Archaeology of Europe WK05

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.double[.large[**Archaeology of Europe**]] <br>
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.large[The Neolithic Package]
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.double[Defining Neolithic] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Fuller & Rowlands, 2011]
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.double[.content-box-s-dark.yellow[Neolithic Revolution / Neolithic Package]]
- .large[Presence of Agriculture and Pottery + Sedentism]
 - .large[Did not have the same origin]
 - .large[Did not appear at the same time]

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.double[Neolithic Package] 
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.double[.content-box-s-dark.yellow[Agriculture]]
- .large[.content-box-s-white.dark[Horticulture] and .content-box-s-white.dark[animal husbandry]]
 - .large[Predictable plant and animal resources]

- .large[Domestication of .yellow[animals] and .yellow[plants]]
 - .large[Knowledge of targeted species]
 - .large[Understanding of annual / life cycles]
 - .large[Manipulation of reproductive process]
 - .large[suitable climate and soil conditions]

- .large[Sedimentary life way]
 - .large[Settlement space management]
 - .large[labour input and scheduling]

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.double[Neolithic Package] 
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.double[Neolithic Package] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Image from Spengler, 2020]
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.large[Agriculture - local vegetation]

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.double[Neolithic Package] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Image from Doebley *et al*., 2006]
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.large[Agriculture - local vegetation]

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.double[Neolithic Package] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Image from Willcox, 2014]
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.double[Agriculture - .content-box-s-dark.yellow[domestication of plants]]
- .large[Wild wheats, barley, legumes]
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<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/wheat.jpg" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

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.double[Neolithic Package] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Image from Fuller and Weisskopf, 2014]
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.double[Agriculture - .content-box-s-dark.yellow[domestication of plants]]
- .large[Wild wheats, barley, legumes]
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<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/barley.png" width="80%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

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.double[Neolithic Package] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Image from Abbo *et al.*, 2013]
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.double[Agriculture - .content-box-s-dark.yellow[domestication of plants]]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/pea.png" width="40%" style='float:right' />
- .large[Wild wheats, barley, legumes]
 - .large[Wild Lentil]
 - .large[wild pea]
 - .large[wild chickpea]<br>
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/chickpea.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

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.double[Neolithic Package] 
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.double[Agriculture - .content-box-s-dark.yellow[domestication of animals]]
- .large[Goat, sheep, cattle, pigs]
- .large[Dogs and cats]

- .large[Morphological changes]
 - .large[body size]
 - .large[skull shape]

- .large[Populations structure changes]
 - .large[Male-Female ratio]
 - .large[Slaughter Age]
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.double[Neolithic Package] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Mazzucco *et al*. 2017]
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.double[Impact on technology and settlement]
- .large[Agricultural practice requires different tool set]
 - .large[sickle blades and grinding stones<br> &nbsp;&rarr; to process crops.]

<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/sickle.jpg" width="70%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
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<div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px">
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.double[Neolithic Package] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from wiki, National Museum of Archaeology, Athens, Greece]
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.double[Impact on technology and settlement]
- .large[Agricultural practice requires different tool set]
 - .large[sickle blades and grinding stones<br> &nbsp;&rarr; to process crops.]

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.double[Neolithic Package] 
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.double[Impact on technology and settlement]
- .large[Agricultural practice requires different tool set]
 - .large[Durable and efficient wood cutting tool<br> &nbsp;&rarr; clear forest for farming]

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.double[Neolithic Package] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Naumov *et al*. 2018]
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.double[Impact on technology and settlement]
- .large[Processing grains will need designated space]
 - .large[Roasting area needed for drying grains]
 - .large[Storage structure needed for keeping grains]
 - .large[farm land need to be kept clear]

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<div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px">
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.double[Neolithic Package] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Květina *et al*. 2015]
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.double[Impact on technology and settlement]
- .large[More permanent settlement]
 - .large[Round hut &rarr; Long house]

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.double[Neolithic Package] 
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.double[Neolithic Package] 
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.double[Pottery]
- .large[Once considered as distinctive trait of Neolithic]
 - .large[Complicated origins and expansion routes]
 - .large[require further definitions<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&rarr; unfired clay vessel<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&rarr; fired clay figurine]

- .large[Neolithic before pottery]
 - .large[Pre-Pottery Neolithic: .content-box-s-dark.yellow[PPNA & PPNB]]
 - .large[PPNA - .yellow[*c.* 9500 ~ 8500 BC]<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&rarr; .small[Crop cultivation, little evidence of domestication]]
 - .large[PPNB - .yellow[*c.* 8500 ~ 6400 BC]<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&rarr; .small[Settlement continues to grow]<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&rarr; .small[Evidence of domesticated species]]

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.double[Neolithic Package] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Hommel, 2018]
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.double[Pottery in Europe]
- .large[Alternative route]
 - .large[Through southern Scandinavia (south Baltic)]
 - .large[Networks between hunter-gatherer communities]

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<div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px">
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.double[Neolithic Package] 
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<div style="position:absolute; top:290px; right:130px; z-index:1;">
.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Hommel, 2018]
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.double[Pottery in Europe]
- .large[Alternative route]
 - .large[Through southern Scandinavia (south Baltic)]
 - .large[Networks between hunter-gatherer communities]

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.double[Neolithic Package] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Image from Gronenborn & Horejs, 2021]
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.double[The Spread of Agriculture]
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<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/Expansion.png" width="93%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />