class: title_slide, middle, center <div style="border-width:15px; border-style:double; border-color:#EEEEEE; padding:15px;"> <br> .double[.large[**Archaeology of Europe**]] <br> <br> .double.white[Life in the Lower Paleolithic] <br> <br> </div> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Lower Paleolithic Timeline] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:-10px; right:0px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from EBR] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:193px; left:10px; z-index:1;"> .yellow[━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> <br> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/chrono.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Paleolithic Terminology] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> .double[<u>"The Stone Age"</u>] - .large[Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic] - .large[Paleolithic - lower, middle, upper] - .large[all relative terms] - .large[Lithic traditions] - .large[Oldowan - pebble tools, Mode 1<br>     simple cutting tool, short cutting edge] - .large[Achelean - Mode 2<br>     Handaxe, biface, long cutting edge] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Relative and Absolute Dating] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> .double[Radiocarbon dating] - .large[<sup>14</sup>C is a radioactive isotope (radioisotope) of <sup>12</sup>C] - .large[Decay rate: 5,730 yrs (half-life)] - .large[Limitation - lose accuracy beyand 60,000 years<br>      usually used for under 50,000 years] - .large[developed in 1930-40s, reference year is conventionally set at 1950.] - .large[BP (before present), BC (before Christ)<br>     2050 BP = 100 BC] - .large[Other Dating Methods] - .large[Argon-Argon Dating - not essential mineral] - .large[Uranium–Thorium Dating - use calcium carbonate] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Human Evolutionary Pathway] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:-10px; right:40px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Livescience] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> <br> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/livescience.jpg" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Homo Species in Europe] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> .double[Early *Homo* in Africa] - .large[Earliest *Homo* species - .content-box-s-white.dark[* Homo hablis *] - 2.5 mya] - .large[Leaing Africa - .content-box-s-white.dark[ *Homo Ergaster* ] - 1.8 mya] .double[Early *Homo* in Europe] - .large[Presence of .dotted[*H. Ergaster*] at Republic of Georgia .small.content-box-s-dark[(not really Europe)]] - .large[.content-box-s-yellow.dark[*Homo antecessor*] ~ 1.3 mya] - .large[Gran Dolina and Sima del Elefante] - .large[.content-box-s-yellow.dark[*Homo heidelbergensis*] ~ 530 kya] - .large[Sima de los Huesos, Boxgrove] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Map of Sites] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:60px 60px"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/MAP.png" width="100%" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Early Humans of Europe] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[.content-box-s-dark.yellow[*H. antecessor*] v. .content-box-s-yellow.dark[*H. heidelbergensis*]] - .large[classification based on their similarity to modern human.] - .large[Before *H. antecessor*: <br>*H. ergaster* → *H. heidelbergensis* → *H. neanderthalensis*<br>                           → *H. sapiens*] - .large[After *H. antecessor*: <br>*H. ergaster* → *H. antecessor* → ? → *H. sapiens* <br>           ↘ *H. heidelbergensis* → *H. neanderthalensis*] <hr style="border:2px solid #FFFFFF"> - .large[*H. ergaster* → *H. antecessor* → *H. heidelbergensis* <br>                             ↪ *H. neanderthalensis*<br>                           ? ⇢ *H. sapiens*] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Early Humans of Europe] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:300px; left:525px; z-index:1;"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/h_h.jpg" width="90%" /> </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:300px; left:230px; z-index:1;"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/h_a.jpg" width="50%" /> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/homo_table.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> <br> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[*Homo spp.* Adaptation in Europe] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:500px; right:0px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Minnesota Museum of the Mississippi] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Entering the Ice Age] - .large[Harsh Environment - Cold Winter] - .large[absence of vegetable foods in winter] - .large[large herd of animal migrate to warmer places] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/EAMap.png" width="97%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[*Homo spp.* Adaptation in Europe] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:500px; right:0px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[.content-box-s-yellow.dark[*H. antecessor *]] - .large[.content-box-s-white.dark[Sima del Elefante & Gran Dolina]] - .large[The presence of small animal species (such as beaver, hare, rabbit, squirrel) indicates the climate is mild.] - .large[Warm climate seems too continued on during the time of .dotted[*H. antecessor*]. .content-box-s-l-grey.dark[(1.3 mya - 0.8 mya)]] - .large[Subsistence pattern uncertain:<br>Annual/Seasonal Camp? One-time Stop-over?] - .large[Relatively small brain size (1,000 cc)<br>limited tool making abilities - pebble tools<br>no evidence of fire usage] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[*Homo spp.* Adaptation in Europe] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:500px; right:0px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[.content-box-s-yellow.dark[*H. antecessor *]] - .large[Rely heavily on meat consumptions, mostly from medium size mammals (young horse or deer)] - .large[no evidence of hunting] - .large[butchery marks and marrow extractions] - .large[no indication that the concept of society has established.<br>.small[*"A closer behavioral analogy might be to groups of apes, moving together in small troops through the landscape, stopping for short periods, sleeping, eating, and leaving behind some lasting indication of their visit."*](p.49 *EBR*, Price, 2012)] - .large[cannibalism .content-box-s-dark.white.small[probably for survival.]] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[*Homo spp.* Adaptation in Europe] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:500px; right:0px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[.content-box-s-yellow.dark[*H. heidelbergensis *] .small.content-box-s-l-grey.dark[(530 kya - 300 kya)]] - .large[.content-box-s-white.dark[Sima del Huesos .small[(the pit of bones)], Boxgrove & Schöningen]] - .large[Presence at north of Alps .content-box-s-dark.yellow.small[(45th parallel North)] implying better adaptation of colder climate.] - .large[Extreme cold period around 300 kya set boundry between Africa and Europe.<br>.content-box-s-dark.small[Some argue this lead to regional differences. .yellow[(local evolution)]]] - .large[Developed more sophisticated tools:<br> .small[▸] Acheulean tool (Mode 2) - biface handaxe<br> .small[▸] Wooden spear .content-box-s-white.dark.small[(Schöningen spear)]<br> .small[▸] use natural feature for shelter<br> .small.content-box-s-dark[no evidence of built structure] ] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[*Homo spp.* Adaptation in Europe] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:500px; right:0px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> - .large[Hunting → access to animal hides] - .large[evidence of clothing based on lice] - .large[head lice v. body lice<br> → gene separation: 72-42 kya] - .large[Care for the sick and elderr] - .large[pathological cases] - .large[The use of Fire - .content-box-s-dark[ most likely controlled ]] - .large[evidence of constructed hearth] - .large[essential for surviving winters] - .large[tool manufacturing] - .large[cooking/food preparation] - .large[social interactions] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Enter the Neanderthal] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:500px; right:0px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[The DNA of early *Homo*] - .large[Sima de los Huesos .small[(the pit of bones)]] - .large[classified as *H. heidelbergensis*, resembled Neanderthals (* H. neanderthalensis*).<br>→ robust teeth, no chin, wide nasal cavities.] - .large[believed to be common ancestor of both AMH and Neanderthals.] - .large[aDNA analysis in 2013 demonstrated *Homo* remains from Huesos is much closer to .yellow[Neanderthal] than AMH → .small.content-box-s-dark[seperation of Neanderthals and AMH is further back in time.]]