Title: JohannaLuke- HW1
setwd("/Users/johannaluke/Documents/0310/")
df <- read.csv("mtcars-3.csv")Using the head() function, we can see the first few rows of our data set print out.
head(df)## model mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
## 1 Mazda RX4 21.0 6 160 110 3.90 2.620 16.46 0 1 4 4
## 2 Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0 6 160 110 3.90 2.875 17.02 0 1 4 4
## 3 Datsun 710 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.320 18.61 1 1 4 1
## 4 Hornet 4 Drive 21.4 6 258 110 3.08 3.215 19.44 1 0 3 1
## 5 Hornet Sportabout 18.7 8 360 175 3.15 3.440 17.02 0 0 3 2
## 6 Valiant 18.1 6 225 105 2.76 3.460 20.22 1 0 3 1The function dim, prints out the dimensions of the data set i.e the number of rows and columns.
dim(df)## [1] 32 12Using the str() function, we were able to print the structure of the data set and see the data types of all the columns.
str(df)## 'data.frame': 32 obs. of 12 variables:
## $ model: chr "Mazda RX4" "Mazda RX4 Wag" "Datsun 710" "Hornet 4 Drive" ...
## $ mpg : num 21 21 22.8 21.4 18.7 18.1 14.3 24.4 22.8 19.2 ...
## $ cyl : int 6 6 4 6 8 6 8 4 4 6 ...
## $ disp : num 160 160 108 258 360 ...
## $ hp : int 110 110 93 110 175 105 245 62 95 123 ...
## $ drat : num 3.9 3.9 3.85 3.08 3.15 2.76 3.21 3.69 3.92 3.92 ...
## $ wt : num 2.62 2.88 2.32 3.21 3.44 ...
## $ qsec : num 16.5 17 18.6 19.4 17 ...
## $ vs : int 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 ...
## $ am : int 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ gear : int 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 ...
## $ carb : int 4 4 1 1 2 1 4 2 2 4 ...Using the summary() function, we were able to see averages, medians, and quartile values for each variable.
summary(df)## model mpg cyl disp
## Length:32 Min. :10.40 Min. :4.000 Min. : 71.1
## Class :character 1st Qu.:15.43 1st Qu.:4.000 1st Qu.:120.8
## Mode :character Median :19.20 Median :6.000 Median :196.3
## Mean :20.09 Mean :6.188 Mean :230.7
## 3rd Qu.:22.80 3rd Qu.:8.000 3rd Qu.:326.0
## Max. :33.90 Max. :8.000 Max. :472.0
## hp drat wt qsec
## Min. : 52.0 Min. :2.760 Min. :1.513 Min. :14.50
## 1st Qu.: 96.5 1st Qu.:3.080 1st Qu.:2.581 1st Qu.:16.89
## Median :123.0 Median :3.695 Median :3.325 Median :17.71
## Mean :146.7 Mean :3.597 Mean :3.217 Mean :17.85
## 3rd Qu.:180.0 3rd Qu.:3.920 3rd Qu.:3.610 3rd Qu.:18.90
## Max. :335.0 Max. :4.930 Max. :5.424 Max. :22.90
## vs am gear carb
## Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :3.000 Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:3.000 1st Qu.:2.000
## Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000 Median :4.000 Median :2.000
## Mean :0.4375 Mean :0.4062 Mean :3.688 Mean :2.812
## 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:4.000 3rd Qu.:4.000
## Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :5.000 Max. :8.000Using the command as.logical, we were able to change the data type of the column ‘am’ from integer to logical.
z<- mtcars$am
as.logical(z)## [1] TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [13] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [25] FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUEWe can make a scatter plot to see how hp and mpg relate to each other:
x <- mtcars$hp
y <- mtcars$mpg
plot(x,y)
We can see that as the horsepower increases, the miles per gallon
decreases. This happens because horsepower requires more fuel to have
more power. So when the power increases, the more fuel is used which
lowers the overall mpg ratio.
We can make a bar plot to see how many cylinders the models have.
barplot(mtcars$cyl,xlab="Models of Cars", ylab="Number of Cylinders")
This bar graph displays all the models of the cars and how many
cylinders each model has.
And finally, we can see the frequencies of mpg using a histogram:
hist(mtcars$mpg)
We can see from this histogram the frequency of the different mpg’s. We
can also see that this is a right skewed histogram which means that the
mean is greater than the median.