Archaeology of Europe WK03

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.double[.large[**Archaeology of Europe**]] <br>
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.double.white[The Neanderthal Way of Life]
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.double[New Tool Tradition] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[Mousterian Industry (Mode 3)]
- .large[Middle Paleolithic - .yellow[*c.* 300–50 kya]]
- .large[Early Middle Paleolithic - Levallois techniques]
 - .large[produce scraper or knife(blade)]
 - .large[Core preparation]<br>

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.double[New Tool Tradition] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Model by RLA Archaeology]
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from ScienceDirect]
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.double[Mousterian Industry (Mode 3)]
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<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK03/mode3.jpg" width="48%" style='float:right' />

.left[<iframe title="Mousterian Scraper (523a9)" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; xr-spatial-tracking" xr-spatial-tracking execution-while-out-of-viewport execution-while-not-rendered web-share src="https://sketchfab.com/models/c91e6d068b224ff1ac35825722eacb54/embed" width="350" height="400"> </iframe>]
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.double[More than Tools] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Eagle Talons, Croatian Natural History Museum]
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.double[Krapina, Serbia - .yellow[*c.* 130 kya]]
- .large[Large number of Neanderthal remains]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK03/Necklace.jpg" width="35%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[Before the presence of AMH in Europe]
 - .large[900+ neanderthal remains]
 - .large[large mammal species :<br>Cave Bear, Wooly Rhino, Wild Cattle]
 - .large[Excavations between 1899-1905]
 - .large[Decorative pendant from artefacts ]

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.double[More than Tools] 
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- .large[Divje Babe, Slovenia, .yellow[*c.* 60-50 kya]]
 - .large[Musical Instrument?]
 - .large[Made from bear femur]
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.double[Other Art Forms]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK03/rock_art.jpg" width="44%" style='float:right' />
- .large[Cave Art]
 - .large[La Pasiega Cave, Spain<br> - .yellow[*c.* 64 kya]]
 - .large[Use U-Th dating to confirm<br> .small.content-box-s-white.dark[(Hoffmann *et al.*, 2018)]]<br>

<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK03/flute.jpg" width="37%" style='float:left' />
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.double[More than Tools] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Image from Marquet*et al.*, 2023]
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.double[Cave Wall Engravings, .yellow.small[*c.* 70-50 kya]]
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.center[
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK03/panel_1.png" width="35%" /><img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK03/panel_2.png" width="33%" /><img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK03/panel_3.png" width="30.5%" />
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.double[Subsistence of Neanderthals] 
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.double[Specialized Hunters]
- .large[Salzgitter-Lebenstedt, Germany .content-box-s-dark.yellow[*c.* 55 kya]]
- .large[800+ flint artefacts]
 - .large[handaxes, scrapers, flakes]
- .large[High ratio of reindeer .content-box-s-dark.yellow[(>75%)]]
 - .large[Less variety in fauna species]
 - .large[reindeer, horses, mammoths]
- .large[Indicate Neanderthals can organize a hunt]
 - .large[Hunting specific species]
 - .large[targeting prime males .content-box-s-white.dark.small[(8-9 years of age)]]
- .large[Result of one or few hunts]
 - .large[little disturbance, no animal gnawing]
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.double[Subsistence of Neanderthals] 
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.double[Seasonality]
- .large[Population structure]
 - .large[Determine sex - specific features, sizes]
 - .large[Determine age - tooth eruption/wear, bone fusion]

- .large[Life cycle of the animal]
 - .large[mating season]
 - .large[gestation period]
 - .large[maturation / reproduction age]

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.double[Subsistence of Neanderthals] 
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.double[Seasonality]

<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK03/route_Rendu_2022.png" width="82%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
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.double[Subsistence of Neanderthals] 
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.double[Prey Utilization]
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<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK03/ulna.png" width="45%" style='float:right' />
 - .large[Cut marks]
  - .large[observed on 40% of the bones]
  - .large[25% showed marrow extractions]
  - .large[butchery marks represent the dismemberment]
 - .large[Marrow Extraction]
  -  .large[mostly on the larger bones .content-box-s-white.dark.small[(presumably males)]]

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.double[Subsistence of Neanderthals] 
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.double[Diet]
- .large[Conventionally, diet is reconstructed through .content-box-s-white.dark[ecofacts]]
 - .large[animal bones and plant remains]
 - .large[reindeer hunter/bison hunter]
 - .large[other resources?]
- .large[Vindija Cave, Croatia, .content-box-s-dark.yellow[34 kya]]
  - .large[Well preserved Neanderthal bones]
  - .large[stable isotopic analysis]
  - .large[&delta;<sup>13</sup>C and &delta;<sup>15</sup>N]
  - .large[Richards *et al.*, 2000]

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.double[Subsistence of Neanderthals] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Richards *et al.*, 2000]
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.double[Subsistence of Neanderthals] 
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.double[Subsistence of Neanderthals] 
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.double[Neanderthal Distributions] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[Groups and Populations Size]
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<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK03/map.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

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.double[Neanderthal Distributions] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Wiki]
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.double[Groups and Populations Size]
- .large[Neanderthals lived in smaller groups over large region]
- .large[Population never exceeds 15,000 in Western Europe]
 - .large[.content-box-s-dark.yellow[*c.* 70,000 for entire distributed region.<br>].small[(Bocquet-Appel & Degioanni, 2012)]]
 - .large[Vulnerable for survival]
 - .large[limited gene pool]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK03/bottleneck.jpg" width="55%" style='float:right' />