This chapter presents the results and findings of this study. Descriptive statistics are presented using tables and charts. Further analysis with inferential statistics is also presented where results are considered statistically significant if p value is less than .05 level of significance. The analysis was done using the R Statistical Computing Software version 4.1.3.
In this section we present frequency tables for all the demographics characteristics of the population.
A majority of respondents in this study came from South 2,853 (28%) followed by North West 2,773 (27%) regions.
Region | Frequency | Percent |
|---|---|---|
North East | 2,086 | 20% |
North West | 2,773 | 27% |
South | 2,853 | 28% |
West | 2,625 | 25% |
Total | 10,337 | 100% |
A majority of respondents in this study came from South 2,852 (28%). Respondents in the age brackets 70+, 50-59 and 40-49 years were the least with 985 (10%), 1,289 (12%), 1,270 (12%) respectively.
Agegroup | Frequency | Percent |
|---|---|---|
20-29 | 2,320 | 22% |
30-39 | 1,621 | 16% |
40-49 | 1,270 | 12% |
50-59 | 1,289 | 12% |
60-69 | 2,852 | 28% |
70+ | 985 | 10% |
Total | 10,337 | 100% |
In this section we present frequency tables for all the demographics characteristics of the population.
Out of all the sampled respondents, the study found that 4,372 (42%) suffer from high blood pressure and 5,965 (58%) do not suffer from it. The prevalence of high blood pressure for this population is thus 42%.
Highbp | Frequency | Percent |
|---|---|---|
No | 5,965 | 58% |
Yes | 4,372 | 42% |
Total | 10,337 | 100% |
Table 4.x presents the results of the distribution of diabetes. The prevalence among the surveyed respondents was 5% (n = 499).
Diabetes | Frequency | Percent |
|---|---|---|
No | 9,836 | 95% |
Yes | 499 | 5% |
Total | 10,335 | 100% |
The study disaggregated the results of high blood pressure above by sex to compare the prevalence across gender. The results of Table 4.x show that high blood pressure is more prevalent among males 2,302 (53%) than females 2,070 (47%).
Sex | Highbp | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | ||
Male | 2,607 (44%) | 2,302 (53%) | 4,909 (47%) |
Female | 3,358 (56%) | 2,070 (47%) | 5,428 (53%) |
Total | 5,965 (100%) | 4,372 (100%) | 10,337 (100%) |
Prevalence for diabetes was lower among men 217 (43%) compared to women 282 (57%). These results are presented in Table 4.x.
Sex | Diabetes | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | ||
Male | 4,692 (48%) | 217 (43%) | 4,909 (47%) |
Female | 5,144 (52%) | 282 (57%) | 5,426 (53%) |
Total | 9,836 (100%) | 499 (100%) | 10,335 (100%) |
Content here
Health status | Frequency | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poor | 729 | 80 | 457 | 229.49 | 53.21 |
Fair | 1,670 | 88 | 828 | 228.49 | 52.59 |
Average | 2,938 | 85 | 644 | 220.38 | 49.35 |
Good | 2,591 | 92 | 492 | 212.64 | 47.52 |
Excellent | 2,407 | 84 | 426 | 208.65 | 45.39 |
Content here
Health status | Frequency | Minimum | Maximum | Median | IQR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poor | 729 | 80 | 457 | 223 | 68 |
Fair | 1,670 | 88 | 828 | 223 | 66 |
Average | 2,938 | 85 | 644 | 216 | 65 |
Good | 2,591 | 92 | 492 | 208 | 61 |
Excellent | 2,407 | 84 | 426 | 204 | 61 |
Content here
Race | Sex | Frequency | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 4,306 | 84 | 468 | 213.57 | 45.62 |
1 | 2 | 4,745 | 88 | 828 | 222.47 | 52.02 |
2 | 1 | 500 | 105 | 418 | 209.12 | 50.22 |
2 | 2 | 586 | 80 | 471 | 217.27 | 52.27 |
3 | 1 | 103 | 113 | 315 | 215.86 | 38.47 |
3 | 2 | 97 | 117 | 316 | 211.70 | 45.39 |
Content here
| 0 (N=5965) | 1 (N=4372) | Total (N=10337) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| region | 0.0261 | |||
| 1 | 1165 (19.5%) | 921 (21.1%) | 2086 (20.2%) | |
| 2 | 1663 (27.9%) | 1110 (25.4%) | 2773 (26.8%) | |
| 3 | 1636 (27.4%) | 1217 (27.8%) | 2853 (27.6%) | |
| 4 | 1501 (25.2%) | 1124 (25.7%) | 2625 (25.4%) | |
| sex | < 0.0011 | |||
| 1 | 2607 (43.7%) | 2302 (52.7%) | 4909 (47.5%) | |
| 2 | 3358 (56.3%) | 2070 (47.3%) | 5428 (52.5%) | |
| race | < 0.0011 | |||
| 1 | 5307 (89.0%) | 3744 (85.6%) | 9051 (87.6%) | |
| 2 | 545 (9.1%) | 541 (12.4%) | 1086 (10.5%) | |
| 3 | 113 (1.9%) | 87 (2.0%) | 200 (1.9%) | |
| agegroup | < 0.0011 | |||
| 1 | 1928 (32.3%) | 392 (9.0%) | 2320 (22.4%) | |
| 2 | 1166 (19.5%) | 455 (10.4%) | 1621 (15.7%) | |
| 3 | 768 (12.9%) | 502 (11.5%) | 1270 (12.3%) | |
| 4 | 588 (9.9%) | 701 (16.0%) | 1289 (12.5%) | |
| 5 | 1189 (19.9%) | 1663 (38.0%) | 2852 (27.6%) | |
| 6 | 326 (5.5%) | 659 (15.1%) | 985 (9.5%) | |
| Body mass index | < 0.0012 | |||
| Count | 5965 | 4372 | 10337 | |
| Median | 23.69 | 26.53 | 24.82 | |
| Q1, Q3 | 21.37, 26.37 | 23.72, 30.09 | 22.14, 28.03 | |
| Serum cholesterol (mg/dL) | < 0.0012 | |||
| Count | 5965 | 4372 | 10337 | |
| Median | 203.00 | 226.00 | 213.00 | |
| Q1, Q3 | 175.00, 238.00 | 195.00, 259.00 | 183.00, 247.00 | |
| Age in years | < 0.0012 | |||
| Count | 5965 | 4372 | 10337 | |
| Median | 38.00 | 60.00 | 49.00 | |
| Q1, Q3 | 27.00, 60.00 | 45.00, 67.00 | 31.00, 63.00 |
Content here …
term | estimate | std.error | statistic | p.value | conf.low | conf.high |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 134.70 | 2.53 | 53.30 | 0.000 | 129.75 | 139.66 |
age | 1.08 | 0.03 | 41.59 | 0.000 | 1.03 | 1.13 |
bmi | 1.08 | 0.09 | 11.78 | 0.000 | 0.90 | 1.26 |
factor(sex)2 | 8.18 | 0.88 | 9.26 | 0.000 | 6.45 | 9.92 |
factor(race)2 | -4.20 | 1.45 | -2.90 | 0.004 | -7.03 | -1.36 |
factor(race)3 | 1.51 | 3.21 | 0.47 | 0.638 | -4.78 | 7.80 |
We will do the following:
Content here …
term | estimate | std.error | statistic | p.value | conf.low | conf.high |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | -0.02 | 0.01 | -1.42 | 0.156 | -0.05 | 0.01 |
age | 0.00 | 0.00 | 20.92 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
bmi | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.45 | 0.654 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
sex | -0.04 | 0.00 | -8.92 | 0.000 | -0.04 | -0.03 |
race | 0.00 | 0.00 | -0.40 | 0.687 | -0.01 | 0.01 |
Exponents
term | estimate | std.error | statistic | p.value | conf.low | conf.high |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 0.98 | 0.01 | -1.42 | 0.156 | 0.95 | 1.01 |
age | 1.00 | 0.00 | 20.92 | 0.000 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
bmi | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.45 | 0.654 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
sex | 0.96 | 0.00 | -8.92 | 0.000 | 0.96 | 0.97 |
race | 1.00 | 0.00 | -0.40 | 0.687 | 0.99 | 1.01 |
Content here …
initial value 14330.124811 iter 10 value 14195.338995 final value 14150.572286 converged
y.level | term | estimate | std.error | statistic | p.value | conf.low | conf.high |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | (Intercept) | -0.27 | 0.16 | -1.62 | 0.105 | -0.59 | 0.06 |
2 | age | 0.00 | 0.00 | -2.26 | 0.024 | -0.01 | 0.00 |
2 | sex | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.92 | 0.357 | -0.06 | 0.17 |
2 | race | 0.60 | 0.10 | 5.95 | 0.000 | 0.40 | 0.80 |
3 | (Intercept) | -1.16 | 0.16 | -7.15 | 0.000 | -1.48 | -0.84 |
3 | age | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.43 | 0.151 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
3 | sex | 0.07 | 0.06 | 1.28 | 0.199 | -0.04 | 0.19 |
3 | race | 1.11 | 0.09 | 11.73 | 0.000 | 0.93 | 1.30 |
4 | (Intercept) | -0.88 | 0.16 | -5.31 | 0.000 | -1.20 | -0.55 |
4 | age | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.54 | 0.587 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
4 | sex | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.53 | 0.599 | -0.08 | 0.15 |
4 | race | 0.92 | 0.10 | 9.44 | 0.000 | 0.73 | 1.11 |
Content here …
term | estimate | std.error | statistic | conf.low | conf.high |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
age | -0.04 | 0.00 | -37.53 | -0.043 | -0.039 |
sex | -0.12 | 0.04 | -3.45 | -0.192 | -0.053 |
race | -0.53 | 0.04 | -12.06 | -0.622 | -0.448 |
1|2 | -5.53 | 0.11 | -52.20 | ||
2|3 | -4.06 | 0.10 | -40.92 | ||
3|4 | -2.64 | 0.09 | -28.02 | ||
4|5 | -1.40 | 0.09 | -15.18 |