Archaeology of Europe WK03

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.double[.large[**Archaeology of Europe**]] <br>
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.double.white[Entering the Neanderthals]
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.double[Entering the Neanderthals] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Gary Larson, 1982]
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.double[.content-box-s-dark.yellow[The Classic Caveman] <br>- <u>Misconception of the Neanderthals</u>]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK03/larson.jpg" width="45%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

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.double[Misconceptions of Neanderthals] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Early Reconstructions of Neanderthal, 1920 - 1930s]
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.double[Early Discoveries and Researches] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Old man of La Chapelle-aux-Saints (reconstruction, 120 / V. Mourre. )]
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.double[Early Discoveries and Researches] 
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<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK03/boule.jpg" width="40%" style='float:right' />
.double[Boule, 1911-1921]
- .large[Most thorough study since 1856]
 - .large[C-shaped vertebrae column instead of S-shaped]
 - .large[.content-box-s-white.dark.dotted["*the brutal outlook of this vigorous and heavy body*"] and .content-box-s-white.dark.dotted["*most rudimentary and most miserable' technology*"] <br>.small[(Boule 1921: 240, 244, in Reybrouck, 2002)]]
- .large[convinced that Neanderthals are not our *direct* ancestor]
 - .large[extinct homo species]

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.double[La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Skull and Mandible]
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Vertebrae]
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.double["The Old Man"]
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<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK03/skull_nean.png" width="57%" /><img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK03/vert_neander.png" width="43%" />

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.double[Demonization of the Neanderthals] 
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.double[The Failed *Homo* species]
- .large[Prejudice against an extinct species]
- .large[Actor-Network theory]
 - .large[.yellow[*Les hommes fossiles*] as standard textbook]
 - .large[Boule's Errors]
- .large[Reflections on our own species]
 - .large[Us v. Them]

- .large[1980s, criticism in archaeology]
 - .large[Erik Trinkaus]
 - .large[AMH originated from Africa]
 - .large[Neandertal ancestry among modern European]

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.double[*Homo neanderthalensis* .yellow[(*c.* 300 kya - 30 kya)]] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Images from Wiki, Cleveland Museum of Natural History]
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.double[Differences: Physical Traits]
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<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK03/meme_2.png" width="100%" />

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.double[Early Discoveries and Researches] 
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.large[.content-box-s-white.dark[brow ridge]]
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.large[.content-box-s-white.dark[protruding nose]]
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.large[.content-box-s-white.dark[lack of chin]]
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.large[.content-box-s-dark[Hair & Skin]]
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.double[Facial Features]

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.content-box-s-white.dark[Image from Britannica]
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.double[.small[.medium[Post-cranial Traits]]]
- .large[generally shorter and more robust/muscular]
 - .large[Average Male: 168 cm<br>.yellow[Early male AMH: 175 cm]]
 - .large[Average Female: 156 cm<br>.yellow[Early Female AMH: 162 cm]]
- .large[larger cervical vertebrae]
 - .large[support large/heavier head]
- .large[Wider thorax]

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<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK03/comparative.jpg" width="45%" style='float:right' />
.double[.small[.medium[Post-cranial Traits]]]
- .large[shorter lower limbs<br>(both forelimb and hindlimb)]
 - .large[indication of cold adaptation]
- .large[thicker shaft]
 - .large[load resistance]
- .large[larger joints]
 - .large[stress reduction]
- .large[Wider pelvic girdle]
 - .large[might impact posture]
- .large[Sprinter v. Long-distance Runner]

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.content-box-s-white.dark[Image from Rosas *et al.*, 2015]
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.content-box-s-dark.yellow[capacity~1350 cc]
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.content-box-s-dark.yellow[capacity~1500 cc]
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.content-box-s-dark[Macciardi & Martini, 2022]
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.double[Brain Capacity and Morphology]
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.double[Growth Rate and Pathology]
- .large[Mature faster than AMH]
 - .large[teeth eruption]
- .large[Higher basal metabolic rates &larr; Larger body mass?]
 - .large[require more calorie-intakes]
- .large[High percentages of .dotted[trauma lesions]]
 - .large["rodeo rider" hypothesis <br>&rarr; dangerous hunting<br>&rarr; conflicts and violent behaviors]
- .large[Birth defects]
 - .large[asymmetric vertebrae]