Archaeology of Europe WK04

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.double[.large[**Archaeology of Europe**]] <br>
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.large[.medium.white[The Emerge of Hunter-Gatherer Society]]
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.double[Mammoth Hunter] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[&nbsp;Image from Dania&nbsp;]<br>
.content-box-s-white.dark[&nbsp;Anthropos Institute,&nbsp;]<br>
.content-box-s-white.dark[Moravian Museum]
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Image from EBR]
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.double[Dolní Věstonice, Czech Republic]
- .large.yellow[*c.* 27,500 - 24,500 BP]
- .large[Large quantity of mammoth bones discovered]
 - .large[local brick manufacture]
 - .large[excavation took place in 1924]

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.double[Mammoth Hunter] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Image from RIA Novosti]
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.large[Mezhyrich, Ukraine]

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.double[Mammoth Hunter] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Image from Iakovleva and Djindjian, Iakovleva *et al.*, 2012]
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.large[Mezhyrich, Ukraine]

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.double[Mammoth Hunter] 
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.double[Mammoth Hunter] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Reconstruction of Mammoth Bone Hut]<br>
.content-box-s-white.dark[Image from Baitenov, 2021, based on Gladkikh *et al.*, 1985]
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.large[Mezhyrich, Ukraine]

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.double[Social Development] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Artefacts and burial from Dolníl Věstonice 3]
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.double[Social Role and Relation]

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.double[Social Development] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Nerudová *et al.*, 2018]
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.double[Social Role and Relation]

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.double[Social Development] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Svoboda, 2017]
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.double[Triple Burial from Dolní Věstonice]

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.double[Social Development] 
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.double[Trading Network]
 - .large[35,000 flints found]
  - .large[30% made using local flint]
  - .large[70% are exotic 100km .content-box-s-dark.yellow[(Poland)]]
 - .large[Shells from Mediterranean]

.double[Small Village]
 - .large[5-6 huts]
 - .large[up to 25 people per hut]
 - .large[Social roles express through self-identity] 
 
.double[The nature of the settlement?]

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.double[Social Development] 
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.double[Gönnersdorf, Germany, .yellow[*c.* 11,500 BP]]
- .large[Large open-air sites with structures (post holes)]
 - .large[round structure: 6-8m in diameter]
 - .large[3-4 dwelling concentrations]
 - .large[Seasonal settlement - winter site<br> &#9205; fetal bone of horses, migrant geese, arctic fox <br> &#9205; Mammoth in art, but no bones]
 - .large[Trading network<br> &#9205; Non-local flint material <br> &#9205; Sea shell from Mediterranean]

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.double[Social Development] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Image from EBR]
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.double[Gönnersdorf, Germany, .yellow[*c.* 11,500 BP]]

<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK04/settlement.png" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
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.double[Social Development] 
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.double[Organization and Kinship Structure]
- .large[Advantage of larger group]
 - .large[Shared Economy<br>&#9205; Organized hunt to secure food resources<br>&#9205; Share workload for resource gathering<br>&#9205; Food, shelter, resources, information]
 - .large[Defense against other predators]
 - .large[Reproduction<br>&#9205; .small.content-box-s-white.dark[Family Unit &rarr; Subsistence groups &rarr; Security groups]]
 - .large[Status can be earned and achieved by individual]
 - .large[Settle conflicts and maintain relationship<br>&#9205; .dotted[exchange of mates, goods or foodstuff]]
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.double[Subsistence in Upper Palaeolithic] 
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.double[Surviving the .content-box-s-dark[Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)]]
 
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK04/LGM.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

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.double[Subsistence in Upper Palaeolithic] 
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.double[Surviving the .content-box-s-dark[Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)]]
 - .large[Grotte de la Vache .yellow[*c.* 14,000 years ago]]
  - .large[143,000 animal bones<br>&#9205; ibex (representing *c.* 1800 ind.)<br>&#9205; grouse (representing *c.* 4500 ind.)<br>&#9205; hare, wild boar, horse, red deer, fox, wolf<br>&#9205; duck, geese]
  - .large[no intentional selection among prey]
  - .large[opportunistic, not strategical]
  - .large[Harpoons made from antler]

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.double[Subsistence in Upper Palaeolithic] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Wißing *et al.*, 2019]
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.double[AMH Diet]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK04/diet_biplot.jpg" width="85%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

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.double[Subsistence in Upper Palaeolithic] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Wißing *et al.*, 2019]
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.double[AMH Diet]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK04/diet_fig.jpg" width="72%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />