Archaeology of Europe WK08

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.double[.large[**Archaeology of Europe**]] <br>
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.medium.white[.medium[Bronze Age in the Aegean - .content-box-s-yellow.dark[Mycenaean Culture]]]
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.double[Bronze Age in the Aegean] 
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.double[New Economic Development]
- .large[<u>Trading and Commerce</u>]
 - .large[Movements of goods and materials]
 - .large[Craft workers producing metal objects<br> - bronze, silver and gold]
 - .large[Oil and wine (probably along with pottery) <br> - Grapes, Olives, Poppy]
 - .large[Cloth(textile)<br> - Flax, Wool]

- .large[<u>Central Authorities - Hierarchy</u>]
 - .large[Societies ruled by kings, with large towns and armies]

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.double[Bronze Age in the Aegean] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Global News]
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.double[The Shift of Power]
- .large[Minoan Culture and its down fall]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/volcano.jpg" width="46%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[Natural Disasters <br> - Earthquakes <br> - Volcano Eruptions]
 - .large[Akrotiri site, .yellow[1626 BC]]

- .large[Competition with rising powers]
 - .large[Greek Mainland]
 - .large[Similar Environment]
 - .large[Larger hinterland]
 - .large[Probably with Minoan origin]

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.double[Bronze Age in the Aegean] 
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<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[The Shift of Power]
- .large[Minoan Culture and its down fall]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/Akrotiri.jpeg" width="45%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[Natural Disasters <br> - Earthquakes <br> - Volcano Eruptions]
 - .large[Akrotiri site, .yellow[1626 BC]]

- .large[Competition with rising powers]
 - .large[Greek Mainland]
 - .large[Similar Environment]
 - .large[Larger hinterland]
 - .large[Probably with Minoan origin]
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.double[Mycenae, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 1600 BC]] 
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.double[The discovery of Mycenae]
<br><br>
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/trade_map.jpg" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

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.double[Mycenae, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 1600 BC]] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[The discovery of Mycenae]
- .large[The site was never really gone.]
 - .large[identified and visited since 17th century]
- .large[The search of mythical cities in .yellow.content-box-s-dark[*The Iliad*]]
  - .large[Schliemann's excavation]
  - .large[Right after Hisarlik(Troy)]
  - .large[.dotted[Agamemnon, the king of Mycenae]]

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.double[Mycenae, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 1600 BC]] 
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<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[The discovery of Mycenae]
- .large[Circle A - 6 Shaft Graves]
 - .large[19 burials<br> - 8 male, 9 female & 2 children]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/MaskOfAgamemnon.png" width="45%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[lots of gold objects]
 - .large[Mycenaean - Rich in gold]

- .large[Grave V]
 - .large[full sets of weaponry]
 - .large[the mask of King Agamemnon]
 - .large[dated 3-400 years before Trojan War]

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.double[Mycenae, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 1600 BC]] 
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<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from ancient-greece.org]
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.double[Mycenae Citadel]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/mycenae_citadel.jpg" width="45%" style='float:right' />
- .large[Controlling the path of Peloponnese peninsula]
- .large[Located on a hilltop]
 - .large[top leveled in order to build citadel]
 - .large[Cyclopean wall<br> - standing height of 12.5 m <br> - 7.5–17 m thick<br> - used ~15,000 large stones]
 - .large[prepared for siege <br> - 15 m deep cistern for water supply]

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.double[Mycenae, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 1600 BC]] 
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<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Mycenae, Papadimitriou, 2015]
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.double[Mycenae Citadel]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/cistern.png" width="45%" style='float:right' />
- .large[Controlling the path of Peloponnese peninsula]
- .large[Located on a hilltop]
 - .large[top leveled in order to build citadel]
 - .large[Cyclopean wall<br> - standing height of 12.5 m <br> - 7.5–17 m thick<br> - used ~15,000 large stones]
 - .large[prepared for siege <br> - 15 m deep cistern for water supply]

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.double[Mycenae, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 1600 BC]] 
</p>
<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[Mycenae Citadel]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/lion_gate.jpg" width="45%" style='float:right' />
- .large[The Lion Gate]
 - .large[Separate the ruling class and others<br> - private houses <br> - workshops <br> - public spaces <br> - large tholos tombs]

- .large[Panagia houses]
- .large[House of the Wine Merchant]
- .large[House of the Oil Merchant]

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.double[Mycenae, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 1600 BC]] 
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<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Image from Mycenae, Papadimitriou, 2015]
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.double[Mycenae Citadel]
- .large[The Lion Gate]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/mycenae_pot1.png" width="48%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[Separate the ruling class and others<br> - private houses <br> - workshops <br> - public spaces <br> - large tholos tombs]

- .large[Panagia houses]
- .large[House of the Wine Merchant]
- .large[House of the Oil Merchant]

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<div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px">
<p style="text-align:center;">
.double[Mycenae, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 1600 BC]] 
</p>
<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">

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<div style="padding:10px 60px 10px 60px">
<div style="position:absolute; top:610px; left:60px; z-index:1;">
.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Image from Mycenae, Papadimitriou, 2015]
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<div style="position:absolute; top:630px; right:60px; z-index:1;">
.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Image from wiki]
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.double[Mycenae Citadel]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/oct_pot.jpg" width="48%" style='float:right' />
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/oct_pot_2.png" width="40%" />

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<div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px">
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.double[Mycenae, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 1600 BC]] 
</p>
<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">

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<div style="padding:10px 40px 10px 60px">
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Image from Mycenae, Papadimitriou, 2015]
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.double[Mycenae Citadel]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/bronze_pot.png" width="49.5%" style='float:right' />
<br><br>
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/gold-bull.png" width="50%" />

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.double[Mycenae, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 1600 BC]] 
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<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">

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.double[Mycenae Burials]

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<div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px">
<p style="text-align:center;">
.double[Mycenae, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 1600 BC]] 
</p>
<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">

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<div style="padding:10px 30px 10px 60px">
<div style="position:absolute; top:640px; right:190px; z-index:1;">
.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Mylonas, 1964]
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<div style="position:absolute; top:640px; left:60px; z-index:1;">
.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Image from Mycenae, Papadimitriou, 2015]
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.double[Mycenae Burials]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/GAMMA.png" width="42%" style='float:right' />
- .large[Graves Circle A and Circle B]
 - .large[*c.* 1600 - 1500 BC]
 - .large[Cemetary for the .yellow[royal family]]
 - .large[reopen to add new corpses]
 - .large[extended positions]
 - .large[elabrate burial goods <br> - bronze weaponry <br> - gold objects & ornaments <br> - gold death mask]

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<div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px">
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.double[Mycenae, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 1600 BC]] 
</p>
<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">

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<div style="padding:10px 60px 10px 60px">
<div style="position:absolute; top:160px; right:120px; z-index:1;">
.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Image from Mycenae, Papadimitriou, 2015]
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.double[Mycenae Burials]

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<div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px">
<p style="text-align:center;">
.double[Mycenae, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 1600 BC]] 
</p>
<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">

</div>

<div style="padding:10px 60px 10px 60px">
<div style="position:absolute; top:405px; right:60px; z-index:1;">
.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Image from Mycenae, Papadimitriou, 2015]
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.double[Mycenae Burials]

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<div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px">
<p style="text-align:center;">
.double[Mycenae, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 1600 BC]] 
</p>
<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">

</div>

<div style="padding:10px 30px 10px 60px">
<div style="position:absolute; top:600px; right:30px; z-index:1;">
.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Image from Mycenae, Papadimitriou, 2015]
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<div style="position:absolute; top:630px; left:60px; z-index:1;">
.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Image from Zhang *et al.*, 2023]
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.double[Mycenae Burials]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/tholos.png" width="45%" style='float:right' />
- .large[Construction of Tholos Tomb]
 - .large[New burial style<br> - *c.* 1400 BC]
 - .large[Beehive-shaped]
 - .large[Corbeled technique]
 - .large[Not Roman keystone]

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.double[Mycenae, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 1600 BC]] 
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<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">

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<div style="padding:10px 60px 10px 60px">
<div style="position:absolute; top:650px; right:60px; z-index:1;">
.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Image from Wiki]
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.double[Writing System - Linear B]
- .large[Successor of Linear A]
- .large[Decipherred -  more tablets, closer to ancient Greek]
- .large[Records various themes]
 - .large[Taxes - type of payment (nonstaple commodities)]
 - .large[Agricultural production -  Livestock, plant produce]
 - .large[Maintenance of the palace staff. Mostly paid in food]
 - .large[Craft production. Raw material given, and products by craft specialists]
- .large[Provide information on the social/economic aspect]

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<div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px">
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.double[The rise of warrior class] 
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.double[Conflicts and Warfare]
- .large[Increase in Weaponry and Fortification]
 - .large[Minoan - absence of fortification <br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&thinsp;&thinsp;- navy fleet <br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&thinsp;&thinsp;- lack of burials / graves]
 - .large[Mycenae - weapons and armours <br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&thinsp;&thinsp;- martial and hunting scenes <br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&thinsp;&thinsp;- fortified palaces / citadels]

- .large[Different Business Model?]
 - .large[Centralized political units]
 - .large[Taxes collections <br> - foodstuffs, textiles and animal hides<br> - ceramic and metal artifacts<br> - labour]

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<div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px">
<p style="text-align:center;">
.double[The end of Mycenaean Culture] 
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.double[Internal Conflicts and Economy Exhaustion]
- .large[The fall of Mycenaean culture is still uncertain]

- .large[lack of evidence for outside invasion and natural disaster]
 - .large[Recession and exhaustion in economy]
 - .large[Change in market preferences]
 - .large[lost control of providers]

- .large[Violent destructions of all fortified citadels]
 - .large[1250 and 1200 BC]
 - .large[state authority, major construction, and craft specialization ceased to continue]