Archaeology of Europe WK05

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.double[.large[**Archaeology of Europe**]] <br>
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.double[.white[Early Neolithic in Southeastern Europe]]
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.double[First Stop: Cyprus] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Image from Gronenborn & Horejs, 2021]
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<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/Expansion.png" width="95%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
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.double[First Stop: Cyprus] 
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.double[Island as Experimental Field]
- .large[Some evidences of pre-farming occupation]
 - .large[9,251 km<sup>2</sup>, only 60KM off coast.]
 - .large[few local mammal species<br> &nbsp;&rarr;&nbsp; Pygmy hippos and Cypriot wild boar(?)]
 - .large[earliest site dated .yellow[*c.* 9500 BC]]
 - .large[pygmy hippos hunters]

- .large[Farming Introduced around .yellow[8800 BC]]
 - .large[.content-box-s-dark.yellow[PPNA culture] - .dotted[Asprokremnos Site]]
 - .large[Transitions to agriculture is still on-going in Anatolia]
 - .large[House structure is still circular]
 - .large[animal domestication is still a process]
 
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.double[First Stop: Cyprus] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Image from UNESCO]
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Choirokoitia Round House]
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.content-box-s-dark.yellow[*c.* 7000 BC]
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.double[PPNB in Cyprus]
- .large[Shillourokambos Site - *c.* 8200 BC]
 - .large[Culture closely related to Levant]
 - .large[House structure remains circular<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&rarr; typical round house of early Cyprus]

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.double[First Stop: Cyprus] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Image from Vigne *et al*., 2004]
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Image from EBR]
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.double[PPNB in Cyprus]

- .large[Shillourokambos Site - *c.* 8200 BC]
 - .large[Sickle blades and arrowheads]
 - .large[Pigs dominates the faunal assemblages]
 - .large[Evidences of sheep/goat]
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.double[Island Hopping] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Image from Boston Globe]
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.double[Aegean Islands]
 - .large[Pre-Pottery Neolithic groups expand along the coast]
 - .large[Use islands to advance further north and west]

<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/syrian.jpg" width="70%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
 
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.double[Island Hopping] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Image from National Geography]
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.double[Aegean Islands]
 - .large[Pre-Pottery Neolithic groups expand along the coast]
 - .large[Use islands to advance further north and west]

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.double[Island Hopping] 
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.double[Island Hopping] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Image from wiki]
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.double[Neolithic on Crete]
- .large[Knossos Site]
 - .large[Known for center of .dotted[Minoan Culture] .yellow[(Bronze Age)]]
 - .large[Mesolithic on Crete]
 - .large[First *Neolithic* settlement at .yellow[*c.* 7000 BC]]

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.double[Island Hopping] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Image from Efstratiou, 2013]
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.double[Neolithic on Crete]
- .large[Knossos Site]
 - .large[Started with very small group]
 - .large[crop cultivation and livestock]

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.double[Island Hopping] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Image from Efstratiou, 2013]
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.double[Neolithic on Crete]
- .large[Knossos Site]
 - .large[estimated to be 200-600 people in later phase (EN2)]
 - .large[more house structure .dotted[(square)]]

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.double[Onto the Mainland] 
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.double[Nea Nikomedeia, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 6200 BC]]
- .large[Neolithic tells]
 - .large[".medium.yellow[تل] " &nbsp; from *Arabic*, meaning 'mound' or 'small hill']
 - .large[A feature associate with .dotted[Neolithic Near East]]
 - .large[only found in southern .yellow[(Spain & Greece)] and central-eastern .yellow[(Hungary & Bulgaria)] Europe .small[.content-box-s-white.dark[&nbsp;south of the Alps&nbsp;]]]

- .large[Nea Nikomedeia]
 - .large[a tell site, discovered through road construction]
 - .large[*est.* 6 acres in size]
 - .large[pottery fragments scattered all over]
 
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.double[Onto the Mainland] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from EBR]
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.double[Nea Nikomedeia, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 6200 BC]]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/Nea_niko_feature.png" width="43%" style='float:right' />
- .large[Three phases]
 - .large[Early phase:<br>- small square houses .small.yellow[(8&lowast;8m)]<br>- one large structure .small.yellow[(12&lowast;14m)]<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;- purpose unknown<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;- 3 sections<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;- unused flint blades &<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;female figurines]
 - .large[Later phase:<br>- rectangular houses<br>- hearths and ovens]
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.double[Onto the Mainland] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from EBR]
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.double[Nea Nikomedeia, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 6200 BC]]
- .large[Three phases]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/Nea_niko_plan.png" width="43%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[Early phase:<br>- small square houses .small.yellow[(8&lowast;8m)]<br>- one large structure .small.yellow[(12&lowast;14m)]<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;- purpose unknown<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;- 3 sections<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;- unused flint blades &<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;female figurines]
 - .large[Later phase:<br>- rectangular houses<br>- hearths and ovens]

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<div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px">
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.double[Onto the Mainland] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from EBR]
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.double[Nea Nikomedeia, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 6200 BC]]
- .large[Three phases]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/Nea_niko_house.png" width="43%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[Early phase:<br>- small square houses .small.yellow[(8&lowast;8m)]<br>- one large structure .small.yellow[(12&lowast;14m)]<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;- purpose unknown<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;- 3 sections<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;- unused flint blades &<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;female figurines]
 - .large[Later phase:<br>- rectangular houses<br>- hearths and ovens]

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<div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px">
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.double[Onto the Mainland] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from EBR]
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.double[Nea Nikomedeia, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 6200 BC]]
- .large[Three phases]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/Nea_niko_female.png" width="38%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[Early phase:<br>- small square houses .small.yellow[(8&lowast;8m)]<br>- one large structure .small.yellow[(12&lowast;14m)]<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;- purpose unknown<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;- 3 sections<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;- unused flint blades &<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;female figurines]
 - .large[Later phase:<br>- rectangular houses<br>- hearths and ovens]

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<div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px">
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.double[Onto the Mainland] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Rodden *et al*., 1996]
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.double[Nea Nikomedeia, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 6200 BC]]
- .large[Artifacts]
 - .large[*est.* over 1,000 vessels from fragments]
 - .large[decorated, painted or finger-impressed]

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.double[Onto the Mainland] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Budja, 2003]
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.double[Nea Nikomedeia, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 6200 BC]]
- .large[Artifacts]
 - .large[Seals and tokens?]

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.double[Onto the Mainland] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Rodden *et al.*, 1962]
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.double[Nea Nikomedeia, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 6200 BC]]
- .large[Economic]
 - .large[Agriculture Package:<br> - Barley, Wheat, Legume<br> - domestic animals]
 - .large[Wild resources: <br> - Deer, wild boar, bird, marine resources]

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.double[Onto the Mainland] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Rodden *et al.*, 1962]
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.double[Nea Nikomedeia, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 6200 BC]]
- .large[Burials]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/Nea_niko_burial.png" width="45%" style='float:right' />
- .large[*est.* population: 300]
 - .large[21 burials excavated<br> - many children burials]
 - .large[Burial within settlements<br> - many just outside of house structure]
 - .large[Funerary practice<br> - north-south orientation<br>head towards south]

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.double[Onto the Mainland] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from EBR]
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.double[Nea Nikomedeia, Greece, .yellow[*c.* 6200 BC]]
- .large[Burials]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/Nea_niko_burial_2.png" width="43%" style='float:right' />
- .large[*est.* population: 300]
 - .large[21 burials excavated<br> - many children burials]
 - .large[Burial within settlements<br> - many just outside of house structure]
 - .large[Funerary practice<br> - north-south orientation<br>head towards south]

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.double[Meeting the locals] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from EBR]
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.double[Lepenski Vir, Serbia, .yellow[*c.* 6200 BC]]
- .large[Local Mesolithic Culture: Iron Gates]
- .large[Contain both Mesolithic and Neolithic layers]
 - .large[Phase I-II - Mesolithic]
 - .large[Atypical house structure: trapezoidal]
 - .large[Abandoned by .yellow[*c.* 5900 BC]]
 - .large[Extened Supine Position for burial]

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.double[Meeting the locals] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from NY Times]
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.double[Meeting the locals] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Boroneant & Bonsall, 2012]
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.double[Lepenski Vir, Serbia, .yellow[*c.* 6200 BC]]
- .large[Short later phase]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/lepenski_flex.jpg" width="40%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[Phase III - Neolithic]
 - .large[No associated structures<br> - only minor features<br> - .dotted[e.g. pits and ovens]]
 - .large[Domestic animals presented]
 - .large[Flexed Position for burial]

- .large[Genetic Analysis]
 - .large[Phase III - Farmer groups accepting local hunter-gatherers]

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.double[Paths into Europe] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Furholt, 2021]
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