To cite R in publications use:
R Core Team (2023). _R: A Language and Environment for Statistical
Computing_. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
<https://www.R-project.org/>.
A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is
@Manual{,
title = {R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing},
author = {{R Core Team}},
organization = {R Foundation for Statistical Computing},
address = {Vienna, Austria},
year = {2023},
url = {https://www.R-project.org/},
}
We have invested a lot of time and effort in creating R, please cite it
when using it for data analysis. See also 'citation("pkgname")' for
citing R packages.R
Erik Bülow
Programeringsspråk
Öpen källkod: gratis öl och yttrandefrihet!
- Akademiskt statistikverktyg (jmfr SAS inom läkemedelsindustrin och Python inom “ML/Data science”)
v. 1 släpptes 2020-02-29.
Version 4.3.2 (“Eye Holes”) släpptes 2023-10-23
Terminalbaserat skriptspråk men ofta kombinerat med RStudio (Posit)1
Interaktiv användning
Kan användas som terminalbaserad (mini)räknare
Tilldelning/återanvändning
Det som skrivs i konsolen “printas” direkt.
Det man vill spara tilldelas med <- 1
Case sensitive (ABC != abc != Abc != aBc != …)
Funktioner
Funktioner används för att göra saker med data.
Skriver man
namnet_på_funktionenser man hur den är definierad (öppen källkod; överkurs)Skriver man parenteser efter så anropar man funktionen:
namnet_på_funktionen()De flesta funktioner har ett eller flera argument
namnet_på_funktionen(a = x, b = y, c = z)Dessa används dels för att förmedla vilken data funktionen ska användas med, dels för andra val
Skriv
?funktionsnamni konsolen (eller tryck F1) för att läsa hur en funktion använda
Egna funktioner
function() {}NULL[1] "Hello world!"[1] "Hello Svenne Banan!"[1] 5 [1] 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18[1] "2023-11-23"Vektorer
[1] 1[1] 1 1 2 3 5 8 [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10[1] "hej" "på" "dig"[1] bar baz foo
Levels: foo bar baz[1] "1985-05-04" "2023-11-22" "2024-01-26"[1] TRUE FALSE NAData frame
Datastruktur som liknar Excel-blad eller data i SPSS.
Kolumner består av vektorer av olika sorter.
Skript
Bäst att inte skriva direkt i konsolen utan i en textfil som sparas regelbundet.
Döp den till
vad_du_vill.RDock rekommenderat att filnamnet (inkl överordnade mappar) endast har tecken A-Z, a-z, 0-9 resp “_”
Allt i skriptet är R-kod utom rader som inleds med
#. Dessa är kommentarer till mänskliga läsare (inkl ditt eget framtida jag).Inte så noga med mellanslag/tabbar/radlängder etc i början men https://style.tidyverse.org/ rekommenderas för större projekt!
Quarto
Blanda kommentarer/R-kod/figurer/tabeller i ett och samma dokument
Fungerar lite som en vanlig orbehandlare
Denna presentation är gjord på detta sätt!
Projekt
Rekommenderas att använda en vald katalog som “Projekt” i RStudio. Då vet man alltid var man befinner sig.
Viktigt när man läser in filer (data) eller sparar resultat (figurer/tabeller/rapporter).
R startas alltid med ett “working directory” i en mapp/katalog på datorn (t ex den mapp där en R-fil man dubbelklickat på ligger eller där RStudio-projektet finns).
Egen data
Ofta lättast sköta själva datainmatningen/förberedelsen i Excel, SPSS eller annat program.
Spara filen i “RStudio-projektet” t ex i en undermapp “data”.
Importera data via grafiska gränssnittet i RStudio
Kopiera genererade inläsningskommandon till skriptfilen.
Paket
Alla funktioner (med mera) finns i paket.
Några paket kommer förinstallerade.
Detta behöver man (nästan aldrig) tänka på!
base
[1] "-" "-.Date"
[3] "-.POSIXt" ":"
[5] "::" ":::"
[7] "!" "!.hexmode"
[9] "!.octmode" "!="
[11] "(" "["
[13] "[.AsIs" "[.data.frame"
[15] "[.Date" "[.difftime"
[17] "[.Dlist" "[.DLLInfoList"
[19] "[.factor" "[.hexmode"
[21] "[.listof" "[.noquote"
[23] "[.numeric_version" "[.octmode"
[25] "[.POSIXct" "[.POSIXlt"
[27] "[.simple.list" "[.table"
[29] "[.warnings" "[["
[31] "[[.data.frame" "[[.Date"
[33] "[[.factor" "[[.numeric_version"
[35] "[[.POSIXct" "[[.POSIXlt"
[37] "[[<-" "[[<-.data.frame"
[39] "[[<-.factor" "[[<-.numeric_version"
[41] "[[<-.POSIXlt" "[<-"
[43] "[<-.data.frame" "[<-.Date"
[45] "[<-.difftime" "[<-.factor"
[47] "[<-.numeric_version" "[<-.POSIXct"
[49] "[<-.POSIXlt" "{"
[51] "@" "@<-"
[53] "*" "*.difftime"
[55] "/" "/.difftime"
[57] "&" "&.hexmode"
[59] "&.octmode" "&&"
[61] "%*%" "%/%"
[63] "%%" "%in%"
[65] "%o%" "%x%"
[67] "^" "+"
[69] "+.Date" "+.POSIXt"
[71] "<" "<-"
[73] "<<-" "<="
[75] "=" "=="
[77] ">" ">="
[79] "|" "|.hexmode"
[81] "|.octmode" "||"
[83] "~" "$"
[85] "$.DLLInfo" "$.package_version"
[87] "$<-" "$<-.data.frame"
[89] "$<-.POSIXlt" "abbreviate"
[91] "abs" "acos"
[93] "acosh" "activeBindingFunction"
[95] "addNA" "addTaskCallback"
[97] "agrep" "agrepl"
[99] "alist" "all"
[101] "all.equal" "all.equal.character"
[103] "all.equal.default" "all.equal.environment"
[105] "all.equal.envRefClass" "all.equal.factor"
[107] "all.equal.formula" "all.equal.function"
[109] "all.equal.language" "all.equal.list"
[111] "all.equal.numeric" "all.equal.POSIXt"
[113] "all.equal.raw" "all.names"
[115] "all.vars" "allowInterrupts"
[117] "any" "anyDuplicated"
[119] "anyDuplicated.array" "anyDuplicated.data.frame"
[121] "anyDuplicated.default" "anyDuplicated.matrix"
[123] "anyNA" "anyNA.data.frame"
[125] "anyNA.numeric_version" "anyNA.POSIXlt"
[127] "aperm" "aperm.default"
[129] "aperm.table" "append"
[131] "apply" "Arg"
[133] "args" "array"
[135] "array2DF" "arrayInd"
[137] "as.array" "as.array.default"
[139] "as.call" "as.character"
[141] "as.character.condition" "as.character.Date"
[143] "as.character.default" "as.character.error"
[145] "as.character.factor" "as.character.hexmode"
[147] "as.character.numeric_version" "as.character.octmode"
[149] "as.character.POSIXt" "as.character.srcref"
[151] "as.complex" "as.data.frame"
[153] "as.data.frame.array" "as.data.frame.AsIs"
[155] "as.data.frame.character" "as.data.frame.complex"
[157] "as.data.frame.data.frame" "as.data.frame.Date"
[159] "as.data.frame.default" "as.data.frame.difftime"
[161] "as.data.frame.factor" "as.data.frame.integer"
[163] "as.data.frame.list" "as.data.frame.logical"
[165] "as.data.frame.matrix" "as.data.frame.model.matrix"
[167] "as.data.frame.noquote" "as.data.frame.numeric"
[169] "as.data.frame.numeric_version" "as.data.frame.ordered"
[171] "as.data.frame.POSIXct" "as.data.frame.POSIXlt"
[173] "as.data.frame.raw" "as.data.frame.table"
[175] "as.data.frame.ts" "as.data.frame.vector"
[177] "as.Date" "as.Date.character"
[179] "as.Date.default" "as.Date.factor"
[181] "as.Date.numeric" "as.Date.POSIXct"
[183] "as.Date.POSIXlt" "as.difftime"
[185] "as.double" "as.double.difftime"
[187] "as.double.POSIXlt" "as.environment"
[189] "as.expression" "as.expression.default"
[191] "as.factor" "as.function"
[193] "as.function.default" "as.hexmode"
[195] "as.integer" "as.list"
[197] "as.list.data.frame" "as.list.Date"
[199] "as.list.default" "as.list.difftime"
[201] "as.list.environment" "as.list.factor"
[203] "as.list.function" "as.list.numeric_version"
[205] "as.list.POSIXct" "as.list.POSIXlt"
[207] "as.logical" "as.logical.factor"
[209] "as.matrix" "as.matrix.data.frame"
[211] "as.matrix.default" "as.matrix.noquote"
[213] "as.matrix.POSIXlt" "as.name"
[215] "as.null" "as.null.default"
[217] "as.numeric" "as.numeric_version"
[219] "as.octmode" "as.ordered"
[221] "as.package_version" "as.pairlist"
[223] "as.POSIXct" "as.POSIXct.Date"
[225] "as.POSIXct.default" "as.POSIXct.numeric"
[227] "as.POSIXct.POSIXlt" "as.POSIXlt"
[229] "as.POSIXlt.character" "as.POSIXlt.Date"
[231] "as.POSIXlt.default" "as.POSIXlt.factor"
[233] "as.POSIXlt.numeric" "as.POSIXlt.POSIXct"
[235] "as.qr" "as.raw"
[237] "as.single" "as.single.default"
[239] "as.symbol" "as.table"
[241] "as.table.default" "as.vector"
[243] "as.vector.data.frame" "as.vector.factor"
[245] "as.vector.POSIXlt" "asin"
[247] "asinh" "asNamespace"
[249] "asplit" "asS3"
[251] "asS4" "assign"
[253] "atan" "atan2"
[255] "atanh" "attach"
[257] "attachNamespace" "attr"
[259] "attr.all.equal" "attr<-"
[261] "attributes" "attributes<-"
[263] "autoload" "autoloader"
[265] "backsolve" "balancePOSIXlt"
[267] "baseenv" "basename"
[269] "besselI" "besselJ"
[271] "besselK" "besselY"
[273] "beta" "bindingIsActive"
[275] "bindingIsLocked" "bindtextdomain"
[277] "bitwAnd" "bitwNot"
[279] "bitwOr" "bitwShiftL"
[281] "bitwShiftR" "bitwXor"
[283] "body" "body<-"
[285] "bquote" "break"
[287] "browser" "browserCondition"
[289] "browserSetDebug" "browserText"
[291] "builtins" "by"
[293] "by.data.frame" "by.default"
[295] "bzfile" "c"
[297] "c.Date" "c.difftime"
[299] "c.factor" "c.noquote"
[301] "c.numeric_version" "c.POSIXct"
[303] "c.POSIXlt" "c.warnings"
[305] "call" "callCC"
[307] "capabilities" "casefold"
[309] "cat" "cbind"
[311] "cbind.data.frame" "ceiling"
[313] "char.expand" "character"
[315] "charmatch" "charToRaw"
[317] "chartr" "chkDots"
[319] "chol" "chol.default"
[321] "chol2inv" "choose"
[323] "chooseOpsMethod" "chooseOpsMethod.default"
[325] "class" "class<-"
[327] "clearPushBack" "close"
[329] "close.connection" "close.srcfile"
[331] "close.srcfilealias" "closeAllConnections"
[333] "col" "colMeans"
[335] "colnames" "colnames<-"
[337] "colSums" "commandArgs"
[339] "comment" "comment<-"
[341] "complex" "computeRestarts"
[343] "conditionCall" "conditionCall.condition"
[345] "conditionMessage" "conditionMessage.condition"
[347] "conflictRules" "conflicts"
[349] "Conj" "contributors"
[351] "cos" "cosh"
[353] "cospi" "crossprod"
[355] "Cstack_info" "cummax"
[357] "cummin" "cumprod"
[359] "cumsum" "curlGetHeaders"
[361] "cut" "cut.Date"
[363] "cut.default" "cut.POSIXt"
[365] "data.class" "data.frame"
[367] "data.matrix" "date"
[369] "debug" "debuggingState"
[371] "debugonce" "default.stringsAsFactors"
[373] "delayedAssign" "deparse"
[375] "deparse1" "det"
[377] "detach" "determinant"
[379] "determinant.matrix" "dget"
[381] "diag" "diag<-"
[383] "diff" "diff.Date"
[385] "diff.default" "diff.difftime"
[387] "diff.POSIXt" "difftime"
[389] "digamma" "dim"
[391] "dim.data.frame" "dim<-"
[393] "dimnames" "dimnames.data.frame"
[395] "dimnames<-" "dimnames<-.data.frame"
[397] "dir" "dir.create"
[399] "dir.exists" "dirname"
[401] "do.call" "dontCheck"
[403] "double" "dput"
[405] "dQuote" "drop"
[407] "droplevels" "droplevels.data.frame"
[409] "droplevels.factor" "dump"
[411] "duplicated" "duplicated.array"
[413] "duplicated.data.frame" "duplicated.default"
[415] "duplicated.matrix" "duplicated.numeric_version"
[417] "duplicated.POSIXlt" "duplicated.warnings"
[419] "dyn.load" "dyn.unload"
[421] "dynGet" "eapply"
[423] "eigen" "emptyenv"
[425] "enc2native" "enc2utf8"
[427] "encodeString" "Encoding"
[429] "Encoding<-" "endsWith"
[431] "enquote" "env.profile"
[433] "environment" "environment<-"
[435] "environmentIsLocked" "environmentName"
[437] "errorCondition" "eval"
[439] "eval.parent" "evalq"
[441] "exists" "exp"
[443] "expand.grid" "expm1"
[445] "expression" "extSoftVersion"
[447] "F" "factor"
[449] "factorial" "fifo"
[451] "file" "file.access"
[453] "file.append" "file.choose"
[455] "file.copy" "file.create"
[457] "file.exists" "file.info"
[459] "file.link" "file.mode"
[461] "file.mtime" "file.path"
[463] "file.remove" "file.rename"
[465] "file.show" "file.size"
[467] "file.symlink" "Filter"
[469] "Find" "find.package"
[471] "findInterval" "findPackageEnv"
[473] "findRestart" "floor"
[475] "flush" "flush.connection"
[477] "for" "force"
[479] "forceAndCall" "formals"
[481] "formals<-" "format"
[483] "format.AsIs" "format.data.frame"
[485] "format.Date" "format.default"
[487] "format.difftime" "format.factor"
[489] "format.hexmode" "format.info"
[491] "format.libraryIQR" "format.numeric_version"
[493] "format.octmode" "format.packageInfo"
[495] "format.POSIXct" "format.POSIXlt"
[497] "format.pval" "format.summaryDefault"
[499] "formatC" "formatDL"
[501] "forwardsolve" "function"
[503] "gamma" "gc"
[505] "gc.time" "gcinfo"
[507] "gctorture" "gctorture2"
[509] "get" "get0"
[511] "getAllConnections" "getCallingDLL"
[513] "getCallingDLLe" "getConnection"
[515] "getDLLRegisteredRoutines" "getDLLRegisteredRoutines.character"
[517] "getDLLRegisteredRoutines.DLLInfo" "getElement"
[519] "geterrmessage" "getExportedValue"
[521] "getHook" "getLoadedDLLs"
[523] "getNamespace" "getNamespaceExports"
[525] "getNamespaceImports" "getNamespaceInfo"
[527] "getNamespaceName" "getNamespaceUsers"
[529] "getNamespaceVersion" "getNativeSymbolInfo"
[531] "getOption" "getRversion"
[533] "getSrcLines" "getTaskCallbackNames"
[535] "gettext" "gettextf"
[537] "getwd" "gl"
[539] "globalCallingHandlers" "globalenv"
[541] "gregexec" "gregexpr"
[543] "grep" "grepl"
[545] "grepRaw" "grouping"
[547] "gsub" "gzcon"
[549] "gzfile" "I"
[551] "iconv" "iconvlist"
[553] "icuGetCollate" "icuSetCollate"
[555] "identical" "identity"
[557] "if" "ifelse"
[559] "Im" "importIntoEnv"
[561] "infoRDS" "inherits"
[563] "integer" "interaction"
[565] "interactive" "intersect"
[567] "intToBits" "intToUtf8"
[569] "inverse.rle" "invisible"
[571] "invokeRestart" "invokeRestartInteractively"
[573] "is.array" "is.atomic"
[575] "is.call" "is.character"
[577] "is.complex" "is.data.frame"
[579] "is.double" "is.element"
[581] "is.environment" "is.expression"
[583] "is.factor" "is.finite"
[585] "is.finite.POSIXlt" "is.function"
[587] "is.infinite" "is.infinite.POSIXlt"
[589] "is.integer" "is.language"
[591] "is.list" "is.loaded"
[593] "is.logical" "is.matrix"
[595] "is.na" "is.na.data.frame"
[597] "is.na.numeric_version" "is.na.POSIXlt"
[599] "is.na<-" "is.na<-.default"
[601] "is.na<-.factor" "is.na<-.numeric_version"
[603] "is.name" "is.nan"
[605] "is.nan.POSIXlt" "is.null"
[607] "is.numeric" "is.numeric_version"
[609] "is.numeric.Date" "is.numeric.difftime"
[611] "is.numeric.POSIXt" "is.object"
[613] "is.ordered" "is.package_version"
[615] "is.pairlist" "is.primitive"
[617] "is.qr" "is.R"
[619] "is.raw" "is.recursive"
[621] "is.single" "is.symbol"
[623] "is.table" "is.unsorted"
[625] "is.vector" "isa"
[627] "isatty" "isBaseNamespace"
[629] "isdebugged" "isFALSE"
[631] "isIncomplete" "isNamespace"
[633] "isNamespaceLoaded" "ISOdate"
[635] "ISOdatetime" "isOpen"
[637] "isRestart" "isS4"
[639] "isSeekable" "isSymmetric"
[641] "isSymmetric.matrix" "isTRUE"
[643] "jitter" "julian"
[645] "julian.Date" "julian.POSIXt"
[647] "kappa" "kappa.default"
[649] "kappa.lm" "kappa.qr"
[651] "kronecker" "l10n_info"
[653] "La_library" "La_version"
[655] "La.svd" "labels"
[657] "labels.default" "lapply"
[659] "lazyLoad" "lazyLoadDBexec"
[661] "lazyLoadDBfetch" "lbeta"
[663] "lchoose" "length"
[665] "length.POSIXlt" "length<-"
[667] "length<-.Date" "length<-.difftime"
[669] "length<-.factor" "length<-.POSIXct"
[671] "length<-.POSIXlt" "lengths"
[673] "letters" "LETTERS"
[675] "levels" "levels.default"
[677] "levels<-" "levels<-.factor"
[679] "lfactorial" "lgamma"
[681] "libcurlVersion" "library"
[683] "library.dynam" "library.dynam.unload"
[685] "licence" "license"
[687] "list" "list.dirs"
[689] "list.files" "list2DF"
[691] "list2env" "load"
[693] "loadedNamespaces" "loadingNamespaceInfo"
[695] "loadNamespace" "local"
[697] "lockBinding" "lockEnvironment"
[699] "log" "log10"
[701] "log1p" "log2"
[703] "logb" "logical"
[705] "lower.tri" "ls"
[707] "make.names" "make.unique"
[709] "makeActiveBinding" "Map"
[711] "mapply" "margin.table"
[713] "marginSums" "mat.or.vec"
[715] "match" "match.arg"
[717] "match.call" "match.fun"
[719] "Math.data.frame" "Math.Date"
[721] "Math.difftime" "Math.factor"
[723] "Math.POSIXt" "matrix"
[725] "max" "max.col"
[727] "mean" "mean.Date"
[729] "mean.default" "mean.difftime"
[731] "mean.POSIXct" "mean.POSIXlt"
[733] "mem.maxNSize" "mem.maxVSize"
[735] "memCompress" "memDecompress"
[737] "memory.profile" "merge"
[739] "merge.data.frame" "merge.default"
[741] "message" "mget"
[743] "min" "missing"
[745] "Mod" "mode"
[747] "mode<-" "month.abb"
[749] "month.name" "months"
[751] "months.Date" "months.POSIXt"
[753] "mostattributes<-" "mtfrm"
[755] "mtfrm.default" "nameOfClass"
[757] "nameOfClass.default" "names"
[759] "names.POSIXlt" "names<-"
[761] "names<-.POSIXlt" "namespaceExport"
[763] "namespaceImport" "namespaceImportClasses"
[765] "namespaceImportFrom" "namespaceImportMethods"
[767] "nargs" "nchar"
[769] "ncol" "NCOL"
[771] "Negate" "new.env"
[773] "next" "NextMethod"
[775] "ngettext" "nlevels"
[777] "noquote" "norm"
[779] "normalizePath" "nrow"
[781] "NROW" "nullfile"
[783] "numeric" "numeric_version"
[785] "numToBits" "numToInts"
[787] "nzchar" "objects"
[789] "oldClass" "oldClass<-"
[791] "OlsonNames" "on.exit"
[793] "open" "open.connection"
[795] "open.srcfile" "open.srcfilealias"
[797] "open.srcfilecopy" "Ops.data.frame"
[799] "Ops.Date" "Ops.difftime"
[801] "Ops.factor" "Ops.numeric_version"
[803] "Ops.ordered" "Ops.POSIXt"
[805] "options" "order"
[807] "ordered" "outer"
[809] "package_version" "packageEvent"
[811] "packageHasNamespace" "packageNotFoundError"
[813] "packageStartupMessage" "packBits"
[815] "pairlist" "parent.env"
[817] "parent.env<-" "parent.frame"
[819] "parse" "parseNamespaceFile"
[821] "paste" "paste0"
[823] "path.expand" "path.package"
[825] "pcre_config" "pi"
[827] "pipe" "plot"
[829] "pmatch" "pmax"
[831] "pmax.int" "pmin"
[833] "pmin.int" "polyroot"
[835] "pos.to.env" "Position"
[837] "pretty" "pretty.default"
[839] "prettyNum" "print"
[841] "print.AsIs" "print.by"
[843] "print.condition" "print.connection"
[845] "print.data.frame" "print.Date"
[847] "print.default" "print.difftime"
[849] "print.Dlist" "print.DLLInfo"
[851] "print.DLLInfoList" "print.DLLRegisteredRoutines"
[853] "print.eigen" "print.factor"
[855] "print.function" "print.hexmode"
[857] "print.libraryIQR" "print.listof"
[859] "print.NativeRoutineList" "print.noquote"
[861] "print.numeric_version" "print.octmode"
[863] "print.packageInfo" "print.POSIXct"
[865] "print.POSIXlt" "print.proc_time"
[867] "print.restart" "print.rle"
[869] "print.simple.list" "print.srcfile"
[871] "print.srcref" "print.summary.table"
[873] "print.summary.warnings" "print.summaryDefault"
[875] "print.table" "print.warnings"
[877] "prmatrix" "proc.time"
[879] "prod" "prop.table"
[881] "proportions" "provideDimnames"
[883] "psigamma" "pushBack"
[885] "pushBackLength" "q"
[887] "qr" "qr.coef"
[889] "qr.default" "qr.fitted"
[891] "qr.Q" "qr.qty"
[893] "qr.qy" "qr.R"
[895] "qr.resid" "qr.solve"
[897] "qr.X" "quarters"
[899] "quarters.Date" "quarters.POSIXt"
[901] "quit" "quote"
[903] "R_compiled_by" "R_system_version"
[905] "R.home" "R.version"
[907] "R.Version" "R.version.string"
[909] "range" "range.default"
[911] "rank" "rapply"
[913] "raw" "rawConnection"
[915] "rawConnectionValue" "rawShift"
[917] "rawToBits" "rawToChar"
[919] "rbind" "rbind.data.frame"
[921] "rcond" "Re"
[923] "read.dcf" "readBin"
[925] "readChar" "readline"
[927] "readLines" "readRDS"
[929] "readRenviron" "Recall"
[931] "Reduce" "reg.finalizer"
[933] "regexec" "regexpr"
[935] "registerS3method" "registerS3methods"
[937] "regmatches" "regmatches<-"
[939] "remove" "removeTaskCallback"
[941] "rep" "rep_len"
[943] "rep.Date" "rep.difftime"
[945] "rep.factor" "rep.int"
[947] "rep.numeric_version" "rep.POSIXct"
[949] "rep.POSIXlt" "repeat"
[951] "replace" "replicate"
[953] "require" "requireNamespace"
[955] "restartDescription" "restartFormals"
[957] "retracemem" "return"
[959] "returnValue" "rev"
[961] "rev.default" "rle"
[963] "rm" "RNGkind"
[965] "RNGversion" "round"
[967] "round.Date" "round.POSIXt"
[969] "row" "row.names"
[971] "row.names.data.frame" "row.names.default"
[973] "row.names<-" "row.names<-.data.frame"
[975] "row.names<-.default" "rowMeans"
[977] "rownames" "rownames<-"
[979] "rowsum" "rowsum.data.frame"
[981] "rowsum.default" "rowSums"
[983] "sample" "sample.int"
[985] "sapply" "save"
[987] "save.image" "saveRDS"
[989] "scale" "scale.default"
[991] "scan" "search"
[993] "searchpaths" "seek"
[995] "seek.connection" "seq"
[997] "seq_along" "seq_len"
[999] "seq.Date" "seq.default"
[1001] "seq.int" "seq.POSIXt"
[1003] "sequence" "sequence.default"
[1005] "serialize" "serverSocket"
[1007] "set.seed" "setdiff"
[1009] "setequal" "setHook"
[1011] "setNamespaceInfo" "setSessionTimeLimit"
[1013] "setTimeLimit" "setwd"
[1015] "showConnections" "shQuote"
[1017] "sign" "signalCondition"
[1019] "signif" "simpleCondition"
[1021] "simpleError" "simpleMessage"
[1023] "simpleWarning" "simplify2array"
[1025] "sin" "single"
[1027] "sinh" "sink"
[1029] "sink.number" "sinpi"
[1031] "slice.index" "socketAccept"
[1033] "socketConnection" "socketSelect"
[1035] "socketTimeout" "solve"
[1037] "solve.default" "solve.qr"
[1039] "sort" "sort.default"
[1041] "sort.int" "sort.list"
[1043] "sort.POSIXlt" "source"
[1045] "split" "split.data.frame"
[1047] "split.Date" "split.default"
[1049] "split.POSIXct" "split<-"
[1051] "split<-.data.frame" "split<-.default"
[1053] "sprintf" "sqrt"
[1055] "sQuote" "srcfile"
[1057] "srcfilealias" "srcfilecopy"
[1059] "srcref" "standardGeneric"
[1061] "startsWith" "stderr"
[1063] "stdin" "stdout"
[1065] "stop" "stopifnot"
[1067] "storage.mode" "storage.mode<-"
[1069] "str2expression" "str2lang"
[1071] "strftime" "strptime"
[1073] "strrep" "strsplit"
[1075] "strtoi" "strtrim"
[1077] "structure" "strwrap"
[1079] "sub" "subset"
[1081] "subset.data.frame" "subset.default"
[1083] "subset.matrix" "substitute"
[1085] "substr" "substr<-"
[1087] "substring" "substring<-"
[1089] "sum" "summary"
[1091] "summary.connection" "summary.data.frame"
[1093] "Summary.data.frame" "summary.Date"
[1095] "Summary.Date" "summary.default"
[1097] "Summary.difftime" "summary.factor"
[1099] "Summary.factor" "summary.matrix"
[1101] "Summary.numeric_version" "Summary.ordered"
[1103] "summary.POSIXct" "Summary.POSIXct"
[1105] "summary.POSIXlt" "Summary.POSIXlt"
[1107] "summary.proc_time" "summary.srcfile"
[1109] "summary.srcref" "summary.table"
[1111] "summary.warnings" "suppressMessages"
[1113] "suppressPackageStartupMessages" "suppressWarnings"
[1115] "suspendInterrupts" "svd"
[1117] "sweep" "switch"
[1119] "sys.call" "sys.calls"
[1121] "Sys.chmod" "Sys.Date"
[1123] "sys.frame" "sys.frames"
[1125] "sys.function" "Sys.getenv"
[1127] "Sys.getlocale" "Sys.getpid"
[1129] "Sys.glob" "Sys.info"
[1131] "sys.load.image" "Sys.localeconv"
[1133] "sys.nframe" "sys.on.exit"
[1135] "sys.parent" "sys.parents"
[1137] "Sys.readlink" "sys.save.image"
[1139] "Sys.setenv" "Sys.setFileTime"
[1141] "Sys.setLanguage" "Sys.setlocale"
[1143] "Sys.sleep" "sys.source"
[1145] "sys.status" "Sys.time"
[1147] "Sys.timezone" "Sys.umask"
[1149] "Sys.unsetenv" "Sys.which"
[1151] "system" "system.file"
[1153] "system.time" "system2"
[1155] "t" "T"
[1157] "t.data.frame" "t.default"
[1159] "table" "tabulate"
[1161] "tan" "tanh"
[1163] "tanpi" "tapply"
[1165] "taskCallbackManager" "tcrossprod"
[1167] "tempdir" "tempfile"
[1169] "textConnection" "textConnectionValue"
[1171] "tolower" "topenv"
[1173] "toString" "toString.default"
[1175] "toupper" "trace"
[1177] "traceback" "tracemem"
[1179] "tracingState" "transform"
[1181] "transform.data.frame" "transform.default"
[1183] "trigamma" "trimws"
[1185] "trunc" "trunc.Date"
[1187] "trunc.POSIXt" "truncate"
[1189] "truncate.connection" "try"
[1191] "tryCatch" "tryInvokeRestart"
[1193] "typeof" "unCfillPOSIXlt"
[1195] "unclass" "undebug"
[1197] "union" "unique"
[1199] "unique.array" "unique.data.frame"
[1201] "unique.default" "unique.matrix"
[1203] "unique.numeric_version" "unique.POSIXlt"
[1205] "unique.warnings" "units"
[1207] "units.difftime" "units<-"
[1209] "units<-.difftime" "unix.time"
[1211] "unlink" "unlist"
[1213] "unloadNamespace" "unlockBinding"
[1215] "unname" "unserialize"
[1217] "unsplit" "untrace"
[1219] "untracemem" "unz"
[1221] "upper.tri" "url"
[1223] "UseMethod" "utf8ToInt"
[1225] "validEnc" "validUTF8"
[1227] "vapply" "vector"
[1229] "Vectorize" "version"
[1231] "warning" "warningCondition"
[1233] "warnings" "weekdays"
[1235] "weekdays.Date" "weekdays.POSIXt"
[1237] "which" "which.max"
[1239] "which.min" "while"
[1241] "with" "with.default"
[1243] "withAutoprint" "withCallingHandlers"
[1245] "within" "within.data.frame"
[1247] "within.list" "withRestarts"
[1249] "withVisible" "write"
[1251] "write.dcf" "writeBin"
[1253] "writeChar" "writeLines"
[1255] "xor" "xpdrows.data.frame"
[1257] "xtfrm" "xtfrm.AsIs"
[1259] "xtfrm.data.frame" "xtfrm.Date"
[1261] "xtfrm.default" "xtfrm.difftime"
[1263] "xtfrm.factor" "xtfrm.numeric_version"
[1265] "xtfrm.POSIXct" "xtfrm.POSIXlt"
[1267] "xzfile" "zapsmall" default och recommended
[1] "datasets" "utils" "grDevices" "graphics" "stats" "methods" [1] "lattice" "Matrix" "boot" "class" "cluster"
[6] "codetools" "foreign" "KernSmooth" "lattice" "MASS"
[11] "Matrix" "mgcv" "nlme" "nnet" "rpart"
[16] "spatial" "survival" CRAN
Kvalitetssäkrade och lättinstallerade tilläggspaket finns i The Comprehensive R Archive Network
Installera via grafiskt gränssnit (GUI): Packages > Install
eller kommando:
install.packages("name_of_package")
Andra paketkällor (överkurs)
GitHub (BitBucket, GitLab)
“varsom-helst-ifrån” (Zip-filer etc från hemsidor/kollegor/byrålådor)
Använda funktioner från installerade paket
Installerade paket måste pekas ut explicit vid användning:
Ladda hela paketet (rekommenderas i början):
library("name_of_package")i början av skriptetname_of_function(x, y, x)för att sedan anropa funktionen
Referera varje funktion explicit varje gång:
name_of_package::name_of_function()
Tibble
Delar alla egenskaper med data.frames men lite snyggare/modernare
# A tibble: 150 × 5
Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
<dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <fct>
1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
2 4.9 3 1.4 0.2 setosa
3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa
4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa
5 5 3.6 1.4 0.2 setosa
6 5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4 setosa
7 4.6 3.4 1.4 0.3 setosa
8 5 3.4 1.5 0.2 setosa
9 4.4 2.9 1.4 0.2 setosa
10 4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1 setosa
# ℹ 140 more rowsRows: 150
Columns: 5
$ Sepal.Length <dbl> 5.1, 4.9, 4.7, 4.6, 5.0, 5.4, 4.6, 5.0, 4.4, 4.9, 5.4, 4.…
$ Sepal.Width <dbl> 3.5, 3.0, 3.2, 3.1, 3.6, 3.9, 3.4, 3.4, 2.9, 3.1, 3.7, 3.…
$ Petal.Length <dbl> 1.4, 1.4, 1.3, 1.5, 1.4, 1.7, 1.4, 1.5, 1.4, 1.5, 1.5, 1.…
$ Petal.Width <dbl> 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.2, 0.1, 0.2, 0.…
$ Species <fct> setosa, setosa, setosa, setosa, setosa, setosa, setosa, s…Pipe
|> (eller tidigare %>%)
Att lära sig
Google är din vän!
Övning ger färdighet!
Överkurs
Om du programmerat tidigare:
interaktivt skriptspråk (kräver ingen kompilering)
Ej statistik typat (extremt flexibelt men lätt att skjuta sig själv i foten)
Nyttjar viss C/C++/Fortran-kod i bakgrunden
• Everything that exists is an object.
• Everything that happens is a function call.”— John Chambers