Archaeology of Europe WK10

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.double[.large[**Archaeology of Europe**]] <br>
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.double.white[The Rise and Fall of Etruscan]
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.double[The European Iron Age Timeline] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image modified from Thurston, 2022]
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.double[Who are the Etruscan people?] 
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.double[<u>Issues with Studying the .yellow[Proto-history]</u>]
- .large[Several written sources about their origins, but none from theier own perspective.]
 - .large[Sometimes can be worse than having no records]

- .large[(Biased) Interpretations toward other groups]
 - .large[Political/Religious Propaganda]
 - .large[Self reflections]

- .large[Early written records are information that cannot be fully trusted and cannot be dismissed.]
 - .large[Especially when only single perspective is shown]
 
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.double[Who are the Etruscan people?] 
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.double[Different Origins of the Etruscan]
- .large[Various names were given to the group:]
 - .large[.yellow[Rasenna] - Self-referring name]
 - .large[as .yellow[Tyrrhenians] to ancient Greek]
 - .large[as .yellow[Tuscī] or .yellow[Etruscī] to ancient Roman]

- .large[Diverse Origins argued through time]
 - .large[People from North, East, Sea, or Indigenous]
<img src="./WK10/heads.png" width="50%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[Cultural influences]
 - .large[Political intentions]
 - .large[Language issues]

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.double[Who are the Etruscan people?] 
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.double[Archaeological Perspectives]
- .large[Local Bronze Age development]
 - .large[Derived from Urn-field Culture (Late Bronze Age)]
<img src="./WK10/villanova_urn.jpg" width="42%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[.dotted[Villanovan culture] - .yellow[*c.* 900 BC]<br> - Cremation burial traditions]
 - .large[Control over local .yellow[copper] and .yellow[iron] sources]
 - .large[Influences from Greeks <br> - .dotted[The Orientalizing Period]<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.small[(.yellow[*c.* 700 to 600 BC])]]
 - .large[Changes in cultures and social structures <br> - transform into Etruscan]

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.double[Who are the Etruscan people?] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Posth *et al.*, 2021]
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.double[Genetic Perspectives]
- .large[Similarity to all ancient groups in Central Italy]
 - .large[Samples from both Etruscan and Latin]
 - .large[No Anatolian and the Eastern Mediterranean signals<br> - Most of Etruscan males have R1b gene]

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.double[Etruscan: First Italian Civilization] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Esposito *et al.*, 2023]
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.double[Greek Influeces]
- .large[Political Units]
<img src="./WK10/greek_colonies.jpg" width="50%" style='float:right' />
 -  .large[City-States: Aristocratic]
 -  .large[Regional Alliance]

- .large[Writing System]
 - .large[Alphabets: .dotted[Euboean]]
 - .large[Later refined into Latin]

- .large[Funerary Practices]
 - .large[Inhumation]
 - .large[Elite/Heroic Burials]

- .large[Military Traditions]

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.double[Etruscan: First Italian Civilization] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Hopkins, 1965]
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.double[Military Tradition]
- .large[Sheild, Spear, Helment, Cuirass, Sword]

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.double[Etruscan: First Italian Civilization] 
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.double[Etruscan Economy]
- .large[Early Agriculture Success]
 - .large[Olive & Olive Oil]
 - .large[Grapes and Wine .small[(possible Phoenician introduction)]]

- .large[Jewellery Productions]
 - .large[Gold granulation and filigree]

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.double[Etruscan: First Italian Civilization] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image fom Wiki]
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.double[Etruscan Economy]
- .large[Trade Networks - Greeks and Phoenicians <br> &#9702; Ores, Oil & Wine&nbsp;&nbsp;&#9702; Trade with Celtics&nbsp;&nbsp;&#9702; Import perfume ]

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.double[Etruscan: First Italian Civilization] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Drap, 2012]
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.double[Etruscan Economy]
- .large[Trade Networks - Greeks and Phoenicians]
<img src="./WK10/shipwreck_2.jpg" width="40%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[Shipwrecks<br> - Le Grand Ribaud F <br> - 515-475 BC <br> - ~700 amphora + Grapevines]

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.double[Etruscan: First Italian Civilization] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Bound & Vallintine, 1983]
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.double[Etruscan Economy]
- .large[Trade Networks - Greeks and Phoenicians]
<img src="./WK10/shipwreck_3.jpg" width="35%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[Shipwrecks<br> - Giglio Island&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; - .yellow[*c.* 600 BC] <br> - 1950~60s]

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.double[Etruscan Expansion] 
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.content-box-s-dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[Growing Power]
<img src="./WK10/etruscan_map.png" width="55%" style='float:right' />
- .large[<u>North-bound</u>]
 - .large[Controlling Po River Valley]
 - .large[Secure trade with Celts]

- .large[<u>South-bound</U>]
 - .large[Crossing River Tiber]
 - .large[Established .yellow[Rome]<br> - *c.* 600 BC <br> - Infrastructures: <br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &#9999; &nbsp; Streets<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &#9999; &nbsp; Water Drainage]

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.double[Etruscan Expansion] 
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.double[Social Structure]
 - .large[Aristocratic Elite]
  - .large[Trade is not controlled by the state <br> - probably very similar to Dutch East India Company]
  - .large[Elite as Religious Leader <br> - much of the art is dominated by religious depictions]
  - .large[Eastern luxury goods in elite graves]

- .large[Welcome foreign specialists / craftsmen]
  - .large[Arts created by Greek craftsmen]
  - .large[Techniques from Syrians or Phoenicians]

- .large[Status of Women]
  - .large[Equal rights for women (unlike Romans)]

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.double[Etruscan Art and Language] 
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.double[Arts]
<img src="./WK10/etruscan_tomb_1.jpg" width="85%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

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.double[Etruscan Art and Language] 
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.double[Arts]
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.center[
<iframe title="Etruscan Sarcophagus, Tarquinia (high poly)" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; xr-spatial-tracking" xr-spatial-tracking execution-while-out-of-viewport execution-while-not-rendered web-share src="https://sketchfab.com/models/ea2a9d798d234949a82a520ed79b1095/embed" frameborder="0" width="750" height="450"> </iframe>]

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.double[Etruscan Art and Language] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[Language]
- .large[About 13,000 Etruscan inscriptions discovered]
 - .large[Very few with significant length (sentences)]
<img src="./WK10/etruscan_language.jpg" width="37%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[Euboen Alphabets <br> - not yet deciphered:<br> &nbsp;&nbsp; &#8227; .dotted[Etruscan Language] is lost<br> &nbsp;&nbsp; &#8227; Relation with other language]

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.double[What happened to Etruscan?] 
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.double[Decline of Etruscan]
- .large[Reach its peak about 600 BC]
 - .large[The Battle of Alalia]
 - .large[Control over Tyrrhenian Sea]
 - .large[Etruscan Kings in Rome]

- .large[Growing .yellow[Magna Graecia] & .yellow[Roman Republic]]
 - .large[Defeated at Cumae]
 - .large[Etruscan King (*Tarquin*) expelled]

- .large[Absorded into Roman Republic]
 - .large[Cultures and traditions continued]
 - .large[Cultural Assimilation]