CONCLUSIÓN

No sé si haría mucho foco en este análisis. El resultado da más o menos…

CONCLUSIÓN

Con 10 valores funciona mejor que con 19, pero no sé si lo suficientemente mejor como para que se justifique a nivel teórico.

Edad

Se ajustaron modelos lineales para predecir el nivel de los 19 valores básicos de Schwartz según la edad (continua). Se utilizaron los puntajes centrados (como recomienda Schwartz)

mod_unn <- lm.beta(lm(Uni_nat_C~edad, data = base))
mod_unc <- lm.beta(lm(Uni_con_C~edad, data = base))
mod_unt <- lm.beta(lm(Uni_Tol_C~edad, data = base))
mod_bec <- lm.beta(lm(Ben_Car_C~edad, data = base))
mod_bed <- lm.beta(lm(Ben_Dep_C~edad, data = base))
mod_sep <- lm.beta(lm(Sec_Per_C~edad, data = base))
mod_ses <- lm.beta(lm(Sec_Soc_C~edad, data = base))
mod_cor <- lm.beta(lm(Con_Rul_C~edad, data = base))
mod_coi <- lm.beta(lm(Con_Int_C~edad, data = base))
mod_tra <- lm.beta(lm(Tradic_C~edad, data = base))
mod_ach <- lm.beta(lm(Achiev_C~edad, data = base))
mod_pod <- lm.beta(lm(Po_Dom_C~edad, data = base))
mod_por <- lm.beta(lm(Po_Res_C~edad, data = base))
mod_sdt <- lm.beta(lm(SD_Thought_C~edad, data = base))
mod_sda <- lm.beta(lm(SD_Action_C~edad, data = base))
mod_sti <- lm.beta(lm(Stimu_C~edad, data = base))
mod_hed <- lm.beta(lm(Hedon_C~edad, data = base))
mod_fac <- lm.beta(lm(Face_C~edad, data = base))
mod_hum <- lm.beta(lm(Humi_C~edad, data = base))


tabla_s19_edad <- as.data.frame(cbind(Valor=c("Universalismo-Naturaleza",
                                        "Universalismo-Preocupación",
                                        "Universalismo-Tolerancia",
                                        "Benevolencia-Cuidado",
                                        "Benevolencia-Dependencia",
                                        "Seguridad-Personal",
                                        "Seguridad-Social",
                                        "Conformidad-Reglas",
                                        "Conformidad-Interpersonal",
                                        "Tradición",
                                        "Logro",
                                        "Poder-Dominancia",
                                        "Poder-Recursos",
                                        "Autodirección-Pensamiento",
                                        "Autodirección-Acción",
                                        "Estimulación",
                                        "Hedonismo",
                                        "Apariencia",
                                        "Humildad"),
      round(rbind(summary(mod_unn)$coef[2,1:4],
                  summary(mod_unc)$coef[2,1:4],
                  summary(mod_unt)$coef[2,1:4],
                  summary(mod_bec)$coef[2,1:4],
                  summary(mod_bed)$coef[2,1:4],
                  summary(mod_sep)$coef[2,1:4],
                  summary(mod_ses)$coef[2,1:4],
                  summary(mod_cor)$coef[2,1:4],
                  summary(mod_coi)$coef[2,1:4],
                  summary(mod_tra)$coef[2,1:4],
                  summary(mod_ach)$coef[2,1:4],
                  summary(mod_pod)$coef[2,1:4],
                  summary(mod_por)$coef[2,1:4],
                  summary(mod_sdt)$coef[2,1:4],
                  summary(mod_sda)$coef[2,1:4],
                  summary(mod_sti)$coef[2,1:4],
                  summary(mod_hed)$coef[2,1:4],
                  summary(mod_fac)$coef[2,1:4],
                  summary(mod_hum)$coef[2,1:4]),2),
      round(rbind(summary(mod_unn)$coef[2,5],
                  summary(mod_unc)$coef[2,5],
                  summary(mod_unt)$coef[2,5],
                  summary(mod_bec)$coef[2,5],
                  summary(mod_bed)$coef[2,5],
                  summary(mod_sep)$coef[2,5],
                  summary(mod_ses)$coef[2,5],
                  summary(mod_cor)$coef[2,5],
                  summary(mod_coi)$coef[2,5],
                  summary(mod_tra)$coef[2,5],
                  summary(mod_ach)$coef[2,5],
                  summary(mod_pod)$coef[2,5],
                  summary(mod_por)$coef[2,5],
                  summary(mod_sdt)$coef[2,5],
                  summary(mod_sda)$coef[2,5],
                  summary(mod_sti)$coef[2,5],
                  summary(mod_hed)$coef[2,5],
                  summary(mod_fac)$coef[2,5],
                  summary(mod_hum)$coef[2,5]),3),
      round(rbind(summary(mod_unn)$r.squared,
                  summary(mod_unc)$r.squared,
                  summary(mod_unt)$r.squared,
                  summary(mod_bec)$r.squared,
                  summary(mod_bed)$r.squared,
                  summary(mod_sep)$r.squared,
                  summary(mod_ses)$r.squared,
                  summary(mod_cor)$r.squared,
                  summary(mod_coi)$r.squared,
                  summary(mod_tra)$r.squared,
                  summary(mod_ach)$r.squared,
                  summary(mod_pod)$r.squared,
                  summary(mod_por)$r.squared,
                  summary(mod_sdt)$r.squared,
                  summary(mod_sda)$r.squared,
                  summary(mod_sti)$r.squared,
                  summary(mod_hed)$r.squared,
                  summary(mod_fac)$r.squared,
                  summary(mod_hum)$r.squared),2)))


colnames(tabla_s19_edad) <- c("Valor",
                              "Beta",
                              "Beta std",
                              "EE",
                              "t",
                              "p",
                              "R2")

tabla_s19_edad$color <- ifelse(tabla_s19_edad$p<=.05&tabla_s19_edad$Beta<0,"#daaaaa", ifelse(tabla_s19_edad$p<=.05&tabla_s19_edad$Beta>0,"#a5c3c6",NA))
tabla_s19_edad$p <- ifelse(tabla_s19_edad$p==0,"< .001", tabla_s19_edad$p)
tabla_s19_edad$R2 <- ifelse(tabla_s19_edad$R2==0,"< .01", tabla_s19_edad$R2)


tabla <- kable(tabla_s19_edad[1:7],
      "html",
      booktabs = T,
      align = c("r"),
      caption = "Predicción de valores según edad (continua)") %>%
  kable_styling(full_width = F,
                position = "center", font_size = 12)

for(i in 1:nrow(tabla_s19_edad)){
  if(!is.na(tabla_s19_edad$color[i])){
    tabla <- row_spec(tabla,i,background = tabla_s19_edad$color[i])
    
  }
}


tabla

La edad predijo significativa y positivamente los valores de universalismo-tolerancia, logro, poder-dominancia, ambas vertientes de autodirección y humildad; y negativamente ambas dimensiones de seguridad, conformidad-reglas, tradición y apariencia. Sin embargo, los tamaños de efecto son todos muy pequeños: los valores en los que más impactaría la edad serían seguridad-personal y autodirección-pensamiento, disminuyendo (seguridad) o aumentando (autodirección) 0.17 desviaciones típicas por cada año que se aumenta. El promedio de los betas estandarizados (en valor absoluto y considerando sólo los significativos) fue de 0.16. Además, la variabilidad de los valores explicada por la edad (\(R^2\)) es despreciable.

Edad (ordinal)

Se ajustaron modelos de regresión lineal para evaluar el efecto de la edad como escala ordinal (“12-13”,“14-15”, “16-17” y “18 o más”). Para las comparaciones post-hoc se utilizó la prueba de tukey. Para los análisis inferenciales se utilizan puntajes centrados, como recomienda Schwartz. En el reporte de las medias se le sumó el promedio global de cada variable (sin discriminar por grupo etario), en puntaje crudo, para reconstruir la escala original (No me cierra porque igual se obtienen puntajes por abajo de 1 y por arriba de 6). El desvío reportado es aquel obtenido con puntajes centrados

mod_unn <- lm(Uni_nat_C~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_unc <- lm(Uni_con_C~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_unt <- lm(Uni_Tol_C~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_bec <- lm(Ben_Car_C~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_bed <- lm(Ben_Dep_C~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_sep <- lm(Sec_Per_C~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_ses <- lm(Sec_Soc_C~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_cor <- lm(Con_Rul_C~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_coi <- lm(Con_Int_C~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_tra <- lm(Tradic_C~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_ach <- lm(Achiev_C~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_pod <- lm(Po_Dom_C~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_por <- lm(Po_Res_C~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_sdt <- lm(SD_Thought_C~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_sda <- lm(SD_Action_C~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_sti <- lm(Stimu_C~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_hed <- lm(Hedon_C~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_fac <- lm(Face_C~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_hum <- lm(Humi_C~edad_ord, data = base)




tabla_s19_edadord <- data.frame(Valores=c("Universalismo-Naturaleza",
                                        "Universalismo-Preocupación",
                                        "Universalismo-Tolerancia",
                                        "Benevolencia-Cuidado",
                                        "Benevolencia-Dependencia",
                                        "Seguridad-Personal",
                                        "Seguridad-Social",
                                        "Conformidad-Reglas",
                                        "Conformidad-Interpersonal",
                                        "Tradición",
                                        "Logro",
                                        "Poder-Dominancia",
                                        "Poder-Recursos",
                                        "Autodirección-Pensamiento",
                                        "Autodirección-Acción",
                                        "Estimulación",
                                        "Hedonismo",
                                        "Apariencia",
                                        "Humildad"),
                             "M (SD)"=c(paste0(round(mean(base$Uni_nat)+mean(base$Uni_nat_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Uni_nat_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2),")"), # 12-13
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Uni_con)+mean(base$Uni_con_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Uni_con_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Uni_Tol)+mean(base$Uni_Tol_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Uni_Tol_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Ben_Car)+mean(base$Ben_Car_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Ben_Car_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Ben_Dep)+mean(base$Ben_Dep_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Ben_Dep_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Sec_Per)+mean(base$Sec_Per_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Sec_Per_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Sec_Soc)+mean(base$Sec_Soc_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Sec_Soc_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Con_Rul)+mean(base$Con_Rul_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Con_Rul_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Con_Int)+mean(base$Con_Int_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Con_Int_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Tradic)+mean(base$Tradic_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Tradic_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Achiev)+mean(base$Achiev_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Achiev_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Po_Dom)+mean(base$Po_Dom_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Po_Dom_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Po_Res)+mean(base$Po_Res_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Po_Res_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$SD_Thought)+mean(base$SD_Thought_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$SD_Thought_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$SD_Action)+mean(base$SD_Action_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$SD_Action_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Stimu)+mean(base$Stimu_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Stimu_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Hedon)+mean(base$Hedon_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Hedon_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Face)+mean(base$Face_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Face_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Humi)+mean(base$Humi_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Humi_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2),")")),
                             
                             
                             "M (SD)"=c(paste0(round(mean(base$Uni_nat)+mean(base$Uni_nat_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Uni_nat_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2),")"), # Late
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Uni_con)+mean(base$Uni_con_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Uni_con_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Uni_Tol)+mean(base$Uni_Tol_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Uni_Tol_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Ben_Car)+mean(base$Ben_Car_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Ben_Car_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Ben_Dep)+mean(base$Ben_Dep_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Ben_Dep_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Sec_Per)+mean(base$Sec_Per_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Sec_Per_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Sec_Soc)+mean(base$Sec_Soc_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Sec_Soc_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Con_Rul)+mean(base$Con_Rul_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Con_Rul_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Con_Int)+mean(base$Con_Int_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Con_Int_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Tradic)+mean(base$Tradic_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Tradic_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Achiev)+mean(base$Achiev_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Achiev_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Po_Dom)+mean(base$Po_Dom_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Po_Dom_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Po_Res)+mean(base$Po_Res_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Po_Res_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$SD_Thought)+mean(base$SD_Thought_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$SD_Thought_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$SD_Action)+mean(base$SD_Action_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$SD_Action_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Stimu)+mean(base$Stimu_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Stimu_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Hedon)+mean(base$Hedon_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Hedon_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Face)+mean(base$Face_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Face_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Humi)+mean(base$Humi_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Humi_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2),")")),
                             
                             
                             "M (SD)"=c(paste0(round(mean(base$Uni_nat)+mean(base$Uni_nat_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Uni_nat_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2),")"), # Late
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Uni_con)+mean(base$Uni_con_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Uni_con_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Uni_Tol)+mean(base$Uni_Tol_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Uni_Tol_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Ben_Car)+mean(base$Ben_Car_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Ben_Car_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Ben_Dep)+mean(base$Ben_Dep_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Ben_Dep_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Sec_Per)+mean(base$Sec_Per_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Sec_Per_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Sec_Soc)+mean(base$Sec_Soc_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Sec_Soc_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Con_Rul)+mean(base$Con_Rul_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Con_Rul_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Con_Int)+mean(base$Con_Int_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Con_Int_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Tradic)+mean(base$Tradic_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Tradic_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Achiev)+mean(base$Achiev_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Achiev_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Po_Dom)+mean(base$Po_Dom_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Po_Dom_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Po_Res)+mean(base$Po_Res_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Po_Res_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$SD_Thought)+mean(base$SD_Thought_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$SD_Thought_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$SD_Action)+mean(base$SD_Action_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$SD_Action_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Stimu)+mean(base$Stimu_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Stimu_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Hedon)+mean(base$Hedon_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Hedon_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Face)+mean(base$Face_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Face_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Humi)+mean(base$Humi_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Humi_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2),")")),
                             
                             
                             "M (SD)"=c(paste0(round(mean(base$Uni_nat)+mean(base$Uni_nat_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Uni_nat_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2),")"), # Late
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Uni_con)+mean(base$Uni_con_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Uni_con_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Uni_Tol)+mean(base$Uni_Tol_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Uni_Tol_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Ben_Car)+mean(base$Ben_Car_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Ben_Car_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Ben_Dep)+mean(base$Ben_Dep_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Ben_Dep_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Sec_Per)+mean(base$Sec_Per_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Sec_Per_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Sec_Soc)+mean(base$Sec_Soc_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Sec_Soc_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Con_Rul)+mean(base$Con_Rul_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Con_Rul_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Con_Int)+mean(base$Con_Int_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Con_Int_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Tradic)+mean(base$Tradic_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Tradic_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Achiev)+mean(base$Achiev_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Achiev_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Po_Dom)+mean(base$Po_Dom_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Po_Dom_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Po_Res)+mean(base$Po_Res_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Po_Res_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$SD_Thought)+mean(base$SD_Thought_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$SD_Thought_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$SD_Action)+mean(base$SD_Action_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$SD_Action_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Stimu)+mean(base$Stimu_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Stimu_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Hedon)+mean(base$Hedon_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Hedon_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Face)+mean(base$Face_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Face_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Humi)+mean(base$Humi_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Humi_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2),")")),
                             
                             
"F"=c(round(summary(mod_unn)$fstatistic[1],2),
      round(summary(mod_unc)$fstatistic[1],2),
      round(summary(mod_unt)$fstatistic[1],2),
      round(summary(mod_bec)$fstatistic[1],2),
      round(summary(mod_bed)$fstatistic[1],2),
      round(summary(mod_sep)$fstatistic[1],2),
      round(summary(mod_ses)$fstatistic[1],2),
      round(summary(mod_cor)$fstatistic[1],2),
      round(summary(mod_coi)$fstatistic[1],2),
      round(summary(mod_tra)$fstatistic[1],2),
      round(summary(mod_ach)$fstatistic[1],2),
      round(summary(mod_pod)$fstatistic[1],2),
      round(summary(mod_por)$fstatistic[1],2),
      round(summary(mod_sdt)$fstatistic[1],2),
      round(summary(mod_sda)$fstatistic[1],2),
      round(summary(mod_sti)$fstatistic[1],2),
      round(summary(mod_hed)$fstatistic[1],2),
      round(summary(mod_fac)$fstatistic[1],2),
      round(summary(mod_hum)$fstatistic[1],2)),                             
                             
                             
                             
                             "p"=c(round(pf(summary(mod_unn)$fstatistic[1],summary(mod_unn)$fstatistic[2],summary(mod_unn)$fstatistic[3], lower.tail = F),3),
                                   round(pf(summary(mod_unc)$fstatistic[1],summary(mod_unc)$fstatistic[2],summary(mod_unc)$fstatistic[3], lower.tail = F),3),
                                   round(pf(summary(mod_unt)$fstatistic[1],summary(mod_unt)$fstatistic[2],summary(mod_unt)$fstatistic[3], lower.tail = F),3),
                                   round(pf(summary(mod_bec)$fstatistic[1],summary(mod_bec)$fstatistic[2],summary(mod_bec)$fstatistic[3], lower.tail = F),3),
                                   round(pf(summary(mod_bed)$fstatistic[1],summary(mod_bed)$fstatistic[2],summary(mod_bed)$fstatistic[3], lower.tail = F),3),
                                   round(pf(summary(mod_sep)$fstatistic[1],summary(mod_sep)$fstatistic[2],summary(mod_sep)$fstatistic[3], lower.tail = F),3),
                                   round(pf(summary(mod_ses)$fstatistic[1],summary(mod_ses)$fstatistic[2],summary(mod_ses)$fstatistic[3], lower.tail = F),3),
                                   round(pf(summary(mod_cor)$fstatistic[1],summary(mod_cor)$fstatistic[2],summary(mod_cor)$fstatistic[3], lower.tail = F),3),
                                   round(pf(summary(mod_coi)$fstatistic[1],summary(mod_coi)$fstatistic[2],summary(mod_coi)$fstatistic[3], lower.tail = F),3),
                                   round(pf(summary(mod_tra)$fstatistic[1],summary(mod_tra)$fstatistic[2],summary(mod_tra)$fstatistic[3], lower.tail = F),3),
                                   round(pf(summary(mod_ach)$fstatistic[1],summary(mod_ach)$fstatistic[2],summary(mod_ach)$fstatistic[3], lower.tail = F),3),
                                   round(pf(summary(mod_pod)$fstatistic[1],summary(mod_pod)$fstatistic[2],summary(mod_pod)$fstatistic[3], lower.tail = F),3),
                                   round(pf(summary(mod_por)$fstatistic[1],summary(mod_por)$fstatistic[2],summary(mod_por)$fstatistic[3], lower.tail = F),3),
                                   round(pf(summary(mod_sdt)$fstatistic[1],summary(mod_sdt)$fstatistic[2],summary(mod_sdt)$fstatistic[3], lower.tail = F),3),
                                   round(pf(summary(mod_sda)$fstatistic[1],summary(mod_sda)$fstatistic[2],summary(mod_sda)$fstatistic[3], lower.tail = F),3),
                                   round(pf(summary(mod_sti)$fstatistic[1],summary(mod_sti)$fstatistic[2],summary(mod_sti)$fstatistic[3], lower.tail = F),3),
                                   round(pf(summary(mod_hed)$fstatistic[1],summary(mod_hed)$fstatistic[2],summary(mod_hed)$fstatistic[3], lower.tail = F),3),
                                   round(pf(summary(mod_fac)$fstatistic[1],summary(mod_fac)$fstatistic[2],summary(mod_fac)$fstatistic[3], lower.tail = F),3),
                                   round(pf(summary(mod_hum)$fstatistic[1],summary(mod_hum)$fstatistic[2],summary(mod_hum)$fstatistic[3], lower.tail = F),3)),
                             

                             color=rep(NA,19),
                             check.names = F)



tabla_s19_edadord$color <- ifelse(tabla_s19_edadord$p<=.05,"#a5c3c6",NA)
tabla_s19_edadord$p <- ifelse(tabla_s19_edadord$p==0,"< .001", tabla_s19_edadord$p)



tabla_s19_edadord[1,2:5] <- paste0(tabla_s19_edadord[1,2:5], c(" [A]"," [AB]"," [B]"," [AB]"))
tabla_s19_edadord[2,2:5] <- paste0(tabla_s19_edadord[2,2:5], c(" [AB]"," [A]"," [AB]"," [B]"))
tabla_s19_edadord[3,2:5] <- paste0(tabla_s19_edadord[3,2:5], c(" [A]"," [A]"," [AB]"," [B]"))
tabla_s19_edadord[4,2:5] <- paste0(tabla_s19_edadord[4,2:5], c(" [A]"," [A]"," [A]"," [A]"))
tabla_s19_edadord[5,2:5] <- paste0(tabla_s19_edadord[5,2:5], c(" [A]"," [A]"," [A]"," [A]"))
tabla_s19_edadord[6,2:5] <- paste0(tabla_s19_edadord[6,2:5], c(" [A]"," [B]"," [C]"," [C]"))
tabla_s19_edadord[7,2:5] <- paste0(tabla_s19_edadord[7,2:5], c(" [A]"," [B]"," [B]"," [B]"))
tabla_s19_edadord[8,2:5] <- paste0(tabla_s19_edadord[8,2:5], c(" [A]"," [B]"," [B]"," [B]")) #cor
tabla_s19_edadord[9,2:5] <- paste0(tabla_s19_edadord[9,2:5], c(" [A]"," [B]"," [AB]"," [AB]")) #coi
tabla_s19_edadord[10,2:5] <- paste0(tabla_s19_edadord[10,2:5], c(" [A]"," [B]"," [C]"," [BC]")) #tra
tabla_s19_edadord[11,2:5] <- paste0(tabla_s19_edadord[11,2:5], c(" [A]"," [B]"," [B]"," [B]")) #ach
tabla_s19_edadord[12,2:5] <- paste0(tabla_s19_edadord[12,2:5], c(" [A]"," [B]"," [B]"," [B]")) #pod
tabla_s19_edadord[13,2:5] <- paste0(tabla_s19_edadord[13,2:5], c(" [A]"," [B]"," [B]"," [B]")) #por
tabla_s19_edadord[14,2:5] <- paste0(tabla_s19_edadord[14,2:5], c(" [A]"," [A]"," [B]"," [B]")) #sdt
tabla_s19_edadord[15,2:5] <- paste0(tabla_s19_edadord[15,2:5], c(" [A]"," [AB]"," [C]"," [BC]")) #sda
tabla_s19_edadord[16,2:5] <- paste0(tabla_s19_edadord[16,2:5], c(" [A]"," [A]"," [A]"," [A]"))
tabla_s19_edadord[17,2:5] <- paste0(tabla_s19_edadord[17,2:5], c(" [A]"," [A]"," [A]"," [A]"))
tabla_s19_edadord[18,2:5] <- paste0(tabla_s19_edadord[18,2:5], c(" [A]"," [A]"," [AB]"," [B]")) #fac
tabla_s19_edadord[19,2:5] <- paste0(tabla_s19_edadord[19,2:5], c(" [A]"," [A]"," [A]"," [A]"))



tabla <- kable(tabla_s19_edadord[1:7],
      "html",
      booktabs = T,
      align = c("r"),
      caption = "Diferenciales por edad (ordinal) en valores Schwartz (19)") %>%
  kable_styling(full_width = F,
                position = "center", font_size = 12)

for(i in 1:nrow(tabla_s19_edadord)){
  if(!is.na(tabla_s19_edadord$color[i])){
    tabla <- row_spec(tabla,i,background = tabla_s19_edadord$color[i])
    
  }
}

tabla <- add_header_above(tabla, c("","12-13"=1,"14-15"=1,"16-17"=1,"18+"=1,"",""))
tabla

mod_unn <- lm(Uni_nat_C~edad_ord, data=base)
mod_unc <- lm(Uni_con_C~edad_ord, data=base)
mod_unt <- lm(Uni_Tol_C~edad_ord, data=base)
mod_bec <- lm(Ben_Car_C~edad_ord, data=base)
mod_bed <- lm(Ben_Dep_C~edad_ord, data=base)


estimaciones<-data.frame(valor=factor(c(rep("unn",4),
                                        rep("unc",4),
                                        rep("unt",4),
                                        rep("bec",4),
                                        rep("bed",4)),
                                      labels = c("unn","unc","unt","bec","bed")),
                         edad=c(as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_bec, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,1],
                                as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_unt, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,1],
                                as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_bed, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,1],
                                as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_unn, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,1],
                                as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_unc, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,1]),
                         media=c(as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_bec, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,2],
                                 as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_unt, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,2],
                                 as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_bed, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,2],
                                 as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_unn, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,2],
                                 as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_unc, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,2]))




plot_ST_edadord <- ggplot(data=estimaciones, aes(x=edad, 
                              y=media, 
                              color=valor,
                              group=valor))+
  geom_point(size=10)+
  geom_line(lwd=2)+
  annotate("text",
           x=as.numeric(estimaciones$edad),
           y=c(estimaciones$media),
           label = c("A", "A","A","A",
                     "A", "A","AB","B",
                     "A", "A","A","A",
                     "A", "AB","B","AB",
                     "AB", "A","AB","B"),
           color=c(rep("white",20)))+
  theme_bw()+
  ggtitle("Valores de autotrascendencia")+
  scale_color_manual(values=c("#e9c46a","#f4a261","#e76f51","#264653","#2a9d8f"))

plot_ST_edadord

Nota: diferentes letras indican diferencias significativas entre grupos etarios en cada valor

Entre los valores de autotrascendencia, el único que parece tener una tendencia clara y creciente es universalismo-tolerancia.

mod_sep <- lm(Sec_Per_C~edad_ord, data=base)
mod_ses <- lm(Sec_Soc_C~edad_ord, data=base)
mod_cor <- lm(Con_Rul_C~edad_ord, data=base)
mod_coi <- lm(Con_Int_C~edad_ord, data=base)
mod_tra <- lm(Tradic_C~edad_ord, data=base)



estimaciones<-data.frame(valor=factor(c(rep("sep",4),
                                        rep("ses",4),
                                        rep("cor",4),
                                        rep("coi",4),
                                        rep("tra",4)),
                                      labels = c("sep","ses","cor","coi","tra")),
                         edad=c(as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_cor, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,1],
                                as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_coi, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,1],
                                as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_ses, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,1],
                                as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_sep, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,1],
                                as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_tra, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,1]),
                         media=c(as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_cor, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,2],
                                 as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_coi, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,2],
                                 as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_ses, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,2],
                                 as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_sep, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,2],
                                 as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_tra, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,2]))




plot_C_edadord <- ggplot(data=estimaciones, aes(x=edad, 
                              y=media, 
                              color=valor,
                              group=valor))+
  geom_point(size=10)+
  geom_line(lwd=2)+
  annotate("text",
           x=as.numeric(estimaciones$edad),
           y=c(estimaciones$media),
           label = c("A", "B","B","B",
                     "A", "B","AB","AB",
                     "A", "B","B","B",
                     "A", "B","C","C",
                     "A", "B","C","BC"),
           color=c(rep("white",20)))+
  theme_bw()+
  ggtitle("Valores de conservación")+
  scale_color_manual(values=c("#e9c46a","#f4a261","#e76f51","#264653","#2a9d8f"))

plot_C_edadord

Nota: diferentes letras indican diferencias significativas entre grupos etarios en cada valor

Los valores de seguridad y conformidad-reglas parecen presentar una tendencia a descender con el paso de los años, principalmente entre los 12-13 y los 14-15 años.

mod_ach <- lm(Achiev_C~edad_ord, data=base)
mod_pod <- lm(Po_Dom_C~edad_ord, data=base)
mod_por <- lm(Po_Res_C~edad_ord, data=base)



estimaciones<-data.frame(valor=factor(c(rep("ach",4),
                                        rep("pod",4),
                                        rep("por",4)),
                                      labels = c("ach","pod","por")),
                         edad=c(as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_ach, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,1],
                                as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_pod, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,1],
                                as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_por, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,1]),
                         media=c(as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_ach, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,2],
                                 as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_pod, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,2],
                                 as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_por, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,2]))




plot_SE_edadord <- ggplot(data=estimaciones, aes(x=edad, 
                              y=media, 
                              color=valor,
                              group=valor))+
  geom_point(size=10)+
  geom_line(lwd=2)+
  annotate("text",
           x=as.numeric(estimaciones$edad),
           y=c(estimaciones$media),
           label = c("A", "B","B","B",
                     "A", "B","B","B",
                     "A", "B","B","B"),
           color=c(rep("white",12)))+
  theme_bw()+
  ggtitle("Valores de autopromoción")+
  scale_color_manual(values=c("#e9c46a","#e76f51","#2a9d8f"))

plot_SE_edadord

Nota: diferentes letras indican diferencias significativas entre grupos etarios en cada valor

Los tres valores de autopromoción parecen subir de nivel al inicio de la adolescencia.

mod_sdt <- lm(base$SD_Thought_C~edad_ord, data=base)
mod_sda <- lm(SD_Action_C~edad_ord, data=base)
mod_sti <- lm(Stimu_C~edad_ord, data=base)
mod_hed <- lm(Hedon_C~edad_ord, data=base)




estimaciones<-data.frame(valor=factor(c(rep("sdt",4),
                                        rep("sda",4),
                                        rep("sti",4),
                                        rep("hed",4)),
                                      labels = c("sdt","sda","sti","hed")),
                         edad=c(as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_sti, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,1],
                                as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_sda, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,1],
                                as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_hed, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,1],
                                as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_sdt, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,1]),
                         media=c(as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_sti, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,2],
                                 as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_sda, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,2],
                                 as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_hed, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,2],
                                 as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_sdt, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,2]))




plot_OC_edadord <- ggplot(data=estimaciones, aes(x=edad, 
                                                 y=media, 
                                                 color=valor,
                                                 group=valor))+
  geom_point(size=10)+
  geom_line(lwd=2)+
  annotate("text",
           x=c(as.numeric(estimaciones$edad)[1:5],
               as.numeric(estimaciones$edad)[6],
               as.numeric(estimaciones$edad)[7:13],
               as.numeric(estimaciones$edad)[14],
               as.numeric(estimaciones$edad)[15:16]),
           y=c(estimaciones$media[1:5],
               estimaciones$media[6]+.05,
               estimaciones$media[7:13],
               estimaciones$media[14]-.05,
               estimaciones$media[15:16]),
           label = c("A", "A","A","A",
                     "A", "AB","C","BC",
                     "A", "A","A","A",
                     "A", "A","B","B"),
           color=c(rep("white",5),
                   "#e76f51",
                   rep("white",7),
                   "#e9c46a",
                   rep("white",2)))+
  theme_bw()+
  ggtitle("Valores de apertura al cambio")+
  scale_color_manual(values=c("#e9c46a","#e76f51","#264653","#2a9d8f"))



plot_OC_edadord

Nota: diferentes letras indican diferencias significativas entre grupos etarios en cada valor

Hacia la mitad de la adolescencia parece haber un crecimiento en la importancia que se le da a los valores de autodirección.

Edad (dicotomizada)

Se probó también la edad dicotomizada (como se hizo en Celsi et al. 2023), siendo adolescencia temprana hasta 15 años y adolescencia tardía a partir de los 16. Se reportan directamente los diferenciales según edad. Re reportan medias y SD con datos crudos, pero los análisis inferenciales se realizan con puntajes centrados, como recomienda Schwartz

tabla_s19_edaddic <- data.frame(Valores=c("Universalismo-Naturaleza",
                                        "Universalismo-Preocupación",
                                        "Universalismo-Tolerancia",
                                        "Benevolencia-Cuidado",
                                        "Benevolencia-Dependencia",
                                        "Seguridad-Personal",
                                        "Seguridad-Social",
                                        "Conformidad-Reglas",
                                        "Conformidad-Interpersonal",
                                        "Tradición",
                                        "Logro",
                                        "Poder-Dominancia",
                                        "Poder-Recursos",
                                        "Autodirección-Pensamiento",
                                        "Autodirección-Acción",
                                        "Estimulación",
                                        "Hedonismo",
                                        "Apariencia",
                                        "Humildad"),
                             "Rango"=rep("1 - 6",19),
                             "M (SD)"=c(paste0(round(mean(base$Uni_nat[base$edad<16]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Uni_nat[base$edad<16]),2),")"), # Early
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Uni_con[base$edad<16]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Uni_con[base$edad<16]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Uni_Tol[base$edad<16]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Uni_Tol[base$edad<16]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Ben_Car[base$edad<16]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Ben_Car[base$edad<16]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Ben_Dep[base$edad<16]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Ben_Dep[base$edad<16]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Sec_Per[base$edad<16]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Sec_Per[base$edad<16]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Sec_Soc[base$edad<16]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Sec_Soc[base$edad<16]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Con_Rul[base$edad<16]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Con_Rul[base$edad<16]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Con_Int[base$edad<16]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Con_Int[base$edad<16]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Tradic[base$edad<16]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Tradic[base$edad<16]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Achiev[base$edad<16]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Achiev[base$edad<16]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Po_Dom[base$edad<16]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Po_Dom[base$edad<16]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Po_Res[base$edad<16]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Po_Res[base$edad<16]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$SD_Thought[base$edad<16]),2)," (",round(sd(base$SD_Thought[base$edad<16]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$SD_Action[base$edad<16]),2)," (",round(sd(base$SD_Action[base$edad<16]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Stimu[base$edad<16]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Stimu[base$edad<16]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Hedon[base$edad<16]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Hedon[base$edad<16]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Face[base$edad<16]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Face[base$edad<16]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Humi[base$edad<16]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Humi[base$edad<16]),2),")")),
                             
                             
                             "M (SD)"=c(paste0(round(mean(base$Uni_nat[base$edad>15]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Uni_nat[base$edad>15]),2),")"), # Late
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Uni_con[base$edad>15]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Uni_con[base$edad>15]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Uni_Tol[base$edad>15]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Uni_Tol[base$edad>15]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Ben_Car[base$edad>15]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Ben_Car[base$edad>15]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Ben_Dep[base$edad>15]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Ben_Dep[base$edad>15]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Sec_Per[base$edad>15]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Sec_Per[base$edad>15]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Sec_Soc[base$edad>15]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Sec_Soc[base$edad>15]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Con_Rul[base$edad>15]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Con_Rul[base$edad>15]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Con_Int[base$edad>15]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Con_Int[base$edad>15]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Tradic[base$edad>15]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Tradic[base$edad>15]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Achiev[base$edad>15]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Achiev[base$edad>15]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Po_Dom[base$edad>15]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Po_Dom[base$edad>15]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Po_Res[base$edad>15]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Po_Res[base$edad>15]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$SD_Thought[base$edad>15]),2)," (",round(sd(base$SD_Thought[base$edad>15]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$SD_Action[base$edad>15]),2)," (",round(sd(base$SD_Action[base$edad>15]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Stimu[base$edad>15]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Stimu[base$edad>15]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Hedon[base$edad>15]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Hedon[base$edad>15]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Face[base$edad>15]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Face[base$edad>15]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Humi[base$edad>15]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Humi[base$edad>15]),2),")")),
                             
                             
"t"=c(round(t.test(base$Uni_nat_C[base$edad<16],base$Uni_nat_C[base$edad>15])$statistic,2),
      round(t.test(base$Uni_con_C[base$edad<16],base$Uni_con_C[base$edad>15])$statistic,2),
      round(t.test(base$Uni_Tol_C[base$edad<16],base$Uni_Tol_C[base$edad>15])$statistic,2),
      round(t.test(base$Ben_Car_C[base$edad<16],base$Ben_Car_C[base$edad>15])$statistic,2),
      round(t.test(base$Ben_Dep_C[base$edad<16],base$Ben_Dep_C[base$edad>15])$statistic,2),
      round(t.test(base$Sec_Per_C[base$edad<16],base$Sec_Per_C[base$edad>15])$statistic,2),
      round(t.test(base$Sec_Soc_C[base$edad<16],base$Sec_Soc_C[base$edad>15])$statistic,2),
      round(t.test(base$Con_Rul_C[base$edad<16],base$Con_Rul_C[base$edad>15])$statistic,2),
      round(t.test(base$Con_Int_C[base$edad<16],base$Con_Int_C[base$edad>15])$statistic,2),
      round(t.test(base$Tradic_C[base$edad<16],base$Tradic_C[base$edad>15])$statistic,2),
      round(t.test(base$Achiev_C[base$edad<16],base$Achiev_C[base$edad>15])$statistic,2),
      round(t.test(base$Po_Dom_C[base$edad<16],base$Po_Dom_C[base$edad>15])$statistic,2),
      round(t.test(base$Po_Res_C[base$edad<16],base$Po_Res_C[base$edad>15])$statistic,2),
      round(t.test(base$SD_Thought_C[base$edad<16],base$SD_Thought_C[base$edad>15])$statistic,2),
      round(t.test(base$SD_Action_C[base$edad<16],base$SD_Action_C[base$edad>15])$statistic,2),
      round(t.test(base$Stimu_C[base$edad<16],base$Stimu_C[base$edad>15])$statistic,2),
      round(t.test(base$Hedon_C[base$edad<16],base$Hedon_C[base$edad>15])$statistic,2),
      round(t.test(base$Face_C[base$edad<16],base$Face_C[base$edad>15])$statistic,2),
      round(t.test(base$Humi_C[base$edad<16],base$Humi_C[base$edad>15])$statistic,2)),                             
                             
                             
                             
                             "p"=c(round(t.test(base$Uni_nat_C[base$edad<16],base$Uni_nat_C[base$edad>15])$p.value,3),
                                   round(t.test(base$Uni_con_C[base$edad<16],base$Uni_con_C[base$edad>15])$p.value,3),
                                   round(t.test(base$Uni_Tol_C[base$edad<16],base$Uni_Tol_C[base$edad>15])$p.value,3),
                                   round(t.test(base$Ben_Car_C[base$edad<16],base$Ben_Car_C[base$edad>15])$p.value,3),
                                   round(t.test(base$Ben_Dep_C[base$edad<16],base$Ben_Dep_C[base$edad>15])$p.value,3),
                                   round(t.test(base$Sec_Per_C[base$edad<16],base$Sec_Per_C[base$edad>15])$p.value,3),
                                   round(t.test(base$Sec_Soc_C[base$edad<16],base$Sec_Soc_C[base$edad>15])$p.value,3),
                                   round(t.test(base$Con_Rul_C[base$edad<16],base$Con_Rul_C[base$edad>15])$p.value,3),
                                   round(t.test(base$Con_Int_C[base$edad<16],base$Con_Int_C[base$edad>15])$p.value,3),
                                   round(t.test(base$Tradic_C[base$edad<16],base$Tradic_C[base$edad>15])$p.value,3),
                                   round(t.test(base$Achiev_C[base$edad<16],base$Achiev_C[base$edad>15])$p.value,3),
                                   round(t.test(base$Po_Dom_C[base$edad<16],base$Po_Dom_C[base$edad>15])$p.value,3),
                                   round(t.test(base$Po_Res_C[base$edad<16],base$Po_Res_C[base$edad>15])$p.value,3),
                                   round(t.test(base$SD_Thought_C[base$edad<16],base$SD_Thought_C[base$edad>15])$p.value,3),
                                   round(t.test(base$SD_Action_C[base$edad<16],base$SD_Action_C[base$edad>15])$p.value,3),
                                   round(t.test(base$Stimu_C[base$edad<16],base$Stimu_C[base$edad>15])$p.value,3),
                                   round(t.test(base$Hedon_C[base$edad<16],base$Hedon_C[base$edad>15])$p.value,3),
                                   round(t.test(base$Face_C[base$edad<16],base$Face_C[base$edad>15])$p.value,3),
                                   round(t.test(base$Humi_C[base$edad<16],base$Humi_C[base$edad>15])$p.value,3)),
                             


"d de Cohen"=c(round(cohen.d(Uni_nat_C~sexo, data=base)$cohen.d[2],2),
                                            round(cohen.d(Uni_con_C~early_adol, data=base)$cohen.d[2],2),
                                            round(cohen.d(Uni_Tol_C~early_adol, data=base)$cohen.d[2],2),
                                            round(cohen.d(Ben_Car_C~early_adol, data=base)$cohen.d[2],2),
                                            round(cohen.d(Ben_Dep_C~early_adol, data=base)$cohen.d[2],2),
                                            round(cohen.d(Sec_Per_C~early_adol, data=base)$cohen.d[2],2),
                                            round(cohen.d(Sec_Soc_C~early_adol, data=base)$cohen.d[2],2),
                                            round(cohen.d(Con_Rul_C~early_adol, data=base)$cohen.d[2],2),
                                            round(cohen.d(Con_Int_C~early_adol, data=base)$cohen.d[2],2),
                                            round(cohen.d(Tradic_C~early_adol, data=base)$cohen.d[2],2),
                                            round(cohen.d(Achiev_C~early_adol, data=base)$cohen.d[2],2),
                                            round(cohen.d(Po_Dom_C~early_adol, data=base)$cohen.d[2],2),
                                            round(cohen.d(Po_Res_C~early_adol, data=base)$cohen.d[2],2),
                                            round(cohen.d(SD_Thought_C~early_adol, data=base)$cohen.d[2],2),
                                            round(cohen.d(SD_Action_C~early_adol, data=base)$cohen.d[2],2),
                                            round(cohen.d(Stimu_C~early_adol, data=base)$cohen.d[2],2),
                                            round(cohen.d(Hedon_C~early_adol, data=base)$cohen.d[2],2),
                                            round(cohen.d(Face_C~early_adol, data=base)$cohen.d[2],2),
                                            round(cohen.d(Humi_C~early_adol, data=base)$cohen.d[2],2)),
                             color=rep(NA,19),
                             check.names = F)


tabla_s19_edaddic$`d de Cohen` <- ifelse(tabla_s19_edaddic$`d de Cohen`<0,(-1)*tabla_s19_edaddic$`d de Cohen`, tabla_s19_edaddic$`d de Cohen`)



tabla_s19_edaddic$color <- ifelse(tabla_s19_edaddic$p<.05&tabla_s19_edaddic$t<0,"#daaaaa",
                               ifelse(tabla_s19_edaddic$p<.05&tabla_s19_edaddic$t>0,"#a5c3c6",NA))
tabla_s19_edaddic$p <- ifelse(tabla_s19_edaddic$p==0,"< .001", tabla_s19_edaddic$p)


tabla <- kable(tabla_s19_edaddic[1:7],
      "html",
      booktabs = T,
      align = c("r"),
      caption = "Diferenciales por edad dicotomizada valores Schwartz (19)") %>%
  kable_styling(full_width = F,
                position = "center", font_size = 12)

for(i in 1:nrow(tabla_s19_edaddic)){
  if(!is.na(tabla_s19_edaddic$color[i])){
    tabla <- row_spec(tabla,i,background = tabla_s19_edaddic$color[i])
    
  }
}

tabla <- add_header_above(tabla, c("","","Early"=1,"Late"=1,"","",""))
tabla

Los adolescentes tardíos presentan mayores niveles en universalismo-tolerancia, logro, poder-dominancia y ambas vertientes de autodirección. Por el contrario, los adolescentes tempranos dan mayor relevancia a valores de apariencia, tradición, conformidad-reglas y ambas dimensiones de seguridad. Todas las diferencias tienen un tamaño de efecto pequeño a moderado.

Edad

Se ajustaron modelos lineales para predecir el nivel de los 4 valores de orden superior de Schwartz según la edad (continua).

mod_slftrs <- lm.beta(lm(SelfTrasc4_C~edad, data = base))
mod_conser <- lm.beta(lm(Conser4_C~edad, data = base))
mod_slfenh <- lm.beta(lm(SelfEnh4_C~edad, data = base))
mod_op2cha <- lm.beta(lm(Open4_C~edad, data = base))


tabla_s4_edad <- as.data.frame(cbind(Valor=c("Autotrascendencia",
                                        "Conservación",
                                        "Autopromoción",
                                        "Apertura al cambio"),
      round(rbind(summary(mod_slftrs)$coef[2,1:4],
                  summary(mod_conser)$coef[2,1:4],
                  summary(mod_slfenh)$coef[2,1:4],
                  summary(mod_op2cha)$coef[2,1:4]),2),
      round(rbind(summary(mod_slftrs)$coef[2,5],
                  summary(mod_conser)$coef[2,5],
                  summary(mod_slfenh)$coef[2,5],
                  summary(mod_op2cha)$coef[2,5]),3),
      round(rbind(summary(mod_slftrs)$r.squared,
                  summary(mod_conser)$r.squared,
                  summary(mod_slfenh)$r.squared,
                  summary(mod_op2cha)$r.squared),2)))


colnames(tabla_s4_edad) <- c("Valor",
                              "Beta",
                              "Beta std",
                              "EE",
                              "t",
                              "p",
                              "R2")

tabla_s4_edad$color <- ifelse(tabla_s4_edad$p<=.05&tabla_s4_edad$Beta<0,"#daaaaa", ifelse(tabla_s4_edad$p<=.05&tabla_s4_edad$Beta>0,"#a5c3c6",NA))
tabla_s4_edad$p <- ifelse(tabla_s4_edad$p==0,"< .001", tabla_s4_edad$p)
tabla_s4_edad$R2 <- ifelse(tabla_s4_edad$R2==0,"< .01", tabla_s4_edad$R2)


tabla <- kable(tabla_s4_edad[1:7],
      "html",
      booktabs = T,
      align = c("r"),
      caption = "Predicción de valores de orden superior según edad (continua)") %>%
  kable_styling(full_width = F,
                position = "center", font_size = 12)

for(i in 1:nrow(tabla_s4_edad)){
  if(!is.na(tabla_s4_edad$color[i])){
    tabla <- row_spec(tabla,i,background = tabla_s4_edad$color[i])
    
  }
}


tabla

La edad predijo significativa y positivamente los valores de autopromoción y apertura al cambio, y negativamente los valores de conservación. Sin embargo, los tamaños de efecto son pequeños: por cada año que se aumenta la edad, la conservación disminuye 0.2 desviaciones típicas, y la autopromoción y apertura al cambio aumentan 0.11 y 0.09 desviaciones típicas, respectivamente. Los \(R^2\) de los modelos también son bajos.

Edad (ordinal)

Se ajustaron modelos de regresión lineal para evaluar el efecto de la edad como escala ordinal (“12-13”,“14-15”, “16-17” y “18 o más”). Para las comparaciones post-hoc se utilizó la prueba de tukey. Para los análisis inferenciales se utilizan puntajes centrados, como recomienda Schwartz. En el reporte de las medias se le sumó el promedio global de cada variable (sin discriminar por grupo etario), en puntaje crudo, para reconstruir la escala original (No me cierra porque igual se obtienen puntajes por abajo de 1 y por arriba de 6). El desvío reportado es aquel obtenido con puntajes centrados

mod_ST <- lm(SelfTrasc4_C~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_C <- lm(Conser4_C~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_SE <- lm(SelfEnh4_C~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_OC <- lm(Open4_C~edad_ord, data = base)




tabla_s4_edadord <- data.frame(Valores=c("Autotrascendencia",
                                        "Conservación",
                                        "Autopromoción",
                                        "Apertura al cambio"),
                             "M (SD)"=c(paste0(round(mean(base$SelfTrasc_4)+mean(base$SelfTrasc4_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$SelfTrasc4_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2),")"), # 12-13
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Conser_4)+mean(base$Conser4_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Conser4_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$SelfEnh_4)+mean(base$SelfEnh4_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$SelfEnh4_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Open_4)+mean(base$Open4_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Open4_C[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2),")")),
                             
                             
                             "M (SD)"=c(paste0(round(mean(base$SelfTrasc_4)+mean(base$SelfTrasc4_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$SelfTrasc4_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2),")"), # Late
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Conser_4)+mean(base$Conser4_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Conser4_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$SelfEnh_4)+mean(base$SelfEnh4_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$SelfEnh4_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Open_4)+mean(base$Open4_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Open4_C[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2),")")),
                             
                             
                             "M (SD)"=c(paste0(round(mean(base$SelfTrasc_4)+mean(base$SelfTrasc4_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$SelfTrasc4_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2),")"), # Late
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Conser_4)+mean(base$Conser4_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Conser4_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$SelfEnh_4)+mean(base$SelfEnh4_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$SelfEnh4_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Open_4)+mean(base$Open4_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Open4_C[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2),")")),
                             
                             
                             "M (SD)"=c(paste0(round(mean(base$SelfTrasc_4)+mean(base$SelfTrasc4_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$SelfTrasc4_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2),")"), # Late
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Conser_4)+mean(base$Conser4_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Conser4_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$SelfEnh_4)+mean(base$SelfEnh4_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$SelfEnh4_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Open_4)+mean(base$Open4_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Open4_C[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2),")")),
                             
                             
"F"=c(round(summary(mod_ST)$fstatistic[1],2),
      round(summary(mod_C)$fstatistic[1],2),
      round(summary(mod_SE)$fstatistic[1],2),
      round(summary(mod_OC)$fstatistic[1],2)),                             
                             
                             
                             
                             "p"=c(round(pf(summary(mod_ST)$fstatistic[1],summary(mod_ST)$fstatistic[2],summary(mod_ST)$fstatistic[3], lower.tail = F),3),
                                   round(pf(summary(mod_C)$fstatistic[1],summary(mod_C)$fstatistic[2],summary(mod_C)$fstatistic[3], lower.tail = F),3),
                                   round(pf(summary(mod_SE)$fstatistic[1],summary(mod_SE)$fstatistic[2],summary(mod_SE)$fstatistic[3], lower.tail = F),3),
                                   round(pf(summary(mod_OC)$fstatistic[1],summary(mod_OC)$fstatistic[2],summary(mod_OC)$fstatistic[3], lower.tail = F),3)),
                             

                             color=rep(NA,4),
                             check.names = F)



tabla_s4_edadord$color <- ifelse(tabla_s4_edadord$p<=.05,"#a5c3c6",NA)
tabla_s4_edadord$p <- ifelse(tabla_s4_edadord$p==0,"< .001", tabla_s4_edadord$p)




tabla_s4_edadord[1,2:5] <- paste0(tabla_s4_edadord[1,2:5], c(" [AB]"," [A]"," [AB]"," [B]"))
tabla_s4_edadord[2,2:5] <- paste0(tabla_s4_edadord[2,2:5], c(" [A]"," [B]"," [C]"," [C]"))
tabla_s4_edadord[3,2:5] <- paste0(tabla_s4_edadord[3,2:5], c(" [A]"," [B]"," [B]"," [B]"))
tabla_s4_edadord[4,2:5] <- paste0(tabla_s4_edadord[4,2:5], c(" [A]"," [A]"," [B]"," [AB]"))

tabla <- kable(tabla_s4_edadord[1:7],
      "html",
      booktabs = T,
      align = c("r"),
      caption = "Diferenciales por edad (ordinal) en valores Schwartz (4)") %>%
  kable_styling(full_width = F,
                position = "center", font_size = 12)

for(i in 1:nrow(tabla_s4_edadord)){
  if(!is.na(tabla_s4_edadord$color[i])){
    tabla <- row_spec(tabla,i,background = tabla_s4_edadord$color[i])
    
  }
}

tabla <- add_header_above(tabla, c("","12-13"=1,"14-15"=1,"16-17"=1,"18+"=1,"",""))
tabla

mod_ST <- lm(SelfTrasc4_C~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_C <- lm(Conser4_C~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_SE <- lm(SelfEnh4_C~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_OC <- lm(Open4_C~edad_ord, data = base)



estimaciones<-data.frame(valor=factor(c(rep("SlfTrs",4),
                                        rep("Conser",4),
                                        rep("SlfEnh",4),
                                        rep("OpToCh",4)),
                                      labels = c("SlfTrs","Conser","SlfEnh","OpToCh")),
                         edad=c(as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_OC, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,1],
                                as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_ST, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,1],
                                as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_SE, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,1],
                                as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_C, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,1]),
                         media=c(as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_OC, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,2],
                                 as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_ST, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,2],
                                 as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_SE, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,2],
                                 as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_C, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,2]))




plot_s4_edadord <- ggplot(data=estimaciones, aes(x=edad, 
                              y=media, 
                              color=valor,
                              group=valor))+
  geom_point(size=10)+
  geom_line(lwd=2)+
  annotate("text",
           x=as.numeric(estimaciones$edad),
           y=c(estimaciones$media[1]-0.1,
               estimaciones$media[2]+0.1,
               estimaciones$media[3],
               estimaciones$media[4]+.1,
               estimaciones$media[5]+.1,
               estimaciones$media[6]-.1,
               estimaciones$media[7],
               estimaciones$media[8]-.1,
               estimaciones$media[9:16]),
           label = c("A", "A","B","AB",
                     "AB", "A","AB","B",
                     "A", "B","B","B",
                     "A", "B","C","C"),
           color=c("#2a9d8f","#2a9d8f","white","#2a9d8f",
                   "#e9c46a","#e9c46a","white","#e9c46a",
                   rep("white",8)))+
  theme_bw()+
  ggtitle("Valores de orden superior")+
  scale_color_manual(values=c("#e9c46a","#e76f51","#264653","#2a9d8f"))

plot_s4_edadord

Nota: diferentes letras indican diferencias significativas entre grupos etarios en cada valor

La conservación parece disminuir progresivamente a medida que se aumenta la edad. La autopromoción aumenta en la adolescencia más temprana. Si bien la autotrascendencia y la apertura al cambio presentan diferencias significativas entre los grupos etarios, no pareciera haber una clara tendencia de cambio en esos valores.

Edad (dicotomizada)

tabla_s4_edaddic <- data.frame(Valores=c("Autotrascendencia",
                                        "Conservación",
                                        "Autopromoción",
                                        "Apertura al cambio"),
                             "Rango"=rep("1 - 6",4),
                             "M (SD)"=c(paste0(round(mean(base$SelfTrasc_4[base$edad<16]),2)," (",round(sd(base$SelfTrasc_4[base$edad<16]),2),")"), # Early
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Conser_4[base$edad<16]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Conser_4[base$edad<16]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$SelfEnh_4[base$edad<16]),2)," (",round(sd(base$SelfEnh_4[base$edad<16]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Open_4[base$edad<16]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Open_4[base$edad<16]),2),")")),
                             
                             
                             "M (SD)"=c(paste0(round(mean(base$SelfTrasc_4[base$edad>15]),2)," (",round(sd(base$SelfTrasc_4[base$edad>15]),2),")"), # Late
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Conser_4[base$edad>15]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Conser_4[base$edad>15]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$SelfEnh_4[base$edad>15]),2)," (",round(sd(base$SelfEnh_4[base$edad>15]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$Open_4[base$edad>15]),2)," (",round(sd(base$Open_4[base$edad>15]),2),")")),
                             
                             
"t"=c(round(t.test(base$SelfTrasc4_C[base$edad<16],base$SelfTrasc4_C[base$edad>15])$statistic,2),
      round(t.test(base$Conser4_C[base$edad<16],base$Conser4_C[base$edad>15])$statistic,2),
      round(t.test(base$SelfEnh4_C[base$edad<16],base$SelfEnh4_C[base$edad>15])$statistic,2),
      round(t.test(base$Open4_C[base$edad<16],base$Open4_C[base$edad>15])$statistic,2)),                             
                             
                             
                             
                             "p"=c(round(t.test(base$SelfTrasc4_C[base$edad<16],base$SelfTrasc4_C[base$edad>15])$p.value,3),
                                   round(t.test(base$Conser4_C[base$edad<16],base$Conser4_C[base$edad>15])$p.value,3),
                                   round(t.test(base$SelfEnh4_C[base$edad<16],base$SelfEnh4_C[base$edad>15])$p.value,3),
                                   round(t.test(base$Open4_C[base$edad<16],base$Open4_C[base$edad>15])$p.value,3)),
                             


  "d de Cohen"=c(round(cohen.d(SelfTrasc4_C~early_adol, data=base)$cohen.d[2],2),
                                              round(cohen.d(Conser4_C~early_adol, data=base)$cohen.d[2],2),
                                              round(cohen.d(SelfEnh4_C~early_adol, data=base)$cohen.d[2],2),
                                              round(cohen.d(Open4_C~early_adol, data=base)$cohen.d[2],2)),
                               color=rep(NA,4),
                             check.names = F)


tabla_s4_edaddic$`d de Cohen` <- ifelse(tabla_s4_edaddic$`d de Cohen`<0,(-1)*tabla_s4_edaddic$`d de Cohen`, tabla_s4_edaddic$`d de Cohen`)



tabla_s4_edaddic$color <- ifelse(tabla_s4_edaddic$p<.05&tabla_s4_edaddic$t<0,"#daaaaa",
                               ifelse(tabla_s4_edaddic$p<.05&tabla_s4_edaddic$t>0,"#a5c3c6",NA))
tabla_s4_edaddic$p <- ifelse(tabla_s4_edaddic$p==0,"< .001", tabla_s4_edaddic$p)


tabla <- kable(tabla_s4_edaddic[1:7],
      "html",
      booktabs = T,
      align = c("r"),
      caption = "Diferenciales por edad dicotomizada valores Schwartz (4)") %>%
  kable_styling(full_width = F,
                position = "center", font_size = 12)

for(i in 1:nrow(tabla_s4_edaddic)){
  if(!is.na(tabla_s4_edaddic$color[i])){
    tabla <- row_spec(tabla,i,background = tabla_s4_edaddic$color[i])
    
  }
}

tabla <- add_header_above(tabla, c("","","Early"=1,"Late"=1,"","",""))
tabla

Existen diferencias en conservación a favor de los adolescentes tempranos. Por otro lado, los adolescentes tardíos puntuaron más alto en valores de foco individual (autopromoción y apartura al cambio).

Edad

Se ajustaron modelos lineales para predecir el nivel de los 3 valores en el deporte de Lee et al según la edad (continua).

mod_compe <- lm.beta(lm(COMPE~edad, data = base))
mod_moral <- lm.beta(lm(MORAL~edad, data = base))
mod_status <- lm.beta(lm(STATUS~edad, data = base))



tabla_l3_edad <- as.data.frame(cbind(Valor=c("Competencia",
                                        "Moral",
                                        "Estatus"),
      round(rbind(summary(mod_compe)$coef[2,1:4],
                  summary(mod_moral)$coef[2,1:4],
                  summary(mod_status)$coef[2,1:4]),2),
      round(rbind(summary(mod_compe)$coef[2,5],
                  summary(mod_moral)$coef[2,5],
                  summary(mod_status)$coef[2,5]),3),
      round(rbind(summary(mod_compe)$r.squared,
                  summary(mod_moral)$r.squared,
                  summary(mod_status)$r.squared),2)))


colnames(tabla_l3_edad) <- c("Valor",
                              "Beta",
                              "Beta std",
                              "EE",
                              "t",
                              "p",
                              "R2")

tabla_l3_edad$color <- ifelse(tabla_l3_edad$p<=.05&tabla_l3_edad$Beta<0,"#daaaaa", ifelse(tabla_l3_edad$p<=.05&tabla_l3_edad$Beta>0,"#a5c3c6",NA))
tabla_l3_edad$p <- ifelse(tabla_l3_edad$p==0,"< .001", tabla_l3_edad$p)
tabla_l3_edad$R2 <- ifelse(tabla_l3_edad$R2==0,"< .01", tabla_l3_edad$R2)


tabla <- kable(tabla_l3_edad[1:7],
      "html",
      booktabs = T,
      align = c("r"),
      caption = "Predicción de valores en el deporte según edad (continua)") %>%
  kable_styling(full_width = F,
                position = "center", font_size = 12)

for(i in 1:nrow(tabla_l3_edad)){
  if(!is.na(tabla_l3_edad$color[i])){
    tabla <- row_spec(tabla,i,background = tabla_l3_edad$color[i])
    
  }
}


tabla

La edad predijo significativa y negativamente los valores de competencia y moral. Sin embargo, los tamaños de efecto son muy pequeños: por cada año que se aumenta la edad, los valores de competencia y morales disminuyen 0.01 desviaciones típicas. Los \(R^2\) de los modelos también son bajos.

Edad (ordinal)

Se ajustaron modelos de regresión lineal para evaluar el efecto de la edad como escala ordinal (“12-13”,“14-15”, “16-17” y “18 o más”). Para las comparaciones post-hoc se utilizó la prueba de tukey.

mod_compe <- lm(COMPE~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_moral <- lm(MORAL~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_status <- lm(STATUS~edad_ord, data = base)




tabla_l3_edadord <- data.frame(Valores=c("Competencia",
                                        "Moral",
                                        "Status"),
                             "M (SD)"=c(paste0(round(mean(base$COMPE[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$COMPE[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2),")"), # 12-13
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$MORAL[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$MORAL[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$STATUS[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$STATUS[base$edad_ord=="12-13"]),2),")")),
                             
                             
                             "M (SD)"=c(paste0(round(mean(base$COMPE[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$COMPE[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2),")"), # Late
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$MORAL[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$MORAL[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$STATUS[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$STATUS[base$edad_ord=="14-15"]),2),")")),
                             
                             
                             "M (SD)"=c(paste0(round(mean(base$COMPE[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$COMPE[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2),")"), # Late
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$MORAL[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$MORAL[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$STATUS[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$STATUS[base$edad_ord=="16-17"]),2),")")),
                             
                             
                             "M (SD)"=c(paste0(round(mean(base$COMPE[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$COMPE[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2),")"), # Late
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$MORAL[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$MORAL[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$STATUS[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2)," (",round(sd(base$STATUS[base$edad_ord=="18+"]),2),")")),
                             
                             
"F"=c(round(summary(mod_compe)$fstatistic[1],2),
      round(summary(mod_moral)$fstatistic[1],2),
      round(summary(mod_status)$fstatistic[1],2)),                             
                             
                             
                             
                             "p"=c(round(pf(summary(mod_compe)$fstatistic[1],summary(mod_compe)$fstatistic[2],summary(mod_compe)$fstatistic[3], lower.tail = F),3),
                                   round(pf(summary(mod_moral)$fstatistic[1],summary(mod_moral)$fstatistic[2],summary(mod_moral)$fstatistic[3], lower.tail = F),3),
                                   round(pf(summary(mod_status)$fstatistic[1],summary(mod_status)$fstatistic[2],summary(mod_status)$fstatistic[3], lower.tail = F),3)),
                             

                             color=rep(NA,3),
                             check.names = F)



tabla_l3_edadord$color <- ifelse(tabla_l3_edadord$p<=.05,"#a5c3c6",NA)
tabla_l3_edadord$p <- ifelse(tabla_l3_edadord$p==0,"< .001", tabla_l3_edadord$p)



tabla_l3_edadord[1,2:5] <- paste0(tabla_l3_edadord[1,2:5], c(" [AB]"," [A]"," [A]"," [B]"))
tabla_l3_edadord[2,2:5] <- paste0(tabla_l3_edadord[2,2:5], c(" [A]"," [B]"," [BC]"," [C]"))
tabla_l3_edadord[3,2:5] <- paste0(tabla_l3_edadord[3,2:5], c(" [A]"," [B]"," [AB]"," [AB]"))

tabla <- kable(tabla_l3_edadord[1:7],
      "html",
      booktabs = T,
      align = c("r"),
      caption = "Diferenciales por edad (ordinal) en valores Lee et al. (3)") %>%
  kable_styling(full_width = F,
                position = "center", font_size = 12)

for(i in 1:nrow(tabla_l3_edadord)){
  if(!is.na(tabla_l3_edadord$color[i])){
    tabla <- row_spec(tabla,i,background = tabla_l3_edadord$color[i])
    
  }
}

tabla <- add_header_above(tabla, c("","12-13"=1,"14-15"=1,"16-17"=1,"18+"=1,"",""))
tabla

mod_compe <- lm(COMPE~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_moral <- lm(MORAL~edad_ord, data = base)
mod_status <- lm(STATUS~edad_ord, data = base)




estimaciones<-data.frame(valor=factor(c(rep("Competencia",4),
                                        rep("Moral",4),
                                        rep("Status",4)),
                                      labels = c("Competencia","Moral","Status")),
                         edad=c(as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_compe, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,1],
                                as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_moral, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,1],
                                as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_status, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,1]),
                         media=c(as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_compe, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,2],
                                 as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_moral, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,2],
                                 as.data.frame(emmeans(mod_status, pairwise ~ edad_ord)$emmeans)[,2]))




plot_l3_edadord <- ggplot(data=estimaciones, aes(x=edad, 
                              y=media, 
                              color=valor,
                              group=valor))+
  geom_point(size=10)+
  geom_line(lwd=2)+
  annotate("text",
           x=as.numeric(estimaciones$edad),
           y=c(estimaciones$media),
           label = c("AB", "A","A","B",
                     "A", "B","BC","C",
                     "A", "B","AB","AB"),
           color=c(rep("white",12)))+
  theme_bw()+
  ggtitle("Valores deportivos")+
  scale_color_manual(values=c("#e9c46a","#e76f51","#2a9d8f"))

plot_l3_edadord

Nota: diferentes letras indican diferencias significativas entre grupos etarios en cada valor

Los valores morales presentan una tendencia a descender a medida que se aumenta la edad. Los valores de competencia parecen bajar hacia el final de la adolescencia, mientras que los valores de status presentan diferencias significativas pero sin una tendencia clara.

Edad (dicotomizada)

tabla_l3_edaddic <- data.frame(Valores=c("Competencia",
                                        "Moral",
                                        "Estatus"),
                             "Rango"=rep("1 - 7",3),
                             "M (SD)"=c(paste0(round(mean(base$COMPE[base$edad<16]),2)," (",round(sd(base$COMPE[base$edad<16]),2),")"), # Early
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$MORAL[base$edad<16]),2)," (",round(sd(base$MORAL[base$edad<16]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$STATUS[base$edad<16]),2)," (",round(sd(base$STATUS[base$edad<16]),2),")")),
                             
                             
                             "M (SD)"=c(paste0(round(mean(base$COMPE[base$edad>15]),2)," (",round(sd(base$COMPE[base$edad>15]),2),")"), # Late
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$MORAL[base$edad>15]),2)," (",round(sd(base$MORAL[base$edad>15]),2),")"),
                                        paste0(round(mean(base$STATUS[base$edad>15]),2)," (",round(sd(base$STATUS[base$edad>15]),2),")")),
                             
                             
"t"=c(round(t.test(base$COMPE[base$edad<16],base$COMPE[base$edad>15])$statistic,2),
      round(t.test(base$MORAL[base$edad<16],base$MORAL[base$edad>15])$statistic,2),
      round(t.test(base$STATUS[base$edad<16],base$STATUS[base$edad>15])$statistic,2)),                             
                             
                             
                             
                             "p"=c(round(t.test(base$COMPE[base$edad<16],base$COMPE[base$edad>15])$p.value,3),
                                   round(t.test(base$MORAL[base$edad<16],base$MORAL[base$edad>15])$p.value,3),
                                   round(t.test(base$STATUS[base$edad<16],base$STATUS[base$edad>15])$p.value,3)),
                             


  "d de Cohen"=c(round(cohen.d(COMPE~early_adol, data=base)$cohen.d[2],2),
                                              round(cohen.d(MORAL~early_adol, data=base)$cohen.d[2],2),
                                              round(cohen.d(STATUS~early_adol, data=base)$cohen.d[2],2)),
                               color=rep(NA,3),
                             check.names = F)


tabla_l3_edaddic$`d de Cohen` <- ifelse(tabla_l3_edaddic$`d de Cohen`<0,(-1)*tabla_l3_edaddic$`d de Cohen`, tabla_l3_edaddic$`d de Cohen`)



tabla_l3_edaddic$color <- ifelse(tabla_l3_edaddic$p<.05&tabla_l3_edaddic$t<0,"#daaaaa",
                               ifelse(tabla_l3_edaddic$p<.05&tabla_l3_edaddic$t>0,"#a5c3c6",NA))
tabla_l3_edaddic$p <- ifelse(tabla_l3_edaddic$p==0,"< .001", tabla_l3_edaddic$p)


tabla <- kable(tabla_l3_edaddic[1:7],
      "html",
      booktabs = T,
      align = c("r"),
      caption = "Diferenciales por edad dicotomizada valores Lee et al. (3)") %>%
  kable_styling(full_width = F,
                position = "center", font_size = 12)

for(i in 1:nrow(tabla_l3_edaddic)){
  if(!is.na(tabla_l3_edaddic$color[i])){
    tabla <- row_spec(tabla,i,background = tabla_l3_edaddic$color[i])
    
  }
}

tabla <- add_header_above(tabla, c("","","Early"=1,"Late"=1,"","",""))
tabla

Aunque son diferencias pequeñas, existen diferencias significativas en competencia y moral, siendo los más pequeños quienes presentan mayores niveles de estas variables.