Archaeology of Europe WK13

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.double[.large[**Archaeology of Europe**]] <br>
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.double.white[Nordic Iron Age]
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.double[Iron Age Scandinavia] 
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.large[&larr; Roman Invasion]
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.large[&larr; Celtic Migration]
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[The Remote North of Europe]
- .large[Transition in a slower pace]
- .large[Many small tribes]
 - .large[Descendants of local Urnfield Culture]
 - .large[Cremation in Urns]
- .large[Represented by .content-box-s-yellow.dark[Jastorf Culture] in archaeology]

<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/jastorf_map.png" width="75%" style="display: block; margin: auto 0 auto auto;" />
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.double[Jastorf Culture, .yellow[*c.* 600 - 100?/50? BC]] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Møller *et al.*, 2020]
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.double[Main Cultural Traits]
- .large[Extensive Urnfield]
- .large[Mostly small scale farmers and herders]
- .large[No major economic (trading) or political centre] 
 - .large[Lack of public/communal space]
 
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/jastorf_urnfield.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Mewes, 2017]
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.double[Main Cultural Traits]
- .large[Long houses (Rectangular structure)]

- .large[(Relatively) Few Burial Mounts]

- .large[Local pottery traditions]
 - .large[Decoration not painted on]

- .large[Local decorative style]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/jastorf_urn2.png" width="60%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[ Needles and Fibulae]
 - .large[Belt Hooks]

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.double[The Use of Iron]
 - .large[Bronze (Alloy) is imported]
  - .large[Disturbance in trading routes]
  - .large[Bronze became scarce <br> - lacking large bronze vessels and weapons]

- .large[Utilization of local iron ores .dotted[(Bog Iron)]]
 - .large[Smelting technique from the Celts]
 - .large[Can only produce small and simple objects<br> - needles and blades]

- .large[Bog Iron in Southwest Jutland]
 - .large[Large settlements appeared]
 - .large[Improvement in smelting techniques]

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.double[Iron Age Bog People of Denmark] 
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.double[The Preservation of Body in Bog]
 - .large[Peat Bogs]
  - .large[Accumulation of .dotted[*peat*] .small[(decayed vegetation or other<br> organic matters)] in wetlands]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/bog_formation.png" width="45%" style='float:right' />
  - .large[Acid and Low Nutrient Water <br> - poorly draining basin <br> - Waterlogged conditions]
  - .large[Tannins from plants <br> - Defensive mechanism<br> - Bonds with proteins.]

- .large[Peat from the bog were used as a source of fuel]

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[The Preservation of Body in Bog]
 - .large[Peat Bogs]
  - .large[Accumulation of .dotted[*peat*] .small[(decayed vegetation or other<br> organic matters)] in wetlands]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/peat_cutting.jpg" width="45%" style='float:right' />
  - .large[Acid and Low Nutrient Water <br> - poorly draining basin <br> - Waterlogged conditions]
  - .large[Tannins from plants <br> - Defensive mechanism<br> - Bonds with proteins.]

- .large[Peat from the bog were used as a source of fuel]
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[Tollund Man, Denmark .yellow[*c.* 400 BC]]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/tollund_man_1.jpg" width="37%" style='float:right' />
- .large[1950, discovered by local peat cutter]
 - .large[Mistaken as murder victims]
 - .large[Strangled or Hanged]

- .large[Clothing]
 - .large[Sheepskin Cap (with wools)]
 - .large[Hide Belt]
 - .large[Plaited Leather Rope]
 
 
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/rope.jpg" width="47.5%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

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.double[Tollund Man, Denmark .yellow[*c.* 400 BC]]
.pull-left[- .large[~ 40 years of age]
 - .large[about 160 cm]
 - .large[Shrinkage from mummification]
 
 
- .large[In a Flex Position]
 - .large[Likely to be carefully handled and placed]

- .large[Etremely short haircut]
 - .large[Shaved (maybe daily) <br> - short stubble]]

.pull-right[<iframe title="Tollund Man (without hat)" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; xr-spatial-tracking" xr-spatial-tracking execution-while-out-of-viewport execution-while-not-rendered web-share src="https://sketchfab.com/models/0fcf7466ba8e435eb05118e7be24a232/embed" frameborder="0" width="400" height="450"> </iframe>]
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.double[Tollund Man, Denmark .yellow[*c.* 400 BC]] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from https://tollundmanden.one/]
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.double[The Death of Tollund Man]
- .large[Cause of Death: Hanged]
 - .large[Noose of rope is able to support the body]
 - .large[Fractured hyoid bone]
 - .large[Tongue is swollen]
 - .large[Fold marks on neck]

- .large[Unusual Burial]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/cap.jpg" width="37%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[Not following the cremation burial]
 - .large[Human Sacrifices for gods <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; - Lake and Bog as sacred space]
 - .large[Capital Punishment <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; - Criminal]

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Nielsen *et al.*, 2021]
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.double[Life of Tollund Man]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/pollund_gut_1.jpg" width="37%" style='float:right' />
- .large[Local individual]
 - .large[from Denmark]
 - .large[Strontium ratio (hair and femur)]
 - .large[Travelled 30-50 KM]
 - .large[Might grew up closer the coast]

- .large[Diet]
 - .large[The last meal <br> - gruel of seeds and grains<br> - hulled barley and flax]
 - .large[Terrestrial Diet <br> - no aquatic proteins]

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Nielsen *et al.*, 2018]
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.double[Life of Tollund Man]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/pollund_diet.png" width="85%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Nielsen *et al.*, 2018]
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.double[Life of Tollund Man]
- .large[Parasite]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/parasites.jpg" width="85%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
- .large[Wart]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/tollund_foot.png" width="75%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
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.double[Grauballe Man, .yellow[*c.* 300 BC]] 
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.double[The Discovery]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/grauballe_man.jpg" width="30%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[1952, by local peat cutters]
  - .large[*en bloc* excavation]
  - .large[Quickly cleaning and displayed <br> - official exhibition in 1955]

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.double[Initial Analysis]
 - .large[The Full Monty at 1950s]
  - .large[Xray, fingerprinting, CT scan,  radiocarbon dating and<br> an autopsy]

- .large[Cranial Fracture]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/slit_throat.png" width="43%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[right vertex-temporal region]

- .large[Bone Fracture]
 - .large[oblique fracture of the left tibia]

- .large[Cause of Death]
 - .large[Throat Laceration]

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Moesgaard Museum]
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.double[Initial Analysis]
 - .large[Dental Analysis]
  - .large[21 teeth remain]
  - .large[Poor oral hygiene and coarse meal]
  - .large[Lost several molars; Jaw infections]
  - .large[Malnutrition (LEH)]

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.double[Initial Analysis]
- .large[Gut Contents]
 - .large[Last meal: gruel of seeds and grains <br> - wheat, oat, barley, .dotted[rye] <br>- ergot - hallucinogenic effect<br> - absence of fresh fruits indicating time of death]

- .large[General Health]
 - .large[about 30-40 years of age]
 - .large[~ 165–170 cm]
 - .large[Straight-cut hair <br> - beard and moustache lost in preservation]
 - .large[Absence of calluses - indication of an easy life]

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.double[Recent Analysis]
- .large[Confirm the cause of death]
 - .large[Cranial fractures are post-mortem]
 - .large[Hard impact force broke the leg]
 - .large[Left to right cut <br> - unconscious instantly <br> - death within minutes]

- .large[Reconstruction of Diet]
 - .large[Confirmed that .dotted[rye] is part of the last meal]
 - .large[Ergot - insufficient to cause hallucination]
 - .large[Terrestrial Diet (Little or no aquatic proteins)]

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.double[The Role of Bog People] 
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.double[Human Sacrifice? Criminals?]
- .large[Votive offerings found in lake/bog]
 - .large[Opening space with religious aspects]
 - .large[Similar time of death <br> - Winter / Early Spring]
 
 
- .large[Different execution styles]
 - .large[Hanging v. Throat Slitting]
 - .large[Treatment of the bodies]

- .large[Challenging without further contexts]
 - .large[Lack of textual records]
 - .large[Absence of associate archaeological finds]

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.double[Nordic Iron Age and Roman Empire] 
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.double[Julius Caeser at Rhine]
- .large[Iron Age in the North didn't end]
 - .large[Continuous development during Roman Empire]

- .large[Cultural Assimilation]
 - .large[Resume trading routes <br> - bronze, glass <br> - coins, vessels, weapons]
 - .large[Roman style dominated the market]

- .large[Victory without war?]