Blog 3 - Demographic/SES Observations of San Antonio, TX observing the decade of 2010 - 2020. A Focus on Family Poverty.
This analysis is a continues of some initial observations of San Antonio, Texas only observing 1 wave of data from the American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates (2016-2020) which can be observed here
For this analysis we observe two waves of data comparing the 5-year estimates of 2020 with 5-year estimates from the year of 2010 (2006-2010). This article will be a focus on family poverty within Bexar County between the years of 2010 - 2020. Observations will show both Descriptive and Spatial outcomes to be able to observe overall change within the population concerning family poverty as well as where it is occurring.
Variables Used
Code
sa_acs2020<-get_acs(geography = "tract",
state="TX",
county = c("Bexar"),
year = 2020,
variables=c("B07013_005E", #Estimate!!Total!!Same house 1 year ago!!Householder lived in owner-occupied housing units
"B07013_004E",
#summary_var Estimate!!Total!!Same house 1 year ago GEOGRAPHICAL MOBILITY IN THE PAST YEAR BY TENURE FOR CURRENT RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES
"B06011_001E",
#Median Income in past 12 months
"B01003_001",
#Total Population
"B01001I_001",
#Total Hispanics/Latinos
"B17013_002E",
#Estimate!!Total:!!Income in the past 12 months below poverty level: (Families)
"B17013_001E",
#summary_var Estimate!!Total:POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS OF FAMILIES BY HOUSEHOLD TYPE BY NUMBER OF PERSONS IN FAMILY
"B15003_022E",
#Estimate!!Total:!!Bachelor's degree
"B15003_001E",
#summary_var Estimate!!Total:EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT FOR THE POPULATION 25 YEARS AND OVER
"B05002_013E",
#Estimate!!Total:!!Foreign born
"B05002_001E"),
#summary_var Estimate!!Total:PLACE OF BIRTH BY NATIVITY AND CITIZENSHIP STATUS
geometry = T, output = "wide")Getting data from the 2016-2020 5-year ACSDownloading feature geometry from the Census website. To cache shapefiles for use in future sessions, set `options(tigris_use_cache = TRUE)`.Code
#create a county FIPS code - 5 digit
sa_acs2020$county<-substr(sa_acs2020$GEOID, 1, 5)Code
sa_acs2010<-get_acs(geography = "tract",
state="TX",
county = c("Bexar"),
year = 2010,
variables=c("B07013_005E", #Estimate!!Total:!!Householder lived in owner-occupied housing units
"B07013_004",
#summary_var Estimate!!Total!!Same house 1 year ago GEOGRAPHICAL MOBILITY IN THE PAST YEAR BY TENURE FOR CURRENT RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES
"B06011_001E",
#Median Income in past 12 months
"B01003_001",
#Total Population
"B01001I_001",
#Total Hispanics/Latinos
"B17013_002E",
#Estimate!!Total:!!Income in the past 12 months below poverty level: (Families)
"B17013_001E",
#summary_var Estimate!!Total:POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS OF FAMILIES BY HOUSEHOLD TYPE BY NUMBER OF PERSONS IN FAMILY
"B15002_015E",
#Estimate!!Total!!Male!!Bachelor's degree
"B15002_032E",
#Estimate!!Total!!Female!!Bachelor's degree
"B15002_002E",
#summary_var Estimate MALES!!Total:EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT FOR THE POPULATION 25 YEARS AND OVER
"B15002_019E",
#summary_var Estimate FEMALES!!Total:EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT FOR THE POPULATION 25 YEARS AND OVER
"B05002_013E",
#Estimate!!Total:!!Foreign born
"B05002_001E"),
#summary_var Estimate!!Total:PLACE OF BIRTH BY NATIVITY AND CITIZENSHIP STATUS
geometry = T, output = "wide")Getting data from the 2006-2010 5-year ACSDownloading feature geometry from the Census website. To cache shapefiles for use in future sessions, set `options(tigris_use_cache = TRUE)`.Code
#create a county FIPS code - 5 digit
sa_acs2010$county<-substr(sa_acs2010$GEOID, 1, 5)Variables Recoded For 2020
Code
#rename variables and filter missing cases
sa_acs2020_1<-sa_acs2020%>%
mutate(
homeown2020= (B07013_005E/B07013_004E)*100,
#Percentage of those who are homeowners in Bexar County per census tract
Latinos2020=(B01001I_001E/B01003_001E)*100,
#Percentage of Latinos in Bexar County per census tract
bachelors2020= (B15003_022E/B15003_001E)*100,
#Percentage of bachelors degrees in Bexar County per census tract
medincome2020=B06011_001E,
#Median income in Bexar County per census tract
fampov2020=(B17013_002E/B17013_001E)*100,
#Percentage of family poverty in Bexar County per census tract
foreignb2020=(B05002_013E/B05002_001E)*100) %>%
na.omit()Variables Recoded For 2010
Code
#rename variables and filter missing cases
sa_acs2010_1<-sa_acs2010%>%
mutate(
homeown2010= (B07013_005E/B07013_004E)*100,
#Percentage of those who are homeowners in Bexar County per census tract
Latinos2010=(B01001I_001E/B01003_001E)*100,
#Percentage of Latinos in Bexar County per census tract
bachelors2010= ((B15002_015E+B15002_032E)/(B15002_002E+B15002_019E))*100,
#Percentage of bachelors degrees in Bexar County per census tract
bachelors2010men=(B15002_015E/B15002_002E)*100,
bachelors2010women=(B15002_032E/B15002_019E)*100,
medincome2010=B06011_001E,
#Median income in Bexar County per census tract
fampov2010=(B17013_002E/B17013_001E)*100,
#Percentage of family poverty in Bexar County per census tract
foreignb2010=(B05002_013E/B05002_001E)*100) %>%
na.omit()Results; American Community Survey (5-year estimates) Comparing waves 2020 and 2010 for Bexar County
Descriptive Statistics
Code
library(skimr)Warning: package 'skimr' was built under R version 4.2.3Code
skim(sa_acs2010_1Des)Warning: Couldn't find skimmers for class: sfc_MULTIPOLYGON, sfc; No
user-defined `sfl` provided. Falling back to `character`.| Name | sa_acs2010_1Des |
| Number of rows | 362 |
| Number of columns | 9 |
| _______________________ | |
| Column type frequency: | |
| character | 1 |
| numeric | 8 |
| ________________________ | |
| Group variables | None |
Variable type: character
| skim_variable | n_missing | complete_rate | min | max | empty | n_unique | whitespace |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| geometry | 0 | 1 | 240 | 3642 | 0 | 362 | 0 |
Variable type: numeric
| skim_variable | n_missing | complete_rate | mean | sd | p0 | p25 | p50 | p75 | p100 | hist |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| homeown2010 | 0 | 1 | 71.30 | 20.58 | 0.00 | 61.51 | 74.95 | 86.31 | 100.00 | ▁▁▃▇▇ |
| Latinos2010 | 0 | 1 | 58.51 | 24.40 | 1.72 | 36.96 | 56.95 | 82.12 | 99.29 | ▁▇▇▆▇ |
| bachelors2010 | 0 | 1 | 15.57 | 11.44 | 0.00 | 5.17 | 13.30 | 24.41 | 46.90 | ▇▅▃▃▁ |
| bachelors2010men | 0 | 1 | 15.76 | 12.16 | 0.00 | 5.03 | 13.11 | 24.02 | 50.53 | ▇▅▃▂▁ |
| bachelors2010women | 0 | 1 | 15.37 | 11.55 | 0.00 | 5.10 | 12.31 | 23.92 | 50.42 | ▇▅▃▂▁ |
| medincome2010 | 0 | 1 | 26616.41 | 12484.67 | 4609.00 | 17008.50 | 23996.00 | 32706.25 | 89458.00 | ▇▇▂▁▁ |
| fampov2010 | 0 | 1 | 14.49 | 12.04 | 0.00 | 4.46 | 11.39 | 21.70 | 68.94 | ▇▃▂▁▁ |
| foreignb2010 | 0 | 1 | 12.78 | 6.36 | 1.11 | 8.53 | 11.22 | 16.31 | 40.02 | ▅▇▃▁▁ |
Code
skim(sa_acs2020_1Des)Warning: Couldn't find skimmers for class: sfc_MULTIPOLYGON, sfc; No
user-defined `sfl` provided. Falling back to `character`.| Name | sa_acs2020_1Des |
| Number of rows | 371 |
| Number of columns | 7 |
| _______________________ | |
| Column type frequency: | |
| character | 1 |
| numeric | 6 |
| ________________________ | |
| Group variables | None |
Variable type: character
| skim_variable | n_missing | complete_rate | min | max | empty | n_unique | whitespace |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| geometry | 0 | 1 | 262 | 3705 | 0 | 371 | 0 |
Variable type: numeric
| skim_variable | n_missing | complete_rate | mean | sd | p0 | p25 | p50 | p75 | p100 | hist |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| homeown2020 | 0 | 1 | 65.63 | 21.69 | 0.00 | 54.23 | 69.75 | 81.61 | 98.80 | ▁▂▃▇▆ |
| Latinos2020 | 0 | 1 | 61.04 | 22.51 | 11.71 | 42.51 | 58.88 | 82.24 | 99.67 | ▂▇▇▆▇ |
| bachelors2020 | 0 | 1 | 17.15 | 11.19 | 0.02 | 7.22 | 15.12 | 26.04 | 52.16 | ▇▆▅▂▁ |
| medincome2020 | 0 | 1 | 30766.34 | 12392.80 | 8580.00 | 21842.00 | 28250.00 | 37220.50 | 101338.00 | ▇▇▂▁▁ |
| fampov2020 | 0 | 1 | 13.25 | 10.98 | 0.00 | 4.25 | 10.92 | 20.65 | 67.38 | ▇▃▁▁▁ |
| foreignb2020 | 0 | 1 | 13.13 | 6.12 | 1.43 | 8.59 | 12.15 | 16.63 | 36.65 | ▅▇▃▁▁ |
When observing the descriptive data for the wave of 2010, about 71% of people who have lived in their home within the past year are homeowners. About 58% of the population is Latino. About 15% of the population earned a bachelors degree and it does not differentiate by sex.
The average median yearly income in San Antonio in 2010 was about $26,600 with the poorest of the population earning about $4600 yearly in median income with those of the richest of the population showing a median yearly income of about $89,000 when observing these census tracts. A little over 12% of the population is foreign born with about 14% of families living in poverty. With those who are foreign born being about 12% of the population.
Various disparities are visually seen when observing the lowest and highest quantiles across these different predictors with a median income difference of 84,849. Similar disparities are shown with educational attainment between those two areas on this spectrum of the population (46.90-11.44). For observing family poverty with a difference of 64.48 between the lower 25% of the population and those within census tracts that are much higher in overall family poverty.
For the wave of 2020, about 65% of the population lived in the same house over the past year and are homeowners. This is a decrease of about 6% in home ownership over the past decade. Some areas of the city show high ownership rates of upwards of 80% with even those in the lower 25% of the population exhibiting
The Latino population grew about 3% to 61%. Median income was about $30,000 yearly with some of the poorest earning about $8500 yearly and some of the richest earning about $89,000 yearly when observing these various census tracts.
Family poverty grew a couple of percentages to about 13%. A wide gap is found between the lower 25% of the population (4.25) and the upper 75% of the population (20.65) with the poorest census tracts being found to exhibit over 67% of that population families living in poverty.
Spatial Observations: Family Poverty
Code
library(tmap)
library(tmaptools)Percentage of Family Poverty
Code
sa2020fampov <- tm_shape(sa_acs2020_1)+
tm_polygons("fampov2020", title="Percentage of Family Poverty per census tract", palette="Blues", style="pretty", n=5 )+
tm_format("World", title="Percentage of Family Poverty per Census Tract in San Antonio, TX (2020)", legend.outside=T)+
tm_scale_bar()+
tm_credits("5-Year (2016-2020) American Community Survey \nCalculations by B.A. Flores (M.S.) \nthe University of Texas at San Antonio", size = 0.5, position=c("LEFT"))+
tm_compass()
sa2010fampov<-tm_shape(sa_acs2010_1)+
tm_polygons("fampov2010", title="Percentage of Family Poverty per census tract", palette="Blues", style="pretty", n=5 )+
tm_format("World", title="Percentage of Family Poverty per Census Tract in San Antonio, TX (2010)", legend.outside=T)+
tm_scale_bar()+
tm_credits("5-Year (2006-2010) American Community Survey \nCalculations by B.A. Flores (M.S.) \nthe University of Texas at San Antonio", size = 0.5, position=c("LEFT"))+
tm_compass()
tmap_arrange(sa2020fampov, sa2010fampov)
As we observe family poverty within San Antonio and Bexar County as a whole, we can see consistent family poverty that has occurred over the decade. The areas of impact are those areas of San Antonio, Texas that are traditionally the result of discriminatory redlining practices and various other formerly passed public policy that has hindered the growth of the Westside, Southside, and Eastside portions of the city.
When visually observing the Northside of San Antonio it has consistently shown lower family poverty compared to the rest of the city. Even showing signs over the decade of some decreases in family poverty with more of the heavier concentrations of family poverty seeming to increase in the Westside of San Antonio.
Conclusions
As we observe this information we can see that San Antonio, Texas has seen a decrease in home ownership, an increasing Latino population, an increasing population that is college educated, a slight increase in median yearly income, and a slight increase of the foreign born population from the years of 2010 - 2020.
When observing family poverty throughout this decade it showed a slight decline but showed consist areas of the city exhibiting over 20% of those families within those various census tracts experiencing poverty. When we observe this spatially it is easily seen that those areas that were in experiencing family poverty (census tracts of 30% or more of those families living in poverty) in the year of 2010 were still experiencing that same level of family poverty in 2020; if not worse.
Continued research will be conducted to be able to observe these various socio-economic and demographic changes within San Antonio, Texas and Bexar County as a whole.