Building plots with {ggplot2}
1 Learning Objectives
By the end of this lesson you should be able to:
Recall and explain how the {ggplot2} package for data visualization is based on a theoretical framework called the grammar of graphics.
Name and describe the 3 essential components required for building a graph: data, aesthetics, and geometries.
Write code to build a complete
ggplotgraphic by correctly supplying the 3 essential layers to theggplot()function.Create different types of plots such as scatter plots, line graphs, and bar graphs.
Add or modify aesthetic mappings of a plot such as the color and fill.
Illustration by Allison Horst
3 Measles outbreaks in Niger
• We will visualize patterns of measles epidemics in Niger
• Measles is a highly infectious virus spread by airborne respiratory droplets
• Fluctuation in population density drives measles dynamics
3.1 The
nigerm dataset
• Weekly case reports of measles surveyed from different regions
• Collected by the Ministry of Health of Niger from 1995 to 2005
• Load the nigerm data frame we will
use for plotting:
Take a moment to explore the data:
## year week region cases
## 1 1995 1 Agadez 0
## 2 1995 1 Diffa 0
## 3 1995 1 Dosso 4
## 4 1995 1 Maradi 64
## 5 1995 1 Niamey 22
## 6 1995 1 Tahoua 16
## 7 1995 1 Tillaberi 1
## 8 1995 1 Zinder 3
## 9 1995 2 Agadez 0
## 10 1995 2 Diffa 0
## 11 1995 2 Dosso 18
## 12 1995 2 Maradi 75
## 13 1995 2 Niamey 21
## 14 1995 2 Tahoua 13
## 15 1995 2 Tillaberi 32
## 16 1995 2 Zinder 0
## 17 1995 3 Agadez 0
## 18 1995 3 Diffa 0
## 19 1995 3 Dosso 31
## 20 1995 3 Maradi 123
## 21 1995 3 Niamey 30
## 22 1995 3 Tahoua 75
## 23 1995 3 Tillaberi 29
## 24 1995 3 Zinder 9
## 25 1995 4 Agadez 0
## 26 1995 4 Diffa 0
## 27 1995 4 Dosso 51
## 28 1995 4 Maradi 155
## 29 1995 4 Niamey 39
## 30 1995 4 Tahoua 78
## 31 1995 4 Tillaberi 29
## 32 1995 4 Zinder 2
## 33 1995 5 Agadez 1
## 34 1995 5 Diffa 0
## 35 1995 5 Dosso 70
## 36 1995 5 Maradi 158
## 37 1995 5 Niamey 22
## 38 1995 5 Tahoua 67
## 39 1995 5 Tillaberi 49
## 40 1995 5 Zinder 15
## 41 1995 6 Agadez 1
## 42 1995 6 Diffa 0
## 43 1995 6 Dosso 105
## 44 1995 6 Maradi 184
## 45 1995 6 Niamey 102
## 46 1995 6 Tahoua 67
## 47 1995 6 Tillaberi 49
## 48 1995 6 Zinder 5
## 49 1995 7 Agadez 1
## 50 1995 7 Diffa 0
## 51 1995 7 Dosso 114
## 52 1995 7 Maradi 183
## 53 1995 7 Niamey 195
## 54 1995 7 Tahoua 57
## 55 1995 7 Tillaberi 44
## 56 1995 7 Zinder 9
## 57 1995 8 Agadez 0
## 58 1995 8 Diffa 0
## 59 1995 8 Dosso 195
## 60 1995 8 Maradi 210
## 61 1995 8 Niamey 201
## 62 1995 8 Tahoua 99
## 63 1995 8 Tillaberi 212
## 64 1995 8 Zinder 6
## 65 1995 9 Agadez 1
## 66 1995 9 Diffa 3
## 67 1995 9 Dosso 250
## 68 1995 9 Maradi 160
## 69 1995 9 Niamey 346
## 70 1995 9 Tahoua 109
## 71 1995 9 Tillaberi 228
## 72 1995 9 Zinder 4
## 73 1995 10 Agadez 9
## 74 1995 10 Diffa 0
## 75 1995 10 Dosso 488
## 76 1995 10 Maradi 336
## 77 1995 10 Niamey 577
## 78 1995 10 Tahoua 132
## 79 1995 10 Tillaberi 402
## 80 1995 10 Zinder 6
## 81 1995 11 Agadez 0
## 82 1995 11 Diffa 0
## 83 1995 11 Dosso 614
## 84 1995 11 Maradi 48
## 85 1995 11 Niamey 638
## 86 1995 11 Tahoua 142
## 87 1995 11 Tillaberi 588
## 88 1995 11 Zinder 8
## 89 1995 12 Agadez 1
## 90 1995 12 Diffa 2
## 91 1995 12 Dosso 977
## 92 1995 12 Maradi 177
## 93 1995 12 Niamey 1634
## 94 1995 12 Tahoua 260
## 95 1995 12 Tillaberi 718
## 96 1995 12 Zinder 12
## 97 1995 13 Agadez 28
## 98 1995 13 Diffa 1
## 99 1995 13 Dosso 769
## 100 1995 13 Maradi 432
## 101 1995 13 Niamey 1845
## 102 1995 13 Tahoua 429
## 103 1995 13 Tillaberi 883
## 104 1995 13 Zinder 13
## 105 1995 14 Agadez 38
## 106 1995 14 Diffa 3
## 107 1995 14 Dosso 1011
## 108 1995 14 Maradi 383
## 109 1995 14 Niamey 1807
## 110 1995 14 Tahoua 348
## 111 1995 14 Tillaberi 1188
## 112 1995 14 Zinder 15
## 113 1995 15 Agadez 59
## 114 1995 15 Diffa 0
## 115 1995 15 Dosso 760
## 116 1995 15 Maradi 517
## 117 1995 15 Niamey 1660
## 118 1995 15 Tahoua 464
## 119 1995 15 Tillaberi 1011
## 120 1995 15 Zinder 13
## 121 1995 16 Agadez 57
## 122 1995 16 Diffa 6
## 123 1995 16 Dosso 1036
## 124 1995 16 Maradi 617
## 125 1995 16 Niamey 583
## 126 1995 16 Tahoua 419
## 127 1995 16 Tillaberi 1303
## 128 1995 16 Zinder 15
## 129 1995 17 Agadez 55
## 130 1995 17 Diffa 25
## 131 1995 17 Dosso 931
## 132 1995 17 Maradi 612
## 133 1995 17 Niamey 1001
## 134 1995 17 Tahoua 546
## 135 1995 17 Tillaberi 1162
## 136 1995 17 Zinder 19
## 137 1995 18 Agadez 60
## 138 1995 18 Diffa 13
## 139 1995 18 Dosso 912
## 140 1995 18 Maradi 623
## 141 1995 18 Niamey 398
## 142 1995 18 Tahoua 490
## 143 1995 18 Tillaberi 1097
## 144 1995 18 Zinder 22
## 145 1995 19 Agadez 44
## 146 1995 19 Diffa 36
## 147 1995 19 Dosso 812
## 148 1995 19 Maradi 640
## 149 1995 19 Niamey 323
## 150 1995 19 Tahoua 545
## 151 1995 19 Tillaberi 1003
## 152 1995 19 Zinder 18
## 153 1995 20 Agadez 43
## 154 1995 20 Diffa 7
## 155 1995 20 Dosso 733
## 156 1995 20 Maradi 580
## 157 1995 20 Niamey 321
## 158 1995 20 Tahoua 510
## 159 1995 20 Tillaberi 1095
## 160 1995 20 Zinder 43
## 161 1995 21 Agadez 46
## 162 1995 21 Diffa 32
## 163 1995 21 Dosso 534
## 164 1995 21 Maradi 622
## 165 1995 21 Niamey 212
## 166 1995 21 Tahoua 445
## 167 1995 21 Tillaberi 1103
## 168 1995 21 Zinder 47
## 169 1995 22 Agadez 6
## 170 1995 22 Diffa 18
## 171 1995 22 Dosso 445
## 172 1995 22 Maradi 607
## 173 1995 22 Niamey 111
## 174 1995 22 Tahoua 552
## 175 1995 22 Tillaberi 986
## 176 1995 22 Zinder 40
## 177 1995 23 Agadez 39
## 178 1995 23 Diffa 71
## 179 1995 23 Dosso 382
## 180 1995 23 Maradi 718
## 181 1995 23 Niamey 72
## 182 1995 23 Tahoua 481
## 183 1995 23 Tillaberi 976
## 184 1995 23 Zinder 85
## 185 1995 24 Agadez 17
## 186 1995 24 Diffa 41
## 187 1995 24 Dosso 371
## 188 1995 24 Maradi 530
## 189 1995 24 Niamey 48
## 190 1995 24 Tahoua 571
## 191 1995 24 Tillaberi 572
## 192 1995 24 Zinder 57
## 193 1995 25 Agadez 30
## 194 1995 25 Diffa 20
## 195 1995 25 Dosso 182
## 196 1995 25 Maradi 492
## 197 1995 25 Niamey 24
## 198 1995 25 Tahoua 305
## 199 1995 25 Tillaberi 477
## 200 1995 25 Zinder 29
## 201 1995 26 Agadez 19
## 202 1995 26 Diffa 32
## 203 1995 26 Dosso 150
## 204 1995 26 Maradi 353
## 205 1995 26 Niamey 29
## 206 1995 26 Tahoua 308
## 207 1995 26 Tillaberi 392
## 208 1995 26 Zinder 20
## 209 1995 27 Agadez 19
## 210 1995 27 Diffa 34
## 211 1995 27 Dosso 134
## 212 1995 27 Maradi 241
## 213 1995 27 Niamey 10
## 214 1995 27 Tahoua 231
## 215 1995 27 Tillaberi 390
## 216 1995 27 Zinder 18
## 217 1995 28 Agadez 8
## 218 1995 28 Diffa 41
## 219 1995 28 Dosso 119
## 220 1995 28 Maradi 195
## 221 1995 28 Niamey 9
## 222 1995 28 Tahoua 174
## 223 1995 28 Tillaberi 246
## 224 1995 28 Zinder 16
## 225 1995 29 Agadez 0
## 226 1995 29 Diffa 19
## 227 1995 29 Dosso 62
## 228 1995 29 Maradi 69
## 229 1995 29 Niamey 7
## 230 1995 29 Tahoua 169
## 231 1995 29 Tillaberi 237
## 232 1995 29 Zinder 3
## 233 1995 30 Agadez 2
## 234 1995 30 Diffa 21
## 235 1995 30 Dosso 116
## 236 1995 30 Maradi 133
## 237 1995 30 Niamey 9
## 238 1995 30 Tahoua 108
## 239 1995 30 Tillaberi 336
## 240 1995 30 Zinder 8
## 241 1995 31 Agadez 2
## 242 1995 31 Diffa 19
## 243 1995 31 Dosso 54
## 244 1995 31 Maradi 80
## 245 1995 31 Niamey 0
## 246 1995 31 Tahoua 103
## 247 1995 31 Tillaberi 192
## 248 1995 31 Zinder 7
## 249 1995 32 Agadez 0
## 250 1995 32 Diffa 17
## 251 1995 32 Dosso 30
## 252 1995 32 Maradi 59
## 253 1995 32 Niamey 0
## 254 1995 32 Tahoua 74
## 255 1995 32 Tillaberi 164
## 256 1995 32 Zinder 3
## 257 1995 33 Agadez 2
## 258 1995 33 Diffa 5
## 259 1995 33 Dosso 42
## 260 1995 33 Maradi 68
## 261 1995 33 Niamey 1
## 262 1995 33 Tahoua 94
## 263 1995 33 Tillaberi 191
## 264 1995 33 Zinder 4
## 265 1995 34 Agadez 7
## 266 1995 34 Diffa 4
## 267 1995 34 Dosso 49
## 268 1995 34 Maradi 23
## 269 1995 34 Niamey 1
## 270 1995 34 Tahoua 83
## 271 1995 34 Tillaberi 118
## 272 1995 34 Zinder 1
## 273 1995 35 Agadez 5
## 274 1995 35 Diffa 13
## 275 1995 35 Dosso 52
## 276 1995 35 Maradi 37
## 277 1995 35 Niamey 0
## 278 1995 35 Tahoua 59
## 279 1995 35 Tillaberi 135
## 280 1995 35 Zinder 1
## 281 1995 36 Agadez 2
## 282 1995 36 Diffa 12
## 283 1995 36 Dosso 30
## 284 1995 36 Maradi 22
## 285 1995 36 Niamey 1
## 286 1995 36 Tahoua 33
## 287 1995 36 Tillaberi 157
## 288 1995 36 Zinder 0
## 289 1995 37 Agadez 21
## 290 1995 37 Diffa 4
## 291 1995 37 Dosso 39
## 292 1995 37 Maradi 21
## 293 1995 37 Niamey 0
## 294 1995 37 Tahoua 52
## 295 1995 37 Tillaberi 118
## 296 1995 37 Zinder 0
## 297 1995 38 Agadez 13
## 298 1995 38 Diffa 11
## 299 1995 38 Dosso 72
## 300 1995 38 Maradi 27
## 301 1995 38 Niamey 0
## 302 1995 38 Tahoua 50
## 303 1995 38 Tillaberi 58
## 304 1995 38 Zinder 0
## 305 1995 39 Agadez 19
## 306 1995 39 Diffa 4
## 307 1995 39 Dosso 22
## 308 1995 39 Maradi 9
## 309 1995 39 Niamey 1
## 310 1995 39 Tahoua 81
## 311 1995 39 Tillaberi 47
## 312 1995 39 Zinder 0
## 313 1995 40 Agadez 25
## 314 1995 40 Diffa 14
## 315 1995 40 Dosso 35
## 316 1995 40 Maradi 11
## 317 1995 40 Niamey 0
## 318 1995 40 Tahoua 49
## 319 1995 40 Tillaberi 58
## 320 1995 40 Zinder 4
## 321 1995 41 Agadez 13
## 322 1995 41 Diffa 26
## 323 1995 41 Dosso 22
## 324 1995 41 Maradi 7
## 325 1995 41 Niamey 0
## 326 1995 41 Tahoua 58
## 327 1995 41 Tillaberi 52
## 328 1995 41 Zinder 5
## 329 1995 42 Agadez 8
## 330 1995 42 Diffa 15
## 331 1995 42 Dosso 32
## 332 1995 42 Maradi 50
## 333 1995 42 Niamey 0
## 334 1995 42 Tahoua 31
## 335 1995 42 Tillaberi 52
## 336 1995 42 Zinder 3
## 337 1995 43 Agadez 5
## 338 1995 43 Diffa 17
## 339 1995 43 Dosso 40
## 340 1995 43 Maradi 27
## 341 1995 43 Niamey 0
## 342 1995 43 Tahoua 53
## 343 1995 43 Tillaberi 103
## 344 1995 43 Zinder 5
## 345 1995 44 Agadez 62
## 346 1995 44 Diffa 14
## 347 1995 44 Dosso 17
## 348 1995 44 Maradi 50
## 349 1995 44 Niamey 0
## 350 1995 44 Tahoua 58
## 351 1995 44 Tillaberi 71
## 352 1995 44 Zinder 3
## 353 1995 45 Agadez 85
## 354 1995 45 Diffa 5
## 355 1995 45 Dosso 53
## 356 1995 45 Maradi 9
## 357 1995 45 Niamey 0
## 358 1995 45 Tahoua 87
## 359 1995 45 Tillaberi 27
## 360 1995 45 Zinder 5
## 361 1995 46 Agadez 159
## 362 1995 46 Diffa 6
## 363 1995 46 Dosso 38
## 364 1995 46 Maradi 80
## 365 1995 46 Niamey 0
## 366 1995 46 Tahoua 54
## 367 1995 46 Tillaberi 17
## 368 1995 46 Zinder 4
## 369 1995 47 Agadez 85
## 370 1995 47 Diffa 27
## 371 1995 47 Dosso 80
## 372 1995 47 Maradi 5
## 373 1995 47 Niamey 0
## 374 1995 47 Tahoua 59
## 375 1995 47 Tillaberi 32
## 376 1995 47 Zinder 7
## 377 1995 48 Agadez 145
## 378 1995 48 Diffa 16
## 379 1995 48 Dosso 22
## 380 1995 48 Maradi 73
## 381 1995 48 Niamey 0
## 382 1995 48 Tahoua 41
## 383 1995 48 Tillaberi 52
## 384 1995 48 Zinder 6
## 385 1995 49 Agadez 126
## 386 1995 49 Diffa 8
## 387 1995 49 Dosso 139
## 388 1995 49 Maradi 97
## 389 1995 49 Niamey 0
## 390 1995 49 Tahoua 77
## 391 1995 49 Tillaberi 43
## 392 1995 49 Zinder 19
## 393 1995 50 Agadez 157
## 394 1995 50 Diffa 14
## 395 1995 50 Dosso 150
## 396 1995 50 Maradi 66
## 397 1995 50 Niamey 2
## 398 1995 50 Tahoua 116
## 399 1995 50 Tillaberi 77
## 400 1995 50 Zinder 39
## 401 1995 51 Agadez 141
## 402 1995 51 Diffa 18
## 403 1995 51 Dosso 125
## 404 1995 51 Maradi 88
## 405 1995 51 Niamey 0
## 406 1995 51 Tahoua 67
## 407 1995 51 Tillaberi 121
## 408 1995 51 Zinder 13
## 409 1995 52 Agadez 111
## 410 1995 52 Diffa 40
## 411 1995 52 Dosso 162
## 412 1995 52 Maradi 95
## 413 1995 52 Niamey 0
## 414 1995 52 Tahoua 99
## 415 1995 52 Tillaberi 75
## 416 1995 52 Zinder 19
## 417 1996 1 Agadez 120
## 418 1996 1 Diffa 75
## 419 1996 1 Dosso 98
## 420 1996 1 Maradi 123
## 421 1996 1 Niamey 0
## 422 1996 1 Tahoua 113
## 423 1996 1 Tillaberi 42
## 424 1996 1 Zinder 25
## 425 1996 2 Agadez 120
## 426 1996 2 Diffa 96
## 427 1996 2 Dosso 96
## 428 1996 2 Maradi 128
## 429 1996 2 Niamey 0
## 430 1996 2 Tahoua 102
## 431 1996 2 Tillaberi 115
## 432 1996 2 Zinder 66
## 433 1996 3 Agadez 114
## 434 1996 3 Diffa 46
## 435 1996 3 Dosso 76
## 436 1996 3 Maradi 139
## 437 1996 3 Niamey 0
## 438 1996 3 Tahoua 144
## 439 1996 3 Tillaberi 118
## 440 1996 3 Zinder 83
## 441 1996 4 Agadez 111
## 442 1996 4 Diffa 54
## 443 1996 4 Dosso 126
## 444 1996 4 Maradi 151
## 445 1996 4 Niamey 0
## 446 1996 4 Tahoua 108
## 447 1996 4 Tillaberi 74
## 448 1996 4 Zinder 115
## 449 1996 5 Agadez 110
## 450 1996 5 Diffa 70
## 451 1996 5 Dosso 133
## 452 1996 5 Maradi 256
## 453 1996 5 Niamey 10
## 454 1996 5 Tahoua 164
## 455 1996 5 Tillaberi 99
## 456 1996 5 Zinder 146
## 457 1996 6 Agadez 89
## 458 1996 6 Diffa 44
## 459 1996 6 Dosso 132
## 460 1996 6 Maradi 327
## 461 1996 6 Niamey 8
## 462 1996 6 Tahoua 282
## 463 1996 6 Tillaberi 5
## 464 1996 6 Zinder 294
## 465 1996 7 Agadez 72
## 466 1996 7 Diffa 175
## 467 1996 7 Dosso 159
## 468 1996 7 Maradi 349
## 469 1996 7 Niamey 5
## 470 1996 7 Tahoua 473
## 471 1996 7 Tillaberi 157
## 472 1996 7 Zinder 496
## 473 1996 8 Agadez 72
## 474 1996 8 Diffa 204
## 475 1996 8 Dosso 180
## 476 1996 8 Maradi 371
## 477 1996 8 Niamey 10
## 478 1996 8 Tahoua 436
## 479 1996 8 Tillaberi 172
## 480 1996 8 Zinder 446
## 481 1996 9 Agadez 54
## 482 1996 9 Diffa 225
## 483 1996 9 Dosso 106
## 484 1996 9 Maradi 402
## 485 1996 9 Niamey 9
## 486 1996 9 Tahoua 590
## 487 1996 9 Tillaberi 102
## 488 1996 9 Zinder 714
## 489 1996 10 Agadez 51
## 490 1996 10 Diffa 250
## 491 1996 10 Dosso 99
## 492 1996 10 Maradi 411
## 493 1996 10 Niamey 5
## 494 1996 10 Tahoua 629
## 495 1996 10 Tillaberi 339
## 496 1996 10 Zinder 632
## 497 1996 11 Agadez 68
## 498 1996 11 Diffa 277
## 499 1996 11 Dosso 115
## 500 1996 11 Maradi 726
## 501 1996 11 Niamey 26
## 502 1996 11 Tahoua 636
## 503 1996 11 Tillaberi 208
## 504 1996 11 Zinder 929
## 505 1996 12 Agadez 49
## 506 1996 12 Diffa 242
## 507 1996 12 Dosso 193
## 508 1996 12 Maradi 686
## 509 1996 12 Niamey 8
## 510 1996 12 Tahoua 716
## 511 1996 12 Tillaberi 135
## 512 1996 12 Zinder 1147
## 513 1996 13 Agadez 45
## 514 1996 13 Diffa 145
## 515 1996 13 Dosso 90
## 516 1996 13 Maradi 650
## 517 1996 13 Niamey 18
## 518 1996 13 Tahoua 587
## 519 1996 13 Tillaberi 209
## 520 1996 13 Zinder 1493
## 521 1996 14 Agadez 24
## 522 1996 14 Diffa 154
## 523 1996 14 Dosso 126
## 524 1996 14 Maradi 907
## 525 1996 14 Niamey 0
## 526 1996 14 Tahoua 494
## 527 1996 14 Tillaberi 269
## 528 1996 14 Zinder 1599
## 529 1996 15 Agadez 51
## 530 1996 15 Diffa 153
## 531 1996 15 Dosso 110
## 532 1996 15 Maradi 891
## 533 1996 15 Niamey 19
## 534 1996 15 Tahoua 591
## 535 1996 15 Tillaberi 167
## 536 1996 15 Zinder 1462
## 537 1996 16 Agadez 28
## 538 1996 16 Diffa 105
## 539 1996 16 Dosso 129
## 540 1996 16 Maradi 936
## 541 1996 16 Niamey 34
## 542 1996 16 Tahoua 692
## 543 1996 16 Tillaberi 101
## 544 1996 16 Zinder 1778
## 545 1996 17 Agadez 31
## 546 1996 17 Diffa 130
## 547 1996 17 Dosso 125
## 548 1996 17 Maradi 843
## 549 1996 17 Niamey 28
## 550 1996 17 Tahoua 634
## 551 1996 17 Tillaberi 171
## 552 1996 17 Zinder 1836
## 553 1996 18 Agadez 17
## 554 1996 18 Diffa 73
## 555 1996 18 Dosso 134
## 556 1996 18 Maradi 913
## 557 1996 18 Niamey 26
## 558 1996 18 Tahoua 514
## 559 1996 18 Tillaberi 245
## 560 1996 18 Zinder 1801
## 561 1996 19 Agadez 21
## 562 1996 19 Diffa 84
## 563 1996 19 Dosso 122
## 564 1996 19 Maradi 909
## 565 1996 19 Niamey 27
## 566 1996 19 Tahoua 569
## 567 1996 19 Tillaberi 92
## 568 1996 19 Zinder 1742
## 569 1996 20 Agadez 39
## 570 1996 20 Diffa 69
## 571 1996 20 Dosso 72
## 572 1996 20 Maradi 1089
## 573 1996 20 Niamey 26
## 574 1996 20 Tahoua 529
## 575 1996 20 Tillaberi 84
## 576 1996 20 Zinder 1887
## 577 1996 21 Agadez 8
## 578 1996 21 Diffa 73
## 579 1996 21 Dosso 85
## 580 1996 21 Maradi 932
## 581 1996 21 Niamey 17
## 582 1996 21 Tahoua 324
## 583 1996 21 Tillaberi 113
## 584 1996 21 Zinder 1666
## 585 1996 22 Agadez 19
## 586 1996 22 Diffa 58
## 587 1996 22 Dosso 119
## 588 1996 22 Maradi 959
## 589 1996 22 Niamey 12
## 590 1996 22 Tahoua 430
## 591 1996 22 Tillaberi 82
## 592 1996 22 Zinder 1512
## 593 1996 23 Agadez 5
## 594 1996 23 Diffa 24
## 595 1996 23 Dosso 46
## 596 1996 23 Maradi 777
## 597 1996 23 Niamey 4
## 598 1996 23 Tahoua 354
## 599 1996 23 Tillaberi 63
## 600 1996 23 Zinder 1028
## 601 1996 24 Agadez 2
## 602 1996 24 Diffa 32
## 603 1996 24 Dosso 32
## 604 1996 24 Maradi 574
## 605 1996 24 Niamey 1
## 606 1996 24 Tahoua 274
## 607 1996 24 Tillaberi 80
## 608 1996 24 Zinder 910
## 609 1996 25 Agadez 0
## 610 1996 25 Diffa 27
## 611 1996 25 Dosso 26
## 612 1996 25 Maradi 475
## 613 1996 25 Niamey 7
## 614 1996 25 Tahoua 175
## 615 1996 25 Tillaberi 73
## 616 1996 25 Zinder 697
## 617 1996 26 Agadez 0
## 618 1996 26 Diffa 8
## 619 1996 26 Dosso 11
## 620 1996 26 Maradi 389
## 621 1996 26 Niamey 3
## 622 1996 26 Tahoua 165
## 623 1996 26 Tillaberi 32
## 624 1996 26 Zinder 454
## 625 1996 27 Agadez 12
## 626 1996 27 Diffa 21
## 627 1996 27 Dosso 35
## 628 1996 27 Maradi 248
## 629 1996 27 Niamey 2
## 630 1996 27 Tahoua 132
## 631 1996 27 Tillaberi 41
## 632 1996 27 Zinder 310
## 633 1996 28 Agadez 0
## 634 1996 28 Diffa 10
## 635 1996 28 Dosso 16
## 636 1996 28 Maradi 235
## 637 1996 28 Niamey 2
## 638 1996 28 Tahoua 126
## 639 1996 28 Tillaberi 54
## 640 1996 28 Zinder 242
## 641 1996 29 Agadez 0
## 642 1996 29 Diffa 9
## 643 1996 29 Dosso 27
## 644 1996 29 Maradi 237
## 645 1996 29 Niamey 3
## 646 1996 29 Tahoua 107
## 647 1996 29 Tillaberi 25
## 648 1996 29 Zinder 199
## 649 1996 30 Agadez 0
## 650 1996 30 Diffa 11
## 651 1996 30 Dosso 21
## 652 1996 30 Maradi 139
## 653 1996 30 Niamey 0
## 654 1996 30 Tahoua 50
## 655 1996 30 Tillaberi 12
## 656 1996 30 Zinder 116
## 657 1996 31 Agadez 0
## 658 1996 31 Diffa 4
## 659 1996 31 Dosso 7
## 660 1996 31 Maradi 114
## 661 1996 31 Niamey 0
## 662 1996 31 Tahoua 88
## 663 1996 31 Tillaberi 19
## 664 1996 31 Zinder 94
## 665 1996 32 Agadez 6
## 666 1996 32 Diffa 3
## 667 1996 32 Dosso 3
## 668 1996 32 Maradi 96
## 669 1996 32 Niamey 0
## 670 1996 32 Tahoua 57
## 671 1996 32 Tillaberi 23
## 672 1996 32 Zinder 91
## 673 1996 33 Agadez 0
## 674 1996 33 Diffa 0
## 675 1996 33 Dosso 11
## 676 1996 33 Maradi 87
## 677 1996 33 Niamey 0
## 678 1996 33 Tahoua 34
## 679 1996 33 Tillaberi 9
## 680 1996 33 Zinder 102
## 681 1996 34 Agadez 0
## 682 1996 34 Diffa 2
## 683 1996 34 Dosso 0
## 684 1996 34 Maradi 81
## 685 1996 34 Niamey 0
## 686 1996 34 Tahoua 24
## 687 1996 34 Tillaberi 12
## 688 1996 34 Zinder 110
## 689 1996 35 Agadez 1
## 690 1996 35 Diffa 1
## 691 1996 35 Dosso 4
## 692 1996 35 Maradi 102
## 693 1996 35 Niamey 0
## 694 1996 35 Tahoua 22
## 695 1996 35 Tillaberi 9
## 696 1996 35 Zinder 56
## 697 1996 36 Agadez 0
## 698 1996 36 Diffa 3
## 699 1996 36 Dosso 2
## 700 1996 36 Maradi 56
## 701 1996 36 Niamey 0
## 702 1996 36 Tahoua 25
## 703 1996 36 Tillaberi 18
## 704 1996 36 Zinder 52
## 705 1996 37 Agadez 0
## 706 1996 37 Diffa 0
## 707 1996 37 Dosso 4
## 708 1996 37 Maradi 65
## 709 1996 37 Niamey 8
## 710 1996 37 Tahoua 21
## 711 1996 37 Tillaberi 7
## 712 1996 37 Zinder 45
## 713 1996 38 Agadez 0
## 714 1996 38 Diffa 0
## 715 1996 38 Dosso 1
## 716 1996 38 Maradi 69
## 717 1996 38 Niamey 0
## 718 1996 38 Tahoua 7
## 719 1996 38 Tillaberi 1
## 720 1996 38 Zinder 28
## 721 1996 39 Agadez 0
## 722 1996 39 Diffa 0
## 723 1996 39 Dosso 0
## 724 1996 39 Maradi 100
## 725 1996 39 Niamey 0
## 726 1996 39 Tahoua 14
## 727 1996 39 Tillaberi 6
## 728 1996 39 Zinder 21
## 729 1996 40 Agadez 0
## 730 1996 40 Diffa 0
## 731 1996 40 Dosso 5
## 732 1996 40 Maradi 78
## 733 1996 40 Niamey 0
## 734 1996 40 Tahoua 26
## 735 1996 40 Tillaberi 4
## 736 1996 40 Zinder 15
## 737 1996 41 Agadez 0
## 738 1996 41 Diffa 0
## 739 1996 41 Dosso 1
## 740 1996 41 Maradi 133
## 741 1996 41 Niamey 2
## 742 1996 41 Tahoua 30
## 743 1996 41 Tillaberi 11
## 744 1996 41 Zinder 17
## 745 1996 42 Agadez 0
## 746 1996 42 Diffa 1
## 747 1996 42 Dosso 0
## 748 1996 42 Maradi 165
## 749 1996 42 Niamey 1
## 750 1996 42 Tahoua 26
## 751 1996 42 Tillaberi 13
## 752 1996 42 Zinder 19
## 753 1996 43 Agadez 2
## 754 1996 43 Diffa 0
## 755 1996 43 Dosso 0
## 756 1996 43 Maradi 136
## 757 1996 43 Niamey 0
## 758 1996 43 Tahoua 19
## 759 1996 43 Tillaberi 1
## 760 1996 43 Zinder 20
## 761 1996 44 Agadez 0
## 762 1996 44 Diffa 0
## 763 1996 44 Dosso 0
## 764 1996 44 Maradi 101
## 765 1996 44 Niamey 0
## 766 1996 44 Tahoua 7
## 767 1996 44 Tillaberi 4
## 768 1996 44 Zinder 32
## 769 1996 45 Agadez 0
## 770 1996 45 Diffa 0
## 771 1996 45 Dosso 2
## 772 1996 45 Maradi 102
## 773 1996 45 Niamey 0
## 774 1996 45 Tahoua 13
## 775 1996 45 Tillaberi 0
## 776 1996 45 Zinder 26
## 777 1996 46 Agadez 0
## 778 1996 46 Diffa 0
## 779 1996 46 Dosso 0
## 780 1996 46 Maradi 128
## 781 1996 46 Niamey 0
## 782 1996 46 Tahoua 9
## 783 1996 46 Tillaberi 2
## 784 1996 46 Zinder 19
## 785 1996 47 Agadez 0
## 786 1996 47 Diffa 0
## 787 1996 47 Dosso 0
## 788 1996 47 Maradi 137
## 789 1996 47 Niamey 1
## 790 1996 47 Tahoua 6
## 791 1996 47 Tillaberi 0
## 792 1996 47 Zinder 46
## 793 1996 48 Agadez 0
## 794 1996 48 Diffa 0
## 795 1996 48 Dosso 0
## 796 1996 48 Maradi 156
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## 3878 2004 17 Tahoua 1177
## 3879 2004 17 Tillaberi 1021
## 3880 2004 17 Zinder 212
## 3881 2004 18 Agadez 36
## 3882 2004 18 Diffa 43
## 3883 2004 18 Dosso 386
## 3884 2004 18 Maradi 503
## 3885 2004 18 Niamey 498
## 3886 2004 18 Tahoua 981
## 3887 2004 18 Tillaberi 852
## 3888 2004 18 Zinder 221
## 3889 2004 19 Agadez 33
## 3890 2004 19 Diffa 43
## 3891 2004 19 Dosso 392
## 3892 2004 19 Maradi 454
## 3893 2004 19 Niamey 287
## 3894 2004 19 Tahoua 1010
## 3895 2004 19 Tillaberi 589
## 3896 2004 19 Zinder 293
## 3897 2004 20 Agadez 27
## 3898 2004 20 Diffa 47
## 3899 2004 20 Dosso 238
## 3900 2004 20 Maradi 481
## 3901 2004 20 Niamey 208
## 3902 2004 20 Tahoua 691
## 3903 2004 20 Tillaberi 360
## 3904 2004 20 Zinder 309
## 3905 2004 21 Agadez 20
## 3906 2004 21 Diffa 112
## 3907 2004 21 Dosso 158
## 3908 2004 21 Maradi 412
## 3909 2004 21 Niamey 108
## 3910 2004 21 Tahoua 499
## 3911 2004 21 Tillaberi 427
## 3912 2004 21 Zinder 453
## 3913 2004 22 Agadez 15
## 3914 2004 22 Diffa 41
## 3915 2004 22 Dosso 190
## 3916 2004 22 Maradi 424
## 3917 2004 22 Niamey 32
## 3918 2004 22 Tahoua 455
## 3919 2004 22 Tillaberi 288
## 3920 2004 22 Zinder 279
## 3921 2004 23 Agadez 26
## 3922 2004 23 Diffa 16
## 3923 2004 23 Dosso 138
## 3924 2004 23 Maradi 385
## 3925 2004 23 Niamey 24
## 3926 2004 23 Tahoua 420
## 3927 2004 23 Tillaberi 199
## 3928 2004 23 Zinder 164
## 3929 2004 24 Agadez 11
## 3930 2004 24 Diffa 91
## 3931 2004 24 Dosso 142
## 3932 2004 24 Maradi 316
## 3933 2004 24 Niamey 24
## 3934 2004 24 Tahoua 249
## 3935 2004 24 Tillaberi 145
## 3936 2004 24 Zinder 176
## 3937 2004 25 Agadez 30
## 3938 2004 25 Diffa 12
## 3939 2004 25 Dosso 96
## 3940 2004 25 Maradi 247
## 3941 2004 25 Niamey 12
## 3942 2004 25 Tahoua 291
## 3943 2004 25 Tillaberi 133
## 3944 2004 25 Zinder 105
## 3945 2004 26 Agadez 15
## 3946 2004 26 Diffa 26
## 3947 2004 26 Dosso 89
## 3948 2004 26 Maradi 179
## 3949 2004 26 Niamey 6
## 3950 2004 26 Tahoua 203
## 3951 2004 26 Tillaberi 110
## 3952 2004 26 Zinder 103
## 3953 2004 27 Agadez 17
## 3954 2004 27 Diffa 5
## 3955 2004 27 Dosso 31
## 3956 2004 27 Maradi 108
## 3957 2004 27 Niamey 3
## 3958 2004 27 Tahoua 130
## 3959 2004 27 Tillaberi 69
## 3960 2004 27 Zinder 80
## 3961 2004 28 Agadez 8
## 3962 2004 28 Diffa 10
## 3963 2004 28 Dosso 43
## 3964 2004 28 Maradi 63
## 3965 2004 28 Niamey 2
## 3966 2004 28 Tahoua 104
## 3967 2004 28 Tillaberi 62
## 3968 2004 28 Zinder 84
## 3969 2004 29 Agadez 11
## 3970 2004 29 Diffa 16
## 3971 2004 29 Dosso 24
## 3972 2004 29 Maradi 54
## 3973 2004 29 Niamey 2
## 3974 2004 29 Tahoua 128
## 3975 2004 29 Tillaberi 40
## 3976 2004 29 Zinder 64
## 3977 2004 30 Agadez 13
## 3978 2004 30 Diffa 2
## 3979 2004 30 Dosso 24
## 3980 2004 30 Maradi 47
## 3981 2004 30 Niamey 2
## 3982 2004 30 Tahoua 52
## 3983 2004 30 Tillaberi 34
## 3984 2004 30 Zinder 25
## 3985 2004 31 Agadez 10
## 3986 2004 31 Diffa 4
## 3987 2004 31 Dosso 10
## 3988 2004 31 Maradi 33
## 3989 2004 31 Niamey 2
## 3990 2004 31 Tahoua 41
## 3991 2004 31 Tillaberi 32
## 3992 2004 31 Zinder 19
## 3993 2004 32 Agadez 11
## 3994 2004 32 Diffa 7
## 3995 2004 32 Dosso 17
## 3996 2004 32 Maradi 23
## 3997 2004 32 Niamey 2
## 3998 2004 32 Tahoua 31
## 3999 2004 32 Tillaberi 38
## 4000 2004 32 Zinder 12
## 4001 2004 33 Agadez 11
## 4002 2004 33 Diffa 11
## 4003 2004 33 Dosso 13
## 4004 2004 33 Maradi 34
## 4005 2004 33 Niamey 0
## 4006 2004 33 Tahoua 23
## 4007 2004 33 Tillaberi 23
## 4008 2004 33 Zinder 16
## 4009 2004 34 Agadez 6
## 4010 2004 34 Diffa 0
## 4011 2004 34 Dosso 11
## 4012 2004 34 Maradi 13
## 4013 2004 34 Niamey 0
## 4014 2004 34 Tahoua 2
## 4015 2004 34 Tillaberi 9
## 4016 2004 34 Zinder 7
## 4017 2004 35 Agadez 6
## 4018 2004 35 Diffa 2
## 4019 2004 35 Dosso 9
## 4020 2004 35 Maradi 7
## 4021 2004 35 Niamey 0
## 4022 2004 35 Tahoua 12
## 4023 2004 35 Tillaberi 7
## 4024 2004 35 Zinder 8
## 4025 2004 36 Agadez 3
## 4026 2004 36 Diffa 1
## 4027 2004 36 Dosso 11
## 4028 2004 36 Maradi 10
## 4029 2004 36 Niamey 0
## 4030 2004 36 Tahoua 19
## 4031 2004 36 Tillaberi 2
## 4032 2004 36 Zinder 3
## 4033 2004 37 Agadez 2
## 4034 2004 37 Diffa 1
## 4035 2004 37 Dosso 8
## 4036 2004 37 Maradi 7
## 4037 2004 37 Niamey 0
## 4038 2004 37 Tahoua 9
## 4039 2004 37 Tillaberi 0
## 4040 2004 37 Zinder 9
## 4041 2004 38 Agadez 0
## 4042 2004 38 Diffa 0
## 4043 2004 38 Dosso 31
## 4044 2004 38 Maradi 11
## 4045 2004 38 Niamey 0
## 4046 2004 38 Tahoua 8
## 4047 2004 38 Tillaberi 3
## 4048 2004 38 Zinder 0
## 4049 2004 39 Agadez 3
## 4050 2004 39 Diffa 7
## 4051 2004 39 Dosso 8
## 4052 2004 39 Maradi 2
## 4053 2004 39 Niamey 2
## 4054 2004 39 Tahoua 18
## 4055 2004 39 Tillaberi 2
## 4056 2004 39 Zinder 5
## 4057 2004 40 Agadez 0
## 4058 2004 40 Diffa 1
## 4059 2004 40 Dosso 10
## 4060 2004 40 Maradi 3
## 4061 2004 40 Niamey 0
## 4062 2004 40 Tahoua 10
## 4063 2004 40 Tillaberi 0
## 4064 2004 40 Zinder 4
## 4065 2004 41 Agadez 0
## 4066 2004 41 Diffa 0
## 4067 2004 41 Dosso 7
## 4068 2004 41 Maradi 4
## 4069 2004 41 Niamey 0
## 4070 2004 41 Tahoua 7
## 4071 2004 41 Tillaberi 0
## 4072 2004 41 Zinder 3
## 4073 2004 42 Agadez 0
## 4074 2004 42 Diffa 1
## 4075 2004 42 Dosso 29
## 4076 2004 42 Maradi 5
## 4077 2004 42 Niamey 0
## 4078 2004 42 Tahoua 21
## 4079 2004 42 Tillaberi 5
## 4080 2004 42 Zinder 5
## 4081 2004 43 Agadez 0
## 4082 2004 43 Diffa 0
## 4083 2004 43 Dosso 29
## 4084 2004 43 Maradi 10
## 4085 2004 43 Niamey 0
## 4086 2004 43 Tahoua 22
## 4087 2004 43 Tillaberi 2
## 4088 2004 43 Zinder 21
## 4089 2004 44 Agadez 0
## 4090 2004 44 Diffa 0
## 4091 2004 44 Dosso 41
## 4092 2004 44 Maradi 8
## 4093 2004 44 Niamey 0
## 4094 2004 44 Tahoua 3
## 4095 2004 44 Tillaberi 2
## 4096 2004 44 Zinder 12
## 4097 2004 45 Agadez 0
## 4098 2004 45 Diffa 2
## 4099 2004 45 Dosso 12
## 4100 2004 45 Maradi 10
## 4101 2004 45 Niamey 0
## 4102 2004 45 Tahoua 9
## 4103 2004 45 Tillaberi 1
## 4104 2004 45 Zinder 5
## 4105 2004 46 Agadez 0
## 4106 2004 46 Diffa 0
## 4107 2004 46 Dosso 6
## 4108 2004 46 Maradi 4
## 4109 2004 46 Niamey 0
## 4110 2004 46 Tahoua 6
## 4111 2004 46 Tillaberi 0
## 4112 2004 46 Zinder 7
## 4113 2004 47 Agadez 0
## 4114 2004 47 Diffa 3
## 4115 2004 47 Dosso 13
## 4116 2004 47 Maradi 5
## 4117 2004 47 Niamey 3
## 4118 2004 47 Tahoua 9
## 4119 2004 47 Tillaberi 3
## 4120 2004 47 Zinder 0
## 4121 2004 48 Agadez 0
## 4122 2004 48 Diffa 1
## 4123 2004 48 Dosso 34
## 4124 2004 48 Maradi 6
## 4125 2004 48 Niamey 0
## 4126 2004 48 Tahoua 12
## 4127 2004 48 Tillaberi 0
## 4128 2004 48 Zinder 10
## 4129 2004 49 Agadez 0
## 4130 2004 49 Diffa 3
## 4131 2004 49 Dosso 26
## 4132 2004 49 Maradi 5
## 4133 2004 49 Niamey 0
## 4134 2004 49 Tahoua 18
## 4135 2004 49 Tillaberi 8
## 4136 2004 49 Zinder 17
## 4137 2004 50 Agadez 0
## 4138 2004 50 Diffa 0
## 4139 2004 50 Dosso 48
## 4140 2004 50 Maradi 12
## 4141 2004 50 Niamey 0
## 4142 2004 50 Tahoua 8
## 4143 2004 50 Tillaberi 0
## 4144 2004 50 Zinder 13
## 4145 2004 51 Agadez 0
## 4146 2004 51 Diffa 0
## 4147 2004 51 Dosso 30
## 4148 2004 51 Maradi 18
## 4149 2004 51 Niamey 0
## 4150 2004 51 Tahoua 7
## 4151 2004 51 Tillaberi 2
## 4152 2004 51 Zinder 11
## 4153 2004 52 Agadez 2
## 4154 2004 52 Diffa 6
## 4155 2004 52 Dosso 44
## 4156 2004 52 Maradi 13
## 4157 2004 52 Niamey 0
## 4158 2004 52 Tahoua 11
## 4159 2004 52 Tillaberi 1
## 4160 2004 52 Zinder 32
## 4161 2005 1 Agadez 1
## 4162 2005 1 Diffa 8
## 4163 2005 1 Dosso 8
## 4164 2005 1 Maradi 13
## 4165 2005 1 Niamey 1
## 4166 2005 1 Tahoua 12
## 4167 2005 1 Tillaberi 1
## 4168 2005 1 Zinder 29
## 4169 2005 2 Agadez 1
## 4170 2005 2 Diffa 4
## 4171 2005 2 Dosso 9
## 4172 2005 2 Maradi 27
## 4173 2005 2 Niamey 3
## 4174 2005 2 Tahoua 9
## 4175 2005 2 Tillaberi 1
## 4176 2005 2 Zinder 20
## 4177 2005 3 Agadez 0
## 4178 2005 3 Diffa 0
## 4179 2005 3 Dosso 3
## 4180 2005 3 Maradi 7
## 4181 2005 3 Niamey 0
## 4182 2005 3 Tahoua 5
## 4183 2005 3 Tillaberi 7
## 4184 2005 3 Zinder 19
## 4185 2005 4 Agadez 3
## 4186 2005 4 Diffa 20
## 4187 2005 4 Dosso 8
## 4188 2005 4 Maradi 14
## 4189 2005 4 Niamey 0
## 4190 2005 4 Tahoua 14
## 4191 2005 4 Tillaberi 5
## 4192 2005 4 Zinder 36
## 4193 2005 5 Agadez 1
## 4194 2005 5 Diffa 13
## 4195 2005 5 Dosso 6
## 4196 2005 5 Maradi 25
## 4197 2005 5 Niamey 0
## 4198 2005 5 Tahoua 7
## 4199 2005 5 Tillaberi 5
## 4200 2005 5 Zinder 35
## 4201 2005 6 Agadez 4
## 4202 2005 6 Diffa 43
## 4203 2005 6 Dosso 4
## 4204 2005 6 Maradi 18
## 4205 2005 6 Niamey 1
## 4206 2005 6 Tahoua 9
## 4207 2005 6 Tillaberi 3
## 4208 2005 6 Zinder 25
## 4209 2005 7 Agadez 2
## 4210 2005 7 Diffa 13
## 4211 2005 7 Dosso 11
## 4212 2005 7 Maradi 22
## 4213 2005 7 Niamey 1
## 4214 2005 7 Tahoua 7
## 4215 2005 7 Tillaberi 2
## 4216 2005 7 Zinder 22
## 4217 2005 8 Agadez 1
## 4218 2005 8 Diffa 18
## 4219 2005 8 Dosso 5
## 4220 2005 8 Maradi 12
## 4221 2005 8 Niamey 5
## 4222 2005 8 Tahoua 12
## 4223 2005 8 Tillaberi 1
## 4224 2005 8 Zinder 49
## 4225 2005 9 Agadez 1
## 4226 2005 9 Diffa 21
## 4227 2005 9 Dosso 9
## 4228 2005 9 Maradi 33
## 4229 2005 9 Niamey 4
## 4230 2005 9 Tahoua 13
## 4231 2005 9 Tillaberi 5
## 4232 2005 9 Zinder 82
## 4233 2005 10 Agadez 2
## 4234 2005 10 Diffa 11
## 4235 2005 10 Dosso 6
## 4236 2005 10 Maradi 49
## 4237 2005 10 Niamey 5
## 4238 2005 10 Tahoua 18
## 4239 2005 10 Tillaberi 1
## 4240 2005 10 Zinder 23
## 4241 2005 11 Agadez 2
## 4242 2005 11 Diffa 29
## 4243 2005 11 Dosso 6
## 4244 2005 11 Maradi 32
## 4245 2005 11 Niamey 0
## 4246 2005 11 Tahoua 8
## 4247 2005 11 Tillaberi 3
## 4248 2005 11 Zinder 28
## 4249 2005 12 Agadez 5
## 4250 2005 12 Diffa 9
## 4251 2005 12 Dosso 0
## 4252 2005 12 Maradi 26
## 4253 2005 12 Niamey 0
## 4254 2005 12 Tahoua 3
## 4255 2005 12 Tillaberi 13
## 4256 2005 12 Zinder 18
## 4257 2005 13 Agadez 3
## 4258 2005 13 Diffa 3
## 4259 2005 13 Dosso 12
## 4260 2005 13 Maradi 31
## 4261 2005 13 Niamey 2
## 4262 2005 13 Tahoua 9
## 4263 2005 13 Tillaberi 3
## 4264 2005 13 Zinder 34
## 4265 2005 14 Agadez 0
## 4266 2005 14 Diffa 4
## 4267 2005 14 Dosso 7
## 4268 2005 14 Maradi 16
## 4269 2005 14 Niamey 1
## 4270 2005 14 Tahoua 11
## 4271 2005 14 Tillaberi 10
## 4272 2005 14 Zinder 24
## 4273 2005 15 Agadez 5
## 4274 2005 15 Diffa 8
## 4275 2005 15 Dosso 9
## 4276 2005 15 Maradi 44
## 4277 2005 15 Niamey 1
## 4278 2005 15 Tahoua 2
## 4279 2005 15 Tillaberi 3
## 4280 2005 15 Zinder 33
## 4281 2005 16 Agadez 1
## 4282 2005 16 Diffa 13
## 4283 2005 16 Dosso 7
## 4284 2005 16 Maradi 19
## 4285 2005 16 Niamey 5
## 4286 2005 16 Tahoua 2
## 4287 2005 16 Tillaberi 8
## 4288 2005 16 Zinder 38
## 4289 2005 17 Agadez 2
## 4290 2005 17 Diffa 13
## 4291 2005 17 Dosso 22
## 4292 2005 17 Maradi 21
## 4293 2005 17 Niamey 5
## 4294 2005 17 Tahoua 9
## 4295 2005 17 Tillaberi 7
## 4296 2005 17 Zinder 37
## 4297 2005 18 Agadez 5
## 4298 2005 18 Diffa 10
## 4299 2005 18 Dosso 11
## 4300 2005 18 Maradi 20
## 4301 2005 18 Niamey 2
## 4302 2005 18 Tahoua 5
## 4303 2005 18 Tillaberi 2
## 4304 2005 18 Zinder 15
## 4305 2005 19 Agadez 1
## 4306 2005 19 Diffa 10
## 4307 2005 19 Dosso 9
## 4308 2005 19 Maradi 25
## 4309 2005 19 Niamey 2
## 4310 2005 19 Tahoua 1
## 4311 2005 19 Tillaberi 1
## 4312 2005 19 Zinder 42
## 4313 2005 20 Agadez 8
## 4314 2005 20 Diffa 8
## 4315 2005 20 Dosso 1
## 4316 2005 20 Maradi 14
## 4317 2005 20 Niamey 2
## 4318 2005 20 Tahoua 5
## 4319 2005 20 Tillaberi 2
## 4320 2005 20 Zinder 0
## 4321 2005 21 Agadez 0
## 4322 2005 21 Diffa 33
## 4323 2005 21 Dosso 3
## 4324 2005 21 Maradi 21
## 4325 2005 21 Niamey 2
## 4326 2005 21 Tahoua 4
## 4327 2005 21 Tillaberi 1
## 4328 2005 21 Zinder 26
## 4329 2005 22 Agadez 7
## 4330 2005 22 Diffa 22
## 4331 2005 22 Dosso 1
## 4332 2005 22 Maradi 2
## 4333 2005 22 Niamey 0
## 4334 2005 22 Tahoua 5
## 4335 2005 22 Tillaberi 4
## 4336 2005 22 Zinder 17
## 4337 2005 23 Agadez 4
## 4338 2005 23 Diffa 0
## 4339 2005 23 Dosso 1
## 4340 2005 23 Maradi 5
## 4341 2005 23 Niamey 1
## 4342 2005 23 Tahoua 1
## 4343 2005 23 Tillaberi 2
## 4344 2005 23 Zinder 1
## 4345 2005 24 Agadez 4
## 4346 2005 24 Diffa 11
## 4347 2005 24 Dosso 0
## 4348 2005 24 Maradi 0
## 4349 2005 24 Niamey 0
## 4350 2005 24 Tahoua 2
## 4351 2005 24 Tillaberi 2
## 4352 2005 24 Zinder 1
## 4353 2005 25 Agadez 3
## 4354 2005 25 Diffa 14
## 4355 2005 25 Dosso 1
## 4356 2005 25 Maradi 3
## 4357 2005 25 Niamey 0
## 4358 2005 25 Tahoua 1
## 4359 2005 25 Tillaberi 1
## 4360 2005 25 Zinder 16
## 4361 2005 26 Agadez 1
## 4362 2005 26 Diffa 16
## 4363 2005 26 Dosso 0
## 4364 2005 26 Maradi 10
## 4365 2005 26 Niamey 1
## 4366 2005 26 Tahoua 7
## 4367 2005 26 Tillaberi 1
## 4368 2005 26 Zinder 25
## 4369 2005 27 Agadez 2
## 4370 2005 27 Diffa 1
## 4371 2005 27 Dosso 0
## 4372 2005 27 Maradi 4
## 4373 2005 27 Niamey 0
## 4374 2005 27 Tahoua 0
## 4375 2005 27 Tillaberi 0
## 4376 2005 27 Zinder 8
## 4377 2005 28 Agadez 0
## 4378 2005 28 Diffa 5
## 4379 2005 28 Dosso 0
## 4380 2005 28 Maradi 1
## 4381 2005 28 Niamey 0
## 4382 2005 28 Tahoua 0
## 4383 2005 28 Tillaberi 0
## 4384 2005 28 Zinder 3
## 4385 2005 29 Agadez 7
## 4386 2005 29 Diffa 0
## 4387 2005 29 Dosso 0
## 4388 2005 29 Maradi 2
## 4389 2005 29 Niamey 0
## 4390 2005 29 Tahoua 0
## 4391 2005 29 Tillaberi 0
## 4392 2005 29 Zinder 0
## 4393 2005 30 Agadez 4
## 4394 2005 30 Diffa 0
## 4395 2005 30 Dosso 0
## 4396 2005 30 Maradi 0
## 4397 2005 30 Niamey 0
## 4398 2005 30 Tahoua 0
## 4399 2005 30 Tillaberi 0
## 4400 2005 30 Zinder 0
## 4401 2005 31 Agadez 5
## 4402 2005 31 Diffa 0
## 4403 2005 31 Dosso 0
## 4404 2005 31 Maradi 2
## 4405 2005 31 Niamey 0
## 4406 2005 31 Tahoua 0
## 4407 2005 31 Tillaberi 0
## 4408 2005 31 Zinder 0
## 4409 2005 32 Agadez 3
## 4410 2005 32 Diffa 0
## 4411 2005 32 Dosso 0
## 4412 2005 32 Maradi 1
## 4413 2005 32 Niamey 1
## 4414 2005 32 Tahoua 0
## 4415 2005 32 Tillaberi 0
## 4416 2005 32 Zinder 0
## 4417 2005 33 Agadez 0
## 4418 2005 33 Diffa 0
## 4419 2005 33 Dosso 0
## 4420 2005 33 Maradi 3
## 4421 2005 33 Niamey 0
## 4422 2005 33 Tahoua 0
## 4423 2005 33 Tillaberi 0
## 4424 2005 33 Zinder 0
## 4425 2005 34 Agadez 1
## 4426 2005 34 Diffa 0
## 4427 2005 34 Dosso 0
## 4428 2005 34 Maradi 1
## 4429 2005 34 Niamey 1
## 4430 2005 34 Tahoua 0
## 4431 2005 34 Tillaberi 0
## 4432 2005 34 Zinder 0
## 4433 2005 35 Agadez 0
## 4434 2005 35 Diffa 0
## 4435 2005 35 Dosso 0
## 4436 2005 35 Maradi 0
## 4437 2005 35 Niamey 0
## 4438 2005 35 Tahoua 0
## 4439 2005 35 Tillaberi 1
## 4440 2005 35 Zinder 0
## 4441 2005 36 Agadez 0
## 4442 2005 36 Diffa 0
## 4443 2005 36 Dosso 0
## 4444 2005 36 Maradi 0
## 4445 2005 36 Niamey 0
## 4446 2005 36 Tahoua 0
## 4447 2005 36 Tillaberi 0
## 4448 2005 36 Zinder 0
## 4449 2005 37 Agadez 0
## 4450 2005 37 Diffa 0
## 4451 2005 37 Dosso 0
## 4452 2005 37 Maradi 0
## 4453 2005 37 Niamey 1
## 4454 2005 37 Tahoua 0
## 4455 2005 37 Tillaberi 0
## 4456 2005 37 Zinder 0
## 4457 2005 38 Agadez 0
## 4458 2005 38 Diffa 0
## 4459 2005 38 Dosso 0
## 4460 2005 38 Maradi 0
## 4461 2005 38 Niamey 0
## 4462 2005 38 Tahoua 0
## 4463 2005 38 Tillaberi 0
## 4464 2005 38 Zinder 0
## 4465 2005 39 Agadez 0
## 4466 2005 39 Diffa 0
## 4467 2005 39 Dosso 2
## 4468 2005 39 Maradi 0
## 4469 2005 39 Niamey 0
## 4470 2005 39 Tahoua 0
## 4471 2005 39 Tillaberi 0
## 4472 2005 39 Zinder 0
## 4473 2005 40 Agadez 0
## 4474 2005 40 Diffa 0
## 4475 2005 40 Dosso 0
## 4476 2005 40 Maradi 1
## 4477 2005 40 Niamey 0
## 4478 2005 40 Tahoua 0
## 4479 2005 40 Tillaberi 0
## 4480 2005 40 Zinder 0
## 4481 2005 41 Agadez 0
## 4482 2005 41 Diffa 0
## 4483 2005 41 Dosso 1
## 4484 2005 41 Maradi 1
## 4485 2005 41 Niamey 0
## 4486 2005 41 Tahoua 0
## 4487 2005 41 Tillaberi 0
## 4488 2005 41 Zinder 0
## 4489 2005 42 Agadez 0
## 4490 2005 42 Diffa 0
## 4491 2005 42 Dosso 7
## 4492 2005 42 Maradi 0
## 4493 2005 42 Niamey 0
## 4494 2005 42 Tahoua 0
## 4495 2005 42 Tillaberi 0
## 4496 2005 42 Zinder 0
## 4497 2005 43 Agadez 0
## 4498 2005 43 Diffa 0
## 4499 2005 43 Dosso 0
## 4500 2005 43 Maradi 0
## 4501 2005 43 Niamey 0
## 4502 2005 43 Tahoua 2
## 4503 2005 43 Tillaberi 0
## 4504 2005 43 Zinder 0
## 4505 2005 44 Agadez 0
## 4506 2005 44 Diffa 0
## 4507 2005 44 Dosso 0
## 4508 2005 44 Maradi 0
## 4509 2005 44 Niamey 0
## 4510 2005 44 Tahoua 0
## 4511 2005 44 Tillaberi 0
## 4512 2005 44 Zinder 0
## 4513 2005 45 Agadez 0
## 4514 2005 45 Diffa 0
## 4515 2005 45 Dosso 0
## 4516 2005 45 Maradi 0
## 4517 2005 45 Niamey 0
## 4518 2005 45 Tahoua 0
## 4519 2005 45 Tillaberi 0
## 4520 2005 45 Zinder 0
## 4521 2005 46 Agadez 0
## 4522 2005 46 Diffa 0
## 4523 2005 46 Dosso 0
## 4524 2005 46 Maradi 0
## 4525 2005 46 Niamey 0
## 4526 2005 46 Tahoua 0
## 4527 2005 46 Tillaberi 0
## 4528 2005 46 Zinder 0
## 4529 2005 47 Agadez 0
## 4530 2005 47 Diffa 0
## 4531 2005 47 Dosso 0
## 4532 2005 47 Maradi 0
## 4533 2005 47 Niamey 0
## 4534 2005 47 Tahoua 0
## 4535 2005 47 Tillaberi 0
## 4536 2005 47 Zinder 0
## 4537 2005 48 Agadez 0
## 4538 2005 48 Diffa 0
## 4539 2005 48 Dosso 0
## 4540 2005 48 Maradi 0
## 4541 2005 48 Niamey 0
## 4542 2005 48 Tahoua 0
## 4543 2005 48 Tillaberi 0
## 4544 2005 48 Zinder 0
## 4545 2005 49 Agadez 0
## 4546 2005 49 Diffa 0
## 4547 2005 49 Dosso 2
## 4548 2005 49 Maradi 0
## 4549 2005 49 Niamey 0
## 4550 2005 49 Tahoua 0
## 4551 2005 49 Tillaberi 0
## 4552 2005 49 Zinder 1
## 4553 2005 50 Agadez 1
## 4554 2005 50 Diffa 0
## 4555 2005 50 Dosso 0
## 4556 2005 50 Maradi 1
## 4557 2005 50 Niamey 0
## 4558 2005 50 Tahoua 0
## 4559 2005 50 Tillaberi 0
## 4560 2005 50 Zinder 0
## 4561 2005 51 Agadez 0
## 4562 2005 51 Diffa 0
## 4563 2005 51 Dosso 0
## 4564 2005 51 Maradi 0
## 4565 2005 51 Niamey 0
## 4566 2005 51 Tahoua 0
## 4567 2005 51 Tillaberi 0
## 4568 2005 51 Zinder 0
## 4569 2005 52 Agadez 0
## 4570 2005 52 Diffa 0
## 4571 2005 52 Dosso 0
## 4572 2005 52 Maradi 0
## 4573 2005 52 Niamey 0
## 4574 2005 52 Tahoua 1
## 4575 2005 52 Tillaberi 0
## 4576 2005 52 Zinder 2The nigerm data frame has 4
variables (or columns):
year: Calendar year (ranges from 1995 to 2005)week: Week of the year (ranges from 1 to 52)region: Region in which the cases were reported
Administrative divisions of Niger: Districts and
Regions
cases: Number of measles cases reported
• Recent studies have analyzed this dataset to investigate annual patterns in measles incidence
Research articles that have used this dataset,
and analyzed it in R!
• We can get summary statistics with the
summary() function
## year week region cases
## Min. :1995 Min. : 1.00 Agadez : 572 Min. : 0.0
## 1st Qu.:1997 1st Qu.:13.75 Diffa : 572 1st Qu.: 1.0
## Median :2000 Median :26.50 Dosso : 572 Median : 16.0
## Mean :2000 Mean :26.50 Maradi : 572 Mean : 100.3
## 3rd Qu.:2003 3rd Qu.:39.25 Niamey : 572 3rd Qu.: 86.0
## Max. :2005 Max. :52.00 Tahoua : 572 Max. :1887.0
## (Other):1144• Gives the maximum, minimum, and quartiles for numerical variables
• Summary statistics can be highly misleading
• Visualizing data is a much better way to analyze patterns
• We can do this in R with {ggplot2}
4 Fundamentals of data visualization with {ggplot2}
{ggplot2} is the core packages of the
{tidyverse} metapackage.
• {ggplot2} is the most popular package for data visualization in R
• The code has a consistent structure for creating graphics
• It’s unique approach makes the learning curve steep
A tweet from Hadley Wickham, creator of
{ggplot2} and {tidyverse}.
• Understanding the theoretical framework will make using {ggplot2} easier
• The gg in ggplot is short for
“grammar of graphics”, which is the data
visualization philosophy that {ggplot2} is based on.
4.1 The layered Grammar of Graphics
• The grammar of graphics (GG) deconstructs a graph into individual elements
• Similarly to linguistics grammar, the GG framework defines rules for constructing graphics by combining layers.
• GG layers have specific names that you will see throughout the course:
The grammar of graphics framework dissects a
graph into individual components, which belong to these seven distinct
layers. We take these different layers and combine them
together to build a plot.
The three layers at the bottom of this figure - data, aesthetics, and geometries - are essential for building any plot.
Let’s define what they mean:
data: the dataset containing the variables of interest.aesthetics: things we can see that visually display variables in our data.geometry: the geometric shapes used to represent data in a plot: points, lines, bars, etc.
We wrote data, geom, and aes
in a computer code type font because we use these terms in R.
The terms and syntax used for ggplot functions,
arguments, and layers can be hard to keep up with at first, but as you
gain experience using these terms to make plots in R, you will become
fluent in no time.
5 Working through the essential layers
• Our first plot with {ggplot2} will be a scatter plot to explore Niger measles dataset
• For simplification, we will use a subset of nigerm
called nigerm96:
# Create nigerm96 data frame
nigerm96 <- nigerm %>%
filter(year == 1996) %>% # filter to only 1996
select(-year) # remove the year columnThe select() and
filter() functions are part of the
{dplyr} package for data manipulation, which is part of
the {tidyverse}. These topics are covered in the Data Wrangling course.
See The GRAPH Courses website
for more.
Take a look at nigerm96:
## week region cases
## 1 1 Agadez 120
## 2 1 Diffa 75
## 3 1 Dosso 98
## 4 1 Maradi 123
## 5 1 Niamey 0
## 6 1 Tahoua 113
## 7 1 Tillaberi 42
## 8 1 Zinder 25
## 9 2 Agadez 120
## 10 2 Diffa 96
## 11 2 Dosso 96
## 12 2 Maradi 128
## 13 2 Niamey 0
## 14 2 Tahoua 102
## 15 2 Tillaberi 115
## 16 2 Zinder 66
## 17 3 Agadez 114
## 18 3 Diffa 46
## 19 3 Dosso 76
## 20 3 Maradi 139
## 21 3 Niamey 0
## 22 3 Tahoua 144
## 23 3 Tillaberi 118
## 24 3 Zinder 83
## 25 4 Agadez 111
## 26 4 Diffa 54
## 27 4 Dosso 126
## 28 4 Maradi 151
## 29 4 Niamey 0
## 30 4 Tahoua 108
## 31 4 Tillaberi 74
## 32 4 Zinder 115
## 33 5 Agadez 110
## 34 5 Diffa 70
## 35 5 Dosso 133
## 36 5 Maradi 256
## 37 5 Niamey 10
## 38 5 Tahoua 164
## 39 5 Tillaberi 99
## 40 5 Zinder 146
## 41 6 Agadez 89
## 42 6 Diffa 44
## 43 6 Dosso 132
## 44 6 Maradi 327
## 45 6 Niamey 8
## 46 6 Tahoua 282
## 47 6 Tillaberi 5
## 48 6 Zinder 294
## 49 7 Agadez 72
## 50 7 Diffa 175
## 51 7 Dosso 159
## 52 7 Maradi 349
## 53 7 Niamey 5
## 54 7 Tahoua 473
## 55 7 Tillaberi 157
## 56 7 Zinder 496
## 57 8 Agadez 72
## 58 8 Diffa 204
## 59 8 Dosso 180
## 60 8 Maradi 371
## 61 8 Niamey 10
## 62 8 Tahoua 436
## 63 8 Tillaberi 172
## 64 8 Zinder 446
## 65 9 Agadez 54
## 66 9 Diffa 225
## 67 9 Dosso 106
## 68 9 Maradi 402
## 69 9 Niamey 9
## 70 9 Tahoua 590
## 71 9 Tillaberi 102
## 72 9 Zinder 714
## 73 10 Agadez 51
## 74 10 Diffa 250
## 75 10 Dosso 99
## 76 10 Maradi 411
## 77 10 Niamey 5
## 78 10 Tahoua 629
## 79 10 Tillaberi 339
## 80 10 Zinder 632
## 81 11 Agadez 68
## 82 11 Diffa 277
## 83 11 Dosso 115
## 84 11 Maradi 726
## 85 11 Niamey 26
## 86 11 Tahoua 636
## 87 11 Tillaberi 208
## 88 11 Zinder 929
## 89 12 Agadez 49
## 90 12 Diffa 242
## 91 12 Dosso 193
## 92 12 Maradi 686
## 93 12 Niamey 8
## 94 12 Tahoua 716
## 95 12 Tillaberi 135
## 96 12 Zinder 1147
## 97 13 Agadez 45
## 98 13 Diffa 145
## 99 13 Dosso 90
## 100 13 Maradi 650
## 101 13 Niamey 18
## 102 13 Tahoua 587
## 103 13 Tillaberi 209
## 104 13 Zinder 1493
## 105 14 Agadez 24
## 106 14 Diffa 154
## 107 14 Dosso 126
## 108 14 Maradi 907
## 109 14 Niamey 0
## 110 14 Tahoua 494
## 111 14 Tillaberi 269
## 112 14 Zinder 1599
## 113 15 Agadez 51
## 114 15 Diffa 153
## 115 15 Dosso 110
## 116 15 Maradi 891
## 117 15 Niamey 19
## 118 15 Tahoua 591
## 119 15 Tillaberi 167
## 120 15 Zinder 1462
## 121 16 Agadez 28
## 122 16 Diffa 105
## 123 16 Dosso 129
## 124 16 Maradi 936
## 125 16 Niamey 34
## 126 16 Tahoua 692
## 127 16 Tillaberi 101
## 128 16 Zinder 1778
## 129 17 Agadez 31
## 130 17 Diffa 130
## 131 17 Dosso 125
## 132 17 Maradi 843
## 133 17 Niamey 28
## 134 17 Tahoua 634
## 135 17 Tillaberi 171
## 136 17 Zinder 1836
## 137 18 Agadez 17
## 138 18 Diffa 73
## 139 18 Dosso 134
## 140 18 Maradi 913
## 141 18 Niamey 26
## 142 18 Tahoua 514
## 143 18 Tillaberi 245
## 144 18 Zinder 1801
## 145 19 Agadez 21
## 146 19 Diffa 84
## 147 19 Dosso 122
## 148 19 Maradi 909
## 149 19 Niamey 27
## 150 19 Tahoua 569
## 151 19 Tillaberi 92
## 152 19 Zinder 1742
## 153 20 Agadez 39
## 154 20 Diffa 69
## 155 20 Dosso 72
## 156 20 Maradi 1089
## 157 20 Niamey 26
## 158 20 Tahoua 529
## 159 20 Tillaberi 84
## 160 20 Zinder 1887
## 161 21 Agadez 8
## 162 21 Diffa 73
## 163 21 Dosso 85
## 164 21 Maradi 932
## 165 21 Niamey 17
## 166 21 Tahoua 324
## 167 21 Tillaberi 113
## 168 21 Zinder 1666
## 169 22 Agadez 19
## 170 22 Diffa 58
## 171 22 Dosso 119
## 172 22 Maradi 959
## 173 22 Niamey 12
## 174 22 Tahoua 430
## 175 22 Tillaberi 82
## 176 22 Zinder 1512
## 177 23 Agadez 5
## 178 23 Diffa 24
## 179 23 Dosso 46
## 180 23 Maradi 777
## 181 23 Niamey 4
## 182 23 Tahoua 354
## 183 23 Tillaberi 63
## 184 23 Zinder 1028
## 185 24 Agadez 2
## 186 24 Diffa 32
## 187 24 Dosso 32
## 188 24 Maradi 574
## 189 24 Niamey 1
## 190 24 Tahoua 274
## 191 24 Tillaberi 80
## 192 24 Zinder 910
## 193 25 Agadez 0
## 194 25 Diffa 27
## 195 25 Dosso 26
## 196 25 Maradi 475
## 197 25 Niamey 7
## 198 25 Tahoua 175
## 199 25 Tillaberi 73
## 200 25 Zinder 697
## 201 26 Agadez 0
## 202 26 Diffa 8
## 203 26 Dosso 11
## 204 26 Maradi 389
## 205 26 Niamey 3
## 206 26 Tahoua 165
## 207 26 Tillaberi 32
## 208 26 Zinder 454
## 209 27 Agadez 12
## 210 27 Diffa 21
## 211 27 Dosso 35
## 212 27 Maradi 248
## 213 27 Niamey 2
## 214 27 Tahoua 132
## 215 27 Tillaberi 41
## 216 27 Zinder 310
## 217 28 Agadez 0
## 218 28 Diffa 10
## 219 28 Dosso 16
## 220 28 Maradi 235
## 221 28 Niamey 2
## 222 28 Tahoua 126
## 223 28 Tillaberi 54
## 224 28 Zinder 242
## 225 29 Agadez 0
## 226 29 Diffa 9
## 227 29 Dosso 27
## 228 29 Maradi 237
## 229 29 Niamey 3
## 230 29 Tahoua 107
## 231 29 Tillaberi 25
## 232 29 Zinder 199
## 233 30 Agadez 0
## 234 30 Diffa 11
## 235 30 Dosso 21
## 236 30 Maradi 139
## 237 30 Niamey 0
## 238 30 Tahoua 50
## 239 30 Tillaberi 12
## 240 30 Zinder 116
## 241 31 Agadez 0
## 242 31 Diffa 4
## 243 31 Dosso 7
## 244 31 Maradi 114
## 245 31 Niamey 0
## 246 31 Tahoua 88
## 247 31 Tillaberi 19
## 248 31 Zinder 94
## 249 32 Agadez 6
## 250 32 Diffa 3
## 251 32 Dosso 3
## 252 32 Maradi 96
## 253 32 Niamey 0
## 254 32 Tahoua 57
## 255 32 Tillaberi 23
## 256 32 Zinder 91
## 257 33 Agadez 0
## 258 33 Diffa 0
## 259 33 Dosso 11
## 260 33 Maradi 87
## 261 33 Niamey 0
## 262 33 Tahoua 34
## 263 33 Tillaberi 9
## 264 33 Zinder 102
## 265 34 Agadez 0
## 266 34 Diffa 2
## 267 34 Dosso 0
## 268 34 Maradi 81
## 269 34 Niamey 0
## 270 34 Tahoua 24
## 271 34 Tillaberi 12
## 272 34 Zinder 110
## 273 35 Agadez 1
## 274 35 Diffa 1
## 275 35 Dosso 4
## 276 35 Maradi 102
## 277 35 Niamey 0
## 278 35 Tahoua 22
## 279 35 Tillaberi 9
## 280 35 Zinder 56
## 281 36 Agadez 0
## 282 36 Diffa 3
## 283 36 Dosso 2
## 284 36 Maradi 56
## 285 36 Niamey 0
## 286 36 Tahoua 25
## 287 36 Tillaberi 18
## 288 36 Zinder 52
## 289 37 Agadez 0
## 290 37 Diffa 0
## 291 37 Dosso 4
## 292 37 Maradi 65
## 293 37 Niamey 8
## 294 37 Tahoua 21
## 295 37 Tillaberi 7
## 296 37 Zinder 45
## 297 38 Agadez 0
## 298 38 Diffa 0
## 299 38 Dosso 1
## 300 38 Maradi 69
## 301 38 Niamey 0
## 302 38 Tahoua 7
## 303 38 Tillaberi 1
## 304 38 Zinder 28
## 305 39 Agadez 0
## 306 39 Diffa 0
## 307 39 Dosso 0
## 308 39 Maradi 100
## 309 39 Niamey 0
## 310 39 Tahoua 14
## 311 39 Tillaberi 6
## 312 39 Zinder 21
## 313 40 Agadez 0
## 314 40 Diffa 0
## 315 40 Dosso 5
## 316 40 Maradi 78
## 317 40 Niamey 0
## 318 40 Tahoua 26
## 319 40 Tillaberi 4
## 320 40 Zinder 15
## 321 41 Agadez 0
## 322 41 Diffa 0
## 323 41 Dosso 1
## 324 41 Maradi 133
## 325 41 Niamey 2
## 326 41 Tahoua 30
## 327 41 Tillaberi 11
## 328 41 Zinder 17
## 329 42 Agadez 0
## 330 42 Diffa 1
## 331 42 Dosso 0
## 332 42 Maradi 165
## 333 42 Niamey 1
## 334 42 Tahoua 26
## 335 42 Tillaberi 13
## 336 42 Zinder 19
## 337 43 Agadez 2
## 338 43 Diffa 0
## 339 43 Dosso 0
## 340 43 Maradi 136
## 341 43 Niamey 0
## 342 43 Tahoua 19
## 343 43 Tillaberi 1
## 344 43 Zinder 20
## 345 44 Agadez 0
## 346 44 Diffa 0
## 347 44 Dosso 0
## 348 44 Maradi 101
## 349 44 Niamey 0
## 350 44 Tahoua 7
## 351 44 Tillaberi 4
## 352 44 Zinder 32
## 353 45 Agadez 0
## 354 45 Diffa 0
## 355 45 Dosso 2
## 356 45 Maradi 102
## 357 45 Niamey 0
## 358 45 Tahoua 13
## 359 45 Tillaberi 0
## 360 45 Zinder 26
## 361 46 Agadez 0
## 362 46 Diffa 0
## 363 46 Dosso 0
## 364 46 Maradi 128
## 365 46 Niamey 0
## 366 46 Tahoua 9
## 367 46 Tillaberi 2
## 368 46 Zinder 19
## 369 47 Agadez 0
## 370 47 Diffa 0
## 371 47 Dosso 0
## 372 47 Maradi 137
## 373 47 Niamey 1
## 374 47 Tahoua 6
## 375 47 Tillaberi 0
## 376 47 Zinder 46
## 377 48 Agadez 0
## 378 48 Diffa 0
## 379 48 Dosso 0
## 380 48 Maradi 156
## 381 48 Niamey 0
## 382 48 Tahoua 9
## 383 48 Tillaberi 1
## 384 48 Zinder 37
## 385 49 Agadez 0
## 386 49 Diffa 0
## 387 49 Dosso 0
## 388 49 Maradi 185
## 389 49 Niamey 0
## 390 49 Tahoua 49
## 391 49 Tillaberi 0
## 392 49 Zinder 62
## 393 50 Agadez 1
## 394 50 Diffa 0
## 395 50 Dosso 12
## 396 50 Maradi 181
## 397 50 Niamey 0
## 398 50 Tahoua 134
## 399 50 Tillaberi 0
## 400 50 Zinder 56
## 401 51 Agadez 0
## 402 51 Diffa 0
## 403 51 Dosso 10
## 404 51 Maradi 201
## 405 51 Niamey 0
## 406 51 Tahoua 91
## 407 51 Tillaberi 0
## 408 51 Zinder 102
## 409 52 Agadez 0
## 410 52 Diffa 0
## 411 52 Dosso 0
## 412 52 Maradi 207
## 413 52 Niamey 0
## 414 52 Tahoua 20
## 415 52 Tillaberi 0
## 416 52 Zinder 120We will use incremental composition: adding elements to a plot incrementally.
5.1 Building a
ggplot() in three steps
Step 0: Initialize the plot
• Results a blank canvas
• Next we add the essential elements
Step 1: Provide data
Supply the data frame to ggplot() with the
data argument.
• The plot is still blank
• Next we need to add aesthetic mappings
Step 2: Define the variables
• We can look at disease incidence over time by plotting
cases against
week
• The variable mappings go in an aesthetics
layer
**ggplot code is easier to read if each line represents
a new element. This means that as you add each layer, you should start a
new line.
Tell ggplot() which x and y-axis variables to to plot my
adding a mapping argument with an aes()
function.
• Axes have scales, titles, and labels
• Next we add the geometry layer
Step 3: Specify which type of plot to create
• Add the geom_point() function to a
new layer after a + sign:
# Specify plot type with `+ geom_point()` for scatter plot
ggplot(data = nigerm96,
mapping = aes(x = week,
y = cases))+ geom_point()
Now we have a complete plot!
• There are 8 points per week, representing each of the 8 regions
• We can’t tell which point is from which region (yet)
• We will soon add color to distinguish between them like this:
[INSERT SCATTER-LINE PLOT FROM VIDEO]
Time for you to practice plotting in R!
For practice, you will use a new subset of nigerm called
nigerm04:
# Create nigerm04 data frame
nigerm04 <- nigerm %>%
filter(year == 2004) %>%
select(-year)
# Print nigerm04
nigerm04## week region cases
## 1 1 Agadez 11
## 2 1 Diffa 0
## 3 1 Dosso 7
## 4 1 Maradi 134
## 5 1 Niamey 60
## 6 1 Tahoua 333
## 7 1 Tillaberi 124
## 8 1 Zinder 141
## 9 2 Agadez 12
## 10 2 Diffa 1
## 11 2 Dosso 30
## 12 2 Maradi 236
## 13 2 Niamey 62
## 14 2 Tahoua 319
## 15 2 Tillaberi 123
## 16 2 Zinder 63
## 17 3 Agadez 17
## 18 3 Diffa 3
## 19 3 Dosso 49
## 20 3 Maradi 191
## 21 3 Niamey 81
## 22 3 Tahoua 332
## 23 3 Tillaberi 47
## 24 3 Zinder 108
## 25 4 Agadez 12
## 26 4 Diffa 4
## 27 4 Dosso 97
## 28 4 Maradi 190
## 29 4 Niamey 99
## 30 4 Tahoua 438
## 31 4 Tillaberi 121
## 32 4 Zinder 123
## 33 5 Agadez 16
## 34 5 Diffa 5
## 35 5 Dosso 111
## 36 5 Maradi 176
## 37 5 Niamey 115
## 38 5 Tahoua 435
## 39 5 Tillaberi 206
## 40 5 Zinder 110
## 41 6 Agadez 18
## 42 6 Diffa 0
## 43 6 Dosso 141
## 44 6 Maradi 243
## 45 6 Niamey 209
## 46 6 Tahoua 579
## 47 6 Tillaberi 291
## 48 6 Zinder 127
## 49 7 Agadez 17
## 50 7 Diffa 34
## 51 7 Dosso 147
## 52 7 Maradi 251
## 53 7 Niamey 211
## 54 7 Tahoua 818
## 55 7 Tillaberi 364
## 56 7 Zinder 144
## 57 8 Agadez 29
## 58 8 Diffa 16
## 59 8 Dosso 209
## 60 8 Maradi 270
## 61 8 Niamey 394
## 62 8 Tahoua 608
## 63 8 Tillaberi 414
## 64 8 Zinder 115
## 65 9 Agadez 23
## 66 9 Diffa 53
## 67 9 Dosso 262
## 68 9 Maradi 244
## 69 9 Niamey 378
## 70 9 Tahoua 704
## 71 9 Tillaberi 595
## 72 9 Zinder 151
## 73 10 Agadez 25
## 74 10 Diffa 38
## 75 10 Dosso 266
## 76 10 Maradi 240
## 77 10 Niamey 849
## 78 10 Tahoua 638
## 79 10 Tillaberi 619
## 80 10 Zinder 124
## 81 11 Agadez 43
## 82 11 Diffa 71
## 83 11 Dosso 374
## 84 11 Maradi 350
## 85 11 Niamey 1131
## 86 11 Tahoua 795
## 87 11 Tillaberi 965
## 88 11 Zinder 183
## 89 12 Agadez 26
## 90 12 Diffa 83
## 91 12 Dosso 444
## 92 12 Maradi 278
## 93 12 Niamey 1076
## 94 12 Tahoua 1005
## 95 12 Tillaberi 795
## 96 12 Zinder 148
## 97 13 Agadez 62
## 98 13 Diffa 56
## 99 13 Dosso 484
## 100 13 Maradi 409
## 101 13 Niamey 1138
## 102 13 Tahoua 1034
## 103 13 Tillaberi 860
## 104 13 Zinder 180
## 105 14 Agadez 44
## 106 14 Diffa 59
## 107 14 Dosso 486
## 108 14 Maradi 299
## 109 14 Niamey 823
## 110 14 Tahoua 1089
## 111 14 Tillaberi 772
## 112 14 Zinder 125
## 113 15 Agadez 46
## 114 15 Diffa 79
## 115 15 Dosso 570
## 116 15 Maradi 441
## 117 15 Niamey 1514
## 118 15 Tahoua 1063
## 119 15 Tillaberi 1118
## 120 15 Zinder 182
## 121 16 Agadez 58
## 122 16 Diffa 90
## 123 16 Dosso 591
## 124 16 Maradi 493
## 125 16 Niamey 896
## 126 16 Tahoua 886
## 127 16 Tillaberi 1251
## 128 16 Zinder 142
## 129 17 Agadez 50
## 130 17 Diffa 36
## 131 17 Dosso 558
## 132 17 Maradi 451
## 133 17 Niamey 1036
## 134 17 Tahoua 1177
## 135 17 Tillaberi 1021
## 136 17 Zinder 212
## 137 18 Agadez 36
## 138 18 Diffa 43
## 139 18 Dosso 386
## 140 18 Maradi 503
## 141 18 Niamey 498
## 142 18 Tahoua 981
## 143 18 Tillaberi 852
## 144 18 Zinder 221
## 145 19 Agadez 33
## 146 19 Diffa 43
## 147 19 Dosso 392
## 148 19 Maradi 454
## 149 19 Niamey 287
## 150 19 Tahoua 1010
## 151 19 Tillaberi 589
## 152 19 Zinder 293
## 153 20 Agadez 27
## 154 20 Diffa 47
## 155 20 Dosso 238
## 156 20 Maradi 481
## 157 20 Niamey 208
## 158 20 Tahoua 691
## 159 20 Tillaberi 360
## 160 20 Zinder 309
## 161 21 Agadez 20
## 162 21 Diffa 112
## 163 21 Dosso 158
## 164 21 Maradi 412
## 165 21 Niamey 108
## 166 21 Tahoua 499
## 167 21 Tillaberi 427
## 168 21 Zinder 453
## 169 22 Agadez 15
## 170 22 Diffa 41
## 171 22 Dosso 190
## 172 22 Maradi 424
## 173 22 Niamey 32
## 174 22 Tahoua 455
## 175 22 Tillaberi 288
## 176 22 Zinder 279
## 177 23 Agadez 26
## 178 23 Diffa 16
## 179 23 Dosso 138
## 180 23 Maradi 385
## 181 23 Niamey 24
## 182 23 Tahoua 420
## 183 23 Tillaberi 199
## 184 23 Zinder 164
## 185 24 Agadez 11
## 186 24 Diffa 91
## 187 24 Dosso 142
## 188 24 Maradi 316
## 189 24 Niamey 24
## 190 24 Tahoua 249
## 191 24 Tillaberi 145
## 192 24 Zinder 176
## 193 25 Agadez 30
## 194 25 Diffa 12
## 195 25 Dosso 96
## 196 25 Maradi 247
## 197 25 Niamey 12
## 198 25 Tahoua 291
## 199 25 Tillaberi 133
## 200 25 Zinder 105
## 201 26 Agadez 15
## 202 26 Diffa 26
## 203 26 Dosso 89
## 204 26 Maradi 179
## 205 26 Niamey 6
## 206 26 Tahoua 203
## 207 26 Tillaberi 110
## 208 26 Zinder 103
## 209 27 Agadez 17
## 210 27 Diffa 5
## 211 27 Dosso 31
## 212 27 Maradi 108
## 213 27 Niamey 3
## 214 27 Tahoua 130
## 215 27 Tillaberi 69
## 216 27 Zinder 80
## 217 28 Agadez 8
## 218 28 Diffa 10
## 219 28 Dosso 43
## 220 28 Maradi 63
## 221 28 Niamey 2
## 222 28 Tahoua 104
## 223 28 Tillaberi 62
## 224 28 Zinder 84
## 225 29 Agadez 11
## 226 29 Diffa 16
## 227 29 Dosso 24
## 228 29 Maradi 54
## 229 29 Niamey 2
## 230 29 Tahoua 128
## 231 29 Tillaberi 40
## 232 29 Zinder 64
## 233 30 Agadez 13
## 234 30 Diffa 2
## 235 30 Dosso 24
## 236 30 Maradi 47
## 237 30 Niamey 2
## 238 30 Tahoua 52
## 239 30 Tillaberi 34
## 240 30 Zinder 25
## 241 31 Agadez 10
## 242 31 Diffa 4
## 243 31 Dosso 10
## 244 31 Maradi 33
## 245 31 Niamey 2
## 246 31 Tahoua 41
## 247 31 Tillaberi 32
## 248 31 Zinder 19
## 249 32 Agadez 11
## 250 32 Diffa 7
## 251 32 Dosso 17
## 252 32 Maradi 23
## 253 32 Niamey 2
## 254 32 Tahoua 31
## 255 32 Tillaberi 38
## 256 32 Zinder 12
## 257 33 Agadez 11
## 258 33 Diffa 11
## 259 33 Dosso 13
## 260 33 Maradi 34
## 261 33 Niamey 0
## 262 33 Tahoua 23
## 263 33 Tillaberi 23
## 264 33 Zinder 16
## 265 34 Agadez 6
## 266 34 Diffa 0
## 267 34 Dosso 11
## 268 34 Maradi 13
## 269 34 Niamey 0
## 270 34 Tahoua 2
## 271 34 Tillaberi 9
## 272 34 Zinder 7
## 273 35 Agadez 6
## 274 35 Diffa 2
## 275 35 Dosso 9
## 276 35 Maradi 7
## 277 35 Niamey 0
## 278 35 Tahoua 12
## 279 35 Tillaberi 7
## 280 35 Zinder 8
## 281 36 Agadez 3
## 282 36 Diffa 1
## 283 36 Dosso 11
## 284 36 Maradi 10
## 285 36 Niamey 0
## 286 36 Tahoua 19
## 287 36 Tillaberi 2
## 288 36 Zinder 3
## 289 37 Agadez 2
## 290 37 Diffa 1
## 291 37 Dosso 8
## 292 37 Maradi 7
## 293 37 Niamey 0
## 294 37 Tahoua 9
## 295 37 Tillaberi 0
## 296 37 Zinder 9
## 297 38 Agadez 0
## 298 38 Diffa 0
## 299 38 Dosso 31
## 300 38 Maradi 11
## 301 38 Niamey 0
## 302 38 Tahoua 8
## 303 38 Tillaberi 3
## 304 38 Zinder 0
## 305 39 Agadez 3
## 306 39 Diffa 7
## 307 39 Dosso 8
## 308 39 Maradi 2
## 309 39 Niamey 2
## 310 39 Tahoua 18
## 311 39 Tillaberi 2
## 312 39 Zinder 5
## 313 40 Agadez 0
## 314 40 Diffa 1
## 315 40 Dosso 10
## 316 40 Maradi 3
## 317 40 Niamey 0
## 318 40 Tahoua 10
## 319 40 Tillaberi 0
## 320 40 Zinder 4
## 321 41 Agadez 0
## 322 41 Diffa 0
## 323 41 Dosso 7
## 324 41 Maradi 4
## 325 41 Niamey 0
## 326 41 Tahoua 7
## 327 41 Tillaberi 0
## 328 41 Zinder 3
## 329 42 Agadez 0
## 330 42 Diffa 1
## 331 42 Dosso 29
## 332 42 Maradi 5
## 333 42 Niamey 0
## 334 42 Tahoua 21
## 335 42 Tillaberi 5
## 336 42 Zinder 5
## 337 43 Agadez 0
## 338 43 Diffa 0
## 339 43 Dosso 29
## 340 43 Maradi 10
## 341 43 Niamey 0
## 342 43 Tahoua 22
## 343 43 Tillaberi 2
## 344 43 Zinder 21
## 345 44 Agadez 0
## 346 44 Diffa 0
## 347 44 Dosso 41
## 348 44 Maradi 8
## 349 44 Niamey 0
## 350 44 Tahoua 3
## 351 44 Tillaberi 2
## 352 44 Zinder 12
## 353 45 Agadez 0
## 354 45 Diffa 2
## 355 45 Dosso 12
## 356 45 Maradi 10
## 357 45 Niamey 0
## 358 45 Tahoua 9
## 359 45 Tillaberi 1
## 360 45 Zinder 5
## 361 46 Agadez 0
## 362 46 Diffa 0
## 363 46 Dosso 6
## 364 46 Maradi 4
## 365 46 Niamey 0
## 366 46 Tahoua 6
## 367 46 Tillaberi 0
## 368 46 Zinder 7
## 369 47 Agadez 0
## 370 47 Diffa 3
## 371 47 Dosso 13
## 372 47 Maradi 5
## 373 47 Niamey 3
## 374 47 Tahoua 9
## 375 47 Tillaberi 3
## 376 47 Zinder 0
## 377 48 Agadez 0
## 378 48 Diffa 1
## 379 48 Dosso 34
## 380 48 Maradi 6
## 381 48 Niamey 0
## 382 48 Tahoua 12
## 383 48 Tillaberi 0
## 384 48 Zinder 10
## 385 49 Agadez 0
## 386 49 Diffa 3
## 387 49 Dosso 26
## 388 49 Maradi 5
## 389 49 Niamey 0
## 390 49 Tahoua 18
## 391 49 Tillaberi 8
## 392 49 Zinder 17
## 393 50 Agadez 0
## 394 50 Diffa 0
## 395 50 Dosso 48
## 396 50 Maradi 12
## 397 50 Niamey 0
## 398 50 Tahoua 8
## 399 50 Tillaberi 0
## 400 50 Zinder 13
## 401 51 Agadez 0
## 402 51 Diffa 0
## 403 51 Dosso 30
## 404 51 Maradi 18
## 405 51 Niamey 0
## 406 51 Tahoua 7
## 407 51 Tillaberi 2
## 408 51 Zinder 11
## 409 52 Agadez 2
## 410 52 Diffa 6
## 411 52 Dosso 44
## 412 52 Maradi 13
## 413 52 Niamey 0
## 414 52 Tahoua 11
## 415 52 Tillaberi 1
## 416 52 Zinder 32Using the nigerm04 data frame, write ggplot
code that will create a scatter plot displaying the relationship between
cases on the y-axis and week on the
x-axis.
# Write code to create your plot:
ggplot(data = nigerm04, mapping = aes(x=week, y=cases)) + geom_point()
# When you think you have the right answer, submit it by replacing "YOUR ANSWER HERE" with your code, and run those lines.
nigerm04_scatter <- ggplot(data = nigerm04, mapping = aes(x=week, y=cases)) + geom_point()
# Make sure that "nigerm04_scatter" appears in your Environment tab.# Check your answer by running this check function (no inputs required). The output will tell you if you answered correctly or not.
.CHECK_nigerm04_scatter()## Correct! You are superb!
## <U+1405>1<U+140A> 2 3 4# You can ask for a hint by running this hint function (no inputs required).
.HINT_nigerm04_scatter()## First, identify which data frame to supply to the data layer.
## Then put the variables you want to map on your x and your y axis inside `mapping = aes()`.
## Then, think about which geometry function you need for a scatter plot.
## If all these are correct, look for typos, missing commas, or unclosed brackets.6 Modifying the layers
• GG framework allows for a high degree of customization
• We modify existing code to create variations of a plot
The data, aesthetics, and
geometry inputs can be easily tweaked
• We will make incremental changes to modify the original scatter plot
6.1 Changing
aesthetic mappings
We created a scatter plot of cases vs week
for nigerm96 with this code:
• If we replace week with region, we will
get a strip plot:
# Change x-axis mapping
ggplot(data = nigerm96,
mapping = aes(x = region,
y = cases)) +
geom_point()
• y-axis values are the same
• x-axis mappings have changed significantly
• points are mapped to 8 positions which correspond to each of the 8
regions
6.2 Changing
geom_* functions
• Modifying the geometry layer creates a different type of plot
{ggplot2} has a variety of different geom_*()
functions and geometric objects which you can use to visualize your
data. Here are some examples of different types of geometric objects
that can be used to make plots with ggplot().
If we change the geom_* function of the original scatter
plot from geom_point() to
geom_col(), we get a bar
plot:
# Declare that we want a bar plot
ggplot(data = nigerm96,
mapping = aes(x = week,
y = cases)) +
geom_col()
• We only changed the the geom_* function but data is
presented in a completely different way
Not all plot types are interchangeable. Using a geom_*
function that is not compatible with the variables you defined in
aes() will give you an error. For example, let’s replace
geom_point() with geom_histogram()
instead:
## Error in `geom_histogram()`:
## ! Problem while computing stat.
## i Error occurred in the 1st layer.
## Caused by error in `setup_params()`:
## ! `stat_bin()` must only have an x or y aesthetic.This is because a histogram shows the distribution of one numerical
variable. ggplot() can’t map two variables to both the
x and y-axis positions with a histogram, so it
throws an error.
• Use the nigerm04 data frame to create
a bar plot of weekly cases with the
geom_col() function.
• Map cases on the y-axis and week on the
x-axis.
# Write code to create your plot:
ggplot(data = nigerm04, mapping = aes(x=week, y=cases))+ geom_col()
# Submit your answer:
nigerm04_bar <- ggplot(data = nigerm04, mapping = aes(x=week, y=cases))+ geom_col()
# Ask for a hint:
.HINT_nigerm04_bar()## First, identify which data frame to supply to the data layer.
## Then put the variables you want to map on your x and your y axis inside `mapping = aes()`.
## Then, think about which geometry function you need for this bar plot (same as what we used earlier in this lesson).
## If all these are correct, look for typos, missing commas, or unclosed brackets.## Correct! You are fine!
## 1 <U+1405>2<U+140A> 3 46.3 Additional aesthetic
mappings inside aes()
• aes() stands for aesthetics - things
we can see
Common aesthetic attributes used in ggplot
graphics.
• We have been using to only the x and y
position aesthetics
Let’s return to our original scatter plot (cases vs
week) once more:
• There are other aesthetics we can add, like color or
fill
To see the full list of aesthetics that can be used with a particular
geom_* function you press F1 on a
function, e.g., geom_point(), or run
?geom_point in your Console tab.
Let’s add color to our scatter plot.
• Map region to the color aesthetic
• Add a new argument inside mapping = aes()
• Put color = region inside aes():
# Use a different color for each region
ggplot(data = nigerm96,
mapping = aes(x = week,
y = cases, color=region)) +
geom_point()
• Each point is colored according to region
• ggplot() automatically created a color legend
The colors are from {ggplot2}’s default rainbow color palette. In later lessons we will learn how to customize color scales and palettes.
Observations
• Bell-shaped curves show the rise and fall of epidemics in each region
• The regions Zinder, Maradi, and Niamey were affected the most
• The colorful plot provides more insight than the original scatter plot graph, but the patterns could be more clear
• Different plot types could improve readability, such as bar plots or line graphs
Let’s try the same color = region aesthetic mapping with
geom_col() instead:
# Bar plot with different outline color for each region
ggplot(data = nigerm96,
mapping = aes(x = week,
y = cases,
color = region)) +
geom_col()
• The color aesthetic changes only the
border around a shape
Let’s fill the inside of the bars instead.
• Map region to the fill
aesthetic instead of color
# Use a different fill color for each region:
ggplot(data = nigerm96,
mapping = aes(x = week,
y = cases,
fill = region)) +
geom_col()
• The inside of the bars are now filled with colors.
• Use the nigerm04 data frame to create a line graph of
weekly cases, colored by region.
• Map cases on the y-axis, week on the
x-axis, and region to color. The geom_*
function for a line graph is called
geom_line().
# Write code to create your plot:
ggplot(data = nigerm04, mapping = aes(x=week, y=cases, color=region))+ geom_line()
# Submit your answer:
nigerm04_line <- ggplot(data = nigerm04, mapping = aes(x=week, y=cases, color=region))+ geom_line()
# Ask for a hint:
.HINT_nigerm04_line()## First, identify which data frame to supply to the data layer.
## Then put the variables you want to map on your x axis, y axis, and color inside `mapping = aes()`.
## Then, use the correct geometry function needed for a line graph: `geom_line()`.
## If all these are correct, look for typos, missing commas, or unclosed brackets.## Correct! You are phenomenal!
## 1 2 <U+1405>3<U+140A> 46.4 Fixed aesthetics
outside aes()
Aesthetic mappings vs fixed aesthetics
• Common aesthetics are color, fill,
size , and alpha (opacity).
• Any of these can be either a mapping of a data
variable (e.g., color = region) or set to a
fixed value (color = "blue")
• This depends on whether or not they appear inside
mapping = aes().
Let’s add color as a fixed
aesthetic to our original scatter plot and make all the points
blue.
# Set color to a fixed value with `geom_point(color = "COLOR_NAME")`
ggplot(data = nigerm96,
mapping = aes(x = week,
y = cases)) +
geom_point(color="antiquewhite3") 
• Every point is the same color
• When color is a fixed aesthetic, it does not depend on
the data
• Color names should go inside quotation marks (e.g.,
"blue")
• Run colors() in your console to see all color
choices
## [1] "white" "aliceblue" "antiquewhite"
## [4] "antiquewhite1" "antiquewhite2" "antiquewhite3"
## [7] "antiquewhite4" "aquamarine" "aquamarine1"
## [10] "aquamarine2" "aquamarine3" "aquamarine4"
## [13] "azure" "azure1" "azure2"
## [16] "azure3" "azure4" "beige"
## [19] "bisque" "bisque1" "bisque2"
## [22] "bisque3" "bisque4" "black"
## [25] "blanchedalmond" "blue" "blue1"
## [28] "blue2" "blue3" "blue4"
## [31] "blueviolet" "brown" "brown1"
## [34] "brown2" "brown3" "brown4"
## [37] "burlywood" "burlywood1" "burlywood2"
## [40] "burlywood3" "burlywood4" "cadetblue"
## [43] "cadetblue1" "cadetblue2" "cadetblue3"
## [46] "cadetblue4" "chartreuse" "chartreuse1"
## [49] "chartreuse2" "chartreuse3" "chartreuse4"
## [52] "chocolate" "chocolate1" "chocolate2"
## [55] "chocolate3" "chocolate4" "coral"
## [58] "coral1" "coral2" "coral3"
## [61] "coral4" "cornflowerblue" "cornsilk"
## [64] "cornsilk1" "cornsilk2" "cornsilk3"
## [67] "cornsilk4" "cyan" "cyan1"
## [70] "cyan2" "cyan3" "cyan4"
## [73] "darkblue" "darkcyan" "darkgoldenrod"
## [76] "darkgoldenrod1" "darkgoldenrod2" "darkgoldenrod3"
## [79] "darkgoldenrod4" "darkgray" "darkgreen"
## [82] "darkgrey" "darkkhaki" "darkmagenta"
## [85] "darkolivegreen" "darkolivegreen1" "darkolivegreen2"
## [88] "darkolivegreen3" "darkolivegreen4" "darkorange"
## [91] "darkorange1" "darkorange2" "darkorange3"
## [94] "darkorange4" "darkorchid" "darkorchid1"
## [97] "darkorchid2" "darkorchid3" "darkorchid4"
## [100] "darkred" "darksalmon" "darkseagreen"
## [103] "darkseagreen1" "darkseagreen2" "darkseagreen3"
## [106] "darkseagreen4" "darkslateblue" "darkslategray"
## [109] "darkslategray1" "darkslategray2" "darkslategray3"
## [112] "darkslategray4" "darkslategrey" "darkturquoise"
## [115] "darkviolet" "deeppink" "deeppink1"
## [118] "deeppink2" "deeppink3" "deeppink4"
## [121] "deepskyblue" "deepskyblue1" "deepskyblue2"
## [124] "deepskyblue3" "deepskyblue4" "dimgray"
## [127] "dimgrey" "dodgerblue" "dodgerblue1"
## [130] "dodgerblue2" "dodgerblue3" "dodgerblue4"
## [133] "firebrick" "firebrick1" "firebrick2"
## [136] "firebrick3" "firebrick4" "floralwhite"
## [139] "forestgreen" "gainsboro" "ghostwhite"
## [142] "gold" "gold1" "gold2"
## [145] "gold3" "gold4" "goldenrod"
## [148] "goldenrod1" "goldenrod2" "goldenrod3"
## [151] "goldenrod4" "gray" "gray0"
## [154] "gray1" "gray2" "gray3"
## [157] "gray4" "gray5" "gray6"
## [160] "gray7" "gray8" "gray9"
## [163] "gray10" "gray11" "gray12"
## [166] "gray13" "gray14" "gray15"
## [169] "gray16" "gray17" "gray18"
## [172] "gray19" "gray20" "gray21"
## [175] "gray22" "gray23" "gray24"
## [178] "gray25" "gray26" "gray27"
## [181] "gray28" "gray29" "gray30"
## [184] "gray31" "gray32" "gray33"
## [187] "gray34" "gray35" "gray36"
## [190] "gray37" "gray38" "gray39"
## [193] "gray40" "gray41" "gray42"
## [196] "gray43" "gray44" "gray45"
## [199] "gray46" "gray47" "gray48"
## [202] "gray49" "gray50" "gray51"
## [205] "gray52" "gray53" "gray54"
## [208] "gray55" "gray56" "gray57"
## [211] "gray58" "gray59" "gray60"
## [214] "gray61" "gray62" "gray63"
## [217] "gray64" "gray65" "gray66"
## [220] "gray67" "gray68" "gray69"
## [223] "gray70" "gray71" "gray72"
## [226] "gray73" "gray74" "gray75"
## [229] "gray76" "gray77" "gray78"
## [232] "gray79" "gray80" "gray81"
## [235] "gray82" "gray83" "gray84"
## [238] "gray85" "gray86" "gray87"
## [241] "gray88" "gray89" "gray90"
## [244] "gray91" "gray92" "gray93"
## [247] "gray94" "gray95" "gray96"
## [250] "gray97" "gray98" "gray99"
## [253] "gray100" "green" "green1"
## [256] "green2" "green3" "green4"
## [259] "greenyellow" "grey" "grey0"
## [262] "grey1" "grey2" "grey3"
## [265] "grey4" "grey5" "grey6"
## [268] "grey7" "grey8" "grey9"
## [271] "grey10" "grey11" "grey12"
## [274] "grey13" "grey14" "grey15"
## [277] "grey16" "grey17" "grey18"
## [280] "grey19" "grey20" "grey21"
## [283] "grey22" "grey23" "grey24"
## [286] "grey25" "grey26" "grey27"
## [289] "grey28" "grey29" "grey30"
## [292] "grey31" "grey32" "grey33"
## [295] "grey34" "grey35" "grey36"
## [298] "grey37" "grey38" "grey39"
## [301] "grey40" "grey41" "grey42"
## [304] "grey43" "grey44" "grey45"
## [307] "grey46" "grey47" "grey48"
## [310] "grey49" "grey50" "grey51"
## [313] "grey52" "grey53" "grey54"
## [316] "grey55" "grey56" "grey57"
## [319] "grey58" "grey59" "grey60"
## [322] "grey61" "grey62" "grey63"
## [325] "grey64" "grey65" "grey66"
## [328] "grey67" "grey68" "grey69"
## [331] "grey70" "grey71" "grey72"
## [334] "grey73" "grey74" "grey75"
## [337] "grey76" "grey77" "grey78"
## [340] "grey79" "grey80" "grey81"
## [343] "grey82" "grey83" "grey84"
## [346] "grey85" "grey86" "grey87"
## [349] "grey88" "grey89" "grey90"
## [352] "grey91" "grey92" "grey93"
## [355] "grey94" "grey95" "grey96"
## [358] "grey97" "grey98" "grey99"
## [361] "grey100" "honeydew" "honeydew1"
## [364] "honeydew2" "honeydew3" "honeydew4"
## [367] "hotpink" "hotpink1" "hotpink2"
## [370] "hotpink3" "hotpink4" "indianred"
## [373] "indianred1" "indianred2" "indianred3"
## [376] "indianred4" "ivory" "ivory1"
## [379] "ivory2" "ivory3" "ivory4"
## [382] "khaki" "khaki1" "khaki2"
## [385] "khaki3" "khaki4" "lavender"
## [388] "lavenderblush" "lavenderblush1" "lavenderblush2"
## [391] "lavenderblush3" "lavenderblush4" "lawngreen"
## [394] "lemonchiffon" "lemonchiffon1" "lemonchiffon2"
## [397] "lemonchiffon3" "lemonchiffon4" "lightblue"
## [400] "lightblue1" "lightblue2" "lightblue3"
## [403] "lightblue4" "lightcoral" "lightcyan"
## [406] "lightcyan1" "lightcyan2" "lightcyan3"
## [409] "lightcyan4" "lightgoldenrod" "lightgoldenrod1"
## [412] "lightgoldenrod2" "lightgoldenrod3" "lightgoldenrod4"
## [415] "lightgoldenrodyellow" "lightgray" "lightgreen"
## [418] "lightgrey" "lightpink" "lightpink1"
## [421] "lightpink2" "lightpink3" "lightpink4"
## [424] "lightsalmon" "lightsalmon1" "lightsalmon2"
## [427] "lightsalmon3" "lightsalmon4" "lightseagreen"
## [430] "lightskyblue" "lightskyblue1" "lightskyblue2"
## [433] "lightskyblue3" "lightskyblue4" "lightslateblue"
## [436] "lightslategray" "lightslategrey" "lightsteelblue"
## [439] "lightsteelblue1" "lightsteelblue2" "lightsteelblue3"
## [442] "lightsteelblue4" "lightyellow" "lightyellow1"
## [445] "lightyellow2" "lightyellow3" "lightyellow4"
## [448] "limegreen" "linen" "magenta"
## [451] "magenta1" "magenta2" "magenta3"
## [454] "magenta4" "maroon" "maroon1"
## [457] "maroon2" "maroon3" "maroon4"
## [460] "mediumaquamarine" "mediumblue" "mediumorchid"
## [463] "mediumorchid1" "mediumorchid2" "mediumorchid3"
## [466] "mediumorchid4" "mediumpurple" "mediumpurple1"
## [469] "mediumpurple2" "mediumpurple3" "mediumpurple4"
## [472] "mediumseagreen" "mediumslateblue" "mediumspringgreen"
## [475] "mediumturquoise" "mediumvioletred" "midnightblue"
## [478] "mintcream" "mistyrose" "mistyrose1"
## [481] "mistyrose2" "mistyrose3" "mistyrose4"
## [484] "moccasin" "navajowhite" "navajowhite1"
## [487] "navajowhite2" "navajowhite3" "navajowhite4"
## [490] "navy" "navyblue" "oldlace"
## [493] "olivedrab" "olivedrab1" "olivedrab2"
## [496] "olivedrab3" "olivedrab4" "orange"
## [499] "orange1" "orange2" "orange3"
## [502] "orange4" "orangered" "orangered1"
## [505] "orangered2" "orangered3" "orangered4"
## [508] "orchid" "orchid1" "orchid2"
## [511] "orchid3" "orchid4" "palegoldenrod"
## [514] "palegreen" "palegreen1" "palegreen2"
## [517] "palegreen3" "palegreen4" "paleturquoise"
## [520] "paleturquoise1" "paleturquoise2" "paleturquoise3"
## [523] "paleturquoise4" "palevioletred" "palevioletred1"
## [526] "palevioletred2" "palevioletred3" "palevioletred4"
## [529] "papayawhip" "peachpuff" "peachpuff1"
## [532] "peachpuff2" "peachpuff3" "peachpuff4"
## [535] "peru" "pink" "pink1"
## [538] "pink2" "pink3" "pink4"
## [541] "plum" "plum1" "plum2"
## [544] "plum3" "plum4" "powderblue"
## [547] "purple" "purple1" "purple2"
## [550] "purple3" "purple4" "red"
## [553] "red1" "red2" "red3"
## [556] "red4" "rosybrown" "rosybrown1"
## [559] "rosybrown2" "rosybrown3" "rosybrown4"
## [562] "royalblue" "royalblue1" "royalblue2"
## [565] "royalblue3" "royalblue4" "saddlebrown"
## [568] "salmon" "salmon1" "salmon2"
## [571] "salmon3" "salmon4" "sandybrown"
## [574] "seagreen" "seagreen1" "seagreen2"
## [577] "seagreen3" "seagreen4" "seashell"
## [580] "seashell1" "seashell2" "seashell3"
## [583] "seashell4" "sienna" "sienna1"
## [586] "sienna2" "sienna3" "sienna4"
## [589] "skyblue" "skyblue1" "skyblue2"
## [592] "skyblue3" "skyblue4" "slateblue"
## [595] "slateblue1" "slateblue2" "slateblue3"
## [598] "slateblue4" "slategray" "slategray1"
## [601] "slategray2" "slategray3" "slategray4"
## [604] "slategrey" "snow" "snow1"
## [607] "snow2" "snow3" "snow4"
## [610] "springgreen" "springgreen1" "springgreen2"
## [613] "springgreen3" "springgreen4" "steelblue"
## [616] "steelblue1" "steelblue2" "steelblue3"
## [619] "steelblue4" "tan" "tan1"
## [622] "tan2" "tan3" "tan4"
## [625] "thistle" "thistle1" "thistle2"
## [628] "thistle3" "thistle4" "tomato"
## [631] "tomato1" "tomato2" "tomato3"
## [634] "tomato4" "turquoise" "turquoise1"
## [637] "turquoise2" "turquoise3" "turquoise4"
## [640] "violet" "violetred" "violetred1"
## [643] "violetred2" "violetred3" "violetred4"
## [646] "wheat" "wheat1" "wheat2"
## [649] "wheat3" "wheat4" "whitesmoke"
## [652] "yellow" "yellow1" "yellow2"
## [655] "yellow3" "yellow4" "yellowgreen"Now let’s modify size as a
fixed aesthetic
The default line width used by geom_line() looks like
this:
For thicker lines add size = 1 inside
geom_line():
## Warning: Using `size` aesthetic for lines was deprecated in ggplot2 3.4.0.
## i Please use `linewidth` instead.
## This warning is displayed once every 8 hours.
## Call `lifecycle::last_lifecycle_warnings()` to see where this warning was
## generated.
Now it’s your turn practice using fill
as a fixed aesthetic to change the fill colors to a constant value on a
bar plot.
• Use the nigerm04 data frame to create a bar graph of
weekly cases, and fill all bars with the same color.
• Map cases on the y-axis, week on the
x-axis, and set the fill aesthetic of all bars to the R
color "hotpink".
# Write code to create your plot:
ggplot(data = nigerm04, mapping = aes(x=week, y=cases)) + geom_col(fill="hotpink")
7 Additional GG layers
• So far, we covered only the three required layers.
• The other layers will start showing up more frequently as we go along.
• You will soon be able to write code this:
ggplot(data = nigerm,
mapping = aes(x = week,
y = cases,
color = region)) +
geom_line(size = 0.55,
alpha = 0.65) +
facet_wrap(vars(year))+
scale_color_brewer(palette = "Dark2") +
theme_light() +
labs(title = "Annual patterns of measles incidence in Niger",
subtitle = "Weekly reported at region level (1995-2005)",
x = "Week of the year",
y = "Number of cases reported",
caption = "Source: doi:10.5061/dryad.1jwstqjrd",
color = "Region")
8 Learning Outcomes
You can recall and explain how the {ggplot2} package for data visualization is based on a theoretical framework called the grammar of graphics.
You can name and describe the 3 essential layers for building a graph: data, aesthetics, and geometries.
You can write code to build a complete
ggplotgraphic by correctly supplying the 3 essential layers to theggplot()function.You can create different types of plots such as scatter plots, line graphs, and bar graphs.
You can add and modify aesthetic mappings of data variables to color and fill.
[INSERT LINK TO COURSE FOR QUIZZES ETC.]