class: title_slide, middle, center <div style="border-width:15px; border-style:double; border-color:#EEEEEE; padding:15px;"> <br> .double[.large[**Archaeology of Europe**]] <br> <br> .double.white[The First European] <br> <br> </div> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Human Evolution] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:30px 60px"> .double[<u>Archaeology, but not Archaeology</U>] - .large[The origin of human species] - .large[Boundary between Biology and Physical Anthropology/Bioarchaeology] - .large[Understanding the process from .content-box-s-dark.yellow[Hominids] to .content-box-s-yellow[.dark[Anatomically Modern Human,] <FONT COLOR=#4f709c>AMH</FONT COLOR>]] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/evolution.jpg" width="70%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Early Hominin - Earliest Human] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:30px 60px"> .double[Feet on the ground] - .large[Bipedalism - Walking using two (hind-)limbs] - .large[Adaptation to different environment and subsistence] - .large[Occurred in East/South Africa] - .large[Earliest finds: circa 6-7 million years age (mya)<br> - *Orrorin tugenensis*] <br> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/orrorin.jpg" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Early Hominin - Earliest Human] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <br> <div class="figure" style="text-align: center"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/bipedal_A.png" alt="Image from Smithsonian Institution, Karen Carr Studios" width="90%" /> <p class="caption">Image from Smithsonian Institution, Karen Carr Studios</p> </div> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Early Hominin - Earliest Human] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:-10px; left:200px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Smithsonian Institution, Karen Carr Studios"] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> <br> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/bipedal_B.png" width="75%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/bipedal_C.png" width="75%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Early Hominin - Earliest Human] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:30px 60px"> <div class="figure" style="text-align: center"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/homo_evo.jpg" alt="Image from Natural History Museum, UK" width="100%" /> <p class="caption">Image from Natural History Museum, UK</p> </div> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[*Homo spp.*] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:30px 60px"> .double[Emerge of *Homo* genus] - .large[Earliest .yellow[***Homo***] species, 2.5 mya] - .large[*Homo habilis*, the .dotted[tool-using] human] - .large[pebble tools] - .large[supplement for sharp teeth for cutting meat] <br> <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/timeline.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> .right[Image from Bradshaw Foundation] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[*Homo spp.*] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:30px 60px"> .double[First Stone Tool Tradition] - .large[Oldowan Stone Tools] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/oldowan.jpg" width="50%" style='float:right' /> .pull-left[<iframe title="oldowan" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; xr-spatial-tracking" xr-spatial-tracking execution-while-out-of-viewport execution-while-not-rendered web-share src="https://sketchfab.com/models/c863f79574134ffe9221749e7eb746d4/embed" width="350" height="400"> </iframe>] .small.right[3D model from signe_aspengren / Snyder *et al.*, 2022] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[*Homo spp.*] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:465px; left:20px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark[Image from Wiki] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[First Stone Tool Tradition] - .large[Other Hominids] - .large[*Homo habilis* - 2.5 mya] - .large[*Homo rudolfensis* - 2.5 mya] - .large[*Paranthropus boisei* - 2.5 mya] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/branch01.png" width="1947" 80% /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Out of Africa] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:470px; left:640px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark[Image from Wiki] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[*Homo ergaster / Homo Erectus* - 2 mya] - .large[Asia - 1.8 mya] - .large[Europe - 1.3 mya] - .large[Acheulean Tool Tradition] .pull-left[<iframe title="acheulean" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; xr-spatial-tracking" xr-spatial-tracking execution-while-out-of-viewport execution-while-not-rendered web-share src="https://sketchfab.com/models/f97d51010a734c3b8b848c7c702b9174/embed" width="400" height="300"> </iframe>] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/Acheulean.jpg" width="50%" style='float:right' /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Out of Africa] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:480px; left:0px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark[Image from Wiki; Rohde, 2005] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[*Homo ergaster / Homo Erectus* - 2 mya] - .large[Colder Climate - Beginning of Ice Age] - .large[Larger body size .small.content-box-s-white.dark[compare to previous hominids]] - .large[1.45 to 1.85 m] - .large[Slight increase in brain capacity] - .large[H. habilis: ~750 cc; H. ergaster: ~900 cc] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/paleoclimate.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[The First European] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:480px; left:480px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[*Homo antecessor* - 1.3 mya] - .large[Atapuerca, Spain] - .large[Exposed by railway constructions (before 1900)] - .large[Intensive excavations after 1990s] - .large[From .dotted[Lower to Middle Pleistocene] .small.content-box-s-white.dark[(1.8 mya to 20 kya)]] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/chrono.png" width="60%" /><img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/atapuerca.png" width="34%" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[The Boy(?) of Gran Dolina (ATD6)] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <iframe title="antecesor" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; xr-spatial-tracking" xr-spatial-tracking execution-while-out-of-viewport execution-while-not-rendered web-share src="https://sketchfab.com/models/4285b5e74982473c8b14c947d07e4590/embed" width="800" height="500"> </iframe> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[*Homo antecessor* ] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:500px; left:0px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Pablos *et al.*, 2012] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Physical Traits] - .large[Brain capacity: 1,000 - 1,150 cc .content-box-s-dark.yellow.small[(modern human: 1350 cc.)]] - .large[Tall - 1.6 - 1.8 m; ~90 KG] - .large[Flat face, gracile mandible] - .large[Prominent brow ridge] - .large[possible with the ability to speech.] - .large[simialr growth rate as modern human.] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/talus.png" width="80%" style="display: block; margin: auto 0 auto auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[*Homo antecessor* ] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:500px; left:0px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Pablos *et al.*, 2012] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Known Subsistence] - .large[Hunt large variety of animals] - .large[Bison, horse, rhinoceros, bear, several types of deer] - .large[wild boar, wolf, panther, fox, wild cat] - .large[Macaque monkeys, beaver, hare, rabbit, squirrel] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/bone_mark.png" width="65%" style="display: block; margin: auto 0 auto auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[*Homo antecessor* ] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:500px; left:0px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .large[Dı´ez *et al*, 1999] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/zooarch.png" width="80%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[*Homo antecessor* ] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:500px; left:0px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Culture] - .large[Food] - .large[Nearly no evidence of cooking.] - .large[Use of fire?] - .large[dental wears suggest eating raw meat.] - .large[might consume nuts and berries.] - .large[Acheulean Tradition] - .large[likely to be linked with African Acheulean traditions] - .large[use various materials, including local chert.] --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[*Homo antecessor* ] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:500px; left:0px; z-index:1;"> .content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Fernández-Jalvo *et al.*, 1999] </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[Cannibalism?] - .large[Cut marks frequently found on human bones.] - .large[bone preservation.] - .large[Skull in fragments] - .large[peeling, cutting] <img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/canni_A.png" width="41%" /><img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/WK02/canni_B.png" width="55%" /> --- class: content, top, full_slide <div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px"> <p style="text-align:center;"> .double[Summary] </p> <hr style="border:2px solid #FFD369"> </div> <div style="padding:10px 60px"> <div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:500px; left:0px; z-index:1;"> </div> <div style="z-index:0;"> .double[First European] - .large[occupied mostly south of the Alps] - .large[likely to be associated with *H. ergaster*] - .large[appear in Europe around 1.3 mya] - .large[Acheulean stone tool tradition] - .large[no evidence of fire usage] - .large[adaptation to cold environment] - .large[interglacial period] - .large[Cannibalism for survival.]