slide, e.g., when you have solutions on a slide but do not want to show them to your students immediately. I encourage you to try m; it can be a lot of fun. You can press these keys again to resume the normal slide. Press f to toggle the fullscreen mode. Press c to clone the slides to a new browser window; slides in the two windows will be in sync as you navigate through them. Press p to toggle the presenter mode. The presenter mode shows thumbnails of the current slide and the next slide on the left, presenter notes on the right (see Section 7.3.5), and also a timer on the top right. The keys c and p can be very useful when you present with your own computer connected to a second screen (such as a projector). On the second screen, you can show the normal slides, while cloning the slides to your own computer screen and using the presenter mode. Only you can see the presenter mode, which means only you can see presenter notes and the time, and preview the next slide. You may press t to restart the timer at any time. Press h or ? again to exit the help page. --- # Conventions * Important code will be highlighted: ```r "code not that important" *"important code" "code not that important" ``` * Important output will appear highlighted: ``` *## [1] TRUE ## [1] FALSE ``` -- * Keyboard keys combinations .kbd[Ctrl]+.kbd[Shift]+.kbd[F]<sup>🤓</sup> -- * Formulas: `\(\beta_{1} = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}(x_{i} - \bar{x})(y_{i} - \bar{y})}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}(x_{i} - \bar{x})^{2}}\)`<sup>🤓<sup>2</sup></sup> .footnote[🤓 Allows to search inside files...😮 <br>🤓<sup>2</sup> `\\(\beta_1\\)` regression coefficient formula] --- # Conventions - The hyperlinks will appear in green: [an article about burnout <sup>📜</sup>](https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00338/full "Frontiers in Psychology") .footnote[ 📜 Sinval, J., Queirós, C., Pasian, S. R., & Marôco, J. (2019). Transcultural adaptation of the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) for Brazil and Portugal. _Frontiers in Psychology, 10_, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00338 ] -- * Some notes will appear with supporting texts indicated by emojis: -- - recommended bibliography: book 📚, thesis or dissertation👩🎓, chapter 📖 or article 📜 -- - software 💻 -- - hint related to what was mentioned 🤓, 🤔 -- - recommended practices 💡 -- - warnings to avoid problems ⚠️ -- - other emojis related to specific situations will appear (e.g. 🐫, 0️⃣... ) --- class: inverse, center, middle # About Data Analysis with <svg viewBox="0 0 581 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;fill:#384CB7;"> [ comment ] <path d="M581 226.6C581 119.1 450.9 32 290.5 32S0 119.1 0 226.6C0 322.4 103.3 402 239.4 418.1V480h99.1v-61.5c24.3-2.7 47.6-7.4 69.4-13.9L448 480h112l-67.4-113.7c54.5-35.4 88.4-84.9 88.4-139.7zm-466.8 14.5c0-73.5 98.9-133 220.8-133s211.9 40.7 211.9 133c0 50.1-26.5 85-70.3 106.4-2.4-1.6-4.7-2.9-6.4-3.7-10.2-5.2-27.8-10.5-27.8-10.5s86.6-6.4 86.6-92.7-90.6-87.9-90.6-87.9h-199V361c-74.1-21.5-125.2-67.1-125.2-119.9zm225.1 38.3v-55.6c57.8 0 87.8-6.8 87.8 27.3 0 36.5-38.2 28.3-87.8 28.3zm-.9 72.5H365c10.8 0 18.9 11.7 24 19.2-16.1 1.9-33 2.8-50.6 2.9v-22.1z"></path></svg> <html><div style='float:left'></div><hr color='#EB811B' size=1px width=800px></html> --- exclude: true class: inverse, center, middle # http://ispa.pt <html><div style='float:left'></div><hr color='#EB811B' size=1px width=800px></html> --- exclude: true # Location <center>
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style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;fill:red;"> [ comment ] <path d="M462.3 62.6C407.5 15.9 326 24.3 275.7 76.2L256 96.5l-19.7-20.3C186.1 24.3 104.5 15.9 49.7 62.6c-62.8 53.6-66.1 149.8-9.9 207.9l193.5 199.8c12.5 12.9 32.8 12.9 45.3 0l193.5-199.8c56.3-58.1 53-154.3-9.8-207.9z"></path></svg> <html><div style='float:left'></div><hr color='#EB811B' size=1px width=800px></html> --- # Lecturer .pull-left[  <center> Jo<svg viewBox="0 0 581 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;fill:#384CB7;"> [ comment ] <path d="M581 226.6C581 119.1 450.9 32 290.5 32S0 119.1 0 226.6C0 322.4 103.3 402 239.4 418.1V480h99.1v-61.5c24.3-2.7 47.6-7.4 69.4-13.9L448 480h112l-67.4-113.7c54.5-35.4 88.4-84.9 88.4-139.7zm-466.8 14.5c0-73.5 98.9-133 220.8-133s211.9 40.7 211.9 133c0 50.1-26.5 85-70.3 106.4-2.4-1.6-4.7-2.9-6.4-3.7-10.2-5.2-27.8-10.5-27.8-10.5s86.6-6.4 86.6-92.7-90.6-87.9-90.6-87.9h-199V361c-74.1-21.5-125.2-67.1-125.2-119.9zm225.1 38.3v-55.6c57.8 0 87.8-6.8 87.8 27.3 0 36.5-38.2 28.3-87.8 28.3zm-.9 72.5H365c10.8 0 18.9 11.7 24 19.2-16.1 1.9-33 2.8-50.6 2.9v-22.1z"></path></svg>ge Sinval </center> ### 📆:[My availability, here](https://calendar.google.com/calendar/embed?height=600&wkst=1&bgcolor=%23ffffff&src=am9yZ2VzaW52YWxAZ21haWwuY29t&src=ZjN2YjgxYjk1MWpmYWwybWdyc2VicXZxaGtAZ3JvdXAuY2FsZW5kYXIuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbQ&src=czRqZG91ajZiazJidjRpcGJlNmozdThzNGdAZ3JvdXAuY2FsZW5kYXIuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbQ&src=NDg2bnFjYnBkMG8yM3M2NWxnN2VscXVsZW9AZ3JvdXAuY2FsZW5kYXIuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbQ&src=OGQ2MDgwMzM1ZmJkYzcwZjk1OGE3OTg5NzNlZjU4MTQ0N2E3NWFhNjFkNzEwOWIxMWFlMGQwYjE3OThhZjcxNUBncm91cC5jYWxlbmRhci5nb29nbGUuY29t&src=czR2aGZkNDQ0b2UwZTN1anQwZGs1bjY1aTRAZ3JvdXAuY2FsZW5kYXIuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbQ&src=cHQtcHQucG9ydHVndWVzZSNob2xpZGF5QGdyb3VwLnYuY2FsZW5kYXIuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbQ&src=amZwc2xAaXNjdGUtaXVsLnB0&src=bW1xMm83cmxvOWlpM2I2Mm1qbGI2OGNkMHI5aXBsaTNAaW1wb3J0LmNhbGVuZGFyLmdvb2dsZS5jb20&src=c2ludmFsQGNhbXB1cy51bC5wdA&src=c2ludmFsQHVzcC5icg&&src=sinval%40unifesp.br&color=%237CB342&color=%23039BE5&color=%233F51B5&color=%23E4C441&color=%23D50000&color=%237986CB&color=%23039BE5&color=%23F09300&color=%23F6BF26&color=%23039BE5 "Check my availability here") ### 📧:[jorge.sinval@nie.edu.sg](mailto:jorge.sinval@nie.edu.sg) ] .pull-right[ <br> <br> * Psychometrician 📝+🔍+👨💻 * Researcher  <br> ## [<svg viewBox="0 0 384 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="height:1em;fill:currentColor;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;"> <g groupmode="layer" id="layer6" label="icon"> <path style="stroke-width:0.0647871" d="M 343.75868,106.66243 V 79.430205 L 363.52365,63.999997 H 149.63354 L 20.476345,176.2736 h 85.656075 c -0.15534,2.12494 -0.21914,4.04644 -0.21914,6.22563 0,20.84472 7.2192,38.08662 21.67203,51.86089 14.45284,13.79702 32.25124,20.64784 53.32651,20.64784 4.92319,0 9.75059,-0.36794 14.43842,-1.02419 -2.90722,6.50082 -4.37457,12.52302 -4.37457,18.14228 0,9.87526 4.49924,20.4304 13.46715,31.6418 -39.23377,2.6705 -68.06112,9.73264 -86.43702,21.16322 -10.53108,6.49907 -19.000207,14.70396 -25.390349,24.5311 -6.390569,9.89933 -9.577754,20.51525 -9.577754,31.9616 0,9.64822 2.062375,18.33611 6.21907,26.06233 4.156694,7.7263 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-- .pull-right[ My family  My friends  ] --- class: inverse, center, middle # Content <html><div style='float:left'></div><hr color='#EB811B' size=1px width=800px></html> --- # Content ### 0. Statistics on Social and Human Sciences -- ### 1. Creating and Manipulating Datasets in <svg viewBox="0 0 581 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;fill:#384CB7;"> [ comment ] <path d="M581 226.6C581 119.1 450.9 32 290.5 32S0 119.1 0 226.6C0 322.4 103.3 402 239.4 418.1V480h99.1v-61.5c24.3-2.7 47.6-7.4 69.4-13.9L448 480h112l-67.4-113.7c54.5-35.4 88.4-84.9 88.4-139.7zm-466.8 14.5c0-73.5 98.9-133 220.8-133s211.9 40.7 211.9 133c0 50.1-26.5 85-70.3 106.4-2.4-1.6-4.7-2.9-6.4-3.7-10.2-5.2-27.8-10.5-27.8-10.5s86.6-6.4 86.6-92.7-90.6-87.9-90.6-87.9h-199V361c-74.1-21.5-125.2-67.1-125.2-119.9zm225.1 38.3v-55.6c57.8 0 87.8-6.8 87.8 27.3 0 36.5-38.2 28.3-87.8 28.3zm-.9 72.5H365c10.8 0 18.9 11.7 24 19.2-16.1 1.9-33 2.8-50.6 2.9v-22.1z"></path></svg> -- ### 2. Descriptive Statistics and Graphical Methods --- # Content ### 3. Statistical Inference -- #### 3.1. Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing -- #### 3.2. Parametric Methods (independent and paired samples) -- ##### 3.2.1. Student _t_-tests and ANOVAs (one-way, repeated measures, two-way) -- ##### 3.2.2. Post-hoc tests -- #### 3.3. Non-parametric Methods -- ##### 3.3.1. Mann-Whitney; Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney; Friedman; Kruskal-Wallis, `\(\chi^2\)` -- ##### 3.3.2. Post-hoc tests --- # Bibliography<sup>📚</sup> .pull-left[ <center> 📖 <br> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#assets/img/crawley2015.png" width="55%" /> </center> ] .pull-right[ <center> 📚 <br> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#assets/img/field2012.jpg" width="60%" /> </center> ] .footnote[ 📚 Crawley, M. J. (2015). _Statistics: An introduction using R_ (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. 📚 Field, A. P., Miles, J., & Field, Z. (2012). _Discovering statistics using R_. Sage.] --- class: center, bottom, inverse # More info -- Slides created with the <svg viewBox="0 0 581 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;fill:#384CB7;"> [ comment ] <path d="M581 226.6C581 119.1 450.9 32 290.5 32S0 119.1 0 226.6C0 322.4 103.3 402 239.4 418.1V480h99.1v-61.5c24.3-2.7 47.6-7.4 69.4-13.9L448 480h112l-67.4-113.7c54.5-35.4 88.4-84.9 88.4-139.7zm-466.8 14.5c0-73.5 98.9-133 220.8-133s211.9 40.7 211.9 133c0 50.1-26.5 85-70.3 106.4-2.4-1.6-4.7-2.9-6.4-3.7-10.2-5.2-27.8-10.5-27.8-10.5s86.6-6.4 86.6-92.7-90.6-87.9-90.6-87.9h-199V361c-74.1-21.5-125.2-67.1-125.2-119.9zm225.1 38.3v-55.6c57.8 0 87.8-6.8 87.8 27.3 0 36.5-38.2 28.3-87.8 28.3zm-.9 72.5H365c10.8 0 18.9 11.7 24 19.2-16.1 1.9-33 2.8-50.6 2.9v-22.1z"></path></svg> package [`xaringan`](https://github.com/yihui/xaringan). -- <svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="height:1em;fill:currentColor;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;"> <g label="icon" id="layer6" groupmode="layer"> <path id="path2" d="M 132.62426,316.69067 C 119.2805,301.94483 112.56962,274.5073 112.56962,234.39862 v -54.79191 c 0,-37.32217 -5.81677,-63.58084 -17.532347,-78.83466 -11.6757,-15.293118 -31.159702,-22.922596 -58.353466,-22.922596 -5.958581,0 -11.409226,0.22492 -16.45319,0.5917 -5.04455,0.427121 -9.742846,1.037046 -14.1564111,1.83092 V 95.057199 H 16.671281 c 12.325533,0 20.908335,3.82414 25.667559,11.532201 4.77973,7.74964 7.139712,25.48587 7.139712,53.14663 v 68.01321 c 0,42.12298 13.016861,74.19672 39.233939,96.16314 19.627549,16.47424 46.636229,27.23363 81.030059,32.40064 v -20.17708 c -16.3928,-4.27176 -29.04346,-10.51565 -37.11829,-19.44413 z m 246.75144,0 c 13.34377,-14.74584 20.05466,-42.18337 20.05466,-82.29205 v -54.79191 c 0,-37.32217 5.81673,-63.58084 17.53235,-78.83466 11.67568,-15.293118 31.15971,-22.922596 58.35348,-22.922596 5.95858,0 11.40922,0.22492 16.45315,0.5917 5.04457,0.427121 9.74287,1.037046 14.15645,1.83092 v 14.785125 h -10.59712 c -12.32549,0 -20.90826,3.82414 -25.66752,11.532201 -4.77974,7.74964 -7.13972,25.48587 -7.13972,53.14663 v 68.01321 c 0,42.12298 -13.01688,74.19672 -39.23394,96.16314 -19.6275,16.47424 -46.63622,27.23363 -81.03006,32.40064 v -20.17708 c 16.39279,-4.27176 29.04347,-10.51565 37.11827,-19.44413 z M 303.95857,87.165762 c 8.42049,-6.691524 25.52576,-10.536158 51.23486,-11.492333 V 63.999997 H 156.80716 v 11.673432 c 26.1755,0.956175 43.38268,4.800809 51.68248,11.492333 8.31852,6.73139 12.40691,20.033568 12.40691,39.904818 V 384.6851 c 0,20.80641 -4.08839,34.5146 -12.40691,41.02332 -8.2998,6.56905 -25.50698,10.10729 -51.68248,10.65744 V 448 h 197.71597 l 0.67087,-11.63414 c -25.50471,-0.54955 -42.56835,-4.35266 -51.07201,-11.40918 -8.4182,-6.95638 -12.73153,-20.44184 -12.73153,-40.27158 V 127.07058 c 0,-19.87125 4.16983,-33.173428 12.56922,-39.904818 z" style="stroke-width:0.0753388"></path> </g></svg> + <svg viewBox="0 0 581 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;fill:#384CB7;"> [ comment ] <path d="M581 226.6C581 119.1 450.9 32 290.5 32S0 119.1 0 226.6C0 322.4 103.3 402 239.4 418.1V480h99.1v-61.5c24.3-2.7 47.6-7.4 69.4-13.9L448 480h112l-67.4-113.7c54.5-35.4 88.4-84.9 88.4-139.7zm-466.8 14.5c0-73.5 98.9-133 220.8-133s211.9 40.7 211.9 133c0 50.1-26.5 85-70.3 106.4-2.4-1.6-4.7-2.9-6.4-3.7-10.2-5.2-27.8-10.5-27.8-10.5s86.6-6.4 86.6-92.7-90.6-87.9-90.6-87.9h-199V361c-74.1-21.5-125.2-67.1-125.2-119.9zm225.1 38.3v-55.6c57.8 0 87.8-6.8 87.8 27.3 0 36.5-38.2 28.3-87.8 28.3zm-.9 72.5H365c10.8 0 18.9 11.7 24 19.2-16.1 1.9-33 2.8-50.6 2.9v-22.1z"></path></svg> = <svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;fill:red;"> [ comment ] <path d="M462.3 62.6C407.5 15.9 326 24.3 275.7 76.2L256 96.5l-19.7-20.3C186.1 24.3 104.5 15.9 49.7 62.6c-62.8 53.6-66.1 149.8-9.9 207.9l193.5 199.8c12.5 12.9 32.8 12.9 45.3 0l193.5-199.8c56.3-58.1 53-154.3-9.8-207.9z"></path></svg> -- <svg viewBox="0 0 581 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;fill:#384CB7;"> [ comment ] <path d="M581 226.6C581 119.1 450.9 32 290.5 32S0 119.1 0 226.6C0 322.4 103.3 402 239.4 418.1V480h99.1v-61.5c24.3-2.7 47.6-7.4 69.4-13.9L448 480h112l-67.4-113.7c54.5-35.4 88.4-84.9 88.4-139.7zm-466.8 14.5c0-73.5 98.9-133 220.8-133s211.9 40.7 211.9 133c0 50.1-26.5 85-70.3 106.4-2.4-1.6-4.7-2.9-6.4-3.7-10.2-5.2-27.8-10.5-27.8-10.5s86.6-6.4 86.6-92.7-90.6-87.9-90.6-87.9h-199V361c-74.1-21.5-125.2-67.1-125.2-119.9zm225.1 38.3v-55.6c57.8 0 87.8-6.8 87.8 27.3 0 36.5-38.2 28.3-87.8 28.3zm-.9 72.5H365c10.8 0 18.9 11.7 24 19.2-16.1 1.9-33 2.8-50.6 2.9v-22.1z"></path></svg> has infinite possibilities. -- Practice is the best strategy for learning. -- . -- _In God we trust, all others bring data_ -- Edwards Deming -- . -- . -- . -- THE END --- class: center, bottom, inverse 