Archaeology of Europe WK12

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<br>
.double[.large[**Archaeology of Europe**]] <br>
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.double.white[La Tѐne Culture]
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<br>
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.double[Central Iron Age Chronology] 
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<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK12/timeline.png" width="65%" style="display: block; margin: auto auto auto 0;" />
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.double[Hallstatt and La Tène Culture] 
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.double[Smooth(?) transition around .yellow[*c.* 500 BC]]
- .large[Not a "cultural" transform, but "style" transform]

- .large[Terminology used to distinguish art/pottery styles]
 - .large[.content-box-s-white.dark[Hallstatt]<br> - geometric and abstract decorations <br> - more likely to use coil-build techniques]
 - .large[.content-box-s-white.dark[La Tène] <br> - Animals and Pictorial (Mediterrean Influence) <br> - Wheel-made pottery (late HaD)]

- .large[Cause of changes in artistic style]
 - .large[Political/Social/Economic aspects]
 - .large[Influence from Mediterranean]

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.double[Hallstatt and La Tène Culture] 
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.left.double[Changes in Art Style]

.pull-left[
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK12/wheel-made-ratio.jpg" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]
.pull-right[
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK12/Hallstat_pot.png" width="79.5%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /><img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK12/la_tene_1.png" width="79.5%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Loughton, n.d.]
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Thér _et al._, 2017]
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Gralak, 2017]
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.double[Hallstatt and La Tène Culture] 
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.left.double[Changes in Art Style]
.pull-left[
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK12/hallstatt_man.png" width="1388" />
]
.pull-right[
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK12/Glauberg_man.png" width="1384" />
]

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.content-box-s-dark.yellow.small[Glauberg, La Tène Culture]
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.content-box-s-dark.yellow.small[Hirschlanden, Hallstatt Culture]
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Gralak, 2017]
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.double[Hallstatt and La Tène Culture] 
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<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">
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.left.double[Changes in Art Style]
.pull-left[
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK12/hochdorf_cauldron.jpg" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

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.content-box-s-dark.yellow.small[Vix Crater, La Tène Culture]
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.content-box-s-dark.yellow.small[Hochdorf, Hallstatt Culture]
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Greece IS]
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.double[Vix, France, .yellow[*c.* 480 BC]] 
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.double[Grave of <u>Celtic Prinecess</u>]
- .large[Near *Mont Lassois* (Hillfort, *Oppidum*)]
- .large[Late Hallstatt Stage (HaD-3)]
- .large[Trading center controlling goods from North-west]
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<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK12/vix.jpg" width="72%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
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.double[Vix, France, .yellow[*c.* 480 BC]]

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from EBR]
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.double[Lady Vix, Female Ruler in Celtic Society]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK12/vix_plan.png" width="55%" style='float:right' />
- .large[35-40 years of age]

- .large[Pathological condition .small[(might affect appearance)]]

- .large[Wealthy Burial Goods]
 - .large[Large Cauldron .small.dotted[(~1100&#8467;)]]
 - .large[Silver & Painted Cup]
 - .large[Wagon .small.dotted[(disassembled)]]

- .large[Body placed on weagon]
 - .large[Wagon Burials]

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.double[Vix, France, .yellow[*c.* 480 BC]] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[Mont Lassois and Vix Palace]
- .large[Oppidum, not just elite residential area]
 - .large[Possible Palace structure (2006) - .dotted[Apsidal Structure]]

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.double[Social Status of Women in Celts] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Echt, 2017]
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.double[Hallstatt-La Tène Transition]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK12/Echt_map.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

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.double[Celts Migration / Expansion] 
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.double[Different Forms of Migration]
 - .large[Not Always the Movement of large population]
  - .large[Urban Magnet Effect]
  - .large[Population Pressure]
  - .large[.dotted[Banishment] / Slavery]
  - .large[.dotted[Service] / Colonization]

- .large[Nature of Celtic migrants]
 - .large[Hired mercenaries - soldier as commodities]

- .large[The Greek Colony of Massalia]
  - .large[Triggered the Hallstatt-La Tène Transition]
  - .large[Creating political transformation]
  - .large[Increasing conflicts with Mediterranean]

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.double[Manching, German, .yellow[*c.* 300 BC]] 
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.double[New Form of _Oppidum_]
 - .large[Not hilltop. Riverine , with harbour access]
 - .large[Founded around 300 BC]
 - .large[Rapidly grew into regional economic, political centre]

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.double[Manching, German, .yellow[*c.* 300 BC]] 
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.double[New Form of _Oppidum_]
- .large[Larger than hillforts - not limited by size of hill]
- .large[Urban Planing <br>- Road Systems (divide town into smaller section)<br> - Gates aligned with cardinal directions <br>- Centre part is more densly occupied]

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.double[Manching, German, .yellow[*c.* 300 BC]] 
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.double[New Form of _Oppidum_]
- .large[Evidences of local craft productions]
 - .large[Iron, Gold, Glass, Pottery]

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.double[Manching, German, .yellow[*c.* 300 BC]] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Winger, 2021]
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.double[Cult Practices at Manching]
 - .large[No associated burial mounds]
 - .large[Cemetery nearby, most likely for elite class]
  - .large[other burial practices? Secondary burials?]
  - .large[Scattered human bones in settlements]
 - .large[Central Temple structure]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK12/central_temple.jpg" width="42%" style='float:right' />
  - .large[abundant human remains<br> - remains of new-born] 
  - .large[Weapon deliberately broken]
 - .large[Starting point of the _Oppidum_]
  - .large[Road system seems originated from the temple structure]

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.double[Cults and Religion of the Celts] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[Belief and Social Hierarchy]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK12/bent_sword.png" width="30%" style='float:right' />
- .large[Difficult to interpret historical accounts from archaeological findings]

- .large[More than 200 gods and goddesses]
  - .large[Varied from regions]

- .large[Clerical Hierarchy]
  - .large[Religious Specialists: Druids]

- .large[Votive Offering]
 - .large[Weapons - deliberately damaged]
 - .large[Animal Sacrifice <br> - Domestic animals: Pigs<br> - Labour animals: cattle]
 - .large[Human Sacrifice]

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.double[Celtic Sanctuaries, France, .yellow[*c.* 260 BC]] 
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.double[Gournay-sur-Aronde / Ribemont-sur-Ancre]
- .large[Late La Tène culture Sanctuaries]
- .large[Temple Structure & War Trophies Display]
 - .large[No associate settlements or _oppida_]
 
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK12/sanct.jpg" width="75%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from EBR]
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.double[Gournay-sur-Aronde]
- .large[Large Shrine Structure - permanent ritual site]
 - .large[Weapon offerings - deliberately broken]
 - .large[Animal sacrifices - removal of skulls]
 - .large[Concentration of weapons around posts<br> - more than 2000 weapons and armours]
 
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK12/Gournay_1.png" width="5784" />

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Cadoux, 1984]
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.double[Ribemont-sur-Ancre]
- .large[Structure for Battle Trophies]
 - .large[Skeletal remains of ~1000 individuals <br> - 80 headless individuals placed along a wall]
 - .large[Thousands of shields, spear points, and swords]

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.double[Decline of La Tène and Roman Invasion] 
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.double[Changes in the Iron Age]
 - .large[Adopting Foreign Influeces]
  - .large[Scythian, Roman, Greek]
  - .large[Art style, Technology, Economic model]
  
  
 - .large[Increase reliance on specific resources/products]
  - .large[Oils and Wine]
  - .large[Wealth]

- .large[Movement of people]
  - .large[Faster vehicles: boats and wagons]
  - .large[Connections between places]

- .large[Colonization within Continent]