library(tidyr)
library(tidyverse)
## ── Attaching core tidyverse packages ──────────────────────── tidyverse 2.0.0 ──
## ✔ dplyr     1.1.2     ✔ purrr     1.0.1
## ✔ forcats   1.0.0     ✔ readr     2.1.4
## ✔ ggplot2   3.4.2     ✔ stringr   1.5.0
## ✔ lubridate 1.9.2     ✔ tibble    3.2.1
## ── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
## ✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
## ✖ dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()
## ℹ Use the conflicted package (<http://conflicted.r-lib.org/>) to force all conflicts to become errors
library(ggplot2)
library(scales)
## 
## Attaching package: 'scales'
## 
## The following object is masked from 'package:purrr':
## 
##     discard
## 
## The following object is masked from 'package:readr':
## 
##     col_factor

ggplot

ggplot2::mpg
## # A tibble: 234 × 11
##    manufacturer model      displ  year   cyl trans drv     cty   hwy fl    class
##    <chr>        <chr>      <dbl> <int> <int> <chr> <chr> <int> <int> <chr> <chr>
##  1 audi         a4           1.8  1999     4 auto… f        18    29 p     comp…
##  2 audi         a4           1.8  1999     4 manu… f        21    29 p     comp…
##  3 audi         a4           2    2008     4 manu… f        20    31 p     comp…
##  4 audi         a4           2    2008     4 auto… f        21    30 p     comp…
##  5 audi         a4           2.8  1999     6 auto… f        16    26 p     comp…
##  6 audi         a4           2.8  1999     6 manu… f        18    26 p     comp…
##  7 audi         a4           3.1  2008     6 auto… f        18    27 p     comp…
##  8 audi         a4 quattro   1.8  1999     4 manu… 4        18    26 p     comp…
##  9 audi         a4 quattro   1.8  1999     4 auto… 4        16    25 p     comp…
## 10 audi         a4 quattro   2    2008     4 manu… 4        20    28 p     comp…
## # ℹ 224 more rows

barchart

mpg %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = manufacturer))+
  geom_bar(aes(fill= manufacturer)) +
  coord_flip() + #flip the coordinates 
  facet_wrap(~ cyl) #grouping by engine size

scatter plot

mpg %>%
  ggplot() +
  geom_point(aes(x = displ, y= cty, shape = drv, color = drv))+ #disaggregate by drv
  facet_wrap(~ class, nrow =3) #telling the number of rows you want the output to have

geom_smooth

creating subplots using facet grid and facet wrap

mpg %>%
  ggplot(aes(x=displ, y=cty, color = drv)) +
  geom_smooth() +
  facet_grid(vars(class))
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : span too small.  fewer data values than degrees of freedom.
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 5.6935
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.5065
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 0
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : There are other near singularities as well. 0.65044
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : span too small.  fewer
## data values than degrees of freedom.
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : pseudoinverse used at
## 5.6935
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : neighborhood radius
## 0.5065
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : reciprocal condition
## number 0
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : There are other near
## singularities as well. 0.65044
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : span too small.  fewer data values than degrees of freedom.
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 2.793
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.307
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 0
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : There are other near singularities as well. 1.2254
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : span too small.  fewer
## data values than degrees of freedom.
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : pseudoinverse used at
## 2.793
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : neighborhood radius
## 0.307
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : reciprocal condition
## number 0
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : There are other near
## singularities as well. 1.2254
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 4.008
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.708
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 0
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : There are other near singularities as well. 0.25
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : pseudoinverse used at
## 4.008
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : neighborhood radius
## 0.708
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : reciprocal condition
## number 0
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : There are other near
## singularities as well. 0.25
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : span too small.  fewer data values than degrees of freedom.
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 2.1985
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.3015
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 0
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : There are other near singularities as well. 0.090902
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : span too small.  fewer
## data values than degrees of freedom.
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : pseudoinverse used at
## 2.1985
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : neighborhood radius
## 0.3015
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : reciprocal condition
## number 0
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : There are other near
## singularities as well. 0.090902
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 1.8
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.2
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 1.0069e-16
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : pseudoinverse used at
## 1.8
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : neighborhood radius 0.2
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : reciprocal condition
## number 1.0069e-16
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 3.792
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.808
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 0
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : There are other near singularities as well. 1.9825
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : pseudoinverse used at
## 3.792
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : neighborhood radius
## 0.808
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : reciprocal condition
## number 0
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : There are other near
## singularities as well. 1.9825
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 4.593
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.807
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 5.2915e-17
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : There are other near singularities as well. 0.01
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : pseudoinverse used at
## 4.593
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : neighborhood radius
## 0.807
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : reciprocal condition
## number 5.2915e-17
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : There are other near
## singularities as well. 0.01
## Warning in max(ids, na.rm = TRUE): no non-missing arguments to max; returning
## -Inf

using vars instead of ‘~’

mpg %>%
  ggplot(aes(x=displ, y=cty, color = drv)) +
  geom_smooth() +
  facet_grid(vars(drv,class))
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : span too small.  fewer data values than degrees of freedom.
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 2.793
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.307
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 0
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : There are other near singularities as well. 1.2254
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : span too small.  fewer
## data values than degrees of freedom.
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : pseudoinverse used at
## 2.793
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : neighborhood radius
## 0.307
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : reciprocal condition
## number 0
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : There are other near
## singularities as well. 1.2254
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : span too small.  fewer data values than degrees of freedom.
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 2.1985
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.3015
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 0
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : There are other near singularities as well. 0.090902
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : span too small.  fewer
## data values than degrees of freedom.
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : pseudoinverse used at
## 2.1985
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : neighborhood radius
## 0.3015
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : reciprocal condition
## number 0
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : There are other near
## singularities as well. 0.090902
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 4.008
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.708
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 0
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : There are other near singularities as well. 0.25
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : pseudoinverse used at
## 4.008
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : neighborhood radius
## 0.708
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : reciprocal condition
## number 0
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : There are other near
## singularities as well. 0.25
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 1.8
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.2
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 1.0069e-16
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : pseudoinverse used at
## 1.8
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : neighborhood radius 0.2
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : reciprocal condition
## number 1.0069e-16
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : span too small.  fewer data values than degrees of freedom.
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 5.6935
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.5065
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 0
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : There are other near singularities as well. 0.65044
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : span too small.  fewer
## data values than degrees of freedom.
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : pseudoinverse used at
## 5.6935
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : neighborhood radius
## 0.5065
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : reciprocal condition
## number 0
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : There are other near
## singularities as well. 0.65044
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 3.792
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.808
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 0
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : There are other near singularities as well. 1.9825
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : pseudoinverse used at
## 3.792
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : neighborhood radius
## 0.808
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : reciprocal condition
## number 0
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : There are other near
## singularities as well. 1.9825
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 4.593
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.807
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 5.2915e-17
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : There are other near singularities as well. 0.01
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : pseudoinverse used at
## 4.593
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : neighborhood radius
## 0.807
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : reciprocal condition
## number 5.2915e-17
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : There are other near
## singularities as well. 0.01
## Warning in max(ids, na.rm = TRUE): no non-missing arguments to max; returning
## -Inf

mpg %>%
  ggplot(aes(x=displ, y=cty, color = drv)) +
  geom_smooth() +
  facet_grid(cyl ~ class)
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 1.7965
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.7035
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 3.4061e-17
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : There are other near singularities as well. 0.25351
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : pseudoinverse used at
## 1.7965
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : neighborhood radius
## 0.7035
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : reciprocal condition
## number 3.4061e-17
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : There are other near
## singularities as well. 0.25351
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 1.797
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.203
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 0
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : There are other near singularities as well. 0.01
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : pseudoinverse used at
## 1.797
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : neighborhood radius
## 0.203
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : reciprocal condition
## number 0
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : There are other near
## singularities as well. 0.01
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 2.5035
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.3035
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 6.4624e-17
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : There are other near singularities as well. 0.04
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : pseudoinverse used at
## 2.5035
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : neighborhood radius
## 0.3035
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : reciprocal condition
## number 6.4624e-17
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : There are other near
## singularities as well. 0.04
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : span too small.  fewer data values than degrees of freedom.
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 2.1985
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.3015
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 0
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : There are other near singularities as well. 0.090902
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : span too small.  fewer
## data values than degrees of freedom.
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : pseudoinverse used at
## 2.1985
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : neighborhood radius
## 0.3015
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : reciprocal condition
## number 0
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : There are other near
## singularities as well. 0.090902
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 2.002
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.202
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 7.4214e-17
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : There are other near singularities as well. 0.01
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : pseudoinverse used at
## 2.002
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : neighborhood radius
## 0.202
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : reciprocal condition
## number 7.4214e-17
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : There are other near
## singularities as well. 0.01
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : at 2.499
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : radius 1e-06
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : all data on boundary of neighborhood. make span bigger
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 2.499
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.001
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 1
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : There are other near singularities as well. 0.040401
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : zero-width neighborhood. make span bigger
## Warning: Computation failed in `stat_smooth()`
## Caused by error in `predLoess()`:
## ! NA/NaN/Inf in foreign function call (arg 5)
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : span too small.  fewer data values than degrees of freedom.
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 2.7985
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.3015
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 0
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : There are other near singularities as well. 0.090902
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : span too small.  fewer
## data values than degrees of freedom.
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : pseudoinverse used at
## 2.7985
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : neighborhood radius
## 0.3015
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : reciprocal condition
## number 0
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : There are other near
## singularities as well. 0.090902
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 2.7975
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.2025
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 0
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : There are other near singularities as well. 0.04
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : pseudoinverse used at
## 2.7975
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : neighborhood radius
## 0.2025
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : reciprocal condition
## number 0
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : There are other near
## singularities as well. 0.04
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : span too small.  fewer data values than degrees of freedom.
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : at 2.7985
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : radius 2.25e-06
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : all data on boundary of neighborhood. make span bigger
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 2.7985
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.0015
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 1
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : at 3.1015
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : radius 2.25e-06
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : all data on boundary of neighborhood. make span bigger
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : There are other near singularities as well. 2.25e-06
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : zero-width neighborhood. make span bigger

## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : zero-width neighborhood. make span bigger
## Warning: Computation failed in `stat_smooth()`
## Caused by error in `predLoess()`:
## ! NA/NaN/Inf in foreign function call (arg 5)
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 2.995
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.805
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 0
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : There are other near singularities as well. 0.49703
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : pseudoinverse used at
## 2.995
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : neighborhood radius
## 0.805
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : reciprocal condition
## number 0
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : There are other near
## singularities as well. 0.49703
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 3.7
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.3
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 5.0933e-17
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : pseudoinverse used at
## 3.7
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : neighborhood radius 0.3
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : reciprocal condition
## number 5.0933e-17
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : span too small.  fewer data values than degrees of freedom.
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 3.799
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.201
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 0
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : There are other near singularities as well. 0.040401
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : span too small.  fewer
## data values than degrees of freedom.
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : pseudoinverse used at
## 3.799
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : neighborhood radius
## 0.201
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : reciprocal condition
## number 0
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : There are other near
## singularities as well. 0.040401
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : span too small.  fewer data values than degrees of freedom.
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 5.6935
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.5065
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 0
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : There are other near singularities as well. 0.65044
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : span too small.  fewer
## data values than degrees of freedom.
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : pseudoinverse used at
## 5.6935
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : neighborhood radius
## 0.5065
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : reciprocal condition
## number 0
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : There are other near
## singularities as well. 0.65044
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 4.5935
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.6065
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 9.716e-17
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : There are other near singularities as well. 0.25
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : pseudoinverse used at
## 4.5935
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : neighborhood radius
## 0.6065
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : reciprocal condition
## number 9.716e-17
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : There are other near
## singularities as well. 0.25
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : span too small.  fewer data values than degrees of freedom.
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : at 4.596
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : radius 1.6e-05
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : all data on boundary of neighborhood. make span bigger
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 4.596
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.004
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 1
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : There are other near singularities as well. 0.64642
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : zero-width neighborhood. make span bigger
## Warning: Computation failed in `stat_smooth()`
## Caused by error in `predLoess()`:
## ! NA/NaN/Inf in foreign function call (arg 5)
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : pseudoinverse used at 4.593
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : neighborhood radius 0.807
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : reciprocal condition number 5.2915e-17
## Warning in simpleLoess(y, x, w, span, degree = degree, parametric = parametric,
## : There are other near singularities as well. 0.01
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : pseudoinverse used at
## 4.593
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : neighborhood radius
## 0.807
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : reciprocal condition
## number 5.2915e-17
## Warning in predLoess(object$y, object$x, newx = if (is.null(newdata)) object$x
## else if (is.data.frame(newdata))
## as.matrix(model.frame(delete.response(terms(object)), : There are other near
## singularities as well. 0.01

ggplot(data = mpg) +
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy)) +
  facet_grid(drv ~ .)

ggplot(data = mpg) +
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy)) +
  facet_grid(. ~ cyl)

ggplot(data = mpg) +
  geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy)) +
  facet_grid(drv ~ cyl)

using “dodge” position(side by side bars)

 ggplot(data = mpg) +
  geom_bar(mapping = aes(x = cyl, fill= drv), position = "dodge" )

stacked bars

ggplot(data = mpg) +
  geom_bar(mapping = aes(x = cyl, fill = drv))

using geom_text for labelling

mpg %>% 
  ggplot(aes(displ, hwy)) +
  #geom_point() +
  geom_text(aes(label = drv))

labelling with geom text and using scales::percent

mpg %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = class)) +
  geom_bar(aes(y = (..count..)/sum(..count..), fill=factor(..x..)), stat= "count", show.legend = F)+
  geom_text(aes(label = scales::percent((..count..)/sum(..count..)), #labeling percentages from count
                y= ((..count..)/sum(..count..))), stat="count",vjust = -.25) +
  labs(x = "", y = "") + #labelling the x and the y axis
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 30)) #for changing the angle of the text on either axis
## Warning: The dot-dot notation (`..count..`) was deprecated in ggplot2 3.4.0.
## ℹ Please use `after_stat(count)` instead.
## This warning is displayed once every 8 hours.
## Call `lifecycle::last_lifecycle_warnings()` to see where this warning was
## generated.