Dataset

#Load Ozone Dataset
load("Ozone Data with Region.RData")
combinedAir.final<-df4
combinedAir.final<-arrange(combinedAir.final,MonitorID,Year)

combinedAir.final$USDM.categorical<-factor(combinedAir.final$USDM.categorical,levels=c("NoDrought","ModerateDrought","SevereDrought"))

combinedAir.final$month<-as.numeric(combinedAir.final$month)

All Region

md2_random<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =combinedAir.final,
                index = c("MonitorID","Year","month"),
                model = "random")

md2_fix<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =combinedAir.final,
                index = c("MonitorID","Year","month"),
                model = "between")


stargazer(md2_random,md2_fix,type = "text", title = "All Regions", align = TRUE,
  add.lines = list(c("Model Name", "Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model")),
  column.labels = c("Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model"),
  dep.var.caption = "Dependent Variable: Ozone Max",
  dep.var.labels.include = FALSE,
  omit.table.layout = "#")
## 
## All Regions
## =============================================================================
##                                         Dependent Variable: Ozone Max        
##                                 ---------------------------------------------
##                                 Random Effect Model    Fixed Effect Model    
## -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
## USDM.categoricalModerateDrought      1.262***               5.654***         
##                                       (0.014)                (0.884)         
##                                                                              
## USDM.categoricalSevereDrought        2.530***               6.374***         
##                                       (0.020)                (1.202)         
##                                                                              
## elevation                            0.004***               0.004***         
##                                      (0.0002)               (0.0002)         
##                                                                              
## Longitude                            0.045***               0.079***         
##                                       (0.007)                (0.010)         
##                                                                              
## Latitude                             -0.191***              -0.131***        
##                                       (0.024)                (0.029)         
##                                                                              
## Constant                             51.977***              51.766***        
##                                       (1.199)                (1.357)         
##                                                                              
## -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Model Name                      Random Effect Model    Fixed Effect Model    
## Observations                         6,589,427                1,959          
## R2                                     0.006                  0.222          
## Adjusted R2                            0.006                  0.220          
## F Statistic                        19,635.590***    111.388*** (df = 5; 1953)
## =============================================================================
## Note:                                             *p<0.1; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01

Northeast

ne<- combinedAir.final%>%
  filter(noaa_region=="northeast")

ne_random<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =ne,
                index = c("MonitorID","Year","month"),
                model = "random")

ne_fix<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =ne,
                index = c("MonitorID","Year","month"),
                model = "between")

stargazer(ne_random,ne_fix,type = "text", title = "Northeast", align = TRUE,
  add.lines = list(c("Model Name", "Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model")),
  column.labels = c("Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model"),
  dep.var.caption = "Dependent Variable: Ozone Max",
  dep.var.labels.include = FALSE,
  omit.table.layout = "#")
## 
## Northeast
## ===========================================================================
##                                        Dependent Variable: Ozone Max       
##                                 -------------------------------------------
##                                 Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model   
## ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
## USDM.categoricalModerateDrought      0.554***               -0.659         
##                                       (0.049)               (4.837)        
##                                                                            
## USDM.categoricalSevereDrought        -1.540***              -18.339        
##                                       (0.161)              (13.233)        
##                                                                            
## elevation                            0.007***              0.007***        
##                                       (0.002)               (0.002)        
##                                                                            
## Longitude                            0.332***               0.349**        
##                                       (0.124)               (0.155)        
##                                                                            
## Latitude                             -1.534***             -1.577***       
##                                       (0.213)               (0.264)        
##                                                                            
## Constant                            127.739***            131.063***       
##                                      (16.838)              (21.166)        
##                                                                            
## ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Model Name                      Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model   
## Observations                          960,225                 283          
## R2                                     0.004                 0.164         
## Adjusted R2                            0.004                 0.149         
## F Statistic                         304.945***      10.906*** (df = 5; 277)
## ===========================================================================
## Note:                                           *p<0.1; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01

Northern Rockies

nr<- combinedAir.final%>%
  filter(noaa_region=="northern_rockies")

nr_random<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =nr,
                index = c("MonitorID","Year","month"),
                model = "random")

nr_fix<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =nr,
                index = c("MonitorID","Year","month"),
                model = "between")

stargazer(nr_random,nr_fix,type = "text", title = "Northern Rockies", align = TRUE,
  add.lines = list(c("Model Name", "Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model")),
  column.labels = c("Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model"),
  dep.var.caption = "Dependent Variable: Ozone Max",
  dep.var.labels.include = FALSE,
  omit.table.layout = "#")
## 
## Northern Rockies
## ==========================================================================
##                                       Dependent Variable: Ozone Max       
##                                 ------------------------------------------
##                                 Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model  
## --------------------------------------------------------------------------
## USDM.categoricalModerateDrought      0.425***               2.767*        
##                                       (0.049)              (1.423)        
##                                                                           
## USDM.categoricalSevereDrought        0.714***              5.602**        
##                                       (0.076)              (2.635)        
##                                                                           
## elevation                            0.004***              0.005***       
##                                       (0.001)              (0.001)        
##                                                                           
## Longitude                              0.013                0.158         
##                                       (0.073)              (0.108)        
##                                                                           
## Latitude                             -0.551***             -0.372**       
##                                       (0.119)              (0.175)        
##                                                                           
## Constant                             61.758***            66.937***       
##                                       (5.482)              (8.172)        
##                                                                           
## --------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Model Name                      Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model  
## Observations                          226,906                 94          
## R2                                     0.045                0.697         
## Adjusted R2                            0.045                0.679         
## F Statistic                         510.604***      40.397*** (df = 5; 88)
## ==========================================================================
## Note:                                          *p<0.1; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01

Northwest

nw<- combinedAir.final%>%
  filter(noaa_region=="northwest")

nw_random<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =nw,
                index = c("MonitorID","Year","month"),
                model = "random")

nw_fix<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =nw,
                index = c("MonitorID","Year","month"),
                model = "between")

stargazer(nw_random,nw_fix,type = "text", title = "Northwest", align = TRUE,
  add.lines = list(c("Model Name", "Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model")),
  column.labels = c("Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model"),
  dep.var.caption = "Dependent Variable: Ozone Max",
  dep.var.labels.include = FALSE,
  omit.table.layout = "#")
## 
## Northwest
## ==========================================================================
##                                       Dependent Variable: Ozone Max       
##                                 ------------------------------------------
##                                 Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model  
## --------------------------------------------------------------------------
## USDM.categoricalModerateDrought      0.266***               4.441         
##                                       (0.081)              (2.837)        
##                                                                           
## USDM.categoricalSevereDrought        -1.223***              6.188         
##                                       (0.185)              (8.045)        
##                                                                           
## elevation                             0.003*               0.003**        
##                                       (0.001)              (0.001)        
##                                                                           
## Longitude                            1.081***              0.967***       
##                                       (0.282)              (0.264)        
##                                                                           
## Latitude                             -1.255***             -0.946**       
##                                       (0.399)              (0.402)        
##                                                                           
## Constant                            224.803***            195.152***      
##                                      (33.881)              (35.098)       
##                                                                           
## --------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Model Name                      Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model  
## Observations                          105,338                 58          
## R2                                     0.009                0.648         
## Adjusted R2                            0.009                0.615         
## F Statistic                         141.088***      19.183*** (df = 5; 52)
## ==========================================================================
## Note:                                          *p<0.1; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01

Ohio Valley

ohv<- combinedAir.final%>%
  filter(noaa_region=="ohio_valley")

ohv_random<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =ohv,
                index = c("MonitorID","Year","month"),
                model = "random")

ohv_fix<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =ohv,
                index = c("MonitorID","Year","month"),
                model = "between")

stargazer(ohv_random,ohv_fix,type = "text", title = "Ohio Valley", align = TRUE,
  add.lines = list(c("Model Name", "Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model")),
  column.labels = c("Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model"),
  dep.var.caption = "Dependent Variable: Ozone Max",
  dep.var.labels.include = FALSE,
  omit.table.layout = "#")
## 
## Ohio Valley
## ===========================================================================
##                                        Dependent Variable: Ozone Max       
##                                 -------------------------------------------
##                                 Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model   
## ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
## USDM.categoricalModerateDrought      1.857***               -1.728         
##                                       (0.044)               (2.633)        
##                                                                            
## USDM.categoricalSevereDrought        3.632***               -1.423         
##                                       (0.104)              (12.075)        
##                                                                            
## elevation                             0.0002                 0.004         
##                                       (0.002)               (0.002)        
##                                                                            
## Longitude                            0.330***              0.269***        
##                                       (0.067)               (0.082)        
##                                                                            
## Latitude                             -0.993***             -1.007***       
##                                       (0.113)               (0.138)        
##                                                                            
## Constant                            111.125***            106.098***       
##                                       (8.048)               (9.257)        
##                                                                            
## ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Model Name                      Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model   
## Observations                         1,006,480                342          
## R2                                     0.008                 0.186         
## Adjusted R2                            0.008                 0.174         
## F Statistic                        2,885.322***     15.326*** (df = 5; 336)
## ===========================================================================
## Note:                                           *p<0.1; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01

South

sth<- combinedAir.final%>%
  filter(noaa_region=="south")

sth_random<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =sth,
                index = c("MonitorID","Year","month"),
                model = "random")

sth_fix<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =sth,
                index = c("MonitorID","Year","month"),
                model = "between")

stargazer(sth_random,sth_fix,type = "text", title = "South", align = TRUE,
  add.lines = list(c("Model Name", "Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model")),
  column.labels = c("Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model"),
  dep.var.caption = "Dependent Variable: Ozone Max",
  dep.var.labels.include = FALSE,
  omit.table.layout = "#")
## 
## South
## ===========================================================================
##                                        Dependent Variable: Ozone Max       
##                                 -------------------------------------------
##                                 Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model   
## ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
## USDM.categoricalModerateDrought      1.366***                2.112         
##                                       (0.035)               (1.920)        
##                                                                            
## USDM.categoricalSevereDrought        2.996***               5.870**        
##                                       (0.052)               (2.582)        
##                                                                            
## elevation                            0.005***              0.007***        
##                                       (0.001)               (0.002)        
##                                                                            
## Longitude                            0.367***              0.494***        
##                                       (0.076)               (0.121)        
##                                                                            
## Latitude                             0.463***              0.446***        
##                                       (0.066)               (0.097)        
##                                                                            
## Constant                             58.977***             70.893***       
##                                       (7.974)              (12.417)        
##                                                                            
## ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Model Name                      Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model   
## Observations                          951,486                 236          
## R2                                     0.013                 0.237         
## Adjusted R2                            0.013                 0.221         
## F Statistic                        4,179.945***     14.307*** (df = 5; 230)
## ===========================================================================
## Note:                                           *p<0.1; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01

Southeast

se<- combinedAir.final%>%
  filter(noaa_region=="southeast")

se_random<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =se,
                index = c("MonitorID","Year","month"),
                model = "random")

se_fix<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =se,
                index = c("MonitorID","Year","month"),
                model = "between")

stargazer(se_random,se_fix,type = "text", title = "Southeast", align = TRUE,
  add.lines = list(c("Model Name", "Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model")),
  column.labels = c("Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model"),
  dep.var.caption = "Dependent Variable: Ozone Max",
  dep.var.labels.include = FALSE,
  omit.table.layout = "#")
## 
## Southeast
## ===========================================================================
##                                        Dependent Variable: Ozone Max       
##                                 -------------------------------------------
##                                 Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model   
## ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
## USDM.categoricalModerateDrought      3.819***                1.684         
##                                       (0.034)               (2.085)        
##                                                                            
## USDM.categoricalSevereDrought        5.109***              24.194***       
##                                       (0.051)               (2.922)        
##                                                                            
## elevation                            0.003***              0.003***        
##                                       (0.001)               (0.001)        
##                                                                            
## Longitude                             -0.088                 0.022         
##                                       (0.059)               (0.070)        
##                                                                            
## Latitude                             0.780***              0.779***        
##                                       (0.054)               (0.061)        
##                                                                            
## Constant                               8.199               16.265**        
##                                       (5.784)               (6.708)        
##                                                                            
## ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Model Name                      Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model   
## Observations                          982,391                 273          
## R2                                     0.028                 0.588         
## Adjusted R2                            0.028                 0.581         
## F Statistic                        19,952.920***    76.311*** (df = 5; 267)
## ===========================================================================
## Note:                                           *p<0.1; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01

Southwest

sw<- combinedAir.final%>%
  filter(noaa_region=="southwest")

sw_random<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =sw,
                index = c("MonitorID","Year","month"),
                model = "random")

sw_fix<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =sw,
                index = c("MonitorID","Year","month"),
                model = "between")

stargazer(sw_random,sw_fix,type = "text", title = "Southwest", align = TRUE,
  add.lines = list(c("Model Name", "Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model")),
  column.labels = c("Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model"),
  dep.var.caption = "Dependent Variable: Ozone Max",
  dep.var.labels.include = FALSE,
  omit.table.layout = "#")
## 
## Southwest
## ===========================================================================
##                                        Dependent Variable: Ozone Max       
##                                 -------------------------------------------
##                                 Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model   
## ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
## USDM.categoricalModerateDrought      -0.381***              -2.854         
##                                       (0.034)               (1.901)        
##                                                                            
## USDM.categoricalSevereDrought        3.634***              -5.820***       
##                                       (0.042)               (2.045)        
##                                                                            
## elevation                            0.004***              0.004***        
##                                      (0.0004)               (0.001)        
##                                                                            
## Longitude                            -0.907***             -1.043***       
##                                       (0.094)               (0.139)        
##                                                                            
## Latitude                              -0.095               -0.241**        
##                                       (0.087)               (0.121)        
##                                                                            
## Constant                            -53.585***            -59.991***       
##                                      (10.735)              (14.875)        
##                                                                            
## ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Model Name                      Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model   
## Observations                          683,530                 223          
## R2                                     0.028                 0.254         
## Adjusted R2                            0.028                 0.236         
## F Statistic                        10,658.530***    14.748*** (df = 5; 217)
## ===========================================================================
## Note:                                           *p<0.1; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01

Upper Midwest

um<- combinedAir.final%>%
  filter(noaa_region=="upper_midwest")

um_random<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =um,
                index = c("MonitorID","Year","month"),
                model = "random")

um_fix<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =um,
                index = c("MonitorID","Year","month"),
                model = "between")

stargazer(um_random,um_fix,type = "text", title = "Upper Midwest", align = TRUE,
  add.lines = list(c("Model Name", "Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model")),
  column.labels = c("Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model"),
  dep.var.caption = "Dependent Variable: Ozone Max",
  dep.var.labels.include = FALSE,
  omit.table.layout = "#")
## 
## Upper Midwest
## ==========================================================================
##                                       Dependent Variable: Ozone Max       
##                                 ------------------------------------------
##                                 Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model  
## --------------------------------------------------------------------------
## USDM.categoricalModerateDrought       0.141**               -4.046        
##                                       (0.062)              (5.950)        
##                                                                           
## USDM.categoricalSevereDrought          0.024                10.335        
##                                       (0.206)              (27.605)       
##                                                                           
## elevation                             -0.003                -0.003        
##                                       (0.005)              (0.006)        
##                                                                           
## Longitude                             0.185**               0.178         
##                                       (0.092)              (0.127)        
##                                                                           
## Latitude                             -0.731***             -0.669**       
##                                       (0.207)              (0.258)        
##                                                                           
## Constant                             90.803***            87.795***       
##                                      (11.388)              (15.262)       
##                                                                           
## --------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Model Name                      Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model  
## Observations                          382,355                128          
## R2                                     0.004                0.157         
## Adjusted R2                            0.004                0.123         
## F Statistic                          36.765***      4.561*** (df = 5; 122)
## ==========================================================================
## Note:                                          *p<0.1; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01

West

wst<- combinedAir.final%>%
  filter(noaa_region=="upper_midwest")

wst_random<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =wst,
                index = c("MonitorID","Year","month"),
                model = "random")

wst_fix<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =wst,
                index = c("MonitorID","Year","month"),
                model = "between")

stargazer(wst_random,wst_fix,type = "text", title = "West", align = TRUE,
  add.lines = list(c("Model Name", "Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model")),
  column.labels = c("Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model"),
  dep.var.caption = "Dependent Variable: Ozone Max",
  dep.var.labels.include = FALSE,
  omit.table.layout = "#")
## 
## West
## ==========================================================================
##                                       Dependent Variable: Ozone Max       
##                                 ------------------------------------------
##                                 Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model  
## --------------------------------------------------------------------------
## USDM.categoricalModerateDrought       0.141**               -4.046        
##                                       (0.062)              (5.950)        
##                                                                           
## USDM.categoricalSevereDrought          0.024                10.335        
##                                       (0.206)              (27.605)       
##                                                                           
## elevation                             -0.003                -0.003        
##                                       (0.005)              (0.006)        
##                                                                           
## Longitude                             0.185**               0.178         
##                                       (0.092)              (0.127)        
##                                                                           
## Latitude                             -0.731***             -0.669**       
##                                       (0.207)              (0.258)        
##                                                                           
## Constant                             90.803***            87.795***       
##                                      (11.388)              (15.262)       
##                                                                           
## --------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Model Name                      Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model  
## Observations                          382,355                128          
## R2                                     0.004                0.157         
## Adjusted R2                            0.004                0.123         
## F Statistic                          36.765***      4.561*** (df = 5; 122)
## ==========================================================================
## Note:                                          *p<0.1; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01