class: title_slide, middle, center <div style="border-width:15px; border-style:double; border-color:#EEEEEE; padding:15px;"> <br> .double[.large[**Archaeology of Europe**]] <br> <br> .double.white[Encounter of the *sapiens* kind] <br> <br> </div> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Neanderthal Survivals] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:0px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:520px; left:475px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Rougier *et al.*, 2016] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Cannibalism] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK03/cannibal_1.jpg" width="40%" style='float:right' /> - .large[Krapina, Serbia .yellow[*c.* 130 kya]] - .large[Ambiguous evidences] - .large[Ritual or Survival] - .large[El Sidrón, Spain, .yellow[*c.* 43 kya]] - .large[12 individuals<br> - possible same group/family<br> - males were genetic related<br> - females were not.] - .large[cut marks, marrow extraction] - .large[all skeletal parts presented] - .large[skinning marks on skull] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Neanderthal Survivals] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:0px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:520px; left:475px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Rougier *et al.*, 2016] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Cannibalism] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK03/cannibal_2.jpg" width="40%" style='float:right' /> - .large[Krapina, Serbia .yellow[*c.* 130 kya]] - .large[Ambiguous evidences] - .large[Ritual or Survival] - .large[El Sidrón, Spain, .yellow[*c.* 43 kya]] - .large[12 individuals<br> - possible same group/family<br> - males were genetic related<br> - females were not.] - .large[cut marks, marrow extraction] - .large[all skeletal parts presented] - .large[skinning marks on skull] --- class: inverse, middle, center, full_slide ## .yellow[Who ate the Sidrón Neanderthals?] ## <Font color="#272822">.no_shadow[Could it be AMH?]</Font> --- class: inverse, middle, center, full_slide ## .yellow[Who ate the Sidrón Neanderthals?] ## .l_grey.dotted[Could it be AMH?] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Neanderthal-Sapiens Encounter] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:0px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:460px; right:0px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Coexistence of *Homo* species] - .large[Vindija, Croatia - .yellow[*c.* 34 kya]] - .large[Layers showing the transition<br> - G3: .yellow[45-38 kya] - Neanderthal Remains<br> - G1: .yellow[34-32 kya] - (young) Neanderthals<br> - F: .yellow[31-28 kya] - mixed features, .content-box-s-dark[Aurignacian Industry]<br> - D: .yellow[18.5 kya] - AMH] - .large[Coexistence between .yellow[*c.* 40 - 30 kya]] - .large[Actual interact time?] - .large[Nature of interaction?] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Interactions with Sapiens] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:500px; right:0px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from EBR] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Grotte du Renne, France, .yellow[*c.* 40 kya]] - .large[transition from Neanderthals to Sapiens] - .large[.yellow[*Châtelperronian period*] (?)] - .large[a mixture of Mousterian and Aurignacian artefacts] - .large[Jared Diamonds (1991), represent Neanderthals adopting Sapiens culture.] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK03/pendants.png" width="67%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Interactions with Sapiens] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:530px; right:85px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.small.dark[Image from Balzeau *et al.*, 2020] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[La Ferrassie, France, .yellow[*c.* 40 kya]] - .large[Burial for Neanderthal child .small.content-box-s-white.dark[(Balzeau *et al.*, 2020)]] - .large[Absence of carnivore marks] - .large[Low degree of spatial disturbance/fragmentation] - .large[behavioural capacity<br> - cultural and symbolic expression] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK03/child_burial.png" width="80%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Controversy about Neanderthals] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> .double[Information based on aDNA] - .large[Complete gene squenced in 2010] - .large[indicating ~ 2% Neanderthal genes in modern population outside of Africa.] - .large[mtDNA first analyzed in 1997<br> - no Neanderthal mtDNA in modern humans] - .large[diverged about .yellow[550 kya] .small.content-box-s-dark.white[(*H. heidelbergensis*)]] - .large[Neanderthal genes shows less diversity than AMH<br> - suggesting smaller population size<br> - implying incest within small population] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Controversy about Neanderthals] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:470px; right:0px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.small.dark[Image from Dolgova and Lao, 2018] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Information based on aDNA] - .large[Third *Homo* species - .yellow[Denisovans]] - .large[New species .dotted[defined by aDNA], not physical features] - .large[More closely relative to Neanderthals than AMH] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK03/tree.jpg" width="100%" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Controversy about Neanderthals] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> .double[The Interbreeding] - .large[aDNA studies on Neanderthals] - .large[extensive readings and background knowledge] - .large[up to 4% of Neanderthal DNA in modern human] - .large[Especially with European ancestry] - .large[Considered as evidence for interbreeding] - .large[Assumptions and Questions] - .large[Are we close enough to interbreed?] - .large[Why only AMH survived?] - .large[Why there are only 4%?] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Controversy about Neanderthals] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:480px; right:0px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.small.dark[Image from messybeast.com] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Interspecies Breeding] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK03/mule-hinny.jpg" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Controversy about Neanderthals] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> .double[The Extinction] - .large[Neanderthals disappeared after 30,000 BP in Europe] - .large[not long after the arrival of AMH] - .large[Eradicated by AMH] - .large[No sign of conflicts] - .large[Replacement through interbreed] - .large[Rapid climatic change?] - .large[Disadvantage as specialized hunters] - .large[Population Bottleneck] - .large[small and isolated group]