class: title_slide, middle, center <div style="border-width:15px; border-style:double; border-color:#EEEEEE; padding:15px;"> <br> .double[.large[**Archaeology of Europe**]] <br> <br> .double[.white[the Mesolithic]] <br> </div> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Mesolithic] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:650px; right:70px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark[Image from britannica] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[A Transitional Period] - .large[Beginning of Holocene] - .large.yellow[*c.* 10,000 years ago .content-box-s-dark.white[*9700 BC*]] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/holocene.jpg" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Mesolithic] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:640px; right:70px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark[Image from Poschlod, 2015] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Rising temperature and stable climate] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/temp_change.jpg" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Mesolithic] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:640px; right:70px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from UNESCO] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[.yellow.dotted[*Neolithic Revolution*] begun in the Near East] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/tepe.jpg" width="33%" style='float:right' /> - .large[Large settlement<br>   → villages and towns<br>   → populations increase] - .large[Intensified food gathering<br>   → Domestication<br>   → Agriculture] - .large[Changes spread into Europe at different pace] - .large[Agriculture in southeast Europe<br> .dotted[*c.* 7000 BC]] - .large[Pottery found in northern Europe in .dotted[late Mesolithic]] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Mesolithic] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:640px; right:70px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Willcox, 2014] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Multiple factors triggered changes in Europe] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/climate.png" width="45%" style='float:right' /> - .large[Population pressure] - .large[near carrying capacity] - .large[Climatic changes] - .yellow.large[More stabilized] - .large[Ecosystem changes] - .large[Adapting local resources] - .large[Outside influences] - .content-box-s-white.dark.large[ agriculture from Near East] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[The Last Hunters] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:610px; right:470px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark[Image from Wißing *et al.*, 2019] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:580px; right:70px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark[Image from Salazar-GarcÃa *et al.*, 2014] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Retreating of Ice Sheet] - .large[Sea level rising] - .large[Peninsula and coastline] - .large[more access to marine resources] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/diet_iso.jpg" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[The Last Hunters] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:600px; right:70px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark[Image from Bickel, 2018] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Increase in food varieties] - .large[More omnivorous] - .large[Not only more marine sources, but also more plants] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/meso_iso2.png" width="58.5%" /><img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/meso_iso.png" width="41%" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[The Last Hunters] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:600px; right:70px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Franchthi Cave, Greece, 9000 BC] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/greek_map.jpg" width="40%" style='float:right' /> - .large[Early seafaring] - .large[deep sea fishing] - .large[.dotted[bluefin tuna] - 30%] - .large[Obsedian from Aegean Islands] - .large[Melos Island] - .large[Increase in plants remains] - .large[Shellfish collection] - .large[Year-round activities] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/obsidian_chert.jpg" width="60%" style="display: block; margin: auto auto auto 0;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[The Last Hunters] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:640px; right:100px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Franchthi Cave, Greece, 9000 BC] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/Franchthi_cave.jpg" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[The Last Hunters] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:600px; right:70px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Mount Sandel, Ireland, 7000 BC] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/mount_sandel.jpg" width="37%" style='float:right' /> - .large[No Paleolithic sites] - .large[Not occupied until Mesolithic] - .large[Isolated Region] - .large[Unique localized design] - .large[Distinct from Scotland] - .large[No contact with Britain] - .large[Utilize mainly local resources] - .large[Local plants and Wild Boar] - .large[Birds and Fish] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[The Last Hunters] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:550px; right:70px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 1 (1969)] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:550px; left:70px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Bayliss and Woodman, 2009] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Mount Sandel, Ireland, 7000 BC] <br> <br> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/sandel.jpg" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[The Last Hunters] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:600px; right:70px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Mount Sandel, Ireland, 7000 BC] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/year_round.png" width="82%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[The Last Hunters] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:600px; right:70px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Polderweg, Netherlands, 5500 BC] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/polderweg.jpg" width="37%" style='float:right' /> - .large[Before the arrival of agriculture] - .medium[Phase 1 is clearly Mesolithic] - .medium[2 inhumations and 3 dog burials] - .medium[.dotted[coiled pottery vessels] in last phase] - .large[All flint material is .content-box-s-dark.yellow[imported]] - .medium[Quartzite from Belgium] - .large[Variety of local resources] - .medium[Wild boar and red deer] - .medium[otter and beaver] - .medium[est. 10 millions fish bones<br> - mostly pike] - .large[Still a seasonal .yellow[(Winter)] settlement] - .large[Gradual transition to Neolithic] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[The Last Hunters] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:600px; right:70px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Demirci *et al*., 2021] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Polderweg, Netherlands, 5500 BC] <br> <br> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/polderweg_pot.jpg" width="47.8%" /><img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/lipid.jpg" width="51%" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[The Last Hunters] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:180px; right:90px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Demirci *et al*., 2021] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Polderweg, Netherlands, 5500 BC] <br> <br> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/dairy.jpg" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[The Last Hunters] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:650px; right:10px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Demirci *et al*., 2021] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Polderweg, Netherlands, 5500 BC] <br> <br> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK05/function.jpg" width="60%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[End of Pleistocene and Paleolithic] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:absolute; top:600px; right:70px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Mesolithic is only a transitional period] - .large[Changes occurred gradually] - .large[May not be a peaceful or smooth transition] - .large[Conflicts between different lifeways] - .large[Changing landscapes] - .large[May not be one direction transition] - .large[influenced by stable climate] - .large[*artificial ecosystem*] - .large[biased competitions between speices]