Archaeology of Europe WK06

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.double[.large[**Archaeology of Europe**]] <br>
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.double[.white[The Inland Route - Lieanerbandkeramik Culture]]
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.double[Expanding from Balkan Peninsula] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Image from Gronenborn & Horejs, 2021]
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<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/Expansion.png" width="95%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
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.double[Stopover at Pannonian Basin] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[First Challenge of the Inland Route]

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.double[.yellow[L]inear.yellow[b]and.yellow[k]eramik Culture .yellow[(LBK)]] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Eupedia]
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.double[LBK Culture - .yellow[*c.* 5700-5000 BC]]
- .large[aka. .dotted[Linear pottery culture]]
- .large[First Neolithic culture in central Europe]
 - .large[From western Hungary/Ukraine to Belgium]

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from EBR]
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[LBK Culture - .yellow[*c.* 5700-5000 BC]]
- .large[LBK is defined by the decorative technique on pottery]
 - .large[Used by .yellow[Gordon Childe]]
- .large[Not all LBK pottery are decorated]
 - .large[Plain (un-decorated) coarse ware for daily use]
 - .large[Function of linear ware is uncertain]
- .large[Hemispherical bowl with repeated motif]

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wyman, 2020]
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.double[LBK Culture - .yellow[*c.* 5700-5000 BC]]
- .large[LBK Longhouse]
 - .large[Distinctive European Neolithic feature]
 - .large[10 to 30m long, 7m wide]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK06/LBK_house_1.png.png" width="43%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[2-4 rows of wall posts]
 - .large[(typically) 3 rows of roof posts]
 - .large[Ditch around the house<br> - not enclosure<br> - wattle and daub]
- .large[General oriented North-South]
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.double[LBK Longhouse] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Model from Štěpán Kravciv]
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<iframe title="Neolitický dlouhý dům" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; xr-spatial-tracking" xr-spatial-tracking execution-while-out-of-viewport execution-while-not-rendered web-share src="https://sketchfab.com/models/42fc34ed308644abb1089b6cf7dfdc18/embed" width="800" height="500"> </iframe>

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Kreuz *et al*., 2005]
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.content-box-s-dark.yellow[(Hulled) Wheat]
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.content-box-s-dark.yellow[&nbsp;Lentil&nbsp;]
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.content-box-s-dark.yellow[&nbsp;Pea&nbsp;]
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.content-box-s-dark.yellow[&nbsp;Flax&nbsp;]
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.content-box-s-dark.yellow[&nbsp;Poppy&nbsp;]
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.double[Same subsistence, Different practice]
- .large[Developed an agricultural practice more adapt to (central) Europe environment.]
 - .large[rely more on wheat (hulled wheat)]
 - .large[new domestic plants:<br> &rarr; Poppy, hemp, flax .yellow[(fibre, fodder, oil)]]
 - .large[Cattle and Pig > Sheep and Goat]

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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Krauß *et al*., 2020]
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.double[Reliance on .yellow[Land] and .yellow[Water]]
- .large[Require fertile soil to cultivate]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK06/LBK_loess.jpg" width="47%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[Tied to loess soil<br> &rArr; rich in potassium and nitrogen]
- .large[Control over water resources]
 - .large[settle along river banks]
- .large[Relatively low productivity]
 - .large[0.4 ha per person/year]

- .large[Every village require sufficient arable land.] 
 
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.double[Rapid Expansion in the Hungarian Plain]
- .large[New agricultural practices intensify land use]
 - .large[Small farmsteads of family units]
 - .large[Each settlement is formed by farmsteads]
 - .large[Contain few longhouses<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;- last only for 1 generation]
 - .large[Kin-based grouping / Clan]

- .large[Population increase<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; - LBK might have a population of 100,000]
 - .large[expanding at 3.5 - 5km per year]

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.double[Burial Practice of LBK] 
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.double[Internal and External Conflicts]
- .large[Conflicts are not common in early LBK]
 - .large[Internal conflicts can be settle through relocation/migration]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK06/LBK_mass.jpg" width="48%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[Little conflicts with hunter-gatherer<br> &rArr; Use different resources/environment]

- .large[More conflicts towards the end]
 - .large[Evidences of massacre<br> - Herxheim<br> - Talheim]

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.double[Burial Practice of LBK] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[Typical LBK Burials]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK06/LBK_burial_2.png" width="36%" style='float:right' />
- .large[Contain single individual]
- .large[Flexed position]
- .large[Designated Area for graves]
 - .large[from few dozens to several hundreds]
 - .large[near, but outside of settlement]
 - .large[some burial goods<br> - spondylus shells, polished adze]
- .large[Burials found in ditch]
 - .large[different practice?]
 - .large[social status?]

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.double[Vaihingen LBK site] 
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.double[Vaihingen, Germany - .yellow[*c.* 5300 BC]]
- .large[Industrial zone development]
 - .large[Rescue excavation]
 - .large[Complete excavation of Neolithic village]

<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK06/Vanhingen.png" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
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.double[Vaihingen LBK site] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from EBR]
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.double[Vaihingen LBK site] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from EBR]
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.double[Vaihingen LBK site] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Bogaard *et al*., 2016]
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.double[From the Beginning to the End]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK06/Vanhingen_chron.png" width="30%" style='float:right' />
- .large[Early LBK &nbsp;&rArr;&nbsp; .yellow[Flomborn]  &nbsp;&rArr;&nbsp; Later LBK]

- .large[229 longhouses documented]
 - .large[est. 300 longhouses]
 - .large[18 settlement phases]

- .large[Total of 138 individuals]
 - .large[Some in ditch or pits]
 - .large[Few with burial goods]
 - .large[some with trauma<br> - violent conflicts]

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.double[Vaihingen LBK site] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Krause, 1998]
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.double[From the Beginning to the End]
- .large[Early LBK &nbsp;&rArr;&nbsp; .yellow[Flomborn]  &nbsp;&rArr;&nbsp; Later LBK]

- .large[229 longhouses documented]
 - .large[est. 300 longhouses]
 - .large[18 settlement phases]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK06/Vanhingen_burial.png" width="60%" style='float:right' />

- .large[Total of 138 individuals]
 - .large[Some in ditch or pits]
 - .large[Few with burial goods]
 - .large[some with trauma<br> - violent conflicts]

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.double[Vaihingen LBK site] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Bentley *et al*., 2003]
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.double[Population Mobility]

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.double[Vaihingen LBK site] 
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<div style="position:absolute; top:630px; right:120px; z-index:1;">
.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Bentley *et al*., 2003]
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<div style="position:absolute; top:630px; left:140px; z-index:1;">
.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Bogaard *et al*., 2016]
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.double[Population Mobility]
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<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK06/Vanhingen_local.png" width="60%" /><img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK06/Vanhingen_Sr_2.jpg" width="20%" />
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.double[Vaihingen LBK site] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Bogaard *et al*., 2016]
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.double[Animal Mobility and Husbandry]

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.double[Vaihingen LBK site] 
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<hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369">

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<div style="position:absolute; top:630px; right:55px; z-index:1;">
.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Bentley *et al*., 2003]
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.double[Animal Husbandry]