class: middle, left, inverse, title-slide .title[ # Qualitative Research ] .subtitle[ ## BA lab ] .author[ ### Vilchega ] .institute[ ### Wenzhou-Kean University ] .institute[ ###
] .institute[ ###
] .date[ ### 十一月 23, 2023, Draft 3 ] --- <!-- xaringanExtra 셋팅 -->
<!-- 환경설정 --> <!-- 슬라이드 내에 돌릴 코드 --> <!-- Comment --> # Story .pull-left[ People tried to sentence a woman for a crime, and Jesus succeeded in not killing the woman by saying, “He who feels innocent will judge the woman.” ] .pull-right[  ] --- # Qualitative Research .pull-middle[ It’s more subjective ——Convince people ] --- # Section 1——How to collect data and convince people ## Prove that your analysis is systematic and honest——Begin from the interview .pull-left[ Identify research questions ] .pull-right[ Before find a method, identify research questions <br>1. Explore the nature of social phenomena Understand the social nature through the eyes of others, not the eyes of researchers. Eg. What role does local civil society play in local well-being? Are they social activists, partners of local governments, or service providers? <br>2. What kind of data you need <br>3. Interesting areas <br>4. What do you want to illustrate, purpose ] --- # Section 1——How to collect data and convince people ## Prove that your analysis is systematic and honest——Begin from the interview .pull-left[ Correct method ] .pull-right[ <br>1. Classify materials by topic <br>2. Classify data <br>3. Find a method, which can explain questions like “why” and “how” ] --- # Section 1——How to collect data and convince people ## Prove that your analysis is systematic and honest——Begin from the interview .pull-left[ Manage Data <br>Topic encode Put the data into the relevant topics, also code ] .pull-right[  ] --- # Section 1——How to collect data and convince people ## Prove that your analysis is systematic and honest——Begin from the interview .pull-left[ Description <br>1.Describe topic <br>2.Improve the content <br>3.Link to reality ] .pull-right[  ] --- # Section 1——How to collect data and convince people ## Prove that your analysis is systematic and honest——Begin from the interview .pull-left[ Develop Theory ] .pull-right[ <br>1.Deductive reasoning演绎推理法: Theory precedes experience and is tested with data. <br>2.Summary collation归纳推理: Experience precedes theory. <br>3.Dialectics辩证法: experience and theory at the same time, to test each other. ] --- # Section 1——How to collect data and convince people ## Test .pull-left[ <br>1.Revieine whether data are contradictory with interpretation <br>2.Illustrate why your interpretation is more useful ] --- # Section 2——Document Analysis <br>1.Role of the document as a data source in qualitative research <br>2.Document analysis procedure <br>3.Advantages and Limitations --- # Section 2——Document Analysis ## Document Analysis Document analysis is a systematic procedure for reviewing or evaluating documents—both printed and electronic material. Like other analytical methods in qualitative research, document analysis requires that data be <span style="color:#FF4040;">examined and interpreted </span>in order to elicit meaning, gain understanding, and develop empirical knowledge (Corbin & Strauss, 2008; see also Rapley, 2007). <br>文件分析是审查或评估文件的系统程序。文件分析要求对数据进行检查和解释,以引出意义、获得理解和发展经验知识 --- # Section 2——Document Analysis ## Document Can Be <br>advertisements 广告 <br>agendas 议程 <br>attendance registers 出席登记 <br>minutes of meetings 会议记录 <br>manuals 手册 <br>background papers背景论文 <br>books and brochures 书籍和小册子 <br>diaries and journals 日记和期刊 <br>event programs 活动计划 <br>etc. --- # Section 2——Document Analysis ## Analytic Procedure The analytic procedure entails <span style="color:#FF4040;">finding, selecting, appraising (making sense of), and synthesising data </span>contained in documents. Document analysis yields data—excerpts, quotations, or entire passages—that are then organised into major themes, categories, and case examples specifically through content analysis (Labuschagne, 2003). <br>分析程序包括发现、选择、评价(理解意义)和综合文件中包含的数据。文档分析产生数据——摘录、引文或整个段落——然后通过内容分析被组织成主要的主题、类别和案例 --- # Section 2——Document Analysis ## Rationale for Document Analysis Document analysis is often used in combination with other qualitative research methods as a means of triangulation—‘the combination of methodologies in the study of the same phenomenon’ (Denzin, 1970, p. 291). --- # Section 2——Document Analysis ## Rationale for Document Analysis ### Triangulation <br>Triangulation in research refers to the use of multiple methods or data sources to validate or cross-verify findings. <br>It is a strategy to enhance the credibility and reliability of research results by approaching the research question from different angles. <br>Using triangulation helps researchers overcome the limitations associated with relying on a single method or data source. --- # Section 2——Document Analysis ## Rationale for Document Analysis ### Forms of Triangulation .pull-left[ **Methodological Triangulation** ] .pull-right[ <br>Involves using multiple research methods to study the same phenomenon. <br>Eg.combining surveys, interviews, and observations ] .pull-left[ **Data Triangulation** ] .pull-right[ <br>Involves using different types of data to study the same phenomenon. <br>Eg.Using both quantitative and qualitative data to gain a more nuanced understanding of a research question. ] --- # Section 2——Document Analysis ### Forms of Triangulation .pull-left[ **Researcher Triangulation** ] .pull-right[ <br>Involves having multiple researchers independently analyze the data or conduct the research. <br>This helps reduce biases associated with a single researcher's perspective. ] .pull-left[ **Theory Triangulation** ] .pull-right[ <br>Involves using different theoretical frameworks to interpret the same set of data. <br>This helps ensure that the findings are not heavily dependent on a particular theoretical perspective. ] --- # Section 2——Document Analysis ### Forms of Triangulation .pull-left[ **Time Triangulation** ] .pull-right[ <br>Involves studying the same phenomenon at different points in time. <br>This can help researchers understand how a phenomenon changes over time. ] --- # Section 2——Document Analysis ## Rationale for Document Analysis <br>Qualitative research requires robust data collection techniques and the documentation of the research procedure. <br>Detailed information about how the study was designed and conducted should be provided in the research report. <br>(See Section 1) ### Summary The rationale for document analysis lies in its role in methodological and data triangulation, the immense value of documents in case study research, and its usefulness as a standalone method for specialised forms of qualitative research. --- # Section 2——Document Analysis ## Advantages .pull-left[ **Efficient method** ] .pull-right[ <br>Less time-consuming <br>Data selection instead of data collection ] .pull-left[ **Availability** ] .pull-right[ Many documents are in the public domain ] .pull-left[ **Cost-effectiveness** ] .pull-right[ Less costly ] .pull-left[ **Lack of obtrusiveness and reactivity** ] .pull-right[ Documents are ‘unobtrusive’ and ‘non-reactive’—that is, they are unaffected by the research process. ] .pull-left[ **Stability** ] .pull-right[ The investigator’s presence does not alter what is being studied (Merriam, 1988). ] --- # Section 2——Document Analysis .pull-left[ **Exactness** ] .pull-right[ The inclusion of exact names, references, and details of events. ] .pull-left[ **Coverage** ] .pull-right[ Documents provide broad coverage; they cover a long span of time, many events, and many settings (Yin, 1994). ] --- # Section 2——Document Analysis ## Limitations .pull-left[ **Insufficient detail** ] .pull-right[ Documents are produced for some purpose other than research, they usually do not provide sufficient detail to answer a research question. ] .pull-left[ **Low retrievability** ] .pull-right[ Documentation is sometimes not retrievable, or retrievability is difficult. ] .pull-left[ **Biased selectivity** ] .pull-right[ <br>Subjective <br>One point, not all ] --- # Section 2--Document Analysis ## Analysing Documents <br>Document analysis involves skimming (superficial examination), reading (thorough examination), and interpretation. This iterative process combines elements of **content analysis** and **thematic analysis**. .pull-left[ <br>**Content analysis** is the process of organising information into categories related to the central questions of the research. It obscures the interpretive processes that turn talk into text. <br>Need distinction between important and non-important information. ] .pull-right[ <br>**Thematic analysis** is a form of pattern recognition within the data, with emerging themes becoming the categories for analysis (Fereday & Muir-Cochrane, 2006). The process involves a careful, more focused re-reading and review of the data. <br>People takes a closer look at the selected data and performs coding and category construction, based on the data’s characteristics, to uncover themes pertinent to a phenomenon. <br>Objectivity (seeking to represent the research material fairly) and Sensitivity (responding to even subtle cues to meaning). ] --- # Section 2--Document Analysis A Sampling of Documents and Data Analysed  --- # GROUNDED THEORY 扎根理论 ## What is Grounded Theory <br>**Grounded Theory** is a qualitative research methodology aimed at developing theories by systematically collecting and analyzing data. Unlike many other research methods, Grounded Theory does not rely on pre-existing theoretical frameworks but instead seeks to generate new theories through in-depth study of the data. <br>This methodology was initially developed by sociologists Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in the 1960s and has evolved over time. --- # GROUNDED THEORY 扎根理论 <br>Grounded Theory is characterized by several key principles: 1. **Data-Driven:** Grounded Theory emphasizes discovering patterns and relationships from actual data rather than starting with preconceived theories or hypotheses. 2. **Open Coding:** Researchers begin with open coding, a detailed line-by-line analysis of the data to identify key concepts and patterns. 3. **Axial Coding:** Similar concepts are grouped into higher-level abstract categories through repeated comparisons and consolidations of the data, forming the axial of the theory. 4. **Theory Generation:** The goal of Grounded Theory is to generate new theories that explain the essence of social phenomena. These theories are often presented in the form of concepts, relationships, and processes. 5. **Constant Comparison:** Researchers continuously compare different parts of the data to delve deeper into patterns and relationships, forming more general theories. --- # GROUNDED THEORY 扎根理论 Grounded Theory is widely used in the social sciences, psychology, nursing, and other fields, particularly in areas where research questions are not well understood or require exploration. By thoroughly exploring the data, researchers can gain a profound understanding of a specific social phenomenon and develop new theoretical frameworks. --- # Video Insertt it obscures the interpretive <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wbdN_sLWl88&list=PLqHnHG5X2PXCsCMyN3_EzugAF7GKN2poQ&index=1&pp=iAQB" title="Qualitative Research" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe> <br>Link here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wbdN_sLWl88&list=PLqHnHG5X2PXCsCMyN3_EzugAF7GKN2poQ&index=1&pp=iAQB --- > **Thanks very much for listening.** > If you need any further question, feel free to contact Wang Shurui (Vilchega) > Business Analytics Lab, wangshur@kean.edu <!-- comment --> --- # References <p><cite>Bowen, G. A. (2009). “Document analysis as a qualitative research method”. In: <em>Qualitative research journal</em> 9.2, pp. 27–40.</cite></p> <p><cite>Vishnevsky, T. and H. Beanlands (2004). “Qualitative research”. In: <em>Nephrology Nursing Journal</em> 31.2, p. 234.</cite></p> <!-- 메뉴얼 및 주요 1. 제목과 '#' 내용 사이에 한줄 공백 2. --- 슬라이드 나누기 앞 뒤로 한줄씩 공백 3. 코멘트는 HTML 코멘트 4. 2 컬럼 .pull-left[내용 왼쪽] .pull-right[내용 오른쪽] 5. 프리젠테이션 코멘트 ??? 다음에 내용 6. 가능한 Theme들 names(xaringan:::list_css()) 7. 헤더 코드 깨질떄 줄바꿨다가 다시 해주면 됨 8. 시작하고 프리젠테이션 모드가 안될때는 좀 기다리면 됨 9. tachyons은 metropolitan 테마에선 적용안됨 레벨1 글씨가 깨짐(색상, 위치) 10 내용중에 레퍼런스 리스트를 본문에 삽입하고 싶을때 #print(bib[key = "textbook"], # .opts = list(check.entries = FALSE, # style = "html", # bib.style = "authoryear")) --> <!-- Comment -->