Dataset

#Load Ozone Dataset
load("Ozone Data with Region.RData")
df4$USDM.categorical<-factor(df4$USDM.categorical,levels=c("NoDrought","ModerateDrought","SevereDrought"))

All Region

md2_random<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =df4,
                index = c("GEOID","Year","month"),
                model = "random")

md2_fix<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =df4,
                index = c("GEOID","Year","month"),
                model = "between")


stargazer(md2_random,md2_fix,type = "text", title = "All Regions", align = TRUE,
  add.lines = list(c("Model Name", "Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model")),
  column.labels = c("Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model"),
  dep.var.caption = "Dependent Variable: Ozone Max",
  dep.var.labels.include = FALSE,
  omit.table.layout = "#")
## 
## All Regions
## ===========================================================================
##                                        Dependent Variable: Ozone Max       
##                                 -------------------------------------------
##                                 Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model   
## ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
## USDM.categoricalModerateDrought      1.311***               2.354*         
##                                       (0.014)               (1.311)        
##                                                                            
## USDM.categoricalSevereDrought        2.606***               4.101**        
##                                       (0.020)               (1.903)        
##                                                                            
## elevation                            0.007***              0.004***        
##                                      (0.00004)             (0.0003)        
##                                                                            
## Longitude                            0.142***              0.085***        
##                                       (0.009)               (0.014)        
##                                                                            
## Latitude                               0.012               -0.156***       
##                                       (0.024)               (0.034)        
##                                                                            
## Constant                             52.072***             54.062***       
##                                       (1.231)               (1.562)        
##                                                                            
## ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Model Name                      Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model   
## Observations                         6,589,427                923          
## R2                                     0.011                 0.200         
## Adjusted R2                            0.011                 0.195         
## F Statistic                        51,590.720***    45.718*** (df = 5; 917)
## ===========================================================================
## Note:                                           *p<0.1; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01

Northeast

ne<- df4%>%
  filter(noaa_region=="northeast")

ne_random<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =ne,
                index = c("GEOID","Year","month"),
                model = "random")

ne_fix<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =ne,
                index = c("GEOID","Year","month"),
                model = "between")

stargazer(ne_random,ne_fix,type = "text", title = "Northeast", align = TRUE,
  add.lines = list(c("Model Name", "Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model")),
  column.labels = c("Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model"),
  dep.var.caption = "Dependent Variable: Ozone Max",
  dep.var.labels.include = FALSE,
  omit.table.layout = "#")
## 
## Northeast
## ===========================================================================
##                                        Dependent Variable: Ozone Max       
##                                 -------------------------------------------
##                                 Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model   
## ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
## USDM.categoricalModerateDrought      0.497***                0.343         
##                                       (0.050)               (5.696)        
##                                                                            
## USDM.categoricalSevereDrought        -1.826***               3.930         
##                                       (0.162)              (26.298)        
##                                                                            
## elevation                            0.011***              0.005***        
##                                      (0.0002)               (0.002)        
##                                                                            
## Longitude                            1.855***               0.249*         
##                                       (0.087)               (0.145)        
##                                                                            
## Latitude                             -3.442***             -1.503***       
##                                       (0.141)               (0.231)        
##                                                                            
## Constant                            319.751***            120.471***       
##                                      (10.608)              (18.976)        
##                                                                            
## ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Model Name                      Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model   
## Observations                          960,225                 153          
## R2                                     0.005                 0.296         
## Adjusted R2                            0.005                 0.272         
## F Statistic                        3,234.418***     12.337*** (df = 5; 147)
## ===========================================================================
## Note:                                           *p<0.1; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01

Northern Rockies

nr<- df4%>%
  filter(noaa_region=="northern_rockies")

nr_random<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =nr,
                index = c("GEOID","Year","month"),
                model = "random")

nr_fix<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =nr,
                index = c("GEOID","Year","month"),
                model = "between")

stargazer(nr_random,nr_fix,type = "text", title = "Northern Rockies", align = TRUE,
  add.lines = list(c("Model Name", "Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model")),
  column.labels = c("Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model"),
  dep.var.caption = "Dependent Variable: Ozone Max",
  dep.var.labels.include = FALSE,
  omit.table.layout = "#")
## 
## Northern Rockies
## ==========================================================================
##                                       Dependent Variable: Ozone Max       
##                                 ------------------------------------------
##                                 Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model  
## --------------------------------------------------------------------------
## USDM.categoricalModerateDrought      0.512***               3.091         
##                                       (0.048)              (2.895)        
##                                                                           
## USDM.categoricalSevereDrought        0.803***               7.857         
##                                       (0.076)              (6.627)        
##                                                                           
## elevation                            0.005***              0.005***       
##                                      (0.0002)              (0.001)        
##                                                                           
## Longitude                            -0.111**               0.153         
##                                       (0.045)              (0.134)        
##                                                                           
## Latitude                             -0.270***             -0.519**       
##                                       (0.080)              (0.231)        
##                                                                           
## Constant                             35.327***            72.728***       
##                                       (5.288)              (11.071)       
##                                                                           
## --------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Model Name                      Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model  
## Observations                          226,906                 51          
## R2                                     0.032                0.728         
## Adjusted R2                            0.032                0.698         
## F Statistic                        1,181.555***     24.136*** (df = 5; 45)
## ==========================================================================
## Note:                                          *p<0.1; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01

Northwest

nw<- df4%>%
  filter(noaa_region=="northwest")

nw_random<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =nw,
                index = c("GEOID","Year","month"),
                model = "random")

nw_fix<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =nw,
                index = c("GEOID","Year","month"),
                model = "between")

stargazer(nw_random,nw_fix,type = "text", title = "Northwest", align = TRUE,
  add.lines = list(c("Model Name", "Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model")),
  column.labels = c("Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model"),
  dep.var.caption = "Dependent Variable: Ozone Max",
  dep.var.labels.include = FALSE,
  omit.table.layout = "#")
## 
## Northwest
## ==========================================================================
##                                       Dependent Variable: Ozone Max       
##                                 ------------------------------------------
##                                 Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model  
## --------------------------------------------------------------------------
## USDM.categoricalModerateDrought      0.471***              10.168**       
##                                       (0.082)              (4.253)        
##                                                                           
## USDM.categoricalSevereDrought        -0.993***              5.374         
##                                       (0.190)              (7.531)        
##                                                                           
## elevation                            0.011***               0.003         
##                                      (0.0002)              (0.002)        
##                                                                           
## Longitude                            -2.543***             0.660**        
##                                       (0.137)              (0.312)        
##                                                                           
## Latitude                             -2.535***              -0.695        
##                                       (0.277)              (0.467)        
##                                                                           
## Constant                            -157.097***           145.946***      
##                                      (18.929)              (44.750)       
##                                                                           
## --------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Model Name                      Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model  
## Observations                          105,338                 30          
## R2                                     0.046                0.716         
## Adjusted R2                            0.046                0.657         
## F Statistic                        4,064.467***     12.113*** (df = 5; 24)
## ==========================================================================
## Note:                                          *p<0.1; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01

Ohio Valley

ohv<- df4%>%
  filter(noaa_region=="ohio_valley")

ohv_random<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =ohv,
                index = c("GEOID","Year","month"),
                model = "random")

ohv_fix<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =ohv,
                index = c("GEOID","Year","month"),
                model = "between")

stargazer(ohv_random,ohv_fix,type = "text", title = "Ohio Valley", align = TRUE,
  add.lines = list(c("Model Name", "Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model")),
  column.labels = c("Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model"),
  dep.var.caption = "Dependent Variable: Ozone Max",
  dep.var.labels.include = FALSE,
  omit.table.layout = "#")
## 
## Ohio Valley
## ==========================================================================
##                                       Dependent Variable: Ozone Max       
##                                 ------------------------------------------
##                                 Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model  
## --------------------------------------------------------------------------
## USDM.categoricalModerateDrought      1.872***               1.766         
##                                       (0.045)              (2.683)        
##                                                                           
## USDM.categoricalSevereDrought        3.628***              22.939*        
##                                       (0.105)              (12.197)       
##                                                                           
## elevation                            0.005***              -0.0002        
##                                      (0.0003)              (0.003)        
##                                                                           
## Longitude                            0.627***              0.286***       
##                                       (0.069)              (0.089)        
##                                                                           
## Latitude                             -0.917***            -0.634***       
##                                       (0.117)              (0.156)        
##                                                                           
## Constant                            132.649***            93.198***       
##                                       (8.026)              (9.829)        
##                                                                           
## --------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Model Name                      Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model  
## Observations                         1,006,480               185          
## R2                                     0.008                0.170         
## Adjusted R2                            0.008                0.147         
## F Statistic                        3,183.263***     7.341*** (df = 5; 179)
## ==========================================================================
## Note:                                          *p<0.1; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01

South

sth<- df4%>%
  filter(noaa_region=="south")

sth_random<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =sth,
                index = c("GEOID","Year","month"),
                model = "random")

sth_fix<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =sth,
                index = c("GEOID","Year","month"),
                model = "between")

stargazer(sth_random,sth_fix,type = "text", title = "South", align = TRUE,
  add.lines = list(c("Model Name", "Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model")),
  column.labels = c("Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model"),
  dep.var.caption = "Dependent Variable: Ozone Max",
  dep.var.labels.include = FALSE,
  omit.table.layout = "#")
## 
## South
## ==========================================================================
##                                       Dependent Variable: Ozone Max       
##                                 ------------------------------------------
##                                 Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model  
## --------------------------------------------------------------------------
## USDM.categoricalModerateDrought      1.363***               -2.468        
##                                       (0.035)              (2.831)        
##                                                                           
## USDM.categoricalSevereDrought        2.938***              6.978**        
##                                       (0.052)              (3.306)        
##                                                                           
## elevation                            0.014***              0.006**        
##                                       (0.001)              (0.003)        
##                                                                           
## Longitude                            0.450***               0.301*        
##                                       (0.069)              (0.154)        
##                                                                           
## Latitude                             0.500***              0.287**        
##                                       (0.070)              (0.128)        
##                                                                           
## Constant                             63.687***            58.843***       
##                                       (6.890)              (15.335)       
##                                                                           
## --------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Model Name                      Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model  
## Observations                          951,486                128          
## R2                                     0.015                0.184         
## Adjusted R2                            0.015                0.151         
## F Statistic                        4,518.735***     5.517*** (df = 5; 122)
## ==========================================================================
## Note:                                          *p<0.1; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01

Southeast

se<- df4%>%
  filter(noaa_region=="southeast")

se_random<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =se,
                index = c("GEOID","Year","month"),
                model = "random")

se_fix<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =se,
                index = c("GEOID","Year","month"),
                model = "between")

stargazer(se_random,se_fix,type = "text", title = "Southeast", align = TRUE,
  add.lines = list(c("Model Name", "Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model")),
  column.labels = c("Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model"),
  dep.var.caption = "Dependent Variable: Ozone Max",
  dep.var.labels.include = FALSE,
  omit.table.layout = "#")
## 
## Southeast
## ===========================================================================
##                                        Dependent Variable: Ozone Max       
##                                 -------------------------------------------
##                                 Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model   
## ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
## USDM.categoricalModerateDrought      3.868***               -0.132         
##                                       (0.034)               (3.236)        
##                                                                            
## USDM.categoricalSevereDrought        5.240***              22.836***       
##                                       (0.051)               (4.730)        
##                                                                            
## elevation                            0.006***               0.002**        
##                                      (0.0004)               (0.001)        
##                                                                            
## Longitude                             -0.043                 0.007         
##                                       (0.060)               (0.082)        
##                                                                            
## Latitude                             0.651***              0.823***        
##                                       (0.060)               (0.076)        
##                                                                            
## Constant                             15.664***              14.163*        
##                                       (6.029)               (8.071)        
##                                                                            
## ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Model Name                      Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model   
## Observations                          982,391                 165          
## R2                                     0.030                 0.591         
## Adjusted R2                            0.030                 0.578         
## F Statistic                        20,731.880***    45.965*** (df = 5; 159)
## ===========================================================================
## Note:                                           *p<0.1; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01

Southwest

sw<- df4%>%
  filter(noaa_region=="southwest")

sw_random<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =sw,
                index = c("GEOID","Year","month"),
                model = "random")

sw_fix<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =sw,
                index = c("GEOID","Year","month"),
                model = "between")

stargazer(sw_random,sw_fix,type = "text", title = "Southwest", align = TRUE,
  add.lines = list(c("Model Name", "Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model")),
  column.labels = c("Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model"),
  dep.var.caption = "Dependent Variable: Ozone Max",
  dep.var.labels.include = FALSE,
  omit.table.layout = "#")
## 
## Southwest
## =========================================================================
##                                       Dependent Variable: Ozone Max      
##                                 -----------------------------------------
##                                 Random Effect Model  Fixed Effect Model  
## -------------------------------------------------------------------------
## USDM.categoricalModerateDrought      -0.444***             -2.741        
##                                       (0.034)              (3.610)       
##                                                                          
## USDM.categoricalSevereDrought        3.715***            -11.039***      
##                                       (0.043)              (2.979)       
##                                                                          
## elevation                            0.008***             0.003***       
##                                      (0.0001)              (0.001)       
##                                                                          
## Longitude                            0.255***             -0.640***      
##                                       (0.063)              (0.206)       
##                                                                          
## Latitude                             0.510***             -0.357**       
##                                       (0.069)              (0.162)       
##                                                                          
## Constant                             42.653***             -9.953        
##                                       (7.484)             (20.260)       
##                                                                          
## -------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Model Name                      Random Effect Model  Fixed Effect Model  
## Observations                          683,530                66          
## R2                                     0.045                0.315        
## Adjusted R2                            0.045                0.258        
## F Statistic                        22,580.700***    5.512*** (df = 5; 60)
## =========================================================================
## Note:                                         *p<0.1; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01

Upper Midwest

um<- df4%>%
  filter(noaa_region=="upper_midwest")

um_random<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =um,
                index = c("GEOID","Year","month"),
                model = "random")

um_fix<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =um,
                index = c("GEOID","Year","month"),
                model = "between")

stargazer(um_random,um_fix,type = "text", title = "Upper Midwest", align = TRUE,
  add.lines = list(c("Model Name", "Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model")),
  column.labels = c("Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model"),
  dep.var.caption = "Dependent Variable: Ozone Max",
  dep.var.labels.include = FALSE,
  omit.table.layout = "#")
## 
## Upper Midwest
## ==========================================================================
##                                       Dependent Variable: Ozone Max       
##                                 ------------------------------------------
##                                 Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model  
## --------------------------------------------------------------------------
## USDM.categoricalModerateDrought       0.149**               -1.982        
##                                       (0.062)              (6.259)        
##                                                                           
## USDM.categoricalSevereDrought          0.283                -5.081        
##                                       (0.207)              (29.617)       
##                                                                           
## elevation                            0.029***               -0.001        
##                                       (0.002)              (0.005)        
##                                                                           
## Longitude                            1.245***              0.313**        
##                                       (0.080)              (0.122)        
##                                                                           
## Latitude                             1.309***             -0.901***       
##                                       (0.130)              (0.227)        
##                                                                           
## Constant                             87.542***            109.907***      
##                                       (8.051)              (14.498)       
##                                                                           
## --------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Model Name                      Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model  
## Observations                          382,355                 86          
## R2                                     0.006                0.389         
## Adjusted R2                            0.006                0.351         
## F Statistic                         646.255***      10.200*** (df = 5; 80)
## ==========================================================================
## Note:                                          *p<0.1; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01

West

wst<- df4%>%
  filter(noaa_region=="upper_midwest")

wst_random<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =wst,
                index = c("GEOID","Year","month"),
                model = "random")

wst_fix<-plm(Max.Ozone~USDM.categorical +elevation+ Longitude + Latitude,
                data =wst,
                index = c("GEOID","Year","month"),
                model = "between")

stargazer(wst_random,wst_fix,type = "text", title = "West", align = TRUE,
  add.lines = list(c("Model Name", "Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model")),
  column.labels = c("Random Effect Model", "Fixed Effect Model"),
  dep.var.caption = "Dependent Variable: Ozone Max",
  dep.var.labels.include = FALSE,
  omit.table.layout = "#")
## 
## West
## ==========================================================================
##                                       Dependent Variable: Ozone Max       
##                                 ------------------------------------------
##                                 Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model  
## --------------------------------------------------------------------------
## USDM.categoricalModerateDrought       0.149**               -1.982        
##                                       (0.062)              (6.259)        
##                                                                           
## USDM.categoricalSevereDrought          0.283                -5.081        
##                                       (0.207)              (29.617)       
##                                                                           
## elevation                            0.029***               -0.001        
##                                       (0.002)              (0.005)        
##                                                                           
## Longitude                            1.245***              0.313**        
##                                       (0.080)              (0.122)        
##                                                                           
## Latitude                             1.309***             -0.901***       
##                                       (0.130)              (0.227)        
##                                                                           
## Constant                             87.542***            109.907***      
##                                       (8.051)              (14.498)       
##                                                                           
## --------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Model Name                      Random Effect Model   Fixed Effect Model  
## Observations                          382,355                 86          
## R2                                     0.006                0.389         
## Adjusted R2                            0.006                0.351         
## F Statistic                         646.255***      10.200*** (df = 5; 80)
## ==========================================================================
## Note:                                          *p<0.1; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01