class: title_slide, middle, center <div style="border-width:15px; border-style:double; border-color:#EEEEEE; padding:15px;"> <br> .double[.large[**Archaeology of Europe**]] <br> <br> .medium.white[.medium[Bronze Age in the Aegean - .content-box-s-yellow.dark[**Minoan Culture**]]] <br> <br> </div> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[The Challenge of Islanders] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:605px; right:60px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Restriction of Island Agriculture] - .large[Limited arable land on mountainous islands] - .large[Losses] - .large[River banks] - .large[Salinity and topography] - .large[Regional advantages] - .large[warmer climates - longer growing seasons] - .large[Volcanic activities in the Aegean <br> - rich volcanic ash] - .large[Not suitable for large scale agriculture] - .large[probably limited self-sustainability] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[The Challenge of Islanders] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:425px; right:60px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Henkel &Margaritis, 2022] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:620px; right:160px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Olive and Fig] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:620px; right:420px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Flax] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:620px; left:80px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Grapes] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Island Economy] - .large[Development in other agricultural produce] - .large[cultivating other plants <br> - grapes, poppy, figs, olives <br> - essential supplements for seafaring] - .large[herding sheep and goats <br> - incorporating with textile making. <br> - large cloth for sails] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/grapes.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[The Challenge of Islanders] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:650px; right:60px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Island Economy] - .large[Established sailing routes and knowledge] - .large[Quicker way to move goods and people.] - .large[Import and export <br> - being the middleman for trading] - .large[Expertise in local near-shore currents] - .large[Control over distribution of products] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/ship_minoan.jpg" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[The rising of Minoan Culture] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:650px; right:70px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Dominating trading networks] - .large[Not depending on own products] - .large[moving commodities around locations] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/trade_map.jpg" width="83%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Minoan Culture - .yellow[*c.* 3,100 ~ 1,100 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 20px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:460px; right:40px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Ashmolean Museum] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Knossos, Crete, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 3,000 BC]] - .large[Discovery of Knossos site] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/labyrinth.png" width="35%" style='float:right' /> - .large[Searching for the .content-box-s-dark.yellow[Labyrinth]] - .large[.yellow.dotted[*labrys*] means "double-edged axe"<br> .double[⋈] - .small[(symbol for [Minoan] royal power).]] - .large.dotted[The Myth of Labyrinth] - .large[Heinrich Schliemann & Ruins of Troy] - .large[Late 19<sup>th</sup> century (1870)] - .large[local businessman, Minos Kalokairinos] - .large[1877, revealed the evidence of Knossos] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Minoan Culture - .yellow[*c.* 3,100 ~ 1,100 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 20px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:580px; right:30px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Ashmolean Museum] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Knossos, Crete, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 3,000 BC]] - .large[Discovery of Knossos site] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/arthur-evans.jpg" width="40%" style='float:right' /> - .large[Arthur Evans] - .large[Son of Archaeologist] - .large[Purchased part of the sites] - .large[Began excavations after 1898] - .large[life-long career (35 yrs)] - .large[Labyrinth and Palace?] - .large[Controversial reconstructions] - .large[Impact future studies] - .large[Archaeological interpretations] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Minoan Culture - .yellow[*c.* 3,100 ~ 1,100 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 20px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:560px; right:20px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Plough symbol in hieroglyph (upper)]<br> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[and Linear A (lower), Evans, 1909] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Knossos, Crete, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 3,000 BC]] - .large[First Palace at Knossos, 2,800 BC] - .large[presence of metal and craft specialists] - .large[use of plough and traction] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/plough_1.png" width="40%" style='float:right' /> - .large[Same location for palace] - .large[increase in size] - .large[covered 25,000 m²] - .large[a complex of buildings <br> - residential, administrative, storage, religious, and manufacturing purposes.] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Minoan Culture - .yellow[*c.* 3,100 ~ 1,100 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 20px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:640px; right:20px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Palace plan] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/palacePlan.jpg" width="50%" style='float:right' /> .double[Centralized Production] - .large[Important craft workshops] - .large[production] - .large[storage] - .large[redistribution] - .large[Clay sealings] - .large[to lock containers] - .large[Prestige goods] - .large[textiles] - .large[pottery] - .large[jewellery] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Minoan Culture - .yellow[*c.* 3,100 ~ 1,100 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 20px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:640px; right:20px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Greeka] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/column.jpeg" width="40%" style='float:right' /> .double[Architecture and masonry] - .large[High column base] - .large[Drainage System] - .large[fresh water] - .large[flush toilet] - .large[sewage system] - .large[Decorated rooftops] - .large[*bucrania*] - .large[might originated in Anatolia] - .large[Fresco Wall] - .large[daily aspects] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Minoan Culture - .yellow[*c.* 3,100 ~ 1,100 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 20px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:640px; right:20px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Angelakis *et al.*, 2013] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/drainage.jpg" width="40%" style='float:right' /> .double[Architecture and masonry] - .large[High column base] - .large[Drainage System] - .large[fresh water] - .large[flush toilet] - .large[sewage system] - .large[Decorated rooftops] - .large[*bucrania*] - .large[might originated in Anatolia] - .large[Fresco Wall] - .large[daily aspects] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Minoan Culture - .yellow[*c.* 3,100 ~ 1,100 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 20px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:640px; right:20px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/Ushape.jpg" width="40%" style='float:right' /> .double[Architecture and masonry] - .large[High column base] - .large[Drainage System] - .large[fresh water] - .large[flush toilet] - .large[sewage system] - .large[Decorated rooftops] - .large[*bucrania*] - .large[might originated in Anatolia] - .large[Fresco Wall] - .large[daily aspects] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Minoan Culture - .yellow[*c.* 3,100 ~ 1,100 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 20px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:640px; right:20px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Amazon] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/fresco.jpg" width="40%" style='float:right' /> .double[Architecture and masonry] - .large[High column base] - .large[Drainage System] - .large[fresh water] - .large[flush toilet] - .large[sewage system] - .large[Decorated rooftops] - .large[*bucrania*] - .large[might originated in Anatolia] - .large[Fresco Wall] - .large[daily aspects] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Minoan Culture - .yellow[*c.* 3,100 ~ 1,100 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 20px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:630px; right:20px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Ridderstad, 2009] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Artistic Expression] - .large[Pottery decoration] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/motif.jpg" width="40%" style='float:right' /> - .large[Early: geometric shapes<br> - spiral, triangles, fishbones] - .large[Middle: Naturalistic decorations <br> - birds, flowers, animals] - .large[Late: mixed with Mycenaean styles] - .large[Other objects] - .large[Figurines] - .large[jewellery] - .large[metal objects] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Minoan Culture - .yellow[*c.* 3,100 ~ 1,100 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 20px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:610px; right:20px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Artistic Expression] - .large[Pottery decoration] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/oct_pot.jpg" width="40%" style='float:right' /> - .large[Early: geometric shapes<br> - spiral, triangles, fishbones] - .large[Middle: Naturalistic decorations <br> - birds, flowers, animals] - .large[Late: mixed with Mycenaean styles] - .large[Other objects] - .large[Figurines] - .large[jewellery] - .large[metal objects] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Minoan Culture - .yellow[*c.* 3,100 ~ 1,100 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 20px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:630px; right:20px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/poppy_god.jpg" width="38%" style='float:right' /> .double[Artistic Expression] - .large[Pottery decoration] - .large[Early: geometric shapes<br> - spiral, triangles, fishbones] - .large[Middle: Naturalistic decorations <br> - birds, flowers, animals] - .large[Late: mixed with Mycenaean styles] - .large[Other objects] - .large[Figurines] - .large[jewellery] - .large[metal objects] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Minoan Culture - .yellow[*c.* 3,100 ~ 1,100 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 20px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:620px; right:20px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Go Botany] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Artistic Expression] - .large[Pottery decoration] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/poppy.jpg" width="40%" style='float:right' /> - .large[Early: geometric shapes<br> - spiral, triangles, fishbones] - .large[Middle: Naturalistic decorations <br> - birds, flowers, animals] - .large[Late: mixed with Mycenaean styles] - .large[Other objects] - .large[Figurines] - .large[jewellery] - .large[metal objects] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Minoan Culture - .yellow[*c.* 3,100 ~ 1,100 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 20px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:560px; right:40px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Phaistos disc, Image from Wiki] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Writing System] - .large[Independent writing system] - .large[Minoan hieroglyphics] - .large[Linear A (1,800~1,450 BC)] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/phaistos.png" width="40%" style='float:right' /> - .large[Linear B (1,400 BC)] - .large[Cypro-Minoan syllabary] - .large[Linear A] - .large[casual forms] - .large[might be used for simple accounting] - .large[not fully deciphered] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Minoan Culture - .yellow[*c.* 3,100 ~ 1,100 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 20px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:650px; right:140px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Trading Network] - .large[Various raw materials from other places] - .large[copper(Cyprus and Turkey), ivory, gem, and gold(Egypt)] - .large[lapis lazuli(Afghanistan), amber(Scandinavia)] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./WK08/trade_map_2.jpg" width="78%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Minoan Culture - .yellow[*c.* 3,100 ~ 1,100 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 20px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:650px; right:140px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[The Fall of Minoans] - .large[The labyrinth myths] - .large[Invasion of the Mycenaean] - .large[Palace was reoccupied with Mycenaean traits] - .large[Other Minoan palaces were destroyed] - .large[Natural Disasters] - .large[1,700 BC - possible earthquake<br> - many buildings collapse at the same time] - .large[1,625 BC - eruption of Thera <br> - impact lifes and trade of Minoans] - .large[Lost of Monopolization in trading] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[The Impact of Arthur Evans] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 20px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:650px; right:140px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Conservation v. Restoration] - .large[British and Greece] - .large[Lord Elgin and the Parthenon] - .large[Arthur Evans and the Knossos] - .large[Restoration shortly after Excavations] - .large[Rebuilding Knossos to iterate his view] - .large[Fabricating a past with little evidence] - .large[Much of the palace is a recreation] - .large[Successful case for public archaeology] - .large[the creation of the .dotted["First European Civilization"]]