Archaeology of Europe WK13

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.double[.large[**Archaeology of Europe**]] <br>
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.double.white[British Iron Age]
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.double[Iron Age in Britain] 
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.double[Iron Age in Britain] 
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.double[Development of Chronology]
- .large[.yellow[*c.* 8<sup>th</sup> Century BC], bronze socketed axes in Britain]
- .large[Different development from the continent]
 - .large[Early 20<sup>th</sup> Century, attempts to match the continent chronology.]
 - .large[Iron Age A - .yellow[*c.* 550 BC] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; - Invasion of La Tène culture<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; - Southeast and East Coast]
 - .large[Idea of .dotted[*colonization*] plays a major role in Bronze-Iron Age transition]
- .large[Local cultural continuity reject .dotted[*invasion from continent*]]
 - .large[New Chronology developed]

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.double[Iron Age in Britain] 
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.double[Development of Chronology]
- .large[Current Chronology based on Barry Cunliffe]
 - .large[Earliest period .yellow[(*c.* 800-600 BC)]<br> - Wessex: linear ditch systems, regional pottery style]
 - .large[Early Period .yellow[(*c.* 600-400 BC)]<br> - Hilltop enclosure<br> - Indicating a larger regional community]
 - .large[Middle Iron Age .yellow[(*c.* 400-100 BC)]<br> - Phase of local development]
 - .large[Late and Latest Iron Age.yellow[(*c.* 100 BC -AD 100)]<br> - Inconsistent development in Britain<br> - Focused more on Southern Britain]

- .large[The last 3 periods merged into .wavy[Later Iron Age]]

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.double[Maiden Castle, .yellow[*c.* 600 BC - 43 AD]] 
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.double[Iron Age Hillfort]
 - .large[Largest hillfort site in Britain (18 ha)]
  - .large[hundreds of hillforts in southern Britain]
 
 
 - .large[Excavated since 1930s]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/map_2.jpg" width="60%" style='float:right' />
  - .large[Mortimer Wheeler]
  - .large[Largest excavation]

- .large[Detailed Recording]
  - .large[Stratigraphic section]
  - .large[Precise Drawings]

- .large[Weak Interpretation]
 - .large[Social-Economic]

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Historic England]
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.double[Iron Age Hillfort]
- .large[Neolithic Barrow, .yellow[*c.* 3700 BC]]
 - .large[Longest barrow in Britain (~550 m)]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/elevated.jpg" width="55%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[Causeway enclosures]
 - .large[Remains of 2 children]

- .large[Usage in Bronze Age]
 - .large[Limited farming activities]
 
 
- .large[Early development]
 - .large[.yellow[*c.* 1000 BC]]
 - .large[Regional Control of important resources]
 - .large[Control of agricultural land]

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Historic England]
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.double[Iron Age Hillfort]
- .large[Early fortification .yellow[*c.* 600 BC]]
 - .large[single ditch]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/maiden-castle.jpg" width="55%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[Entrances at northwest and east]
 - .large[Similar size to the rest]

- .large[Expansion in .yellow[*c.* 450 BC]]
 - .large[From 6.5 to 19 ha]
 - .large[Administrative, Religious, Economic centre]
 - .large[Shrine Structrue at the highest point]

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from The Chairman 8]
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.double[Iron Age Hillfort]
- .large[Large Population: 2000-4000]
 - .large[Surplus Storage]
 - .large[Deep deposit pits]
 - .large[Evidents of wagon (parallel wheel imprints)]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/maiden_pits.png" width="70%" style='float:right' />

- .large[Recent Excavations]
 - .large[Four-post structures<br> (2 x 2m)]
 - .large[Sheep bones]
 - .large[Local pottery]
 - .large[Sling stones]

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from The Chairman 8]
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.double[The late Iron Age Burials]
- .large[Lack of cemetery zones and burials]
 - .large[different funerary practice <br> - Secondary Burial,  Excarnation]

<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/maiden_victim.jpg" width="52%" style='float:right' />
- .large[Burials at East Gate]
 - .large[Excavated in 1930s]
 - .large[Partial excavation with 52 burials]
 - .large[14 with trauma]
 - .large[Interpreted as .wavy[War Victims of the Roman Seige]]

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.double[Danebury, .yellow[*c.* 550 - 100 BC]] 
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.double[Iron Age Hillfort]
 - .large[Major hillfort site in Britain]
  - .large[Few of the Developed Hill Forts]
 
 
 - .large[Excavated since 1969]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/map_1.jpg" width="60%" style='float:right' />
  - .large[Barry Cunliffe]
  - .large[Influential Project]
  - .large[6 Volumes of reports]
  - .large[Type-site]

- .large[Thorough excavation]
  - .large[Pottery & Bones]
  - .large[2400 pits]
  - .large[10,000 post holes]

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.double[Danebury, .yellow[*c.* 550 - 100 BC]] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[Iron Age Hillfort]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/Danebury_Fort_1.jpg" width="60%" style='float:right' />
- .large[~5 ha. in size]
- .large[Elavation: 143 m]
 - .large[visible from surround area]

- .large[Three massive earth walls and ditches]
 - .large[Single Ditch<br> - 550 BC]
 - .large[2 Rings added<br> - 400 BC]

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.double[Danebury, .yellow[*c.* 550 - 100 BC]] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Cunliffe]
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.double[Iron Age Hillfort]
- .large[North part: square/rectangular structures<br> - Grain silos & storage pits]

<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/danebury_plan.jpg" width="50%" style='float:right' />
- .large[South part: roundhouses]

- .large[Central part: 4 square shrines on the highest point<br> - RS 1 - RS 4<br> - associated with a path<br> - increase in scale]

- .large[~50 round houses (est. 200-300 people)]

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.double[Danebury, .yellow[*c.* 550 - 100 BC]] 
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.double[Iron Age Roundhouse]
- .large[Typical House Structure]
 - .large[Circular, single entrance]
 - .large[~ 6 to 9 m in diameter]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/round_1a.png" width="55%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[Two types: <br> - Vertical planks<br> - .dotted[Wattle and daub]]

- .large[Oak: posts and frameworks]
- .large[Hazel: wattle wall and fence]

- .large[Large indoor pits]
 - .large[50 cm in diameter]
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.double[Danebury, .yellow[*c.* 550 - 100 BC]] 
</p>
<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">
</div>

.double[Iron Age Roundhouse]
- .large[Typical House Structure]
 - .large[Circular, single entrance]
 - .large[~ 6 to 9 m in diameter]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/round_1b.png" width="55%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[Two types: <br> - Vertical planks<br> - .dotted[Wattle and daub]]

- .large[Oak: posts and frameworks]
- .large[Hazel: wattle wall and fence]

- .large[Large indoor pits]
 - .large[50 cm in diameter]

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.double[Danebury, .yellow[*c.* 550 - 100 BC]] 
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<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">
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.double[Iron Age Roundhouse]
- .large[Typical House Structure]
 - .large[Circular, single entrance]
 - .large[~ 6 to 9 m in diameter]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/round_2a.png" width="55%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[Two types: <br> - Vertical planks<br> - .dotted[Wattle and daub]]

- .large[Oak: posts and frameworks]
- .large[Hazel: wattle wall and fence]

- .large[Large indoor pits]
 - .large[50 cm in diameter]

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<p style="text-align:center;">
.double[Danebury, .yellow[*c.* 550 - 100 BC]] 
</p>
<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">
</div>

.double[Iron Age Roundhouse]
- .large[Typical House Structure]
 - .large[Circular, single entrance]
 - .large[~ 6 to 9 m in diameter]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/round_2b.png" width="55%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[Two types: <br> - Vertical planks<br> - .dotted[Wattle and daub]]

- .large[Oak: posts and frameworks]
- .large[Hazel: wattle wall and fence]

- .large[Large indoor pits]
 - .large[50 cm in diameter]
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.double[Danebury, .yellow[*c.* 550 - 100 BC]] 
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.double[Burials]
 - .large[No cemetery zone found]
  - .large[~ 300 individuals, only about 40 are complete .small[(relatively)]]
  - .large[Burried in disused storage pits<br> - no burial goods]
  - .large[Typical local burial practice <br> - secondary burials (bury after body decomposed)]

- .large[Higher ratio of young males]
 - .large[missing arms and head]

- .large[Isolated bones are mostly long bones from right side]

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.double[Danebury, .yellow[*c.* 550 - 100 BC]] 
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.double[Ritual Practices?]
 - .large[Head-Hunting of Celts]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK13/danebury_head.jpg" width="52%" style='float:right' />
  - .large[Several pits contain only skulls]
  - .large[Signs of trauma]

- .large[Pit Burials of Animals] 
 - .large[Horses, dogs, ravens]
 - .large[Sacrificial / Offerings]
 - .large[Human sacrifices?]

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.double[The Decline of Iron Age in Britain] 
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.double[Notable Differences from Continent]
 - .large[Unclear relation with continent groups]
  - .large[Local Britons with different social hierachy]
  - .large[Different religion and burial practices]

- .large[Development Recess .yellow[*c.* 100 BC]]
  - .large[Julius Caeser's Trip - .yellow[55 BC]]
  - .large[Major *Oppida* already abandoned]
  - .large[Many smaller forts remains]

- .large[Different warfare than conquering the Gauls]