class: title_slide, middle, center <div style="border-width:15px; border-style:double; border-color:#EEEEEE; padding:15px;"> <br> .double[.large[**Archaeology of Europe**]] <br> <br> .double.white[The Chalcolithic Europe] <br> <br> </div> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[New Material - Metal] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:605px; right:60px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:575px; right:60px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Copper] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:575px; right:330px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Silver] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:575px; left:260px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Gold] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Strange shiny rocks] - .large[Some metals exist in a free element state] - .large[e.g. Gold, Silver, Cooper] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/gold.jpg" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[New Material - Metal] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:650px; right:70px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Strange shiny rocks] - .large[Some metals exist in a free element state] - .large[e.g. Gold, Silver, Cooper] - .large[Different physical properties than most rocks] - .large[Obsidian - .dotted[igneous rock]] - .large[Chert - .dotted[Sedimentary rock]] - .large[Quartzite - .dotted[Metamorphic rock]<br>⇒ Can be shaped through .yellow[flaking]<br>→ manufactured through reduction<br>.small.content-box-s-dark[→ polished adze can be resharpen]] - .large[Clay - can be manipulated into shape] - .large[.wavy[Chemically (and physically)] altered after firing] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[New Material - Metal] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:650px; right:130px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Hansen, 2013] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/copper_cycle.png" width="83%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Brewing Region for European Bronze Age] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:650px; right:220px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Olalde *et al.*, 2015] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Chalcolithic Europe: A Transitional Period] - .large[.yellow[*Chalco-*] (*khalkós*) - Copper] - .large[Southeast Europe → Eastern Europe → Central Europe] - .large[similar to inland (LBK) route, but later in time.] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/LBK_vinca.png" width="60%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Brewing Region for European Bronze Age] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Chalcolithic (Eneolithic) Europe] - .large[.yellow[*Chalco-*] (*khalkós*) - Copper] - .large[Southeast Europe → Eastern Europe → Central Europe] - .large[similar to inland (LBK) route, but later in time.] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/lepenski_vir.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Brewing Region for European Bronze Age] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:435px; right:405px; z-index:1;"> .large[<FONT COLOR = #ff0000>↘</FONT>] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:415px; right:425px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-dark.yellow[Vinča] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Chalcolithic (Eneolithic) Europe] - .large[.yellow[*Chalco-*] (*khalkós*) - Copper] - .large[Southeast Europe → Eastern Europe → Central Europe] - .large[similar to inland (LBK) route, but later in time.] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/lepenski_vir.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Vinča, Serbia, .yellow[*c.* 5500 - 4400 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 10px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:600px; right:230px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.small.dark[Image from Wiki] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Continuos Development of local Neolithic] - .large[Demonstrate similarity to .yellow[Lepenski Vir]] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/vinca_fig.png" width="31%" style='float:right' /> - .large[House structure<br> → Trapezoidal into large square house<br> → Build-in earthen furnitures] - .large[Fortified settlement - with simple palisade] - .large[High concentration of unique artefacts] - .large[Ritualistic items - figurines] - .large[Personal ornaments] - .large[Exotic lithic material] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Vinča, Serbia, .yellow[*c.* 5500 - 4400 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:580px; right:60px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.small.dark[Image from Tasić *et al.*, 2016] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:560px; left:60px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-dark.small.yellow[Bucrania] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Unique pottery style - figurines & lids] <br> <br> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/Vinca_fig_4.jpg" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Vinča, Serbia, .yellow[*c.* 5500 - 4400 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:550px; right:80px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.small.dark[Image from Wiki] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Writing System? ~~ .content-box-s-dark.yellow[the Tărtăria tablet]] <br><br><br> <br> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/Tartaria2.jpg" width="95%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Vinča, Serbia, .yellow[*c.* 5500 - 4400 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:620px; left:60px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.small.dark[Image from Antonovic, 2002] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:620px; right:60px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.small.dark[Image from Šljivar, 2006] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[The discovery of malachite/azurite] - .large[copper ore in native state] - .large[colourful stone] - .large[can be found in near Vinča region] <br> <br> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/malachite_1.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Vinča, Serbia, .yellow[*c.* 5500 - 4400 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:640px; right:60px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.small.dark[Image from Šljivar, 2006] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:330px; left:80px; z-index:1;"> <font color="FF0000">_____</font> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[The discovery of malachite/azurite] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/malachite_chart.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Vinča, Serbia, .yellow[*c.* 5500 - 4400 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:640px; right:60px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Melting Copper Ore] - .large[Copper ores start to melt at 800 ℃] - .large[not a temperature can be easily reached<br> - .small[at least not with open-fire.]<br> - .small[But high temperature can improve purity of ores .small.content-box-s-dark[(to certain degree)]]<br> - .small[Cold-hammering can shape copper.]] - .large[Casting copper .content-box-s-dark[(liquor form)]] - .large[Require temperature over 1,000 ℃] - .large[Various copper objects found in Vinča culture] - .large[Copper bracelet, pins, and cast copper axes] - .large[Casting mold] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Vinča, Serbia, .yellow[*c.* 5500 - 4400 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:350px; right:80px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.small.dark[Image from Boric, 2009] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:615px; right:240px; z-index:1;"> <font color="#ff0000">↗</font> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Burial with goods] <br> <br> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/vinca_burial.jpg" width="95%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Varna, Bulgaria .yellow[*c.* 4500 - 4100 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:350px; right:100px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.small.dark[Image from Varna Tourism] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Varna Necropolis] - .large[Excavated from 1973 to 1991] - .large[~ 310 graves .content-box-s-white.dark.small[(partial excavation)]] - .large[over 3,000 gold artefacts discovered (> 6 KG)] - .large[about 160 copper objects] - .large[exotic shells] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/Varna_Gold.jpg" width="92%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Varna, Bulgaria .yellow[*c.* 4500 - 4100 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 20px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:620px; right:20px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.small.dark[Image from Krauß *et al.*, 2018] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:620px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.small.dark[Image from Boric, 2008] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/Varna_map.jpg" width="53.6%" /><img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/Varna_plan.jpg" width="46.4%" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Varna, Bulgaria .yellow[*c.* 4500 - 4100 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 30px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:650px; right:30px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.small.dark[Image from Wiki, Grave 43] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Inequality at Varna Necropolis] - .large[Sex of 62 burials determined] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/varna_43.jpg" width="45%" style='float:right' /> - .large[39 males, 23 females] - .large[Male<br> → extended position <br> → head towards east] - .large[Female<br> → flexed position<br> → facing right] - .large[Most luxury objects concentrated in 4 graves] - .large[the remaining 1/4 unevenly distributed] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Varna, Bulgaria .yellow[*c.* 4500 - 4100 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 30px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:650px; right:70px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.small.dark[Image from Krauß *et al.*, 2018] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Metal Objects] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/varna_copper_3.jpg" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Into the Bronze Age] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:650px; right:70px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Two Routes of Neolithic Expansion] - .large[Cardial-Maritime & LBK-Inland] - .large[Change the subsistence of humans in Europe] - .large[Limited by environment ⇒ .content-box-s-dark.yellow[Different adaptation]] - .large[Neolithic Packages: Agriculture and Pottery] - .large[Ground stone tools - explore new material] - .large[permanent shelter - astronomical observations] - .large[food storage - surplus] - .large[Development of Complex Society] - .large[Many possible factors:<br> Surplus, Population Growth, Innovations] - .large[Bands ⇝ Tribes ⇝ Chiefdoms ⇝ State<br> .content-box-s-dark.yellow[(*Elman Service*, 1962)]]