Archaeology of Europe WK01

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.double[.large[**Archaeology of Europe**]] <br>
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.double.white[Brief History of European Archaeology]
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.double.yellow[There is no .dotted[European Archaeology].]

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.double[Rise of Archaeology] 
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.double[What is archaeology?]
- .large[Archaeology now]
 - .large[Self reflective]
 - .large[What do we think of the past and why?]
 - .large[Would the past be different from one another?]

- .large[Fact and Truth]
 - .large[Is archaeology science?]
 - .large[Can we approach the past the way we approach other questions through science?]

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.double[Rise of Archaeology] 
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.double[What is archaeology?]
- .large[Archaeology then - .content-box-s-dark.yellow[the Beginning]]
 - .large[The study of antiques]
 - .large[Understanding past .yellow['civilizations']]
 - .large[Gathering relics from different regions]
 - .large[Man-centered / European-centered world view]
 - .large[.content-box-s-white.dark[Cultural History] - migration and diffusion]

- .large[Religion and Colonialism]
 - .large[Interpretation to justify own behaviors and explain the differences between religious text and the real world. ]
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.double[Archaeology before archaeology] 
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.double[<u>Fascination about the past</u>]
 - .large[How did we get here?]
 - .large[Awareness of .yellow[people] before us.]

<br>

.double[<u>Monuments and other traces from the past</u>]
 - .large[Thutmose IV .small[(1412-1402 BC)], Pharaoh in the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt.]
 - .large[Restoration of the .content-box-s-white.dark[Sphinx of Giza] .small[(built around 2500 BC)]]

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.double[The Visible Monument] 
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.double[The Stonehenge]
.center[
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/stonehenge.jpg" width="100%" />
]
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<div style="background-color: #222831; padding:10px 0px 0px 0px">
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.double[The Visible Monument] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Egerton MS 3028. British Library]
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.content-box-s-yellow.dark[Scala Mundi Folio 55R.]
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.double[The Stonehenge]
.center[
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/scala_mundi.jpg" width="50%" /><img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/merlin.jpg" width="50%" />
]

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.double[Artefacts and Extinct Animals] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Megalodon tooth. Image from Wiki,  Brocken Inaglory]
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.double[Artefacts? Biofacts?]
.center[
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/tongue_stones.jpg" width="80%" />
]

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.double[Artefacts and Extinct Animals] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark[Nicolas Steno,  Art work by David Grover]
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.double[Artefacts? Biofacts?]
.center[
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/steno.jfif" width="80%" />
]

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.double[Understanding the Past] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Encyclopædia Britannica]
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.double[Christian Jürgensen Thomsen]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/Christian-Thomsen.jpg" width="40%" style='float:right' />
- .large[Danish Archaeologist /<br> Museum Curator]
- .large[Arrange collection according to material types]
 - .large[Stone - lithic]
 - .large[Bronze]
 - .large[Iron]

- .large[Further based on typology and chronology]

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.double[Understanding the Past] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Darwin Online]
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.pull-right-60[.double[Charles Darwin]]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/Darwin.jpg" width="40%" style='float:left' />
.pull-right-60[- .large[Published .content-box-s-dark.yellow["On the Origin of Species"] in 1859]
- .large[Impact on interpretation of the past.]
- .large[Altered the concept of .yellow[Human Origin] and challenged the idea of .yellow[Man as God's Creation]]
- .large[Other impacts from evolutionary theory]]

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.double[Rise of Archaeology] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from UNESCO/WorldHeritage-lake dwellings]
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.double[Local development in archaeology]
- .large[Keller - Swiss Lake dwelling]

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.double[Rise of Archaeology] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Nappo, 2004/Monnier, 1871]
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.double[Local development in archaeology]
- .large[Fiorelli - Excavation of Pompeii]

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.double[Rise of Archaeology] 
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.content-box-s-white.dark.small[Image from Schliemann, 1875]
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.double[Local development in archaeology]
- .large[Schliemann - Excavation of Troy]

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.double[Emerge of Archaeological Theory] 
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.double[Cultural History]
- .large[Dominating theory in early archaeology.]
- .large[Antiques/Relics are more than art works]
 - .large[when did a certain innovation occur?]
 - .large[how .content-box-s-dark[culture] developed and spread?]
 - .large[all changes are either innovation or diffusion]

- .large[Further advances in excavation .small.content-box-s-white.dark[(systematic recording)] and chronology .small.content-box-s-white.dark[(typology)]]

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.double[Changes after WWII] 
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.double[Changes in Perspectives]
- .large[Downfall of colonialism and nationalism]
- .large[Focus on local past]
 - .large[growth in museums and excavations]
 - .large[number of archaeologists also increased]

- .large[Require different approaches to deal with accumulating finds and wide diversity of findings.]
 - .large[lithic debris]
 - .large[pottery sherds]
 - .large[bone fragments]

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.double[New Archaeology?] 
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.double[Impact?]
- .large[Not significant outside of .dotted[English academia]]
 - .large[Cultural History v. Ethnography]
 - .large[Who's Past?]
 - .large[The scar of colonialism]

- .large[Processual Archaeology]
 - .large[Origin v. Transition/Trend]
 - .large[Archaeology as Science]
 - .large[Embracing the cross-displinary nature <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;‧  .wavy[especially the natural science]]

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.double[New Archaeology?] 
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.content-box-s-dark.white.small[Image from Roux, 2011]
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.pull-left[
.double[David L. Clarke]
- .large[Analytical Archaeology]
 - .large[Archaeology not dealing with specific type of material.]
]
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/systematic.png" width="51%" style="display: block; margin: auto 0 auto auto;" />

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.double[New Archaeology?] 
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<div style="position:absolute; top:320px; left:640px; z-index:1;">
.content-box-s-dark.white.small[Image from Roux, 2011]
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.double[Chaîne opératoire]
- .large[Leroi-Gourhan and Haudricourt]
 - .large[the process of object manufacturing.]

<img src="data:image/png;base64,#./img/chain_op.jpg" width="75%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
 
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.double[New Archaeology?] 
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.double[Post-War Booming]
- .large[population and economic growth]
 - .large[needs to develop and expand]
 - .large[increase in the awareness of cultural heritage]

- .large[Public and Private Sector]
 - .large[Archaeological consultants]
 - .large[Salvage Archaeology]
 - .large[Local Museums]

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.double.yellow[There is no .dotted[European Archaeology].]

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.double[Diversity in European Archaeology] 
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.double[Different Pasts and Presents]
- .large[Trace of Nationalism and Self-identity]
 - .large[National Agenda and Academic Traditions]
 - .large.yellow.dotted[the glory of past]
 - .large[management of existing heritages]
- .large[Fulfill the need of citizens]
 - .large[urban development]
 - .large[local economy]
- .large[No more .yellow[plain archaeologist]]
 - .large[Multidisciplinary development]
 - .large[Cross-regional projects .content-box-s-white.small.dark[founded by EU]]