Archaeology of Europe WK13

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<br>
.double[.large[**Archaeology of Europe**]] <br>
<br>
.double.white[Romanization and the End of Iron Age]
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.double[The End of Iron Age] 
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.double[The Gallic Wars, .yellow[58 - 52 BC]]
- .large[Caeser's Military Campaigns]

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.double[The Role of Ancient Greeks]
- .large[Greek Dark Age, .yellow[c. 1100–700 BC]]

- .large[Development in the .dotted[Archaic Period] .small.yellow[c. 700–400 BC] <br> - Expanding by establish colonies:<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <u>Massilia, Magna Graecia</u><br> - the emergence of new .dotted[merchant class]]

- .large[Reached the Gold Age in .dotted[Classical Period] <br> - Power shifting<br> - from Athens to Sparta, then to Macedon<br> - the rise of Alexander, the Great .small.yellow[356-323 BC]]
 - .large[Blended into local development <br> - East Mediterranean<br> - Ptolemy Dynasty in Egypt]

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.double[Developments in Italian Peninsula] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[Rise of Etruscan, .yellow[*c.* 800 BC]]
- .large[Through the contact with Greeks]
 - .large[Greek Colony, <u>Magna Graecia</u>]

- .large[Controlling the Tyrrhenian Sea]
 - .large[Wine Productions - Latin tribes & Southern France]
 
 
- .large[Urbanization of Etruscan Settlements]
 - .large[Urban Planning & Public Works<br> - establish the foundation of Rome]

- .large[Literature and Arts]
 - .large[Adopt Greek Alphabets (Euboean) <br> - later refined into Latin by Romans]
 - .large[Arts depicted their daily life and religion]

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.double[Rise of Rome: Early Expansion] 
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.double[Rise of Roman Republic, .yellow[509 BC]]
- .large[The Exile of Etruscan Rulers]
 - .large[*Tarquin* and the elites]

- .large[Absorbed Etruscan territories]
 - .large[Through conquest, diplomacy, and colonization]
 - .large[Allowing Etruscan to be Etruscan]

- .large[Gallic Invasions, Sack of Rome, .yellow[*c.* 390 BC]]
 - .large[Losing Distinct Cultural Identity <br> - Stronger Greek Influence (through Latins)]

- .large[Cultural Assimilation]
 - .large[Etruscan cultures blended into Roman Culture]

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.double[Further Expansion: Roman–Greek wars] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[Roman Conquest of Greek, .yellow[146 BC]]
- .large[Greek Colony on Italian Peninsula, <u>Magna Grecia</u>]

<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/Roman_Greek.png" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
 
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.double[Roman Legion and Auxiliary] 
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.double[The Military Force of Roman Republic]
- .large[Legions]
  - .large[Modified Form of <u>the Warrior Class</u>]
  - .large[Roman Citizens under 45 years of age]
  - .large[4800-6000 Legionaries: 10 to 12 Cohorts]
  - .large[25-30 Legions]

- .large[Auxiliary]
 - .large[Role of <u>mercenaries</u>, but not mercenaries]
 - .large[~ 2<sup>nd</sup> Century BC, referred as .dotted[Gallic auxiliaries]]
 - .large[Non-citizen troops recruited from allied states.]
 - .large[.dotted[Cavalry], archers, and other specialized troops.]
 - .large[Granted Roman Citizenship]

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.double[Roman Legion and Auxiliary] 
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.double[The Military Force of Roman Republic]
- .large[Forming of Auxiliary]
 - .large[The lack of Calvary units]
 - .large[Defeated by Hannibal]

- .large[Auxiliary in Caesar's Campaign]
 - .large[Foreign Troops from Allies]
 - .large[Defeated City-states with Treaty <br> - providing troops as stipulated obligations]

- .large[Retain original structures]
 - .large[Fighting for Rome by following Celtic Rulers]

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.double[The Transalpine Celts: Hallstatt, .yellow.small[*c.* 900 - 450 BC]] 
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.double[Main Provider and Market]
- .large[Exports]
 - .large[Salt Mine<br> - Important Commodity<br> - Preservation of food (meat & fish)]
 - .large[Livestock - Horses & Cattle]
 - .large[Slaves and Mercenaries]

<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/glass.jpg" width="40%" style='float:right' />
- .large[Imports]
 - .large[Wines & Vessels]
 - .large[Bronze Containers]
 - .large[Glass Ingots]

.double[Conquests before Gallic Wars]
- .large[Celts around the Alps]
 - .large[Signs of Urban Developments <br> - Influence from Etruscans?]
 - .large[Political and Economic Centres <br> - Urban Planning <br> - Trading network]
 - .large.dotted[*Mediterraneanization*]

- .large[Roman Friendly Zones in Late Roman Republic]
 - .large[Switzerland, Central East France]
 - .large[Auxiliaries recruited without wars]

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.double[Expansion of Roman Republic] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.content-box-s-dark[140 BC]
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.double[Punic Wars - .yellow[264-146 BC]]
- .large[Control over West Mediterranean]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/140BC.png" width="47%" style='float:right' />
- .large[Different from building colonies]

- .large[Military Campaign - conquest of territory]
 - .large[Opportunity to create allies or .yellow[*clients*]]
 - .large[Repair or strengthen existing links]

- .large[Road system developed during the process]

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.double[The Western Celts: La Tène, .yellow.small[*c* 450 - 50 BC]] 
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.double[Power Accumulated from Wealth]
 - .large[Rise of smaller tribes through trading activities]
 - .large[Mont Lassois & Vix]
  - .large[Wealthy, but no weaponry]

- .large[Celts competiting for trades]
  - .large[Constant conflicts between tribes]
  - .large[Gournay-sur-Aronde and Ribemont-sur-Ancre<br> - human sacrifice <br> - sacrifices of domestic animals]

- .large[_**Strabo**_ - *War mad, high spirited and quick to battle but otherwise straightforward and not of evil character.*]

.double[*Oppida* : <u>Proto-city of Celts</u>]
- .large[Fortified Settlements]
  - .large[Mont Lassois (Vix), Heuneburg]
  - .large[Stratigical location: Hill and River]
  - .large[Densely Populated]
  - .large[Agricultural Productions]

- .large[Urban Centres]
 - .large[Manching]
 - .large[Well-developed Road System]
 - .large[Functional District<br> - Temples <br> - Coinage <br> - Workshops]

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.content-box-s-dark.white.small[Image from Pernet, 2019]
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.double[Internal Conflicts or Foreign Invasion?]
  - .large[Identifying the Auxiliary]
   - .large[Equipment of Roman Military]
   - .large[Weapon of Choice <br> - Most auxiliaries still use their own weapons]
  
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/pernet_2.png" width="94%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

<div style="position:absolute; top:350px; right:85px; z-index:1;">
.content-box-s-dark.white.small[Image from Pernet, 2019]
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.double[Internal Conflicts or Foreign Invasion?]
  - .large[Identifying the Auxiliary]
   - .large[Equipment of Roman Military]
   - .large[Weapon of Choice <br> - Most auxiliaries still use their own weapons]
  
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/pernet_1.png" width="94%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

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.double[Caesar's Military Campaigns] 
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<div style="position:absolute; top:285px; right:20px; z-index:1;">
.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.content-box-s-dark[40 BC]
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<ul>
<li>.large[Arverni]</li>
<ul>
<li>.large[Battle of Alesia]</li>
<li>.large[52 BC]</li>
</ul>
<li>.large[Germans]</li>
<ul>
<li>.large[Rhine River]</li>
</ul>
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.double[Same Objective]
 - .large[Create *friends* and *Clients*]
 - .large[Strenthen and repair existing links]
   - .large[Military as leverage in negotiation]

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.double[Integration into the Empire] 
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.double[Stability Under .yellow[*Pax Romana*]]
 - .large[Roman administration]
  - .large[political stability, infrastructure development, and economic opportunities.]

- .large[Local Identities]
 - .large[Some Celtic traditions, languages, and cultural elements persisted]
 - .large[Druids were .dotted[barred] (disappeared in records)]

- .large[Assimilation and Transformation]
 - .large[Language and Religions]