Các mô hình ngẫu nhiên
Hồ Duy Quang - 2121012574
2023-06-28
Súng là một bảng dữ liệu cân bằng trên 50 tiểu bang của Hoa Kỳ, cộng với Quận Columbia (với tổng số 51 tiểu bang), từ năm 1977 - 1999
Bộ dữ liệu với 1173 quan sát với 13 biến
Cài đặt package AER
Gọi thư viện dữ liệu Guns
library(AER)## Loading required package: car## Loading required package: carData## Loading required package: lmtest## Loading required package: zoo##
## Attaching package: 'zoo'## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
##
## as.Date, as.Date.numeric## Loading required package: sandwich## Loading required package: survivalHiển thị cấu trúc bên trong của gói dữ liệu
data("Guns")
str(Guns)## 'data.frame': 1173 obs. of 13 variables:
## $ year : Factor w/ 23 levels "1977","1978",..: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
## $ violent : num 414 419 413 448 470 ...
## $ murder : num 14.2 13.3 13.2 13.2 11.9 10.6 9.2 9.4 9.8 10.1 ...
## $ robbery : num 96.8 99.1 109.5 132.1 126.5 ...
## $ prisoners : int 83 94 144 141 149 183 215 243 256 267 ...
## $ afam : num 8.38 8.35 8.33 8.41 8.48 ...
## $ cauc : num 55.1 55.1 55.1 54.9 54.9 ...
## $ male : num 18.2 18 17.8 17.7 17.7 ...
## $ population: num 3.78 3.83 3.87 3.9 3.92 ...
## $ income : num 9563 9932 9877 9541 9548 ...
## $ density : num 0.0746 0.0756 0.0762 0.0768 0.0772 ...
## $ state : Factor w/ 51 levels "Alabama","Alaska",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ law : Factor w/ 2 levels "no","yes": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...Mô tả dữ liệu
summary(Guns)## year violent murder robbery
## 1977 : 51 Min. : 47.0 Min. : 0.200 Min. : 6.4
## 1978 : 51 1st Qu.: 283.1 1st Qu.: 3.700 1st Qu.: 71.1
## 1979 : 51 Median : 443.0 Median : 6.400 Median : 124.1
## 1980 : 51 Mean : 503.1 Mean : 7.665 Mean : 161.8
## 1981 : 51 3rd Qu.: 650.9 3rd Qu.: 9.800 3rd Qu.: 192.7
## 1982 : 51 Max. :2921.8 Max. :80.600 Max. :1635.1
## (Other):867
## prisoners afam cauc male
## Min. : 19.0 Min. : 0.2482 Min. :21.78 Min. :12.21
## 1st Qu.: 114.0 1st Qu.: 2.2022 1st Qu.:59.94 1st Qu.:14.65
## Median : 187.0 Median : 4.0262 Median :65.06 Median :15.90
## Mean : 226.6 Mean : 5.3362 Mean :62.95 Mean :16.08
## 3rd Qu.: 291.0 3rd Qu.: 6.8507 3rd Qu.:69.20 3rd Qu.:17.53
## Max. :1913.0 Max. :26.9796 Max. :76.53 Max. :22.35
##
## population income density state
## Min. : 0.4027 Min. : 8555 Min. : 0.000707 Alabama : 23
## 1st Qu.: 1.1877 1st Qu.:11935 1st Qu.: 0.031911 Alaska : 23
## Median : 3.2713 Median :13402 Median : 0.081569 Arizona : 23
## Mean : 4.8163 Mean :13725 Mean : 0.352038 Arkansas : 23
## 3rd Qu.: 5.6856 3rd Qu.:15271 3rd Qu.: 0.177718 California: 23
## Max. :33.1451 Max. :23647 Max. :11.102120 Colorado : 23
## (Other) :1035
## law
## no :888
## yes:285
##
##
##
##
## Từ bảng dữ liệu ta thấy:
violent: tỷ lệ tội phạm bạo lực bạo lực
- thấp nhất 47.0
- trung bình 443.0
- cao nhất 2921.8
murder: tỷ lệ giết người
- thấp nhất 0.200
- trung bình 6.400
- cao nhất 80.600
robbery:tỷ lệ cướp giật
- thấp nhất 6.4
- trung bình 124.1
- cao nhất 1635.1
prisoners:tỷ lệ tù nhân bị giam giữ
- thấp nhất 19.0
- trung bình 187.0
- cao nhất 1913.0
afam:phần trăm dân số là người mỹ gốc phi
- thấp nhất 0.2482
- trung bình 4.0262
- cao nhất 26.9796
cauc: phần trăm dân số bang là người da trắng
- thấp nhất 21.78
- trung bình 65.06
- cao nhất 76.53
male: tỷ lệ phần trăm nam của dân số bang là nam giới
- thấp nhất 12.21
- trung bình 15.90
- cao nhất 22.35
population: dân số bang tính theo triệu người
- thấp nhất 0.4027
- trung bình 3.2713
- cao nhất 33.1451
Gán biến cauc trong bộ dữ liệu guns vào b
b <- Guns$caucPhân tổ dữ liệu cho biến population, phân thành 5 tổ
cut(b,4)## [1] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [7] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [13] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [19] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [25] (49.2,62.8] (62.8,76.6] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [31] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [37] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [43] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [49] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [55] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [61] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [67] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [73] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [79] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [85] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [91] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [97] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [103] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [109] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [115] (49.2,62.8] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [121] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [127] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [133] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [139] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [145] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [151] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [157] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [163] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [169] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [175] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [181] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5]
## [187] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5]
## [193] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5]
## [199] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5]
## [205] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [211] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [217] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [223] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [229] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [235] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [241] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [247] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [253] (49.2,62.8] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5]
## [259] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5]
## [265] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5]
## [271] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5] (21.7,35.5]
## [277] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [283] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [289] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [295] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [301] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [307] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [313] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [319] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [325] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [331] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [337] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [343] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [349] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [355] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [361] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [367] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [373] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [379] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [385] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [391] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [397] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [403] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [409] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [415] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [421] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [427] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [433] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (62.8,76.6]
## [439] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [445] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [451] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [457] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [463] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [469] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [475] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [481] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [487] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [493] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [499] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [505] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [511] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (49.2,62.8]
## [517] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [523] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [529] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [535] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [541] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [547] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [553] (35.5,49.2] (35.5,49.2] (35.5,49.2] (35.5,49.2] (35.5,49.2] (35.5,49.2]
## [559] (35.5,49.2] (35.5,49.2] (35.5,49.2] (35.5,49.2] (35.5,49.2] (35.5,49.2]
## [565] (35.5,49.2] (35.5,49.2] (35.5,49.2] (35.5,49.2] (35.5,49.2] (35.5,49.2]
## [571] (35.5,49.2] (35.5,49.2] (35.5,49.2] (35.5,49.2] (35.5,49.2] (62.8,76.6]
## [577] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [583] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (49.2,62.8]
## [589] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [595] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [601] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [607] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [613] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [619] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [625] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [631] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [637] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [643] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [649] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [655] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [661] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [667] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [673] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [679] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [685] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [691] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [697] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [703] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [709] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (62.8,76.6]
## [715] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [721] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [727] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [733] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (49.2,62.8]
## [739] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [745] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [751] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [757] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [763] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [769] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [775] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [781] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [787] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [793] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [799] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [805] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [811] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [817] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [823] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [829] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [835] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [841] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [847] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (62.8,76.6]
## [853] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [859] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [865] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [871] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [877] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [883] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [889] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [895] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [901] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [907] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [913] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [919] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [925] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [931] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [937] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [943] (49.2,62.8] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [949] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [955] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [961] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [967] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [973] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [979] (49.2,62.8] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [985] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (62.8,76.6]
## [991] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [997] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (49.2,62.8]
## [1003] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [1009] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [1015] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [1021] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [1027] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [1033] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [1039] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [1045] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [1051] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [1057] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [1063] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [1069] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [1075] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8] (49.2,62.8]
## [1081] (49.2,62.8] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [1087] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [1093] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [1099] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [1105] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [1111] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [1117] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [1123] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [1129] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [1135] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [1141] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [1147] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [1153] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [1159] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [1165] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## [1171] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6] (62.8,76.6]
## Levels: (21.7,35.5] (35.5,49.2] (49.2,62.8] (62.8,76.6]Lập bảng tần số cho biến cauc
table(cut(b,4))##
## (21.7,35.5] (35.5,49.2] (49.2,62.8] (62.8,76.6]
## 46 23 369 735Vẽ biểu đồ phân tán số lượng súng và dân số
library(ggplot2)
ggplot(Guns, aes(x=year, y=murder, color = law))+
geom_point()+
theme_minimal()+
xlab("Years")+
ylab("số người chết trên đầu người ở Mỹ")+
geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE)+
ggtitle("luật súng và tội phạm ở Mỹ") ## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'
# Vẽ biểu đồ phân tán số lượng súng và dân số
plot(Guns$population, Guns$guns, xlab = "Population", ylab = "Number of Guns")
Biểu đồ phân tán này cho phép ta quan sát sự phân bố và xu hướng chung của dữ liệu.
Thông qua trục x (Population), ta có thể xem xét mối liên quan giữa dân số của mỗi tiểu bang và số lượng súng tại tiểu bang đó trên trục y (Number of Guns). Biểu đồ phân tán cho phép ta nhìn thấy liệu có một mẫu hay xu hướng nào giữa hai biến này, ví dụ: có phải dân số càng lớn thì số lượng súng cũng tăng?
Xem danh sách các biến trong bộ dữ liệu “Guns”
variables <- names(Guns)
print(variables)## [1] "year" "violent" "murder" "robbery" "prisoners"
## [6] "afam" "cauc" "male" "population" "income"
## [11] "density" "state" "law"# Sử dụng hàm unique để liệt kê các giá trị duy nhất trong biến "state"
unique(Guns$state)## [1] Alabama Alaska Arizona
## [4] Arkansas California Colorado
## [7] Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia
## [10] Florida Georgia Hawaii
## [13] Idaho Illinois Indiana
## [16] Iowa Kansas Kentucky
## [19] Louisiana Maine Maryland
## [22] Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota
## [25] Mississippi Missouri Montana
## [28] Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire
## [31] New Jersey New Mexico New York
## [34] North Carolina North Dakota Ohio
## [37] Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania
## [40] Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota
## [43] Tennessee Texas Utah
## [46] Vermont Virginia Washington
## [49] West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
## 51 Levels: Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado ... Wyoming# Sử dụng table để đếm số lượng tiểu bang xuất hiện trong biến "state"
table(Guns$state)##
## Alabama Alaska Arizona
## 23 23 23
## Arkansas California Colorado
## 23 23 23
## Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia
## 23 23 23
## Florida Georgia Hawaii
## 23 23 23
## Idaho Illinois Indiana
## 23 23 23
## Iowa Kansas Kentucky
## 23 23 23
## Louisiana Maine Maryland
## 23 23 23
## Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota
## 23 23 23
## Mississippi Missouri Montana
## 23 23 23
## Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire
## 23 23 23
## New Jersey New Mexico New York
## 23 23 23
## North Carolina North Dakota Ohio
## 23 23 23
## Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania
## 23 23 23
## Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota
## 23 23 23
## Tennessee Texas Utah
## 23 23 23
## Vermont Virginia Washington
## 23 23 23
## West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
## 23 23 23