class: title_slide, middle, center <div style="border-width:15px; border-style:double; border-color:#EEEEEE; padding:15px;"> <br> .double[.large[**Archaeology of Europe**]] <br> <br> .double.white[*Homo heidelbergensis*] <br> <br> </div> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[End of *H. antecessor*] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:30px 60px"> .double[The New Comer?] - .large[Atapuerca, Spain] - .large[The Pit of Bones .small.content-box-s-dark.yellow[(Sima de los Huesos)]] - .large[known for animal bone fossils (.dotted.small[bears])] - .large[Challenging Excavation] - .large[limited number of excavators] - .large[harsh working environment] - .large[Challenging Excavation] - .large[largest set of human remains] - .large[numerus teeth and finger bones] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[The Pit of Bones] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:-10px; left:500px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Excavation at Sima de los Huesos] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> <br> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/excavation.gif" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[The Pit of Bones] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:-30px; left:500px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Excavation at Sima de los Huesos] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> <br> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/bone_pit.jpg" width="80%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[*Homo heidelbergensis* .yellow[(530 kya)]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/huesos_Crania.png" width="35%" style='float:right' /> .double[A ritual pit??] - .large[thousands of human bone fragments] - .large[at least 32 individuals<br> - 28 in most reports] - .large[different age groups:<br> - 4 children;<br> - 11 young adults;<br> - 3 adults<br>.content-box-s-white.dark.small[none beyand age 40.]] - .large[some can be sexed:<br> 9 male and 9 female] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[*Homo heidelbergensis* .yellow[(530 kya)]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> .double[The physical traits] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/huesos-bones.jpg" width="48%" style='float:right' /> - .large[Average Male: 1.75 m<br>Average Female: 1.67 m] - .large[Not as big and tall as .yellow[*H. Antecessor*]] - .large[Pathological condition (Pérez *et al.*, 1997)] - .large[.yellow[Craniosynostosis] in child (Gracia *et al.*, 2009)] - .large[.yellow[Temporomandibular arthropathy]] - .large[Traumatic lesions] - .large[.yellow[Maxilla Osteitis]] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[*Homo heidelbergensis* .yellow[(530 kya)]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:400px; left:430px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark[Ear Exostoses] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:400px; right:0px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark[Traumatic Lesion] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:435px; right:0px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark[Images from Pérez *et al.*, 1997] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:125px; right:38px; z-index:1;"> .double.yellow[⇙] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:220px; right:390px; z-index:1;"> .double.yellow[⇒] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:160px; left:70px; z-index:1;"> .double.yellow[⇘] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Palaeopathology] <br> <br> <br> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/auditory.png" width="70%" /><img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/traumatic.png" width="30%" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[*Homo heidelbergensis* .yellow[(530 kya)]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:490px; right:0px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark[Images from Gracia *et al.*, 2009] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:100px; right:75px; z-index:1;"> .double[<FONT COLOR=#FF0000>⇘</FONT>] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Palaeopathology: .yellow[Craniosynostosis]] <br> <br> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/cranio15.jpg" width="50%" /><img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/cranio15c.jpg" width="50%" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[*Homo heidelbergensis* .yellow[(530 kya)]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:530px; left:80px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark[Maxilla Osteitis] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:530px; right:80px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[3D model from García Ávila] </div> .double[Cranium 5] .center[ <iframe title="oldowan" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; xr-spatial-tracking" xr-spatial-tracking execution-while-out-of-viewport execution-while-not-rendered web-share src="https://sketchfab.com/models/94fe96bf11ac4b499e9bc778fc3a3851/embed" width="640" height="480"> </iframe>] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[*Homo heidelbergensis* .yellow[(530 kya)]] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:500px; right:370px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark[Image from EBR] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[The Excalibur] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/Excalibur.png" width="45%" style='float:right' /> - .large[Only artefact from the pit] - .large[red and yellow quartzite] - .large[about 16 cm long] - .large[carefully made] - .large[Hard hammer - shaping] - .large[Soft hammer - symmetry] - .large[no used wear] - .large[symbolic offering?] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Outside of Spain] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:510px; left:0px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Stiftung Urmensch Mauer] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:510px; right:0px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Center for BioMedical Visualization, SGU] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[First Finding: .content-box-s-dark.yellow[Mauer 1]] - .large[1907, .yellow[Heidelberg], Germany] - .large[near complete mandible] <iframe frameborder="0" allowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; xr-spatial-tracking" xr-spatial-tracking execution-while-out-of-viewport execution-while-not-rendered web-share src="https://sketchfab.com/models/1e7bdc9ada474e7383bcc19a0c0b7d8b/embed" width="390" height="350"> </iframe> <div style="float:right;"> <iframe frameborder="0" allowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; xr-spatial-tracking" xr-spatial-tracking execution-while-out-of-viewport execution-while-not-rendered web-share src="https://sketchfab.com/models/d012ecee2fda4f4abcabb792e92aa9ed/embed" width="390" height="350"> </iframe> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Outside of Spain] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> .double[Boxgrove, UK, .content-box-s-dark.yellow[500 kya]] - .large[Quarry site - Eartham Quarry Company] - .large[large undisturbed site] - .large[more than 90 excavation area since 1980s] - .large[little human remains, but .dotted[lithic tools] and .dotted[animal bones]] - .large[tibia shaft, only post-cranial bone in the north] - .large[lack of settlement features] - .large[pits, post holes, hearths] - .large[Q1/B - bones with butchery marks and handaxes] - .large[quickly made tools] - .large[tools for butchery] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Outside of Spain] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:510px; right:0px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from EBR] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Achelean Handaxe] <br> <br> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/handaxe.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Outside of Spain] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:490px; right:0px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image by V. Minkus.] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Schöningen, Germany .content-box-s-dark.yellow[400 kya]] - .large[Hunter v. Scanvenger] - .large[handaxe for butchery] - .large[Large game hunting can be risky] - .large[discovery at mine site (8-15 m underground)] - .large[lake shore: water-locked environment] - .large[more large mammalian species] - .large[mammoth, auroch, horse, straight-tusked elephant] - .large[Wooden spears found at Schöningen 13:4 .small[(Spear site)]] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/spear.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Outside of Spain] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:505px; right:0px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Burdukiewicz, 2005] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:505px; left:0px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Schoch *et al.*, 2015] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Schöningen, Germany .content-box-s-dark.yellow[400 kya]] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/spear_2.png" width="55%" /> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/haft.png" width="30%" style='float:right' /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Outside of Spain] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:505px; right:0px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Starkovich & Conard, 2015] </div> <div style="position:absolute; top:505px; left:0px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from van Kolfschoten *et al.*, 2015] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Schöningen, Germany .content-box-s-dark.yellow[400 kya]] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/horse_fillet.png" width="55%" /> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/cutmarks.png" width="37%" style='float:right' /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[The Use of Fire] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Earliest Evidence] - .large[Isreal, 800 kya] - .large[Alter dietary pattern .content-box-s-dark.yellow[cooked meat v. raw meat]] - .large[more nutrient can be extracted] - .large[easier to digest] - .large[kills bacteria and parasites] - .large[Change eating behaviors] - .large[hearth gathering - social interactions] - .large[Other Advantages] - .large[Adaptation to colder climate] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Early Humans of Europe] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[.content-box-s-dark.yellow[*H. antecessor*] v. .content-box-s-yellow.dark[*H. heidelbergensis*]] - .large[classification based on their similarity to modern human.] - .large[Before *H. antecessor*: <br>*H. ergaster* → *H. heidelbergensis* → *H. neanderthalensis*<br>                           → *H. sapiens*] - .large[After *H. antecessor*: <br>*H. ergaster* → *H. antecessor* → ? → *H. sapiens* <br>           ↘ *H. heidelbergensis* → *H. neanderthalensis*] <hr style="border:2px solid #FFFFFF"> - .large[*H. ergaster* → *H. antecessor* → *H. heidelbergensis* <br>                             ↙        ↘<br>            *H. neanderthalensis*           *H. sapiens*]