Archaeology of Europe WK10

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<br>
.double[.large[**Archaeology of Europe**]] <br>
<br>
.double.white[The Greek Dark Age]
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<br>
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.double[The Fall of Mycenaean] 
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.double[East Mediterranean during 1200 - 900 BC]
- .large[Trading play a major role in Bronze Age Economy]
 - .large[Rise to .dotted[social stratification]]
 - .large[Craft specialists and other occupations]
 - .large[Disconnect people from agricultural activities]
 - .large[Population relied on .yellow[*redistribution*] of necessities]

- .large[The system is at a very delicate balance]
 - .large[Over-powered elites, population increase]

- .large[The Power Vacuum after the fall of Minoan]
 - .large[Mycenaean take over some trading routes]
 - .large[Raiders sail in the same area <br> - The Pirates of the Mediterranean]

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<p style="text-align:center;">
.double[The Fall of Mycenaean] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[Sea Peoples]
- .large[A hypothetical group who invaded East Mediterranean]
 - .large[Causing regional disturbances<br> - Mycenae, Egypt, Hittite]
 - .large[Unknown origins - might be multi-cultural]

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<p style="text-align:center;">
.double[The Fall of Mycenaean] 
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<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[Sea Peoples]
- .large[The destruction of Mycenaean Palaces]
 - .large[In a short time spam: .yellow[1200 -1100 BC]]
 - .large[No signs of rebuild or occupation after]
 - .large[Cadmea/Kadmeio Palace <br> - burnt down around 1200 BC]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK10/Kadmeio.jpg" width="60%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[Athens did not face destruction<br> &nbsp;&nbsp; - evidence shows increase of fortification during the same time.]

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.double[The Fall of Mycenaean] 
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.double[Other Possible Causes]
- .large[Natural Disasters]
 - .large[Major Earthquakes <br> - would expect rebuild and continual usage]
 - .large[Drought (Drier Climate) <br> - Data accuracy (annual average at best) <br> - would have limited impact on state level society]

- .large[General System Collapse .yellow[(Tainter, 1976)]]
 - .large[Social system failure <br> - population outgrow economic growth <br> - economic depression]
 - .large[the .dotted[Perfect Storm] that led to regional collapse<br> - Cline, 2014/2021: .small.content-box-s-dark[*1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed*]]

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.double[The Hittite and its legacy] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[Victim of the Sea Peoples]
- .large[Major state society in East Mediterranean]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK10/hittites.jpg" width="40%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[possible Steppe origin]
 - .large[Peaked at *c.* 1400 - 1250 BC]
 - .large[Collapse around 1190 - 1180 BC]

- .large[The Cause of Collapse is unknow]
 - .large[Continuous wars between major civilizations]
 - .large[same vulnerable system]
 - .large[.dotted[Sea Peoples] frequent invasions]

- .large[The consequnce of its fall]

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.double[The Hittite and its legacy] 
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.double[Iron Before Iron Age]
- .large[Metal from above - Iron Meteorites]
 - .large[Nearly pure iron<br> - can be forged without bloomery process]
 - .large[Limited Resource]

.double[Hittite - Main Iron Provider]
 - .large[Might have early resource to iron meteorites]
  - .large[could have also figured out .dotted[iron ores is everywhere]]
 - .large[Controlling .yellow.small[(maybe monopolizing)] the Iron Distribution]
 - .large[Iron smelting - more labour intensive work]
 - .large[The advantage of iron as weaponery]

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.double[Surviving the Greek Dark Age] 
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.double[The Lost of Ruling Class]
- .large[Trading and Market failed]

- .large[Society broke down into smaller units]
 - .large[Increase resilience]
 - .large[left the *Palaces* (urban area)]
 - .large[craft specialists unemployed]
 - .large[Migrating refugees into other places]

- .large[The disappearance of .dotted[elite] and .dotted[warrior] class]
 - .large[Elites cannot afford warrior groups]
 - .large[Bronze as valuable, not for weaponry]
 - .large[Survival over status]

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.double[Surviving the Greek Dark Age] 
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.double[Archaeological Evidences]
- .large[Drier Climate and Socioenvironment Changes]
 -  .large[Under state-controlled economy <br> - *attached specialization* <br> - focus on .yellow[lucrative produce]<br> - more homogeneous production<br> - require support from the state]

- .large[The keeping and managing animal labours]
 - .large[Ploughing oxen]
 - .large[The cost of labour animals]
 - .large[Evidences of castration - Steers]

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<p style="text-align:center;">
.double[Surviving the Greek Dark Age] 
</p>
<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Dibble and Finné, 2021]
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.double[Archaeological Evidences]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK10/LBA.png" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

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<div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px">
<p style="text-align:center;">
.double[Surviving the Greek Dark Age] 
</p>
<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Dibble and Finné, 2021]
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.double[Archaeological Evidences]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK10/EIA.png" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

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<div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px">
<p style="text-align:center;">
.double[Surviving the Greek Dark Age] 
</p>
<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK10/Nestor_Cup.jpg" width="50%" style='float:right' />
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.double[Cultural Changes]
- .large[The lost of Writing system]
 - .large[Linear B .dotted[(syllabic script)] discontinued]
 - .large[No written records]
 - .large[Writing as tools <br> - not for constructing sentences]
 - .large[All existing tablets were works of a few <br> - similar handwriting]

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<div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px">
<p style="text-align:center;">
.double[Surviving the Greek Dark Age] 
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.double[Cultural Changes]
- .large[Change in Artistic Expression]
 - .large[Proto-geometric Style <br> - 1000 BC <br> - use geometric element <br> - much of the surface are plain]
 - .large[Sharp contrast to .yellow[Minoan/Mycenaean] Palatial Pottery <br> - Minoan: animals, flowers, sea-creatures <br> - Mycenaean: Martial scenes: hunting, warriors <br> - little plain surface]
 - .large[Undecorated Plain Pottery outside of Palaces]

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<div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px">
<p style="text-align:center;">
.double[Surviving the Greek Dark Age] 
</p>
<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[Cultural Changes]

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.double[Lefkandi - Life in the Greek Dark Age] 
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.double[Lefkandi, Xeropolis, Greece - .yellow[*c.* 1100–700 BC]]
- .large[Excavated in 1960s]
 - .large[Non-Palatial settlement]
 - .large[Locate between Chalkis and Eretria]
 - .large[Cemetaries found]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK10/lefkandi.svg" width="50%" style='float:right' />

- .large[Pottery From Early Bronze Age]
- .large[Evidence of Fortification<br> - Middle Helladic .small.yellow[(2000-1550 BC)]]
- .large[Probably not an important settlement]
- .large[LH IIIC is well represented <br> - extended into .yellow[Proto-Geometric] Period]

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.double[Lefkandi - Life in the Greek Dark Age] 
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<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Rutter, 2014]
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.double[Lefkandi, Xeropolis, Greece - .yellow[*c.* 1100–700 BC]]
- .large[Settlement]
 - .large[Settlement Expansion in LH IIIC .yellow.small[(1100 - 1000 BC)]<br> - can be further divided into 3 phases]
 - .large[Phase 1 Buildings burnt down, but quickly rebuild]
 - .large[Pictorial Pottery found in Phase 2]

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.double[Lefkandi - Life in the Greek Dark Age] 
</p>
<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">

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<div style="position:absolute; top:640px; right:100px; z-index:1;">
.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Rutter, 2014]
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<div style="position:absolute; top:640px; left:60px; z-index:1;">
.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Evely *et al.*, 2006]
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.double[Lefkandi, Xeropolis, Greece - .yellow[*c.* 1100–700 BC]]
- .large[Settlement]
 - .large[LH IIIC, Phase 3<br> - Believed to be the last of Bronze Age]
 - .large[Contain Late Protogeometric pottery]
 - .large[Bronze casting still ongoing]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK10/mould.png" width="32%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[Structure resemble granary]

<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK10/graffiti.png" width="67%" />
 
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.double[Lefkandi - Life in the Greek Dark Age] 
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<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">

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.double[Lefkandi, Xeropolis, Greece - .yellow[*c.* 1100–700 BC]]
- .large[Cemeteries]
 - .large[All post Bronze Age .small[(Sub-Mycenaean Phase)]]
 - .large[6 different burial grounds<br> - 3 main clusters<br> - a total of 302 burials published<br> - more Inhumation than cremation]
 - .large[*Skoubris* - the earliest burial, continued to the end <br> - 64 tombs & 21 pyres]
 - .large[2 Types of Tombs: Cist and Shaft <br> - Early burials are cist<br> - Shaft after .yellow[~1000 BC]]
 - .large[Pyres - *in situ* cremations; very few with urns]

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<div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px">
<p style="text-align:center;">
.double[Lefkandi - Life in the Greek Dark Age] 
</p>
<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Herdt, 2015]
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.double[.yellow[Heroön] at Toumba]
- .large[Large burial structure - burial of the ruling class]
 - .large[The last phase of Lefkandi]
 - .large[Multi-room Monumental Building (45m X 10m)]
 - .large[Central Room (20m x 10m)<br> - 2 large side-by-side shaft burials]
 
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK10/toumba_1.png" width="80%" style="display: block; margin: auto auto auto 0;" />
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<div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px">
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.double[Lefkandi - Life in the Greek Dark Age] 
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.double[.yellow[Heroön] at Toumba]
- .large[South Shaft]
 - .large[Double burial: one cremation & one inhumation]
 - .large[Cremation in one large bronze amphora <br> - warrior's kit: swords, spearhead, razor, whetstone]
 - .large[Extended burial of a female <br> - gold earrings and necklace, pendant, gold sheets]
 
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK10/toumba_female.jpg" width="80%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

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.double[Lefkandi - Life in the Greek Dark Age] 
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.double[.yellow[Heroön] at Toumba]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK10/lefkandi_centaur.jpg" width="30%" style='float:right' />
- .large[North Shaft]
 - .large[Skeletons of .yellow[4 horses]]
 - .large[Iron bits still in mouth]

<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK10/lefkandi_horse.png" width="52%" />
 
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.double[Into the Archaic Age] 
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.double[A New Era]
 - .large[Influence from Egypt had weakened.]
 - .large[Culture from (north)east seems more dominating.]
  - .large[the presence of horses]
  - .large[iron weaponry and objects]
 - .large[Linear B (Syllabic System) replaced]
  - .large[800 BC, adapted Phoenician alphabetic system]
 - .large[City-states instead of large empire]
  - .large[warfare is still the main concerns]

- .large[Different social structure]
 - .large[Roles of the Ruling Class]
 - .large[Art expressed through literate form]