class: title_slide, middle, center <div style="border-width:15px; border-style:double; border-color:#EEEEEE; padding:15px;"> <br> .double[.large[**Archaeology of Europe**]] <br> <br> .double.white[The Megalith of Neolithic Europe] <br> <br> </div> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[What is Megalith?] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:650px; right:70px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Eupedia] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Massive, not completely processed stone] - .large[Used in different kinds of monumental structures] - .large[Mostly in western part of Europe] - .large[Between 4000 - 2000 BC] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/megalith_map.png" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[What is Megalith?] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:650px; right:70px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Eupedia] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Associate with Neolithic packages] - .large[but not to any particular *"culture"*] - .large[different pottery styles, different house constructions] - .large[Different groups of people building same megalith] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/megalith_map.png" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Types of Megalith] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Construction using huge stones] - .large[different kinds of monumental structures] - .large[Tombs - Dolmen, Gallery Graves, Passage Graves<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#9656;&nbsp; may or may not still contain burial(s)<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#9656;&nbsp; can be .dotted[single burial] or .dotted[family burials]] - .large[Menhirs - Large standing single stone or stones<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#9656;&nbsp; standing stones in circular or linear pattern] - .large[Hendge - associate with ditch and bank system<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#9656;&nbsp; circular (or oval) earthen enclosure<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#9656;&nbsp; not all hendge contain stones. <br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#9656;&nbsp; mostly in Britain and Ireland] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Megalith Tombs] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:355px; left:475px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:650px; right:60px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from EBR] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Dolmen] - .large[Single large stone roof] - .large[Northern France, Britain, and Ireland] - .large[Netherlands - .yellow[*Hunebedden*], 54 tombs recorded] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/sweden_dolmen.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Megalith Tombs] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:355px; left:475px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Dolmen] <br><br> .center[ <iframe title="Dolmen de Garde-Epée, Saint-Brice (16)" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; xr-spatial-tracking" xr-spatial-tracking execution-while-out-of-viewport execution-while-not-rendered web-share src="https://sketchfab.com/models/3ffc28afa18a468bb2e74e10e65caea9/embed" width="640" height="460"> </iframe>] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Megalith Tombs] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:355px; left:475px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:650px; right:90px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from EBR] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Gallery Graves] - .large[Larger and longer tombs] - .large[Absence of entrance passage] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/gallery.png" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Megalith Tombs] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:355px; left:475px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Gallery Graves] <br><br> .center[ <iframe title="Dolmen Les Monts Grantez" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; xr-spatial-tracking" xr-spatial-tracking execution-while-out-of-viewport execution-while-not-rendered web-share src="https://sketchfab.com/models/c418191772a94c14b4459b3366b91002/embed" width="640" height="460"> </iframe>] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Megalith Tombs] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:355px; left:475px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:650px; right:90px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from EBR] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Passage Graves] - .large[With long, narrow tunnel leading to a room] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/passage.png" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Megalith Tombs] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:355px; left:475px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Passage Graves] <br><br> .center[ <iframe title="Passage Grave - Øm Jættestue, Denmark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; xr-spatial-tracking" xr-spatial-tracking execution-while-out-of-viewport execution-while-not-rendered web-share src="https://sketchfab.com/models/fe5da7d5202a4bfaa6b48e0096d4c6fd/embed" width="640" height="460"> </iframe>] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Megalith Structures] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:355px; left:475px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:640px; right:100px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Menhirs] - .large[Massive standing stone(s) - ranging from 1 to 5 m] - .large[Largest one in .content-box-s-dark.white[Er Grah, Brittany]: .yellow[~ 20 m]] - .large[Erected around .yellow[4700 BC]] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/Broken_menhir.jpg" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Megalith Structures] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:355px; left:475px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:280px; right:60px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Menhirs - Carnac .small[(*Alignement de Carnac*)]] - .large[Menhirs extend more than 5 KM] - .large[Larger ones to the west (up to 4 m)] - .large[Shorter ones to the east (about 1 m)] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/carnac_1.jpg" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Megalith Structures] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:355px; left:475px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:650px; right:100px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from menhirs-carnac.fr] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Menhirs - Carnac .small[(*Alignement de Carnac*)]] - .large[Menhirs extend more than 5 KM] - .large[Larger ones to the west (up to 4 m)] - .large[Shorter ones to the east (about 1 m)] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/carnac_2.jpg" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Megalith Structures] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:620px; right:60px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Avebury, Image from Wiki] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:620px; left:60px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Woodhenge, Image from EBR] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Henge Monuments] - .large[Defined by .yellow[*enclosure*] structure] - .large[Normally associate with ditch and bank system] - .large[Most circular standing .small[(stone)] structures are in British Isles] - .large[Alignment with definite astronomical significance] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/woodhenge.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Megalith Structures] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 20px 10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:630px; right:20px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from The Map Archive] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Henge Monuments] <br> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/henge_map.jpg" width="47%" style='float:right' /> - .large[~ 900 henges/stone circles] - .large[some were built in early Bronze Age] - .large[between 20m and 100m in diameter] - .large[Henge &rarr; *hanging* <br>&rArr; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;refer to the .yellow[*trilithons*]] - .large[Super Henges] - .large[Stonehenge] - .large[Avebury] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Stonehenge, UK, .yellow[3100 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:160px; right:140px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from EBR] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Salisbury Plain] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/salisbury_plain.png" width="80%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Stonehenge, UK, .yellow[3100 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:320px; right:100px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from EBR] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Phase 1 - .yellow[*c.* 3000 BC]] - .large[100 m circular enclosure] - .large[(outside)low bank - ditch - high bank(inside)] - .large[Evenly distanced - 30 ft (~9.5 m)] - .large[56 pits .content-box-s-dark.yellow[(Aubrey Holes)]] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/stonehenge_AB.png" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Stonehenge, UK, .yellow[3100 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:320px; right:100px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from EBR] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Phase 1 - .yellow[*c.* 3000 BC]] - .large[Cremations in pits and ditch] - .large[Est. 150-240 cremations] - .large[Associate with Bluestone Henge near River Avon] - .large[10m enclosure with 25 standing stones] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/stonehenge_AB.png" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Stonehenge, UK, .yellow[3100 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:320px; right:100px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from EBR] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Phase 2 - .yellow[*c.* 2600 BC]] - .large[Remodeled with timber posts] - .large[Concentrate at center] - .large[Shorter Avenue] - .large[still associate with funeral practices] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/stonehenge_AB.png" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Stonehenge, UK, .yellow[3100 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:320px; right:100px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from EBR] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Phase 2 - .yellow[*c.* 2600 BC]] - .large[Sarsen stones (from Avebury) were erected] - .large[circling the timber posts (~96 m)] - .large[Construction of Durrington Walls and other circles] - .large[Seasonal occuppied community] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/stonehenge_AB.png" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Stonehenge, UK, .yellow[3100 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:320px; right:100px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from EBR] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Phase 3 - .yellow[*c.* 2300 BC]] - .large[Inner trilithions of bluestones] - .large[Construction of the Avenue] - .large[align with summer/winter solstice] - .large[Bluestone henge remodeled] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/stonehenge_CD.png" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Stonehenge, UK, .yellow[3100 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:320px; right:100px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from EBR] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Phase 4 - .yellow[*c.* 2100 BC]] - .large[Bluestones rearrange into a circle] - .large[2 rows of sarsen stones surrounding them] - .large[later the bluestones are rearranged again] - .large[Human activities ceased after 1600 BC] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/stonehenge_CD.png" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Skara Brae, Orkney islands, .yellow[3200 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:230px; right:60px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Historic Environment Scotland] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[New type of Neolithic settlement] - .large[Not ideal for agriculture] - .large[Windy (flat and no trees)] - .large[short growing season] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/maeshowe.jpg" width="50%" style='float:right' /> - .large[small Neolithic settlement] - .large[Megalithic package?] - .large[Megalithic Tombs<br> - .content-box-s-dark.yellow[Maeshowe]] - .large[Henges<br> - Ring of Brodgar] - .large[Menhirs<br> - Stone of setter] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Skara Brae, Orkney islands, .yellow[3200 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:230px; right:60px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from The Guardian] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[New type of Neolithic settlement] - .large[Not ideal for agriculture] - .large[Windy (flat and no trees)] - .large[short growing season] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/brodgar.jpg" width="45%" style='float:right' /> - .large[small Neolithic settlement] - .large[Megalithic package?] - .large[Megalithic Tombs<br> - Maeshowe] - .large[Henges<br> - .content-box-s-dark.yellow[Ring of Brodgar]] - .large[Menhirs<br> - Stone of setter] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Skara Brae, Orkney islands, .yellow[3200 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:230px; right:60px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Orkney.com] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[New type of Neolithic settlement] - .large[Not ideal for agriculture] - .large[Windy (flat and no trees)] - .large[short growing season] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK07/setter.jpg" width="45%" style='float:right' /> - .large[small Neolithic settlement] - .large[Megalithic package?] - .large[Megalithic Tombs<br> - Maeshowe] - .large[Henges<br> - Ring of Brodgar] - .large[Menhirs<br> - .content-box-s-dark.yellow[Stone of setter]] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Skara Brae, Orkney islands, .yellow[3200 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:230px; right:60px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[New type of Neolithic settlement] - .large[Skara Brae] - .large[Excavated by Childe(1928-30) and Clarke (1972-73)] - .large[10 stone structured houses] - .large[connected by underground tunnels] - .large[Drainage System, simple toilet] - .large[Similar design for 7 houses (rooms) <br> - bedframe (sleeping corner)] - .large[(public) Tool room] - .large[Related finds] - .large[barleys and domestic animals (sheep and cattle)] - .large[Marine resources: fish, shells, sea mammals] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Skara Brae, Orkney islands, .yellow[3200 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:30px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:230px; right:60px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .center[ <iframe title="Skara Brae, Orkney" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; xr-spatial-tracking" xr-spatial-tracking execution-while-out-of-viewport execution-while-not-rendered web-share src="https://sketchfab.com/models/db877d56cfd4441a8bc844419790f50a/embed" width="700" height="500"> </iframe>] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Skara Brae, Orkney islands, .yellow[3200 BC]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:30px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:230px; right:60px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .center[ <iframe title="Neolithic House, Skara Brae, Orkney" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; xr-spatial-tracking" xr-spatial-tracking execution-while-out-of-viewport execution-while-not-rendered web-share src="https://sketchfab.com/models/e9fee2578f634ea1a9c710ac860844c0/embed" width="700" height="500"> </iframe>]