1 Introduction to R programming using Rstudio and Rmarkdown

1.1 Introduction

The history of programming languages spans from documentation of early mechanical computers to modern tools for software development read more. Programming language designed in order to communicate with a machine so that a program can be develop to solve some problem and task that is more complex and only can be solve by a machine like computer read more. In addition, programming language had existed from the early 1800s years ago. There are thousands of different programming language that had been develop for example, C programming language, C++, C#, Java, HTML 5, CSS, JavaScript, R and Phyton.

The role of data in emerging technology: It helps organizations to identify new opportunities, make better decisions, and improve operational efficiency. Big data, in particular, is playing an increasingly important role in digital transformation initiatives. Big data refers to large volumes of data that can be structured, unstructured, or semi-structured.

Data is regarded as the new oil and strategic asset since we are living in the age of big data, and drives or even determines the future of science, technology, the economy, and possibly everything in our world today and tomorrow. Data have not only triggered tremendous hype and buzz but more importantly, presents enormous challenges that in turn bring incredible innovation and economic opportunities. This reshaping and paradigm-shifting are driven not just by data itself but all other aspects that could be created, transformed, and/or adjusted by understanding, exploring, and utilizing data. The preceding trend and its potential have triggered new debate about data-intensive scientific discovery as an emerging technology, the so-called “fourth industrial revolution,” There is no doubt, nevertheless, that the potential of data science and analytics to enable data-driven theory, economy, and professional development is increasingly being recognized read more. This involves not only core disciplines such as computing, informatics, and statistics, but also the broad-based fields of business, social science, and health/medical science.

1.2 The evolution of Programming language R

Figure 4: Timeline of R with some selected milestones

Check the documentation manual in the main website Click here.

1.3 The status roads and transportation in the past and future

The figure 1A bellow left side describes the use of transportation in the second industrial revolution in 1870-1914 from US history scene. The bottom figure 1B describes the current dominant road in many places around the world.

Figure 1 A source: https://ushistoryscene.com/article/second-industrial-revolution/

Figure 1 B source: Nueva_Valencia_Municipal_Hall_(Guimaras_Circumferencial_Road,_Nueva_Valencia,_Guimaras;_01-25-2023)

We could not have predicted the processing power and storage capacity of devices we currently take for granted just ten years ago. 3-D printing and nanotechnology have moved from science fiction to reality. Companies in the logistics industry are actively exploring the possibility of autonomous vehicles. The difficulty, as it has been in the past, will be to strike the correct balance between human and technology resources. Some worry that as we grow increasingly reliant on technology and its novel applications to our business needs, we will become little more than wirelessly connected robots in the digital supply chain. Figure 2 depicts the utilization of transportation on predefined roads.

Figure 2 source: https://www.globaltrademag.com/fourth-industrial-revolution-benefits-challenges/

1.3.0.0.1 Brain Storming: Discuss Data, Information and Big Data. Then list out some programmable devices and explain their use (Be familiar with them in your routine activities)

1.4 Timeline of Roads

This is a timeline of roads, attempting to describe major events in the development of roads, as well as the merge of novel transport vehicles meant for circulating on the former read more. The following are some interesting questions that can be answered by reading this timeline:

  • When and where did some early traffic regulations happen?
  • When did some early road maps and books on roads first appear?
  • When and where did some road-related inventions first appear?
  • Which were important technological events concerning road construction development?
  • When and where did some early modern highway systems merge?

Figure 5: Solar road and Plastic road

1.6 Creating Digital Road Network

The UAE Ministry of Infrastructure Development’s Road Department is heavily investing in the development of intelligent transportation systems, in line with the country’s objective of creating smart cities and smart transportation solutions. “It’s a way to have everything under our control” the automobiles, where they’re going, they have call centers that handle emergencies, such as any defects in the road networks. They’ve even got smartphone apps read more.

Figure 9: The digital road network implemented in Dubai, UAE. https://www.automechanikadubai.com/blog/uae-digital-road-network

1.7 Can you say something else about this picture?

Figure 10 image source: https://creatoz.eu/prezi-next-templates/digital-roadmap-prezi-next-template-7/

1.8 The Era of Open Source Packages in Road Network Analysis

Geographic analysis has historically encouraged localized transportation plans. Route analysis, network editing, localized effect evaluation, and interactive map visualisation are powerful tools for modern transportation planning. The proprietary product ecosystem is threatened by the growing number of solutions. These are classified as command-line interface, graphical user interface, or web-based user interface tools, as well as by framework. Many are R, Python, and JavaScript packages or QGIS plugins. Based on internet documentation, the study found a vast and rapidly evolving “ecosystem” of tools, with more than 25 spatial analytic apps for transportation planning ranked by popularity and capability.

They ranged from simple QGIS plugins like AwaP to complex multi-modal traffic simulation software like MATSim, SUMO, and Veins. The “gamified” A/B Street simulation software ( https://github.com/dabreegster/abstreet/#abstreet ), based on OpenStreetMap, is an example of how open source transport planners can avoid “reinventing the wheel” and focus on innovation.

Table 1 Sample of transport modelling software in use by practitioners, with citation counts based on citation from searches for the product name (plus company name for the common word ’cube’) and ’transport planning’

Software Company/developer Company HQ Licence Citations
MATSim TU Berlin Germany Open source 901
Visum PTV Germany Proprietary 512
ArcMap ESRI USA Proprietary 449
SUMO DLR Germany Open source 330
TransCAD Caliper USA Proprietary 229
Emme INRO Canada Proprietary 201
Cube Citilabs USA Proprietary 91
sDNA Cardiff University UK Open source 27

Data source: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-020-00342-2 Google Scholar searches, August 2020.

The 4th industrial revolution switches to mainly, on the discovery of an emerging technology with data-intensive scientific theories, programming languages are the backbone for the new era of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI).

Figure 3: The timeline of the industrial revolution and the emergence of society

Industry 4.0 has revolutionized the use of physical and digital systems while playing a vital role in the digitalization of maintenance plans for physical assets in an optimal way. Road network conditions and timely maintenance plans are essential in the predictive maintenance of a road. Quantifying the topological similarities of different parts of rural and urban road networks enables us to understand the rural and urban growth patterns. Although conventional statistics provide useful information about the characteristics of either a single node’s direct neighbours or the entire network, such metrics fail to measure the similarities of subnetworks or capture local, indirect neighbourhood relationships more.