1 PREPARATION

1.1 Theoretical model

2 STUDY 1: SURVEY-BASED LONGITUDINAL DIARY STUDY

2.1 Primary analysis

2.1.1 ICC and RWG

## 
## ------ Sample Size Information ------
## 
## Level 1: N = 666 observations ("WP.ObservationalLearningV")
## Level 2: K = 150 groups ("B.ID")
## 
##        n (group sizes)
## Min.              1.00
## Median            5.00
## Mean              4.44
## Max.              5.00
## 
## ------ ICC(1), ICC(2), and rWG ------
## 
## ICC variable: "WP.ObservationalLearningV"
## 
## ICC(1) = 0.703 (non-independence of data)
## ICC(2) = 0.908 (reliability of group means)
## 
## rWG variable: "WP.ObservationalLearningV"
## 
## rWG (within-group agreement for single-item measures)
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
##       Min. 1st Qu. Median  Mean 3rd Qu.  Max.  NA's
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
## rWG  0.000   0.733  0.924 0.805   1.000 1.000 1.000
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 
## ------ Sample Size Information ------
## 
## Level 1: N = 666 observations ("WP.InformationSearchV")
## Level 2: K = 150 groups ("B.ID")
## 
##        n (group sizes)
## Min.              1.00
## Median            5.00
## Mean              4.44
## Max.              5.00
## 
## ------ ICC(1), ICC(2), and rWG ------
## 
## ICC variable: "WP.InformationSearchV"
## 
## ICC(1) = 0.687 (non-independence of data)
## ICC(2) = 0.902 (reliability of group means)
## 
## rWG variable: "WP.InformationSearchV"
## 
## rWG (within-group agreement for single-item measures)
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
##       Min. 1st Qu. Median  Mean 3rd Qu.  Max.  NA's
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
## rWG  0.000   0.808  0.933 0.843   1.000 1.000 1.000
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────

2.1.2 Multilevel correlations and descriptive analysis

## Correlations below and above the diagonal represent
## within-level and between-level correlations, respectively:
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##                                         WP.ObservationalLearningV WP.AdviceSeekingV WP.InformationSearchV WA.WorkReflectionV Stability WP.SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV_mean B.Education B.Tenure  B.Age
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## WP.ObservationalLearningV                                   1.000             0.767                 0.584              0.672     0.149                                  0.564       0.011    0.040  0.120
## WP.AdviceSeekingV                                           0.439             1.000                 0.666              0.625     0.112                                  0.489       0.050   -0.040  0.052
## WP.InformationSearchV                                       0.180             0.176                 1.000              0.684     0.118                                  0.614       0.001   -0.004  0.061
## WA.WorkReflectionV                                          0.011             0.013                 0.075              1.000     0.190                                  0.723       0.019    0.025  0.037
## Stability                                                                                                                                                               0.240      -0.030    0.031  0.147
## WP.SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV_mean                                                                                                                                              0.019   -0.016  0.029
## B.Education                                                                                                                                                                                 -0.135 -0.225
## B.Tenure                                                                                                                                                                                            0.559
## B.Age                                                                                                                                                                                                    
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 
## Within-Level Correlation [95% CI]:
## ────────────────────────────────────────────
##                  r        [95% CI]     p    
## ────────────────────────────────────────────
## WP.OL-WP.AS  0.439 [ 0.376, 0.498] <.001 ***
## WP.OL-WP.IS  0.180 [ 0.105, 0.253] <.001 ***
## WP.OL-WA.WR  0.011 [-0.065, 0.087]  .776    
## WP.OL-Stbl.                                 
## WP.OL-WP.SB                                 
## WP.OL-B.Ed.                                 
## WP.OL-B.Tn.                                 
## WP.OL-B.Ag.                                 
## WP.AS-WP.IS  0.176 [ 0.102, 0.249] <.001 ***
## WP.AS-WA.WR  0.013 [-0.063, 0.089]  .739    
## WP.AS-Stbl.                                 
## WP.AS-WP.SB                                 
## WP.AS-B.Ed.                                 
## WP.AS-B.Tn.                                 
## WP.AS-B.Ag.                                 
## WP.IS-WA.WR  0.075 [-0.001, 0.150]  .052 .  
## WP.IS-Stbl.                                 
## WP.IS-WP.SB                                 
## WP.IS-B.Ed.                                 
## WP.IS-B.Tn.                                 
## WP.IS-B.Ag.                                 
## WA.WR-Stbl.                                 
## WA.WR-WP.SB                                 
## WA.WR-B.Ed.                                 
## WA.WR-B.Tn.                                 
## WA.WR-B.Ag.                                 
## Stbl.-WP.SB                                 
## Stbl.-B.Ed.                                 
## Stbl.-B.Tn.                                 
## Stbl.-B.Ag.                                 
## WP.SB-B.Ed.                                 
## WP.SB-B.Tn.                                 
## WP.SB-B.Ag.                                 
## B.Ed.-B.Tn.                                 
## B.Ed.-B.Ag.                                 
## B.Tn.-B.Ag.                                 
## ────────────────────────────────────────────
## 
## Between-Level Correlation [95% CI]:
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────
##                   r         [95% CI]     p    
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────
## WP.OL-WP.AS   0.767 [ 0.692,  0.826] <.001 ***
## WP.OL-WP.IS   0.584 [ 0.468,  0.681] <.001 ***
## WP.OL-WA.WR   0.672 [ 0.573,  0.751] <.001 ***
## WP.OL-Stbl.   0.149 [-0.011,  0.302]  .068 .  
## WP.OL-WP.SB   0.564 [ 0.443,  0.664] <.001 ***
## WP.OL-B.Ed.   0.011 [-0.150,  0.171]  .897    
## WP.OL-B.Tn.   0.040 [-0.121,  0.199]  .630    
## WP.OL-B.Ag.   0.120 [-0.041,  0.275]  .142    
## WP.AS-WP.IS   0.666 [ 0.566,  0.746] <.001 ***
## WP.AS-WA.WR   0.625 [ 0.516,  0.714] <.001 ***
## WP.AS-Stbl.   0.112 [-0.050,  0.267]  .174    
## WP.AS-WP.SB   0.489 [ 0.356,  0.602] <.001 ***
## WP.AS-B.Ed.   0.050 [-0.111,  0.208]  .546    
## WP.AS-B.Tn.  -0.040 [-0.199,  0.121]  .627    
## WP.AS-B.Ag.   0.052 [-0.109,  0.210]  .529    
## WP.IS-WA.WR   0.684 [ 0.588,  0.761] <.001 ***
## WP.IS-Stbl.   0.118 [-0.043,  0.273]  .149    
## WP.IS-WP.SB   0.614 [ 0.503,  0.705] <.001 ***
## WP.IS-B.Ed.   0.001 [-0.159,  0.161]  .992    
## WP.IS-B.Tn.  -0.004 [-0.164,  0.156]  .959    
## WP.IS-B.Ag.   0.061 [-0.101,  0.219]  .461    
## WA.WR-Stbl.   0.190 [ 0.030,  0.340]  .020 *  
## WA.WR-WP.SB   0.723 [ 0.636,  0.791] <.001 ***
## WA.WR-B.Ed.   0.019 [-0.141,  0.179]  .814    
## WA.WR-B.Tn.   0.025 [-0.136,  0.185]  .759    
## WA.WR-B.Ag.   0.037 [-0.124,  0.196]  .655    
## Stbl.-WP.SB   0.240 [ 0.083,  0.386]  .003 ** 
## Stbl.-B.Ed.  -0.030 [-0.189,  0.131]  .715    
## Stbl.-B.Tn.   0.031 [-0.130,  0.190]  .711    
## Stbl.-B.Ag.   0.147 [-0.014,  0.300]  .073 .  
## WP.SB-B.Ed.   0.019 [-0.142,  0.178]  .821    
## WP.SB-B.Tn.  -0.016 [-0.176,  0.144]  .842    
## WP.SB-B.Ag.   0.029 [-0.131,  0.189]  .720    
## B.Ed.-B.Tn.  -0.135 [-0.289,  0.026]  .100 .  
## B.Ed.-B.Ag.  -0.225 [-0.372, -0.067]  .006 ** 
## B.Tn.-B.Ag.   0.559 [ 0.438,  0.660] <.001 ***
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────
## 
## Intraclass Correlation:
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##       WP.ObservationalLearningV WP.AdviceSeekingV WP.InformationSearchV WA.WorkReflectionV Stability WP.SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV_mean B.Education B.Tenure B.Age
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## ICC1                      0.702             0.566                 0.687              0.694     1.000                                  1.000       1.000    1.000 1.000
## ICC2                      0.913             0.853                 0.907              0.910     1.000                                  1.000       1.000    1.000 1.000
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Descriptive Statistics:
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##                                           N  Mean    SD | Median   Min    Max Skewness Kurtosis
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## B.ID                                    666 79.42 45.14 |  78.00  2.00 169.00     0.07    -1.08
## WP.ObservationalLearningV               666  3.16  0.96 |   3.33  1.00   5.00    -0.12    -1.02
## WP.AdviceSeekingV                       666  3.46  0.92 |   4.00  1.00   5.00    -0.61    -0.59
## WP.InformationSearchV                   666  3.54  0.82 |   4.00  1.00   5.00    -0.56    -0.21
## WA.WorkReflectionV                      666  3.25  0.80 |   3.33  1.00   5.00    -0.16    -0.45
## Stability                               666  1.18  0.31 |   1.24  0.00   1.47    -1.42     2.12
## WP.SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV_mean  666  3.38  0.76 |   3.47  1.94   5.00    -0.11    -0.70
## B.Education                             666  2.79  0.45 |   3.00  1.00   4.00    -1.28     1.51
## B.Tenure                                666  2.05  0.71 |   2.00  1.00   4.00     0.95     1.55
## B.Age                                   666 28.68  4.88 |  27.00 22.00  52.00     1.70     4.01
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

2.2 Cross-level interaction effect

2.2.1 Hypothesis 1

## 
## ****************** PART 1. Regression Model Summary ******************
## 
## PROCESS Model Code : 1 (Hayes, 2018; www.guilford.com/p/hayes3)
## PROCESS Model Type : Simple Moderation
## -    Outcome (Y) : WP.InformationSearchV
## -  Predictor (X) : WA.WorkReflectionV
## -  Mediators (M) : -
## - Moderators (W) : Stability.GraC
## - Covariates (C) : WP.SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV_mean, WA.WorkReflectionV_mean, B.Education, B.Tenure, B.Age
## -   HLM Clusters : B.ID
## 
## Formula of Outcome:
## -    WP.InformationSearchV ~ WP.SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV_mean + WA.WorkReflectionV_mean + B.Education + B.Tenure + B.Age + WA.WorkReflectionV*Stability.GraC + (1 | B.ID)
## 
## CAUTION:
##   Fixed effect (coef.) of a predictor involved in an interaction
##   denotes its "simple effect/slope" at the other predictor = 0.
##   Only when all predictors in an interaction are mean-centered
##   can the fixed effect denote the "main effect"!
##   
## Model Summary
## 
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##                                         (1) WP.InformationSearchV  (2) WP.InformationSearchV
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## (Intercept)                                0.997 *                    1.022 *               
##                                           (0.450)                    (0.457)                
## WP.SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV_mean     0.243 **                   0.228 **              
##                                           (0.081)                    (0.083)                
## WA.WorkReflectionV_mean                    0.421 ***                  0.383 ***             
##                                           (0.099)                    (0.100)                
## B.Education                               -0.014                     -0.017                 
##                                           (0.096)                    (0.096)                
## B.Tenure                                  -0.042                     -0.039                 
##                                           (0.071)                    (0.071)                
## B.Age                                      0.008                      0.008                 
##                                           (0.010)                    (0.010)                
## WA.WorkReflectionV                         0.077                      0.123 *               
##                                           (0.046)                    (0.050)                
## Stability.GraC                                                       -0.731 *               
##                                                                      (0.310)                
## WA.WorkReflectionV:Stability.GraC                                     0.216 *               
##                                                                      (0.093)                
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Marginal R^2                               0.368                      0.374                 
## Conditional R^2                            0.687                      0.691                 
## AIC                                     1147.355                   1150.537                 
## BIC                                     1187.867                   1200.051                 
## Num. obs.                                666                        666                     
## Num. groups: B.ID                        150                        150                     
## Var: B.ID (Intercept)                      0.215                      0.214                 
## Var: Residual                              0.211                      0.209                 
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Note. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.
## 
## ************ PART 2. Mediation/Moderation Effect Estimate ************
## 
## Package Use : ‘interactions’ (v1.1.5)
## Effect Type : Simple Moderation (Model 1)
## Sample Size : 666
## Random Seed : -
## Simulations : -
## 
## Interaction Effect on "WP.InformationSearchV" (Y)
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##                                         F df1 df2     p    
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## WA.WorkReflectionV * Stability.GraC  5.45   1 657  .020 *  
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 
## Simple Slopes: "WA.WorkReflectionV" (X) ==> "WP.InformationSearchV" (Y)
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##  "Stability.GraC" Effect    S.E.     t     p            [95% CI]
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##  -0.311 (- SD)     0.056 (0.046) 1.213  .226     [-0.035, 0.147]
##  -0.000 (Mean)     0.123 (0.050) 2.489  .013 *   [ 0.026, 0.220]
##  0.311 (+ SD)      0.190 (0.066) 2.866  .004 **  [ 0.060, 0.321]
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

2.2.2 Plot

2.3 Multilevel moderated mediation effect

2.3.1 Hypothesis 2: Observation based social learning

## 
## Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM)
## (also known as) Linear Mixed Model (LMM)
## (also known as) Multilevel Linear Model (MLM)
## 
## Model Information:
## Formula: WP.ObservationalLearningV ~ WP.SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV_mean + WA.WorkReflectionV_mean + WP.InformationSearchV_mean + WA.WorkReflectionV + Stability.GraC + WP.InformationSearchV + B.Education + B.Tenure + B.Age + (1 | B.ID)
## Level-1 Observations: N = 666
## Level-2 Groups/Clusters: B.ID, 150
## 
## Model Fit:
## AIC = 1326.091
## BIC = 1380.106
## R_(m)² = 0.38330  (Marginal R²: fixed effects)
## R_(c)² = 0.71617  (Conditional R²: fixed + random effects)
## Omega² = 0.76560  (= 1 - proportion of unexplained variance)
## 
## ANOVA Table:
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##                                         Sum Sq Mean Sq NumDF  DenDF     F     p    
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## WP.SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV_mean    0.47    0.47  1.00 141.02  1.76  .187    
## WA.WorkReflectionV_mean                   4.65    4.65  1.00 207.55 17.55 <.001 ***
## WP.InformationSearchV_mean                0.02    0.02  1.00 225.33  0.09  .764    
## WA.WorkReflectionV                        0.00    0.00  1.00 519.05  0.00  .967    
## Stability.GraC                            0.02    0.02  1.00 142.87  0.09  .764    
## WP.InformationSearchV                     4.58    4.58  1.00 516.14 17.30 <.001 ***
## B.Education                               0.02    0.02  1.00 143.43  0.06  .808    
## B.Tenure                                  0.04    0.04  1.00 142.73  0.13  .715    
## B.Age                                     0.53    0.53  1.00 146.79  1.99  .160    
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 
## Fixed Effects:
## Unstandardized Coefficients (b or γ):
## Outcome Variable: WP.ObservationalLearningV
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##                                            b/γ    S.E.     t    df     p     [95% CI of b/γ]
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## (Intercept)                             -0.372 (0.551) -0.68 144.0  .501     [-1.460, 0.717]
## WP.SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV_mean   0.134 (0.101)  1.33 141.0  .187     [-0.066, 0.333]
## WA.WorkReflectionV_mean                  0.529 (0.126)  4.19 207.6 <.001 *** [ 0.280, 0.778]
## WP.InformationSearchV_mean               0.033 (0.110)  0.30 225.3  .764     [-0.184, 0.250]
## WA.WorkReflectionV                       0.002 (0.051)  0.04 519.1  .967     [-0.099, 0.103]
## Stability.GraC                           0.051 (0.169)  0.30 142.9  .764     [-0.283, 0.385]
## WP.InformationSearchV                    0.206 (0.049)  4.16 516.1 <.001 *** [ 0.109, 0.303]
## B.Education                              0.028 (0.114)  0.24 143.4  .808     [-0.198, 0.253]
## B.Tenure                                -0.031 (0.085) -0.37 142.7  .715     [-0.199, 0.137]
## B.Age                                    0.018 (0.012)  1.41 146.8  .160     [-0.007, 0.042]
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 'df' is estimated by Satterthwaite approximation.
## 
## Standardized Coefficients (β):
## Outcome Variable: WP.ObservationalLearningV
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##                                              β    S.E.     t    df     p       [95% CI of β]
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## WP.SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV_mean   0.106 (0.080)  1.33 141.0  .187     [-0.052, 0.264]
## WA.WorkReflectionV_mean                  0.384 (0.092)  4.19 207.6 <.001 *** [ 0.203, 0.565]
## WP.InformationSearchV_mean               0.025 (0.082)  0.30 225.3  .764     [-0.137, 0.187]
## WA.WorkReflectionV                       0.002 (0.043)  0.04 519.1  .967     [-0.082, 0.086]
## Stability.GraC                           0.017 (0.055)  0.30 142.9  .764     [-0.092, 0.125]
## WP.InformationSearchV                    0.176 (0.042)  4.16 516.1 <.001 *** [ 0.093, 0.260]
## B.Education                              0.013 (0.054)  0.24 143.4  .808     [-0.093, 0.119]
## B.Tenure                                -0.023 (0.063) -0.37 142.7  .715     [-0.149, 0.102]
## B.Age                                    0.090 (0.064)  1.41 146.8  .160     [-0.036, 0.216]
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 
## Random Effects:
## ──────────────────────────────────────────
##  Cluster  K   Parameter   Variance     ICC
## ──────────────────────────────────────────
##  B.ID     150 (Intercept)  0.31050 0.53976
##  Residual                  0.26475        
## ──────────────────────────────────────────

2.4 Summary of analysis

2.4.1 Regression table

  WP.InformationSearchV WP.ObservationalLearningV
Predictors Estimates CI p Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 1.02 0.12 – 1.92 0.026 -0.37 -1.45 – 0.71 0.500
WP
SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV
mean 		0.23 0.07 – 0.39 0.006 0.13 -0.06 – 0.33 0.185
WA WorkReflectionV mean 0.38 0.19 – 0.58 <0.001 0.53 0.28 – 0.78 <0.001
B Education -0.02 -0.20 – 0.17 0.861 0.03 -0.20 – 0.25 0.808
B Tenure -0.04 -0.18 – 0.10 0.589 -0.03 -0.20 – 0.14 0.714
B Age 0.01 -0.01 – 0.03 0.456 0.02 -0.01 – 0.04 0.159
WA WorkReflectionV 0.12 0.03 – 0.22 0.013 0.00 -0.10 – 0.10 0.967
Stability GraC -0.73 -1.34 – -0.12 0.019 0.05 -0.28 – 0.38 0.764
WA WorkReflectionV ×
Stability GraC 		0.22 0.03 – 0.40 0.020
WP InformationSearchV
mean 		0.03 -0.18 – 0.25 0.764
WP InformationSearchV 0.21 0.11 – 0.30 <0.001
Random Effects
σ2 0.21 0.26
τ00 0.21 B.ID 0.31 B.ID
ICC 0.51 0.54
N 150 B.ID 150 B.ID
Observations 666 666
Marginal R2 / Conditional R2 0.374 / 0.691 0.383 / 0.716

2.4.2 Hypothesis 3: Moderated mediation

## Effects of Moderated Mediation (rep=5000, seed=NULL if not preset):
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##                         Effects    ab  SEab     a   SEa     b   SEb abLLCI abULCI sig
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 1  Index of Moderated Mediation 0.045 0.022 0.216 0.093 0.206 0.049  0.007  0.095 yes
## 2  Mediation of Low Moderator   0.012 0.011 0.060 0.050 0.206 0.049 -0.007  0.036 no 
## 3  Mediation of Mean Moderator  0.025 0.012 0.123 0.050 0.206 0.049  0.005  0.052 yes
## 4  Mediation of High Moderator  0.038 0.014 0.187 0.050 0.206 0.049  0.015  0.068 yes
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Effects of Moderated Mediation (rep=5000, seed=NULL if not preset):
## [1] "Estimation"
## [1] 0.1342
## [1] "5000 draws by default and alpha=.05"
## [1] "Estimation"
## [1] 0.03
## [1] "5000 draws by default and alpha=.05"
## [1] "Effects of group difference test"
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##                                                                           Effects Equation Estimation   LCI   UCI
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##  Mediation difference of high and low group for observation based social learning    b2-b1      0.030 0.007 0.053
##  Main effects difference of high and low group for information search                b2-b1      0.135 0.002 0.268
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

3 STUDY 2: FIELD EXPERIMENT BASED LONGITUDINAL DIARY STUDY

3.1 Primary analysis

3.1.1 ICC and RWG

## 
## ------ Sample Size Information ------
## 
## Level 1: N = 544 observations ("WP.ObservationalLearningV")
## Level 2: K = 157 groups ("B.ID")
## 
##        n (group sizes)
## Min.             1.000
## Median           4.000
## Mean             3.465
## Max.             4.000
## 
## ------ ICC(1), ICC(2), and rWG ------
## 
## ICC variable: "WP.ObservationalLearningV"
## 
## ICC(1) = 0.506 (non-independence of data)
## ICC(2) = 0.769 (reliability of group means)
## 
## rWG variable: "WP.ObservationalLearningV"
## 
## rWG (within-group agreement for single-item measures)
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
##       Min. 1st Qu. Median  Mean 3rd Qu.  Max.  NA's
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
## rWG  0.000   0.556  0.812 0.713   0.984 1.000 5.000
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 
## ------ Sample Size Information ------
## 
## Level 1: N = 544 observations ("WP.AdviceSeekingV")
## Level 2: K = 157 groups ("B.ID")
## 
##        n (group sizes)
## Min.             1.000
## Median           4.000
## Mean             3.465
## Max.             4.000
## 
## ------ ICC(1), ICC(2), and rWG ------
## 
## ICC variable: "WP.AdviceSeekingV"
## 
## ICC(1) = 0.383 (non-independence of data)
## ICC(2) = 0.671 (reliability of group means)
## 
## rWG variable: "WP.AdviceSeekingV"
## 
## rWG (within-group agreement for single-item measures)
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
##       Min. 1st Qu. Median  Mean 3rd Qu.  Max.  NA's
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
## rWG  0.000   0.594  0.852 0.731   1.000 1.000 5.000
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 
## ------ Sample Size Information ------
## 
## Level 1: N = 544 observations ("WP.InformationSearchV")
## Level 2: K = 157 groups ("B.ID")
## 
##        n (group sizes)
## Min.             1.000
## Median           4.000
## Mean             3.465
## Max.             4.000
## 
## ------ ICC(1), ICC(2), and rWG ------
## 
## ICC variable: "WP.InformationSearchV"
## 
## ICC(1) = 0.587 (non-independence of data)
## ICC(2) = 0.821 (reliability of group means)
## 
## rWG variable: "WP.InformationSearchV"
## 
## rWG (within-group agreement for single-item measures)
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
##       Min. 1st Qu. Median  Mean 3rd Qu.  Max.  NA's
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
## rWG  0.000   0.755  0.917 0.807   1.000 1.000 5.000
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────

3.1.2 Multilevel correlations

## Correlations below and above the diagonal represent
## within-level and between-level correlations, respectively:
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##                                         WP.ObservationalLearningV WP.AdviceSeekingV WP.InformationSearchV Manipulation Stability WP.SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV_mean B.Education B.Tenure  B.Age
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## WP.ObservationalLearningV                                   1.000             0.627                 0.539        0.106     0.130                                  0.529      -0.039   -0.009  0.065
## WP.AdviceSeekingV                                           0.419             1.000                 0.590        0.119     0.132                                  0.545       0.010   -0.054 -0.001
## WP.InformationSearchV                                       0.137             0.326                 1.000        0.087     0.099                                  0.589      -0.061    0.019  0.095
## Manipulation                                               -0.031            -0.109                -0.002        1.000     0.146                                  0.126      -0.012   -0.004 -0.058
## Stability                                                                                                                                                         0.349      -0.079    0.026  0.003
## WP.SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV_mean                                                                                                                                       -0.096   -0.042 -0.082
## B.Education                                                                                                                                                                           -0.095 -0.123
## B.Tenure                                                                                                                                                                                      0.542
## B.Age                                                                                                                                                                                              
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 
## Within-Level Correlation [95% CI]:
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────
##                   r         [95% CI]     p    
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────
## WP.OL-WP.AS   0.419 [ 0.348,  0.486] <.001 ***
## WP.OL-WP.IS   0.137 [ 0.054,  0.219]  .001 ** 
## WP.OL-Mnpl.  -0.031 [-0.114,  0.054]  .475    
## WP.OL-Stbl.                                   
## WP.OL-WP.SB                                   
## WP.OL-B.Ed.                                   
## WP.OL-B.Tn.                                   
## WP.OL-B.Ag.                                   
## WP.AS-WP.IS   0.326 [ 0.249,  0.399] <.001 ***
## WP.AS-Mnpl.  -0.109 [-0.191, -0.025]  .011 *  
## WP.AS-Stbl.                                   
## WP.AS-WP.SB                                   
## WP.AS-B.Ed.                                   
## WP.AS-B.Tn.                                   
## WP.AS-B.Ag.                                   
## WP.IS-Mnpl.  -0.002 [-0.086,  0.082]  .965    
## WP.IS-Stbl.                                   
## WP.IS-WP.SB                                   
## WP.IS-B.Ed.                                   
## WP.IS-B.Tn.                                   
## WP.IS-B.Ag.                                   
## Mnpl.-Stbl.                                   
## Mnpl.-WP.SB                                   
## Mnpl.-B.Ed.                                   
## Mnpl.-B.Tn.                                   
## Mnpl.-B.Ag.                                   
## Stbl.-WP.SB                                   
## Stbl.-B.Ed.                                   
## Stbl.-B.Tn.                                   
## Stbl.-B.Ag.                                   
## WP.SB-B.Ed.                                   
## WP.SB-B.Tn.                                   
## WP.SB-B.Ag.                                   
## B.Ed.-B.Tn.                                   
## B.Ed.-B.Ag.                                   
## B.Tn.-B.Ag.                                   
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────
## 
## Between-Level Correlation [95% CI]:
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────
##                   r        [95% CI]     p    
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────
## WP.OL-WP.AS   0.627 [ 0.522, 0.714] <.001 ***
## WP.OL-WP.IS   0.539 [ 0.417, 0.641] <.001 ***
## WP.OL-Mnpl.   0.106 [-0.051, 0.259]  .185    
## WP.OL-Stbl.   0.130 [-0.027, 0.281]  .104    
## WP.OL-WP.SB   0.529 [ 0.405, 0.633] <.001 ***
## WP.OL-B.Ed.  -0.039 [-0.194, 0.119]  .632    
## WP.OL-B.Tn.  -0.009 [-0.165, 0.148]  .911    
## WP.OL-B.Ag.   0.065 [-0.093, 0.219]  .418    
## WP.AS-WP.IS   0.590 [ 0.477, 0.683] <.001 ***
## WP.AS-Mnpl.   0.119 [-0.038, 0.271]  .136    
## WP.AS-Stbl.   0.132 [-0.025, 0.283]  .100 .  
## WP.AS-WP.SB   0.545 [ 0.424, 0.646] <.001 ***
## WP.AS-B.Ed.   0.010 [-0.147, 0.166]  .900    
## WP.AS-B.Tn.  -0.054 [-0.209, 0.103]  .499    
## WP.AS-B.Ag.  -0.001 [-0.158, 0.155]  .987    
## WP.IS-Mnpl.   0.087 [-0.071, 0.240]  .280    
## WP.IS-Stbl.   0.099 [-0.058, 0.252]  .217    
## WP.IS-WP.SB   0.589 [ 0.476, 0.682] <.001 ***
## WP.IS-B.Ed.  -0.061 [-0.216, 0.097]  .448    
## WP.IS-B.Tn.   0.019 [-0.138, 0.175]  .810    
## WP.IS-B.Ag.   0.095 [-0.063, 0.248]  .237    
## Mnpl.-Stbl.   0.146 [-0.010, 0.296]  .067 .  
## Mnpl.-WP.SB   0.126 [-0.031, 0.277]  .116    
## Mnpl.-B.Ed.  -0.012 [-0.168, 0.145]  .881    
## Mnpl.-B.Tn.  -0.004 [-0.160, 0.153]  .963    
## Mnpl.-B.Ag.  -0.058 [-0.213, 0.100]  .472    
## Stbl.-WP.SB   0.349 [ 0.204, 0.480] <.001 ***
## Stbl.-B.Ed.  -0.079 [-0.232, 0.079]  .328    
## Stbl.-B.Tn.   0.026 [-0.131, 0.182]  .742    
## Stbl.-B.Ag.   0.003 [-0.154, 0.160]  .970    
## WP.SB-B.Ed.  -0.096 [-0.249, 0.061]  .230    
## WP.SB-B.Tn.  -0.042 [-0.197, 0.115]  .602    
## WP.SB-B.Ag.  -0.082 [-0.235, 0.076]  .308    
## B.Ed.-B.Tn.  -0.095 [-0.248, 0.063]  .236    
## B.Ed.-B.Ag.  -0.123 [-0.275, 0.034]  .124    
## B.Tn.-B.Ag.   0.542 [ 0.421, 0.644] <.001 ***
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────
## 
## Intraclass Correlation:
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##       WP.ObservationalLearningV WP.AdviceSeekingV WP.InformationSearchV Manipulation Stability WP.SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV_mean B.Education B.Tenure B.Age
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## ICC1                      0.508             0.383                 0.586       -0.339     1.000                                  1.000       1.000    1.000 1.000
## ICC2                      0.781             0.682                 0.831       -7.114     1.000                                  1.000       1.000    1.000 1.000
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Descriptive Statistics:
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##                                           N  Mean    SD | Median   Min    Max Skewness Kurtosis
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## B.ID                                    544 77.66 46.45 |  76.00  1.00 170.00     0.09    -1.17
## WP.ObservationalLearningV               544  3.21  0.96 |   3.33  1.00   5.00    -0.27    -0.82
## WP.AdviceSeekingV                       544  3.67  0.87 |   4.00  1.00   5.00    -1.02     0.78
## WP.InformationSearchV                   544  3.60  0.81 |   4.00  1.00   5.00    -0.70     0.19
## Manipulation                            544  0.51  0.50 |   1.00  0.00   1.00    -0.04    -2.00
## Stability                               544  1.34  0.29 |   1.41  0.00   1.70    -1.13     2.18
## WP.SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV_mean  544  3.41  0.66 |   3.50  1.75   5.00    -0.22    -0.34
## B.Education                             544  2.80  0.45 |   3.00  1.00   4.00    -1.13     1.33
## B.Tenure                                544  2.03  0.70 |   2.00  1.00   4.00     0.93     1.66
## B.Age                                   544 28.74  4.95 |  27.00 22.00  52.00     1.55     2.92
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

3.1.3 Manipulation check

3.1.3.1 MLM

## 
## Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM)
## (also known as) Linear Mixed Model (LMM)
## (also known as) Multilevel Linear Model (MLM)
## 
## Model Information:
## Formula: WA.WorkReflectionV ~ Manipulation + (1 | B.ID)
## Level-1 Observations: N = 544
## Level-2 Groups/Clusters: B.ID, 157
## 
## Model Fit:
## AIC = 1047.968
## BIC = 1065.164
## R_(m)² = 0.00993  (Marginal R²: fixed effects)
## R_(c)² = 0.51983  (Conditional R²: fixed + random effects)
## Omega² = 0.62949  (= 1 - proportion of unexplained variance)
## 
## ANOVA Table:
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##               Sum Sq Mean Sq NumDF  DenDF     F     p    
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Manipulation    2.74    2.74  1.00 397.45 10.87  .001 ** 
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 
## Fixed Effects:
## Unstandardized Coefficients (b or γ):
## Outcome Variable: WA.WorkReflectionV
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##                 b/γ    S.E.     t    df     p     [95% CI of b/γ]
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## (Intercept)   3.263 (0.052) 62.79 228.5 <.001 ***  [3.160, 3.365]
## Manipulation  0.144 (0.044)  3.30 397.4  .001 **   [0.058, 0.230]
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 'df' is estimated by Satterthwaite approximation.
## 
## Standardized Coefficients (β):
## Outcome Variable: WA.WorkReflectionV
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##                   β    S.E.    t    df     p      [95% CI of β]
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Manipulation  0.099 (0.030) 3.30 397.4  .001 **  [0.040, 0.159]
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 
## Random Effects:
## ──────────────────────────────────────────
##  Cluster  K   Parameter   Variance     ICC
## ──────────────────────────────────────────
##  B.ID     157 (Intercept)  0.26773 0.51501
##  Residual                  0.25212        
## ──────────────────────────────────────────

3.1.4 T-test

## 
## ====== ANOVA (Within-Subjects Design) ======
## 
## Descriptives:
## ─────────────────────────────────
##  "Manipulation"  Mean    S.D.   n
## ─────────────────────────────────
##   Manipulation0 3.260 (0.620) 148
##   Manipulation1 3.403 (0.657) 148
## ─────────────────────────────────
## Total sample size: N = 157
## 
## ANOVA Table:
## Dependent variable(s):      WA.WorkReflectionV
## Between-subjects factor(s): –
## Within-subjects factor(s):  Manipulation
## Covariate(s):               –
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##                  MS   MSE df1 df2      F     p     η²p [90% CI of η²p]  η²G
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Manipulation  1.514 0.148   1 147 10.240  .002 **    .065 [.016, .139] .012
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## MSE = mean square error (the residual variance of the linear model)
## η²p = partial eta-squared = SS / (SS + SSE) = F * df1 / (F * df1 + df2)
## ω²p = partial omega-squared = (F - 1) * df1 / (F * df1 + df2 + 1)
## η²G = generalized eta-squared (see Olejnik & Algina, 2003)
## Cohen’s f² = η²p / (1 - η²p)
## 
## Levene’s Test for Homogeneity of Variance:
## No between-subjects factors. No need to do the Levene’s test.
## 
## Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity:
## The repeated measures have only two levels. The assumption of sphericity is always met.

3.2 Cross-level interaction effect

3.2.1 Hypothesis 1

## 
## ****************** PART 1. Regression Model Summary ******************
## 
## PROCESS Model Code : 1 (Hayes, 2018; www.guilford.com/p/hayes3)
## PROCESS Model Type : Simple Moderation
## -    Outcome (Y) : WP.InformationSearchV
## -  Predictor (X) : Manipulation
## -  Mediators (M) : -
## - Moderators (W) : Stability.GraC
## - Covariates (C) : WP.SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV_mean, Manipulation_mean, B.Education, B.Tenure, B.Age
## -   HLM Clusters : B.ID
## 
## Formula of Outcome:
## -    WP.InformationSearchV ~ WP.SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV_mean + Manipulation_mean + B.Education + B.Tenure + B.Age + Manipulation*Stability.GraC + (1 | B.ID)
## 
## CAUTION:
##   Fixed effect (coef.) of a predictor involved in an interaction
##   denotes its "simple effect/slope" at the other predictor = 0.
##   Only when all predictors in an interaction are mean-centered
##   can the fixed effect denote the "main effect"!
##   
## Model Summary
## 
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##                                         (1) WP.InformationSearchV  (2) WP.InformationSearchV
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## (Intercept)                                0.583                      0.410                 
##                                           (0.634)                    (0.640)                
## WP.SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV_mean     0.625 ***                  0.668 ***             
##                                           (0.068)                    (0.072)                
## Manipulation_mean                          0.588                      0.619                 
##                                           (0.784)                    (0.781)                
## B.Education                                0.001                     -0.004                 
##                                           (0.098)                    (0.098)                
## B.Tenure                                  -0.041                     -0.038                 
##                                           (0.074)                    (0.074)                
## B.Age                                      0.024 *                    0.024 *               
##                                           (0.010)                    (0.010)                
## Manipulation                              -0.002                      0.003                 
##                                           (0.045)                    (0.045)                
## Stability.GraC                                                       -0.429 *               
##                                                                      (0.179)                
## Manipulation:Stability.GraC                                           0.327 *               
##                                                                      (0.154)                
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Marginal R^2                               0.265                      0.276                 
## Conditional R^2                            0.594                      0.600                 
## AIC                                     1074.626                   1075.212                 
## BIC                                     1113.317                   1122.500                 
## Num. obs.                                544                        544                     
## Num. groups: B.ID                        157                        157                     
## Var: B.ID (Intercept)                      0.220                      0.217                 
## Var: Residual                              0.270                      0.267                 
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Note. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.
## 
## ************ PART 2. Mediation/Moderation Effect Estimate ************
## 
## Package Use : ‘interactions’ (v1.1.5)
## Effect Type : Simple Moderation (Model 1)
## Sample Size : 544
## Random Seed : -
## Simulations : -
## 
## Interaction Effect on "WP.InformationSearchV" (Y)
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##                                   F df1 df2     p    
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Manipulation * Stability.GraC  4.55   1 397  .034 *  
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 
## Simple Slopes: "Manipulation" (X) ==> "WP.InformationSearchV" (Y)
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##  "Stability.GraC" Effect    S.E.      t     p            [95% CI]
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##  -0.305 (- SD)    -0.096 (0.063) -1.518  .130     [-0.221, 0.028]
##  -0.011 (Mean)    -0.000 (0.045) -0.007  .994     [-0.089, 0.088]
##  0.282 (+ SD)      0.096 (0.064)  1.494  .136     [-0.030, 0.221]
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

3.2.2 Plot

3.3 Multilevel moderated mediation effect

3.3.1 Hypothesis 2: Observation based social learning

## 
## Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM)
## (also known as) Linear Mixed Model (LMM)
## (also known as) Multilevel Linear Model (MLM)
## 
## Model Information:
## Formula: WP.ObservationalLearningV ~ WP.SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV_mean + Manipulation_mean + WP.InformationSearchV_mean + Manipulation + Stability.GraC + WP.InformationSearchV + B.Education + B.Tenure + B.Age + (1 | B.ID)
## Level-1 Observations: N = 544
## Level-2 Groups/Clusters: B.ID, 157
## 
## Model Fit:
## AIC = 1317.822
## BIC = 1369.409
## R_(m)² = 0.24734  (Marginal R²: fixed effects)
## R_(c)² = 0.52863  (Conditional R²: fixed + random effects)
## Omega² = 0.61291  (= 1 - proportion of unexplained variance)
## 
## ANOVA Table:
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##                                         Sum Sq Mean Sq NumDF  DenDF     F     p    
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## WP.SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV_mean    7.17    7.17  1.00 148.07 16.23 <.001 ***
## Manipulation_mean                         0.02    0.02  1.00 198.24  0.05  .823    
## WP.InformationSearchV_mean                1.51    1.51  1.00 300.63  3.42  .065 .  
## Manipulation                              0.08    0.08  1.00 399.92  0.19  .663    
## Stability.GraC                            0.04    0.04  1.00 149.65  0.10  .751    
## WP.InformationSearchV                     3.11    3.11  1.00 391.90  7.04  .008 ** 
## B.Education                               0.05    0.05  1.00 155.19  0.10  .749    
## B.Tenure                                  0.03    0.03  1.00 157.20  0.07  .789    
## B.Age                                     0.44    0.44  1.00 160.70  0.99  .321    
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 
## Fixed Effects:
## Unstandardized Coefficients (b or γ):
## Outcome Variable: WP.ObservationalLearningV
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##                                            b/γ    S.E.     t    df     p     [95% CI of b/γ]
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## (Intercept)                              0.106 (0.743)  0.14 169.0  .887     [-1.361, 1.573]
## WP.SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV_mean   0.420 (0.104)  4.03 148.1 <.001 *** [ 0.214, 0.627]
## Manipulation_mean                       -0.205 (0.915) -0.22 198.2  .823     [-2.009, 1.599]
## WP.InformationSearchV_mean               0.212 (0.115)  1.85 300.6  .065 .   [-0.014, 0.438]
## Manipulation                            -0.025 (0.058) -0.44 399.9  .663     [-0.139, 0.089]
## Stability.GraC                          -0.059 (0.187) -0.32 149.6  .751     [-0.429, 0.310]
## WP.InformationSearchV                    0.172 (0.065)  2.65 391.9  .008 **  [ 0.045, 0.300]
## B.Education                              0.036 (0.113)  0.32 155.2  .749     [-0.186, 0.259]
## B.Tenure                                -0.023 (0.086) -0.27 157.2  .789     [-0.192, 0.146]
## B.Age                                    0.012 (0.012)  0.99 160.7  .321     [-0.012, 0.036]
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 'df' is estimated by Satterthwaite approximation.
## 
## Standardized Coefficients (β):
## Outcome Variable: WP.ObservationalLearningV
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##                                              β    S.E.     t    df     p       [95% CI of β]
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## WP.SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV_mean   0.290 (0.072)  4.03 148.1 <.001 *** [ 0.148, 0.432]
## Manipulation_mean                       -0.011 (0.048) -0.22 198.2  .823     [-0.106, 0.085]
## WP.InformationSearchV_mean               0.150 (0.081)  1.85 300.6  .065 .   [-0.010, 0.309]
## Manipulation                            -0.013 (0.030) -0.44 399.9  .663     [-0.073, 0.046]
## Stability.GraC                          -0.018 (0.057) -0.32 149.6  .751     [-0.132, 0.095]
## WP.InformationSearchV                    0.145 (0.055)  2.65 391.9  .008 **  [ 0.038, 0.253]
## B.Education                              0.017 (0.053)  0.32 155.2  .749     [-0.088, 0.122]
## B.Tenure                                -0.017 (0.063) -0.27 157.2  .789     [-0.141, 0.107]
## B.Age                                    0.062 (0.062)  0.99 160.7  .321     [-0.061, 0.185]
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 
## Random Effects:
## ──────────────────────────────────────────
##  Cluster  K   Parameter   Variance     ICC
## ──────────────────────────────────────────
##  B.ID     157 (Intercept)  0.26364 0.37373
##  Residual                  0.44179        
## ──────────────────────────────────────────

3.3.2 Hypothesis 4: Interaction based social learning

## 
## Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM)
## (also known as) Linear Mixed Model (LMM)
## (also known as) Multilevel Linear Model (MLM)
## 
## Model Information:
## Formula: WP.AdviceSeekingV ~ WP.SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV_mean + WP.InformationSearchV_mean + Manipulation_mean + Manipulation + Stability.GraC + WP.InformationSearchV + B.Education + B.Tenure + B.Age + (1 | B.ID)
## Level-1 Observations: N = 544
## Level-2 Groups/Clusters: B.ID, 157
## 
## Model Fit:
## AIC = 1229.604
## BIC = 1281.191
## R_(m)² = 0.27997  (Marginal R²: fixed effects)
## R_(c)² = 0.46193  (Conditional R²: fixed + random effects)
## Omega² = 0.53970  (= 1 - proportion of unexplained variance)
## 
## ANOVA Table:
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##                                         Sum Sq Mean Sq NumDF  DenDF     F     p    
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## WP.SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV_mean    6.37    6.37  1.00 139.92 15.48 <.001 ***
## WP.InformationSearchV_mean                0.12    0.12  1.00 346.42  0.29  .590    
## Manipulation_mean                         0.61    0.61  1.00 204.73  1.47  .226    
## Manipulation                              1.95    1.95  1.00 397.36  4.72  .030 *  
## Stability.GraC                            0.03    0.03  1.00 141.80  0.08  .771    
## WP.InformationSearchV                    18.74   18.74  1.00 387.23 45.51 <.001 ***
## B.Education                               0.64    0.64  1.00 149.62  1.56  .214    
## B.Tenure                                  0.05    0.05  1.00 150.70  0.13  .716    
## B.Age                                     0.01    0.01  1.00 156.77  0.03  .866    
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 
## Fixed Effects:
## Unstandardized Coefficients (b or γ):
## Outcome Variable: WP.AdviceSeekingV
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##                                            b/γ    S.E.     t    df     p      [95% CI of b/γ]
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## (Intercept)                              0.483 (0.610)  0.79 167.2  .429     [-0.722,  1.688]
## WP.SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV_mean   0.333 (0.085)  3.93 139.9 <.001 *** [ 0.166,  0.500]
## WP.InformationSearchV_mean              -0.054 (0.099) -0.54 346.4  .590     [-0.249,  0.142]
## Manipulation_mean                        0.926 (0.763)  1.21 204.7  .226     [-0.578,  2.430]
## Manipulation                            -0.121 (0.056) -2.17 397.4  .030 *   [-0.231, -0.012]
## Stability.GraC                          -0.044 (0.152) -0.29 141.8  .771     [-0.344,  0.256]
## WP.InformationSearchV                    0.423 (0.063)  6.75 387.2 <.001 *** [ 0.300,  0.546]
## B.Education                              0.115 (0.092)  1.25 149.6  .214     [-0.067,  0.296]
## B.Tenure                                -0.025 (0.070) -0.36 150.7  .716     [-0.163,  0.113]
## B.Age                                    0.002 (0.010)  0.17 156.8  .866     [-0.018,  0.021]
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 'df' is estimated by Satterthwaite approximation.
## 
## Standardized Coefficients (β):
## Outcome Variable: WP.AdviceSeekingV
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##                                              β    S.E.     t    df     p        [95% CI of β]
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## WP.SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV_mean   0.253 (0.064)  3.93 139.9 <.001 *** [ 0.126,  0.381]
## WP.InformationSearchV_mean              -0.042 (0.077) -0.54 346.4  .590     [-0.194,  0.111]
## Manipulation_mean                        0.054 (0.045)  1.21 204.7  .226     [-0.034,  0.142]
## Manipulation                            -0.070 (0.032) -2.17 397.4  .030 *   [-0.134, -0.007]
## Stability.GraC                          -0.015 (0.051) -0.29 141.8  .771     [-0.117,  0.087]
## WP.InformationSearchV                    0.394 (0.058)  6.75 387.2 <.001 *** [ 0.279,  0.509]
## B.Education                              0.060 (0.048)  1.25 149.6  .214     [-0.035,  0.154]
## B.Tenure                                -0.021 (0.056) -0.36 150.7  .716     [-0.132,  0.091]
## B.Age                                    0.010 (0.056)  0.17 156.8  .866     [-0.102,  0.121]
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 
## Random Effects:
## ──────────────────────────────────────────
##  Cluster  K   Parameter   Variance     ICC
## ──────────────────────────────────────────
##  B.ID     157 (Intercept)  0.13925 0.25271
##  Residual                  0.41177        
## ──────────────────────────────────────────

3.4 Summary of analysis

3.4.1 Regression table

  WP.InformationSearchV WP.ObservationalLearningV WP.AdviceSeekingV
Predictors Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 0.41 -0.85 – 1.67 0.522 0.11 -1.35 – 1.57 0.887 0.48 -0.72 – 1.68 0.429
WP
SupervisoryBehavioralFeedbackV
mean 		0.67 0.53 – 0.81 <0.001 0.42 0.22 – 0.63 <0.001 0.33 0.17 – 0.50 <0.001
Manipulation mean 0.62 -0.91 – 2.15 0.428 -0.20 -2.00 – 1.59 0.823 0.93 -0.57 – 2.42 0.225
B Education -0.00 -0.20 – 0.19 0.970 0.04 -0.19 – 0.26 0.749 0.11 -0.07 – 0.29 0.213
B Tenure -0.04 -0.18 – 0.11 0.611 -0.02 -0.19 – 0.15 0.788 -0.03 -0.16 – 0.11 0.716
B Age 0.02 0.00 – 0.04 0.020 0.01 -0.01 – 0.04 0.320 0.00 -0.02 – 0.02 0.865
Manipulation 0.00 -0.09 – 0.09 0.940 -0.03 -0.14 – 0.09 0.663 -0.12 -0.23 – -0.01 0.030
Stability GraC -0.43 -0.78 – -0.08 0.017 -0.06 -0.43 – 0.31 0.751 -0.04 -0.34 – 0.25 0.771
Manipulation × Stability
GraC 		0.33 0.03 – 0.63 0.033
WP InformationSearchV
mean 		0.21 -0.01 – 0.44 0.065 -0.05 -0.25 – 0.14 0.590
WP InformationSearchV 0.17 0.04 – 0.30 0.008 0.42 0.30 – 0.55 <0.001
Random Effects
σ2 0.27 0.44 0.41
τ00 0.22 B.ID 0.26 B.ID 0.14 B.ID
ICC 0.45 0.37 0.25
N 157 B.ID 157 B.ID 157 B.ID
Observations 544 544 544
Marginal R2 / Conditional R2 0.276 / 0.600 0.247 / 0.529 0.280 / 0.462

3.4.2 Hypothesis 3 and 5: Moderated mediation

## Effects of Moderated Mediation (rep=5000, seed=NULL if not preset):
## Effects of Moderated Mediation (rep=5000, seed=NULL if not preset):
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##                                                              Effects     ab  SEab      a   SEa     b   SEb abLLCI abULCI sig
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##  Multilevel moderated mediation of observation based social learning                                                     NA 
##  Index of Moderated Mediation                                         0.057 0.036  0.327 0.154 0.172 0.065  0.002  0.141 yes
##  Mediation of Low Moderator                                          -0.016 0.010 -0.093 0.045 0.172 0.065 -0.039  0.000 no 
##  Mediation of Mean Moderator                                          0.000 0.008  0.003 0.045 0.172 0.065 -0.016  0.017 no 
##  Mediation of High Moderator                                          0.017 0.011  0.099 0.045 0.172 0.065  0.001  0.042 yes
##  Multilevel moderated mediation of interaction based social learning                                                     NA 
##  Index of Moderated Mediation                                         0.139 0.069  0.327 0.154 0.423 0.063  0.010  0.280 yes
##  Mediation of Low Moderator                                          -0.039 0.020 -0.093 0.045 0.423 0.063 -0.082 -0.002 yes
##  Mediation of Mean Moderator                                          0.001 0.020  0.003 0.045 0.423 0.063 -0.036  0.041 no 
##  Mediation of High Moderator                                          0.042 0.020  0.099 0.045 0.423 0.063  0.005  0.085 yes
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

3.4.3 Hypothesis 6: Comparison of moderated mediation

## [1] "Estimation"
## [1] 0.192
## [1] "5000 draws by default and alpha=.05"
## [1] "Estimation"
## [1] 0.03275
## [1] "5000 draws by default and alpha=.05"
## [1] "Estimation"
## [1] 0.08135
## [1] "5000 draws by default and alpha=.05"
## [1] "Estimation"
## [1] 0.0486
## [1] "5000 draws by default and alpha=.05"
## [1] "Effects of group difference test"
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##                                                                           Effects        Equation Estimation   LCI   UCI
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##  Mediation difference of high and low group for observation based social learning b2-b1                0.033 0.009 0.057
##  Mediation difference of high and low group for interaction based social learning b4-b3                0.081 0.057 0.105
##  Difference of intervetion effects on two mediating mechanims                     (b4-b3)-(b2-b1)      0.049 0.015 0.083
##  Main effects difference of high and low group for information search             b2-b1                0.192 0.044 0.340
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────