Archaeology of Europe WK12

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.double[.large[**Archaeology of Europe**]] <br>
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.double.white[The Peoples of Iron Age Europe]
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.double[Transition into Iron Age] 
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.double[Transition into Iron Age] 
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.double[The Peoples of Iron Age] 
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.double[Merge of local cultures??]
- .large[Historical records from literate societies]
 - .large[Travelers, Stories from merchants]
 - .large[Linguistic Evidences]
 - .large[Loose definitions (over-generalization)]

.double[Geological Distribution]
 - .large[Literate Societies - Southern Europe]
 - .large[Celts - Most of Europe (from East to West)]
 - .large[Germans - Northern Europe]
 - .large[Scythian - East Eurasia Steppe]

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.double[The Scythian] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[Steppe Nomads in the East]
- .large[Horse-Archer Warriors derived from Bronze Age]
 - .large[Probably originated from Iran]
 - .large[Dominated Eastern Steppe by .yellow[900 BC]]

- .large[Described by Herodotus .small[(.yellow[*c.* 440 BC])]]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK12/herodotus.jpg" width="33%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[*Histories* - Greco-Persian Wars<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- The rise of Persian Empire]
 - .large[*None who attacks them can escape, and none can catch them if they desire not to be found.*]

- .large[Highly Mobile & Advance weaponry]

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.double[The Scythian] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Topal, 2022]
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from British Museum]
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.double[Steppe Nomads in the East]

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.double[The Scythian] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[Steppe Nomads in the East]

- .large[Archaeological finds]
 - .large[Arzhan Culture]
 - .large[Gold works from Ukraine and Russia]
 - .large[Lavish Kurgans]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK12/celtic_axes.jpg" width="35%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[Horse Equipment, <u>silk</u>, Horse sacrifice]

- .large[Impacts and Interactions]
 - .large[Threat in the east]
 - .large[Nomads life-way]
 - .large[Trade network to Far East]
 - .large[Influences in art style]
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.double[The Scythian] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Parzinger, 2017]
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.double[The Celts] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[Defining the Celts]
- .large[Not a single cultural/ethnic group]
 - .large[same language group (subgroup of Indo-European)]
 
 
- .large[Over-generalization from lack of understanding]
 - .large[Political propaganda (Creating .yellow[Ethnic Conflict])]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK12/celtic_knots.jpg" width="32%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[known as *Keltoi* to the Greeks<br> - Roman adapt the term, *Celtae*]

- .large[People in Scotland, Walsh, Ireland]
 - .large[Surviving cultural traits and language]

- .large[Cultural Assimilation & Transformation]

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.double[The Celts] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[Greek First Encounter]
- .large[Greek Colony in France: Massilia .small[(present day Marseille)]]
 - .large[Established .yellow[*c.* 600 BC]]
 - .large[Attempt to establish trading network<br> - through Rhône River]
 - .large[Sources with amber, .wavy[salt], and metal ores]
 - .large[People who speaks different language]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK12/greek_col.webp" width="60%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[Simpler society<br> - *Fierce and warlike*<br> - Wealthy ruling class<br> - High demand for<br>&nbsp;&nbsp; luxury goods]

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.double[The Celts] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Papadopoulos, 2022]
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.double[Greek First Encounter]
- .large[Hecataeus mentioned non-Greek settlements (*Narbon*) in Southern France, he called them .yellow[*Narbaioi*]]
- .large[Hecataeus referred them as .yellow[*Keltoi*] in his work]
 - .large[Different names are used by others .yellow[*Γαλάται*].small[(Galatians)]]

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.double[The Celts] 
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.double[Celts, Gauls, and the *Barbarians*]
- .large[Might referred to different groups]
 - .large[Celts - Early contacts, <u>trading partners</u>]
 - .large[Gauls - Later contacts, <u>invading enemies</u>]
 
 
- .large[Names did not matter to Greeks and Romans]
 - .large[People with different social structures and "norms"]

- .large[A culture .small.content-box-s-dark[(not a ethnic group)] with .dotted[shared belief systems] and .dotted[a common language]]
 - .large[Small Chiefdoms forming Alliances]
 - .large[Absent of Writing System]
 - .large[Oral traditions]

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.double[The Celts] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from EBR]
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.double[Celtic Social Hierarchy]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK12/celts_society.png" width="95%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

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.double[The Celts] 
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.double[Origins and Development]
 - .large[Alps-Origin (Celtic from the East)]
  - .large[Derived from Urnfield culture]
  - .large[Hallstatt Culture .yellow[(*c.* 800 - 500 BC)]]
  - .large[La Tène Culture .yellow[(*c.* 500 – 100 BC)] ]

- .large[Atlantic-Origin Theory (Celtic from the West)]
  - .large[Proto-Celtic language was the language used in the trading activities along Atlantic coast]
  - .large[Tartessos, Southern Iberian Peninsula]

- .large[France(Gaul)-Origin (Celtic from Centre)]
  - .large[Central Location]
  - .large[Reconsider philological evidences]

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.double[The Celts] 
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.content-box-s-white.small.dark[Image from Pope, 2022]
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.large[- Linguistic/Philological<br> evidences are hard<br> to interpret with<br> material cultures.]
.large[- reconsider evidences<br> idenpendently from<br> literate sources.]
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.double[Origins and Development]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK12/celts_map1.png" width="59%" style="display: block; margin: auto 0 auto auto;" />

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.double[The Celts] 
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.double[Origins and Development]
- .large[Celtic Expansion began .yellow[*c.* 500 BC]]
 - .large[Mostly further into south-east Europe]
 - .large[Italy, Greece, and Turkey]

- .large[Sack of Rome, .yellow[390 BC]]
 - .large[Battle of the Allia (Livy - referred them as Gauls)]
 - .large[Major defeat of Roman]

- .large[Reach maximum expansion .yellow[*c.* 3<sup>rd</sup> Century BC]]
 - .large[Celtic Migrations]
 - .large[In all directions]
 - .large[Population increase, competing over resources]

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.double[The Celts] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[Origins and Development]

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.double[The Germans] 
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.double[Descendant of Nordic Bronze Age]
- .large[*Germani* - Julius Caesar used to *generalize* a population]
 - .large[.yellow[*Commentarii de Bello Gallico*]<br> - life of Germanic man]
 - .large[People lived west of .dotted[Rhine River]]
 - .large[Rhine River as the border for Celts and Germans]
 - .large[Controversies on literate evidences]

- .large[Germanic Culture]
 - .large[Not part of Roman Empire]
 - .large[Continuous developments <br> - adapt Latin &rarr; Runic Writing System<br> - different hierarchy- aristocratic classes<br> - .yellow[*Comitatus*]]

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.double[The Germans] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[Pre-Roman Iron Age]

<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK12/Pre-roman_iron_age.png" width="53%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[Germanic Tribes distibuted in Danish peninsula, southern Sweden, and northern Germany.]
 - .large[Jastorf culture]
  - .large.yellow[*c.* 6<sup>th</sup> - 1<sup>st</sup> century BC]
  - .large[Strong Celtic influences]
  - .large[Farmers and Herders <br> - smaller social groups]

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.double[The Peoples of Iron Age Europe] 
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.double[Value of Historic Records in Proto-history]
- .large[Why people describe others?]
 - .large[Where did they get the information?]
 - .large[Bias and Propaganda]

- .large[.yellow[*Commentarii de Bello Gallico*]]
 - .large[Serve a specific political purpose<br> - Livy, Cisalpine Gaul]
 - .large[Source of ancient ethnographic information<br> - things not traceable in material culture]
 - .large[Reflect one's own values<br> - absence of the role of women<br> - criticizing other religious belief]